book giáo dục giới tính vì sự phát triển của vị thành niên phần 2 đào xuân dũng

P H A N T H A N H L O N GzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXW
( Ch u b i en )

I

TR A N Q U A N G CA N -

NGUYI N

VA N

D I EN

f1

LI LUAN GIAO DUG

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r<.yn:^zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIH
(In Ian thCf ba)

QiAO i | C,

NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC SU PHAIvi


MUC LU C
CHl/ONG 1. QUA TRINH GIAO DUC

1. Khai niem qua trinh giao due

2. Ban chat va dac diem cua qua trinh giao due

18

3. Quy luat cua qua trinh giao due

36

4. Dong li/c va cac khau cua qua trinh giao due

40

5. Tir giao due va giao due lai

48

CHl/ONG 2. NGUYEN TAG GIAO DUG

•a

55

1. Khai niem ehung ve nguyen tac giao due

55

2. He thong cac nguyen tac giao due

61

GHUONG 3. NOI DUNG GIAO DUG

(fid ^.itn nfi^ n^';

^

7

92

1. Nhurng ed sd xay di/ng noi dung giao due

92

2. Nhurng noi dung giao due cd ban

94

3. Mot so noi dung giao due khac trong nha trUdng hien nay
GHUONG 4. PHl/ONG PHAP GIAO DUG

136
171

1. Khai niem phu'dng phap giao due

172

2. He thong cac phu'dng phap giao due

178

3. Van de lya chon va phoi hdp cac phu'dng phap giao due

199

GHUONG 5. NGUdi GIAO VIEN CHU NHIEM LCJP

203

1. Cac chLfe nang cua ngUdi giao vien chu nhiem Idp

203

2. Nhiem vu, noi dung eong tac chu nhiem I6p

209

3. Cac phu'dng phap tac dong giao due
cua ngUdi giao vien chu nhiem

222

4. NhUng pham chat va nang lUe sU pham cua ngUdi giao vien chu
nhiem Idp
229
Bai tap van dung

M d so:-zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
01.01.67111185 DH 2010

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ban chat, quy l u a t , cac k h a u eiia qua t r i n h giao due, ve
n h i i n g n o i dung, y e u cau giao due con ngiidi m d i t r o n g svf
nghiep xay d U n g va p h a t t r i e n d a t niide t a h i e n nay, ve cac

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NOIDAU

L i l u a n giao due ( L L G D ) n h a n each con n g U d i la m o t
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ivo .if='Bm
chuyen n g a n h eua Giao due hoe. Chuyen nganh nay de cap
, , j^ub
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osig
suf' ff! 9 H' ; • it' l;-'

den n h i i n g v a n de h' l u a n r a t ed b a n t r o n g giao due nh&m

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nha t r U d n g v.v... N g h i e n ciiu, tiep can va n a m b a t diidc

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.

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n h i i n g t r i thiie khoa hoe l i l u a n giao due h i e n d a i se giiip cho
cac n h a giao due to chiic, thiic h i e n eo hieu qua qua t r i n h
giao due hoc s i n h - mot v a n de r a t quan t r o n g ve m a t l i l u a n
giao due hoc va dac biet quan t r o n g t r o n g thvfc t i e n giao due.
Chiia bao gid n h i i t h d i k i h i e n nay, eong tac giao due the he
tre

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t r e n toan t h e gidi v a dac biet la ci cac nifdc dang p h a t

t r i e n n h i i niidc t a l a i p h a i dufdng d a u v d i n h i e u t h a c h thiic
Idn lao n h i i vay. M o t t r o n g n h i i n g thach thiic do l a v a n de
phat t r i e n l i l u a n giao due h i e n d a i nhif t h e nao de c6 t h e
van dung vao thiic t i e n giao due xa h o i n o i ehung va n h a
t r i i d n g n o i r i e n g m o t each c6 hieu qua. Dieu dac biet p h a i
ChUdng t r i n h dao tao ciia c h u y e n khoa Tarn If - Giao due hoc T r U d n g
D a i hoc S u p h a m H a N o i . Phftn L i l u a n giao due bao gom L i l u a n
giao due I v a L i l u a n giao due I I .

5


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y t r o n g g ia o d u e h i e n n a y l a p h a i g ia o d u e ve th e g i6 i

Chi/ong 1

,

q u a n M a c - L e n i n , n i e m t i n eon g s a n c h u n g h i a eh o t h e h e
tr e V i e t N a m , l a m ch o h o vCfa p h a t t r i e n p h u h d p v 6 i x u t h e

QUA TRINH GIAO DUG

t h d i d a i v a d a t nxidc vCfa t i m t h a y n i e m v u i v a h a n h p h i i c ca

n h a n t r o n g q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e.

"

'

'

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H d n 40 m ifd i n a m to n t a i va p h a t t r i e n , k h o a Ta r n l i - G ia o
du e Tr ifd n g D H S P H a N o i d a d a o ta o r a h a n g n g a n ca n b o

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1.

d on g gop d a n g k e va o sU n g h iep t r o n g n gU d i. C i i n g c h i i n g a y
n a m , cac th e' h e ca n b o g ia n g d a y cu a k h o a d a n g h i e n c iiu , b ie n
s oa n va x u a t b a n h a n g t r a m gia o t r i n h , c h u ye n k h a o p h u c v u

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KH AI N I E M Q U A T R I N H G I AO D U G

'

1.1. Khai niem qua trinh giao due

k h o a hoc ve l i n h vU c n a y (nhijtng n gU d i l a m eong ta c n g h i e n
c il u va g ia n g d a y ve t a m l i - gia o d u e hoe) va h o d a eo n h i i n g

-n- f

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I zyxwvutsrqponmlkji
' V - - ; ! , J,.

T r o n g n h a t r i i d n g v a cae to ch iic g ia o d u e k h a e

th U d n g

p h a i t i e n h a n h ca c h o a t d o n g g ia o d u e t r o n g n h i i n g k h o n g
g i a n , t h d i g i a n n h a t d i n h , t a o n e n m o t q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e
(eo m d d a u , d i i n b i e n v a k e t t h i i c v 6 i n h i i n g k e t q u a n h a t

cho eong ta c n g h i e n c iiu , g ia n g d a y v a hoc ta p c u a c a n b o va

d in h ). Tr on g

q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e n h a t t h i e t p h a i c6 s i i ta c

s i n h vie n cac tr U d n g S i i p h a m . T u y n h i e n n h i i n g gia o t r i n h n a y

d o n g q u a l a i g i i i a n h a g ia o d u e v d i t a p t h e v a ca c ca n h a n

ca n p h a i d ieu c h i n h , ca p n h a t eho phOi h d p v d i x u th e p h a t

tr e e m . Q u a t r i n h n a y m o t m a t n h a m th oa m a n n h u ea u

t r i e n cu a th d i d a i, n h a t l a l i n h viic 11 l u a n gia o du e.

p h a t t r i e n c u a m 6 i ea n h a n , v i I d i i c h c u a ca n h a n , d ifa l a i

C h i n h v i va y, m o t so' th a y c6 gia o t r o n g b o m o n , da e b iet l a

h a n h p h i i c ch o ca n h a n , m o t m a t p h a i h i i d n g h o p h a t t r i e n

n h o m ta c g ia d a q u yet t a m b ie n s ca n cu oh s a ch n a y v6 i m o n g

n h a n ea ch th e o y e u c a u x a h o i . V a y , e h i i n g t a eo t h e h i e u

m u o n d a p ijfng diide p h a n n a o s ii d oi h o i ciia th iic ti e n x a h oi va

q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e n h i i s a u :

sU m o n g d d i eiia cac b a n s i n h vie n cac tr i f d n g s ii p h a m , n h a t l a
s i n h vien , hoc vie n ca o hoc va n g h i e n eiiu s i n h ch u yen

kh oa

Qua
to chi2c

T a m l i - G ia o du e. M a e d u ta p th e ta c g ia d a h e t siie eo'gd n g de

man

euo'n s a ch k h o n g eo s a i s ot, n h i i n g ehSc chin

ddp

l a k h o n g th e

k h o n g CO n h i i n g k h i e m k h u y e t n h a t d i n h m a c h u n g to i eh iia
n h a n r a . T a p th e ta c g ia r a t b iet d n va m o n g n h a n diiOe y kie'n
d on g gop cu a cae th a y eo gia o, cae b a n d on g n g h iep va a n h , c h i

^ J

TS . P h a n T h a n h

giao

due la qua trinh

cua nha giao

nhu cau phat

tac dong

due den doi ticang

trien

nhan

i2ng yeu cau ddo tao nguon

each

rieng

nhan

giao

c6 muc dich,
due nham

c6
thoa

cua moi hoe sinh

vd

liCe cua xa hoi.

S ii ta c d o n g c u a n h a g ia o d u e d e n do'i t i i d n g g ia o d u e l a
s ii ta e d o n g c6 m u c d ieh , c6 to ch iic. D o l a s i i ta c d o n g

eo n o i

d u n g , CO c h i i d n g t r i n h , eo k e h oa ch , eo p h i i d n g p h a p , eo s i i

em s i n h vie n de cuo'n s a ch n g a y m o t h o a n th i e n .
rtu i<••.;d
;
Thay
mat nhom

trinh

tac

gid

Lon g

k i e m t r a , d a n h g i a , c6 s i i d i e u c h i n h , d i e u k h i e n ch o p h u
h d p . . . T a t ca n h i i n g c a i d o n h a m d e n o i l e n h o a t d o n g g ia o
d u e l a m o t h o a t d o n g eo to eh iie, eo m u c d i c h eiia eon n g ifd i,

..]....,,

6

...

•

C h u n h iem bo mon L L G D

k h o n g p h a i l a mo-t h o a t d o n g t i i p h a t , t u y t i e n . . .

7


Qua trinh tac dong cua nha giao due nham hinh thanh
cho do'i tUdng giao due quan diem, niem tin, gia t r i , dong cd,
thai do, hanh vi thoi quen... phu hdp vdi nhutng chuan mUe
chinh t r i , dao dile, phap luat, tham mi, van hoa cua mot xa
hoi nhat dinh, lam phat trien nhan each hoe sinh theo muc
dich giao due cua xa hoi. Do'i v6i xa hoi ta, qua trinh giao due
phai hu6ng t6i viee xay dvfng nhvJng nhan each xa hoi chu
nghia, nhang con ngiidi m6i vufa c6 t r i thiic hien dai, vifa c6
tinh earn, tarn hon phong phu, vtfa c6 siie khoe de xay dUng
va bao ve To quoe. Do la nhiJng con ngUdi nang dong va sang
tao, nhiJng eon ngUdi dam nghi, dam lam va dam chiu trach
nhiem vi sU phat trien cua ca nhan va cong dong... Dong
thdi, qua trinh giao due cung phai hudng vao sU phat trien
nhiJng cai doc dao rieng eua m6i ca nhan, thoa man nhu cau
phat trien va difa lai hanh phue cho ho.

due phai can ciJ vao hinh m l u con ngUdi do xa hoi de ra do
de dao tao. Chinh vi vay, trong qua trinh giao due, nha giao
due phai nSm viJng cac yeu cau cua xa hoi de tac dong giao
due nhan each hoc sinh.
Qua t r i n h giao due ci day dUde hieu theo nghia hep, la
mot qua t r i n h bo phan hiiu cd cua qua trinh giao due tong
the (qua t r i n h siJ pham tong the) bao gom:
- Qua trinh day hoc v6i chiic nang troi la truyen thu t r i
thile (ve tU nhien, ve xa hoi va ve t\i duy) va cac k i nang, k i .
xao tiJdng \ing cho hoc sinh. N6i mot each cu the, chiJe nang
troi eua day hoe la "day chiJ" va eac k i nang, k i xao tUdng
ling. Tuy vay, day hoe la con dUdng quan trong nhat de giao
due nhan each hoc sinh. Trong nha triJdng, ngUdi ta thong
qua "day ehiJ" de "day ngUdi".

- Qua trinh giao due theo nghia hep v6i chiie nang troi
Qua trinh giao due la qua trinh tac dong qua lai mot
each bien chiing giiJa nha giao due va doi tUdng giao due chii
la lam cho hoc sinh c6 nhan thute dung din ve cae yeu cau,
khong phai la qua t r i n h tac dong mot chieu tH nha giao due
ehuan mUc xa hoi, c6 niem t i n , thai do phu hdp, c6 hanh v i ,
den doi tUdng giao due. Trong qua trinh tac dong nay nha
thoi quen hanh dong dap ttng dUdc yeu eau, doi hoi cua xa
giao due giii vai tro chii dao, do'i tUdng giao due giii vai tro t\i
hoi. Noi each khac. chiie nang troi eua giao due theo nghia
SLf thong
giae, tieh cue va chii dong. Giao due eon ngiTdi lazyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
hep la hinh thanh eae pham ehat dao diic, niem t i n , thai
nhat hUu cd giGa ba qua trinh: giao due, t\i giao due va giao

do... cho hoc sinh.
due lai. Tuoi cang nho, vai tro ciia giao due cang quan trong.
GiiJa hai qua trinh nay eo moi quan he khang kbit v6i
Gang phat trien vai tro cua tu giao due cang chie'm Mu the.
nhau. bo sung cho nhau de phat trien toan dien va hai hoa
Giao due lai la qua trinh nhkm uon nSn nhiJng sai sot, lech
nhan each cho the he tre.
lac ciia hai qua trinh tren.
Moi quan he giiia qua trinh giao due tong the va hai qua ••
Qua trinh giao due bao gid ciing xuat phat t i l nhiJng yeu
trinh giao due bo phan c6 the difdc d i i n dat theo sd do sau:
cau eiia xa hoi ve con ngUdi. M6i xa hoi deu c6 mot m l u
ngUdi l i tudng dac triJng cho xa hoi cua minh. Qua trinh giao

8

19


Qua trinh giao due long the

Sau day chting t a se xem xet eu the t i f n g t h a n h to cua qua
t r i n h giao due.

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.

1.2.1. Muc dich giao due
Qua trinh day hoc

Qua trinh giao duo

Muc dich giao due cua n h a t r i i d n g la m o t mo h i n h d\l
k i e n ve n h a n each hoc sinh do xa h o i quy d i n h . Muc dich

+ Qua t r i n h giao due tong the bao gom h a i qua t r i n h
giao due bo p h a n (qua t r i n h day hoe va qua t r i n h giao due
theo nghia hep).

lUc n h a t d i n h de dap l i n g difdc cac yeu eau khach quan cua

+ Qua t r i n h day hoe dUde xem la mot eon dUdng, phu'dng

xa h o i , cua d a t nifdc t r o n g cac giai doan p h a t t r i e n lieh sii.

t i e n hufu hieu n h a t de thiie hien qua t r i n h giao due: t r e n ed

giao due cua nha trUdng chung t a la dao tao n h i i n g ngiidi lao
dong k i e u mdi xa hoi chu nghia c6 n h i i n g p h a m chat va nang

De thiie h i e n diidc muc dich do, n h i e m v u giao due cua n h a

trUdng la p h a i l a m h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n cac m a t t\i
sci tiep t h u difdc he thong t r i thile khoa hoe vezyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
tvi n h i e n , xa

tiicing, c h i n h t r i , t i n h cam, t h a i do, h a n h v i dao diic, phap
hoi va t\l duy de h i n h t h a n h d hoe s i n h the gidi quan khoa
hoc, quan diem t u tiicing, ehinh t r i , dao dile, t i n h cam va

l u a t , t r i tue, t h e chat, lao dong - k i t h u a t - nghe... gop p h a n

p h a t t r i e n toan dien v a h a i hoa n h a n each hoc s i n h . M u c
,zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
,, .,..wv,flM .
,.,..p
dich giao due diidc the h i e n c! cac t a n g bae khae n h a u , cap do
+ Qua t r i n h day hoc p h a i d i n den qua t r i n h giao due, la
khac n h a u . D o i vdi toan xa hoi, giao due n h a m muc dich
mot t r o n g n h i i n g k e t qua, muc dich quan t r o n g n h a t cua
nang cao d a n t r i , dao tao n h a n Itte va boi dUdng n h a n t a i .
hoat dong giao due t r o n g nha t r i i d n g . Muc dich cuoi cung cua
Muc dich giao due eon diidc the h i e n eu t h e d t i i n g nganh
day hoc cung n h ^m vao giao due n h a n each con ngUdi. Do la
hoe, bac hoe, cap hoe, 16p hoe, mon hoe, tiing loai h i n h hoat
ket qua ciia qua t r i n h thong qua "day ehi3" de "day ngUdi".
dong eu t h e . . .
hanh vi d u n g dan.

1.2. Cac thanh to cua qua trinh giao due
Qua t r i n h giao due tong the (qua t r i n h s i i pham tong

Co t h e noi: M u c dich giao due t r o n g b a t k i n h a t r i i d n g
nao cung la t h a n h to hang dau, la pham t r i i ed ban n h a t cua

the) cung n h u cac qua t r i n h giao due bo p h a n Cqua t r i n h giao

Giao due hoe. No c6 v a i t r d d i n h hudng, quy d i n h sU v a n

due dao diie, t h a m m i , lao dong - k i t h u a t , qua t r i n h day

dong va p h a t t r i e n cua cac t h a n h to' khac cua qua t r i n h giao

hoe, giao due the chat) deu bao gom eac t h a n h to'cu the. Cac

due (noi d u n g , phUdng phap, p h i i d n g thiic to chiic, k i e m t r a ,

t h a n h to' t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due quan he m a t t h i e t v6i

d a n h gia, k e t qua giao d u e . ) va toan bo phUdng h i i d n g hoat

n h a u , tifdng tac l l n n h a u , tho'ng n h a t vdi n h a u cung v a n

dong giao due cua n h a t r i i d n g . Muc dich giao due dUde xem

dong va phat t r i e n . Su van dong va phat t r i e n cua cac t h a n h

n h i i la "ddn dat hang ciia xa h o i " ve m l u ngUdi ma qua t r i n h

to tao ra sii van dong va phat t r i e n ciia qua t r i n h giao due

giao due p h a i tao r a . Muc dich giao due la mo h i n h ve k e t

10

11

q u a t r o n g tU d n g l a i cu a q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e. M u c d i e h g ia o

1.2.3.

Hoc

sinh

va

tap

la chu

the

cua

the

sinh

V d i t u ea ch la k h a c h th e , eae e m n h a n sU ta c d o n g

due

, , i r^^.'r

due

vita la khach

ta o r a sU p h a t t r i e n xa h o i .
giao

giao

tu each

vuci

1.2.2. Nha

trinh

vdi

d u e ciia xa h o i ta n h a m d u a l a i h a n h p h u e ch o ca n h a n va
.^^, , ^ ^ ^

qua

hoc

< ; r;

the
>

c6

d i n h h u d n g , c6 k e h o a c h , eo p h U d n g p h a p , c6 to ch iie va eo h e

n zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
- i ,rri

t h o n g ciia g ia o v i e n , cu a n h a g ia o d u e.
Nha

g ia o d u e la c h i i t h e c u a q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e va giu i

V d i t i i ea ch l a c h u th e , cac em ti e p n h a n cac ta c d o n g
v a i t r o c h i i d a o t r o n g q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Vai tro do dvCac the
g ia o d u e d o m o t ea ch c6 c h o n loc t h o n g q u a l a n g k i n h c h u
hien cu the nhiC sau:
q u a n ciia m i n h va t U v a n d o n g , b i e n cac ta c d o n g , y e u
-

Nha

g ia o d u e l a n g U d i to eh iie,

d ieu k h i e n toa n

bo

q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e. H o l a n g i i d i Ivfa c h o n n o i d u n g , p h u d n g

p h a p , cac h i n h t h i i c to ch iie g ia o d u e va to ehOfc, h u d n g d ^ n
q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e h oc s i n h , d o n g t h d i l a n g U d i k i e m t r a ,

ea u

g ia o d u e t\X b e n n g o a i t h a n h n h u ea u d iid e g ia o d u e b e n t r o n g
eiia b a n t h a n . T r o n g q u a t r i n h n a y, do'i t i i d n g g ia o d u e th e
h i e n v a i t r o t i i gia e, t i c h ciie, c h u d o n g va s a n g ta o cu a m i n h .

Tiic la h o p h a i y th i i e dU de n g h i a v u va t r a e h n h i e m eu a
d a n h g ia va g i u p ch o h oc s i n hzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
t\l k i e m t r a , d a n h g ia q u a
m i n h , p h a i co g ^ n g h e t suEc m i n h , k h o n g b i d on g , p h u th u o e
t r i n h g ia o d u e.
h o a n t o a n va o n h a g ia o d u e, t i i t i m r a n h i i n g eon d i i d n g , ea ch
- Q u a n t r i e t m u c d i c h g ia o d u e va c h u y e n t a i n o t d i hoc
th i i e p h u h d p vd i b a n t h a n .
s i n h (do'i t i i d n g g ia o d u e).
-

D i n h h u :6n g s i i p h a t t r i e n n h a n ea ch hoe

Qua
s in h

t r i n h g ia o d u e ca n eo sU ta c d o n g

qu a la i, th on g

th e o

n h a t giiJa c h i i th e g ia o d u e ( g ia o vie n ) va k h a c h th e g ia o d u e

d u n g m u c d i c h g ia o d u e ciia D a n g , N h a nU dc d a de r a va m u c

(hoc s i n h ) . T h o n g n h a t m o t ea ch b i e n c h i i n g g i i i a v a i t r o c h u

t i e u g ia o d u e eu th e ciia n h a t r i f d n g .

d a o eu a g ia o v i e n va s ii e h ii d o n g t\i gia c, t i c h cxlc, s a n g

- C o k e h oa ch , p h U d n g p h a p to ch iic h d p l i , k h o a hoc, h e
t h o n g eae h o a t d o n g g ia o d u e cl t r o n g va n g o a i n h a tr U d n g .

P h o i h d p g i i i a ta c d o n g sU p h a m eu a g ia o v i e n v6 i ta c

d o n g gia o du e d o n g b o, t h o n g n h a t ciia H o i d o n g sU

s in h . Q u a

t r i n h g ia o d u e p h a i " L a y

hoe s i n h

lam

t r u n g t a m " , ti i c l a q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e p h a i t a p t r u n g va o do'i
tu ' d n g, h i f d n g va o d o i tU d n g sao ch o p h u h d p vd i cae da c d i e m

- P h a t b u y dU dc y t h i i c t u g ia o d u e cu a hoc s i n h .

-

ciia hoe

ta o

pham

n h a tr iJ d n g va eae lU c l i i d n g , to chufc g ia o d u e k h a c .

t a m s i n h l i , vd i d i e u k i e n , h o a n c a n h . . . r i e n g ciia h o.
1.2.4. No!

N oi

dung

giao

due

d u n g g ia o d u e

la he th o' n g n h ijfn g t r i th i i e ve t i i

N h a g ia o d u e d n h a tr U d n g la eae t h ^ y c6 gia o, ta p th e sir

n h i e n . ve x a h o i . ve t\i d u y . ve k h o a hoc. k i t h u a t , eon g n g h e ,

p h a m , ta p th e cac to ehiJe hoc s i n h . b g ia d i n h la cae b ae ch a

da o d iic, la o d on g . t h a m m i . n g h e t h u a t . . . D o l a eae m a t g ia o

m e, o n g b a , n g U d i Id n va eae m o i q u a n he k h a c .

d u e: d iie, t r i , th e , m i , la o d o n g -

12

k i t h u a t , g id i t i n h .

moi

13


t r i i d n g , dan so, phap l u a t v.v... Giao due la l a m eho hoc s m h

p h a m chat va h a n h v i t h o i quen dao diic p h i i hdp vdi cac

mxic da dUde xa hoi quy d i n h v i i a thoa m a n n h u cau
chuanzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
eo nhan thiic, t h a i do, quan diem, niem t i n , h a n h v i , . . . dung zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
p
h
a
t
t
r
i e n nhi3ng cai r i e n g doc dao cua moi ea n h a n . PhUdng

din t r o n g eac l i n h vUe cua ddi song xa hoi, t r o n g quan he
giao tiep, l i n g xii vdi the gidi t\i n h i e n , vdi xa hoi, v6i ngUdi

phap, p h i i d n g t i e n giao due cang khoa hoc, h i e n dai, t i e n t i e n .

khae va v6i ban t h a n m i n h . N o i torn l a i , noi d u n g giao due la

t h i cang tao dieu k i e n t h u a n Idi eho qua t r i n h giao due dat

toan bo he thong k i n h nghiem l i c h sii xa hoi ciia loai ngddi

ket qua cao. P h i i d n g phap giao due quy d i n h p h i i d n g phap

dUdc cac nha sU pham liia chon, che bien de to chiic cho doi

t i e n h a n h hoat dong ehung cua nha giao due va do'i t i i d n g

t q d n g giao due hoat dong chiem l i n h no, bien no t h a n h cai

giao due. P h i l d n g phap giao due c h i u sU quy d i n h ciia n h i e u

r i e n g cua moi ngiidi, nhSm thutc h i e n cac muc t i e u giao due

yeu to'khae n h i i muc dich, noi d u n g , nha giao due, doi t i i d n g

cua xa hoi.

giao due va cac dieu k i e n , hoan canh n h a t d i n h . T u y vay,

Noi d u n g giao due c h i u stf quy d i n h , chi phoi, d i n h

hqdng cua muc dich giao due va diide the hien cu the t r o n g
cac chUdng t r i n h , ke hoach giao due - dao tao va cac hoat
dong giao due ci t r o n g va ngoai nha trUdng vdi cac mue t i e u
giao due khae n h a u . N o i d u n g giao due luon dUdc thay doi,
cai each cho p h i i hdp vdi cac yeu eau k h a c h quan cua sii p h a t
t r i e n cua xa hoi, p h i i hdp vdi ttfng t h d i k i l i c h sii. N o i d u n g

p h i i d n g phap giao due cving c6 t i n h doe lap tifdng doi cua no
va CO tac d u n g chi phoi ngUde l a i doi vdi cac t h a n h to khae.
1.2.6. Ket qua giao due

K e t qua qua t r i n h giao due la t h a n h to bieu h i e n tap
t r u n g siJ v a n dong va p h a t t r i e n ciia qua t r i n h giao due noi
ehung va sii v a n dong, tac dong, a n h huSng qua l a i l l n n h a u

giiia cac t h a n h to ciia qua t r i n h giao due noi r i e n g . Ket qua
giao due eo n h i e u t h a n h p h a n ehung eho ea n h a n loai n h q n g zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
giao due dUdc the h i e n t r o n g sU h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n
CO n h i e u t h a n h p h a n dae t r i i n g eho t i i n g dan toe, tufng dat
n h a n thiie, t i n h cam, t h a i do, h a n h v i , t h d i quen d hoe s m h
nude, no b i chi phoi bcii cac yeu to c h i n h t r i , ton giao, phong
theo muc dich, n h i e m v u , muc t i e u giao due ciia nha trUdng.
tuc tap quan, t r u y e n thong van hoa... K h i noi dung giao due
N e u muc dich giao due la d i i k i e n mo h i n h ket qua giao due thay doi t h i phqdng phap, phadng t i e n giao due cung p h a i c6
dao tao mong m u o n t h i ket qua giao due la cai da dat diidc,
su thay doi t q d n g ufng. N o i d u n g giao due con quy d i n h noi
la san p h a m thUc te cua qua t r i n h giao due. GiiJa muc dich
d u n g hoat dong ciia nha giao due va doi tifdng giao due.
giao due (M) va ket qua giao due (Kq) se c6 cac moi t i i d n g
1.2.5. Phuang phap, phwang tien giao due

quan sau:
K q M ;

PhUdng phap, phiidng t i e n giao due la nhiJng t h a n h to'
quy d i n h he thong nhiJng each thiic, bien phap, phudng t i e n
de to chiic cho tre em t u m i n h chiem l i n h cac yeu cau, noi
dung giao due, l a m h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n d cac em nhiJng
14

Kq

K q =^ M ; K q < M .

M : Ket qua giao due hoan toan p h i i hdp vdi muc

dich giao due da de ra.

.


Kq « M : Ket qua g iao due g an p h u hd p v 6i muc d ic h.

M
..,.1/;!'.;

Kq < M : Ket qua t r a i (lech ho ac ngUdc) v 6i muc d ic h.
N eu ket qua giao due p h u hd p ho an to an v 6i muc d ic h
giao due da de ra t h i qua t r i n h g iao due dUdc d anh g ia d at

N
Thi
trifdng
lao
dong

P

\iu. Ke t qua cang g an v 6i muc d ic h t h i qua t r i n h
hieu qua to'izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

g iao due cang h ie u q ua. N e u ket qua d at dUdc kh o n g gio'ng
v 6i muc d ic h de ra t h i qua t r i n h g iao due ho ac la kho ng h ie u

.•^ii'.s.:

Pt
HTTC-

sn'iv

j-fl

ililfjfi:

xa

hoi

H

qua ho ac d at d iid c ket qua ng o ai d\i ki e n , ket qua kho ng ng d
( tu y n h i e n mue d ic h g iao due bao g id c u ng la h i n h anh l i
tUd ng , rat i t k h i ket qua g iao due l ai v Ud t qua k i v o ng eua

Moi trirdng kinh te, chinh trj, van hoa, xa hoi

muc d ic h de ra) .
Cae th an h to ciia qua t r i n h g iao due neu tre n lien q u an
m at th ie t, tho ng n h at b ien c hiing v a tae d o ng qua l ai , tUd ng
ho Ian n h au . M a t khac c hu ng lai c6 q u an he v a b i c hi pho 'i
bcii mo i trUd ng c h in h t r i - k i n h te - v an ho a - kho a hoc k i

M : M u c d ic h g iao due
C: C hu the g iao due (giao v ien)
H : Ca n h an v a tap the hoc sinh

th u at v a q u an he san xu at xa h o i . . . San p ham eua qua t r i n h

N : N o i d u ng , n h i e m v u giao due

giao due la n h an each hoc sinh dUde p hat tri e n d m o t t r i n h

P: Phif d ng p hap g iao due

do nhat d i n h tu y theo muc ti e u cua m 6i g iai d o an g iao d ue.

Pt: Phiid ng ti e n g iao due

San p h am do p h ai tho a m an d iid c hai ti e u c hi cd b an:

- M o t la p h u hd p v 6i cae ehuan mxlc da dUde xa ho i q uy
d i n h m ang ti n h ben v iJng, p ho b ien.

'

i

ii;:

i-

"'

H TTC : H i n h th i i c to chiic g iao due
Kq : Ke t qua g iao due
K: Kh ac h the g iao due (hoc sinh)

• •• - H ai la p h ai d ap i l n g . p huc v u k i p th d i cac y eu cau to n
tai, p hat tri e n kh o n g ng if ng cua xa ho i v a m 6i ca nhan, tao

C hu ng ta c6 the h ie u sd do tre n n h i i sau:

ra sU th i c h i i n g eao g iiia ca n h an v a sU b ien d o i n h an h cho ng

Giao v ie n can c ii vao muc d ic h g iao due (do la cac y eu

tro n g th\ic te ciia m o i tri i d n g k i n h te - c h in h t r i - kho a hoc -

cau ve t h i tri i d n g lao d o ng xa ho i) de liia ehd n no i d u ng ,

k i th u at - v an ho a - xa ho i.

p hUd ng p hap , p h i i d n g ti e n v a h i n h thiic to chiic g iao due tac

Ttf sii p han ti c h cac m o i q u an he b ien c hiing giiJa cac

d o ng vao ca n h an v a tap the hoc sinh. Q ua t r i n h tac d o ng do

th an h to ' cua qua t r i n h g iao d ue, ta c6 the th i e t lap sd do ve

se cho ra m o t ket qua n h at d i n h , ket qua la m o t t r i n h do

mo'i q u an he do nhif sau:

p hat tr i e n n h an each m 6i eua_hoc_smh._T^^l^^^^ qua g iao due

16

17


n h a n chiem linh dUdc cac gia tri v a n hoa cua loai ngUdi, bien
t h uzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
dxiOc, n h a giao due so s a n hzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
v 6 i muc dich giao due de dieu
c h i n h noi dung, phifdng p h a p . . . tiep tuc tac dong den hoc
no t h a n h n h a n each,
i...Jv;;r.;auHU ! . . , , . , .
•
,

sinh theo hiidng muc dich. Dong thdi ngifdi hoc s i n h ciing
b.
Quan he supham
isuo
r;r; ; ^ fij./
canzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
CLf vao ke't qua ( n h a n xet, d a n h gia cua giao vien, cua
Q u a t r i n h giao due luon c6 mo'i q u a n he giQa n h a giao
t a p the...) de til dieu c h i n h sU p h a t t r i e n cua m i n h cho p h u
due va ngiidi diidc giao due (hoac t a p the) goi la q u a n he sif
hdp. Q u a t r i n h giao due bao gid ciing difdc dien ra t r o n g mot
p h a m - mot loai q u a n he xa hoi. Q u a n he sif p h a m n a y luon
moi trUdng k i n h te, chinh tri, van hoa xa hoi n h a t d i n h (moi
luon chiu sU chi phoi ciia cac q u a n he c h i n h tri, tU tUdng,
trUdng VI mo).
van hoa, xa hoi, k i n h te, khoa hoc - ki t h u a t . . . dac biet la
n h i 3 n g q u a n he chinh tri - xa hoi. Q u a n he sU p h a m la cd sci
2.
BAN CHAT VA D A C DIEM CUA QUA TRINH GIAO DUG
de xac d i n h b a n c h a t ciia qua t r i n h giao due la p h a i t h o n g
2.1. Ban chaft cua qua trinh giao due
^
n h a t giQa h a i m a t (tac dong giao due ciia n h a giao due va svt
2.1.1. Casafxac dmh ban chat qua trinh giao due
tU giac, tich c\lc tiep n h a n , tU dieu chinh eiia ngUdi difdc giao
due) ciia qua t r i n h giao due. Q u a t r i n h giao due p h a i t h i e t
Qua trinh xa hoi hinh thanh va phat triSn ca nhan con ngi/di (qua
a.
lap dUdc mo'i q u a n he sif p h a m giiia n h a giao due v 6 i ngiidi
trinh xa hoi hoa ca nhan con nguai)

diidc giao due (giiia ngiidi day va ngiidi hoc) mdi thUc bien
Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h mot kieu
diide q u a n he giiia ngiidi hoe v 6 i t h e gidi bien thiic, ngUdi hoc
n h a n each t r o n g xa hoi. Su p h a t t r i e n ca n h a n con ngifdi
mdi chiem linh diidc nhiJng gia tri cua nen v a n hoa n h a n loai
dUdc quy d i n h bcii tac dong qua lai cua cac n h a n to xa hoi va
bien no t h a n h nhijtng gia tri ( p h a m chat, n a n g liic) ciia moi
n h a n to' sinh hoc, t r o n g dozyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
s\i \iu tien h a n g d a u thuoc ve cac
ca n h a n con ngiidi. C h u n g ta p h a i x u a t p h a t tii h a i m a t q u a n
n h a n to' xa hoi. Ca n h a n con ngUdi dUdc p h a t t r i e n dxidi a n h
he, tac dong q u a lai bien chiing n a y de xem xet b a n c h a t ciia
hUdng cua chiidng t r i n h c6 t i n h c h a t xa hoi va eiia svt ke
qua t r i n h giao due.
thiia CO t i n h c h a t xa hoi. Qua t r i n h xa hoi hoa ca n h a n con
ngUdi la q u a t r i n h bien mot con ngUdi v 6 i t u chat tu n h ie n ,
2.1.2. Ban chat cua qua trinh giao due
sinh hoc t h a n h mot t h a n h vien cua xa hoi (utng v d i c a c giai
a.
Qua trinh giao due - mot qua trinh xa hoi hinh thanh con nguai
doan p h a t t r i e n lich sxi cu t h e cua xa hoi) c6 day du cac gia
Q u a t r i n h giao due nhSm h i n h t h a n h va p h a t trien ca
tri xa hoi de t h a m gia vao cac boat dong cua xa hoi. Do do
n
h
a
n
con ngiidi trc) t h a n h nhiing t h a n h vien xa hoi. Nhufng
muo'n xac d i n h dUdc ban c h a t ciia qua t r i n h giao due p h a i
t h a n h vien do phai thoa m a n difdc h a i m a t : viia p h u hdp

x u a t p h a t tuf cd che c6 tin h xa hoi ciia no la sU t r u y e n d a t va
(thich ling) vdi cac yeu cau cua xa hoi d moi giai doan p h a t
linh hoi cac k i n h nghiem lich sii - xa hoi cua cac t h e he trudc
t r i e n viia c6 k h a n a n g tac dong cai tao. xay diing xa hoi lam
trong cac linh vUc boat dong ciia ddi so'ng xa hoi, nhd do ca

19


cho no ton t a i va p h a t t r i e n . Nhijfng net ban chat cua ca

chat ngiidi - ban chat xa h o i t r o n g moi ca n h a n mot each c6 y

n h a n con ngiJcii c h i n h la do cac mo'i quan he xa hoi hdp

thiie, la qua t r i n h to chiic de moi ea n h a n chiem l i n h dUdc

t h a n h . Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h l a m cho ngifcii dUde

cac lUc l i i d n g ban chat xa hoi cua con ngUdi diidc bieu h i e n d
giao due (hoc sinh) y t h i i czyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
dxiOc cac quan he xa hoi va cac gia
toan bo cae quan he xa hoi cua ho (ca n h a n hoa cac loai quan
t r i ciia no de r o i biet v a n dung vao cac l i n h vUe cua ddi song
he xa hoi). T r i e t hoc mac-xit da k h a n g d i n h : Ban chat xa hoi
xa hoi: k i n h te, v a n hoa - xa hoi, dao diic, ton giao, phap

cua con ngddi chi eo dildc k h i no t h a m gia vao ddi song xa

l u a t , gia d i n h , i l n g xii...

hoi dich thUe t h o n g qua boat dong va giao \\iu d mot moi

nham thoa m a n n h u cau eua ca

n h a n va yeu cau cua xa h o i . .

, ,

trUdng v a n hoa (van hoa v a t chat va t i n h t h i n ) . Do do viec

Net ban chat r a t cd ban cua qua t r i n h giao due n h i i n g

tiep can v6i ban chat qua t r i n h giao due buoc chung ta p h a i

pham chat nhan each xa hoi chu nghia la l a m cho hoc sinh c6

xem xet qua t r i n h to chile ddi song, hoat dong va giao l i i u

y thufc dung d^n, day d u ve cae quan he xa hoi (trong do quan

cua doi t i i d n g giao due nhU the nao. Qua t r i n h giao due l u o n

t r o ng la cac quan he ehinh t r i - tif tUdng, k i n h te, phap luat,

gan l i e n v d i qua t r i n h song, hoat dong cua eon ngiidi d ba

dao dufc), ve cac noi dung chuan mile, y nghia xa hoi eua no va

dang thiic sau:zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

. f . zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTS
J

J,

biet van dung dung ddn cac yeu cau, cae quy d i n h eua xa hoi
t r o ng cac l i n h viJc boat dong va ddi song xa hoi. Qua t r i n h van
dung, t r a i nghiem eac quan he xa hoi do se giup hoc sinh
(ngifdi dUde giao due) tieh luy difdc k i n h nghiem xa hoi (thdc
t i i n ) , C O n h u cau, va biet the hien dung din eac quan he xa
hoi trong boat dong, ddi song cua ea n h a n va vao viec cai tao
xa hoi. C h i n h t r o n g qua t r i n h t h a m gia vao cac quan he xa
hoi nh\i vay se giup cho hoe sinh khSng d i n h nhiJng quan he
xa hoi mdi xa hoi ehu nghia trong moi l i n h v\ic cua cuoc song
va biet loai bo k h o i ban t h a n nhiJng quan niem, nhuthg bieu

- N h a giao due va eac Idc l i i d n g giao due to chiic, thiJc
h i e n qua t r i n h giao due doi v d i tap the va ea n h a n tre em.
- Qua t r i n h song, boat dong va giao l i l u ciia moi ea n h a n
giup ho t i i t i c h l i i y diide cac gia t r i , v a n hoa, xa hoi.
- T u r e n l u y e n , txl giao due de k h i n g d i n h , cai tao ban
than minh.

;.. ;

M o i ca n h a n con ngifdi deu song t r o n g mot moi t r i i d n g
l i c h su[ xa h o i cu the. Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h to ehiie
cuoc song cho moi ca n h a n hoac mot n h o m , mot ting Idp xa

hien tieu c\lc, lac hau, tan dxi cua kieu n h a n each eii khong

hoi theo cac ehuan mde, cac yeu ciu cua s\l p h a t t r i e n xa h o i ,

eon p h u hdp vdi xa hoi dUdng thdi. Qua t r i n h do lai tao ra sti

l a m cho ea n h a n biet song p h i i hdp v6i cae quan he xa hoi.

phat t r i e n cho m6i ca n h a n va ca xa hoi. . ,

Do c h i n h la sU t h i c h l i n g , t h i c h n g h i ciia ca n h a n vdi xa hoi
do qua t r i n h giao due tao nen.

b.

Qua trinh giao due la qua trinh to chifc
giao luu cua hoc

cuoc song,

hoat dong

va

sinh

Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h l a m h i n h t h a n h cai ban
20

H o a t dong va giao \\iu la h a i m a t ed ban, thong n h a t
t r o n g cuoc song cua eon ngiidi va cung la dieu k i e n t a t yeu

eua sU h i n h t h a n h va phat t r i e n n h a n each ciia ea n h a n .
21


Th U c t i e n g ia o d u e d ca c trU cJng g ia o d u d n g ( gia o d u e t r e

Ta r n If h oc d a k h a n g d i n h : h o a t d o n g va g ia o l i i u vita l a

e m p h a m p h a p ) , ca c t r u n g ta r n g ia o d u e la o d o n g (eac t r u n g
n g u o n goc vu la l a d o n gzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
\\ic c u a sU h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n
ta i » c a i n g h i e n b a t b u oc) . C a c t r u n g ta r n b a o t r d x a h o i ( g ia o
n h a n ea ch . H o a t d o n g v a g ia o l U u c u n g l a nO i hoc 16 n h a n
d a chijfng to l a con n g U d i

d u e, g i u p d d n h ijtn g t r e e m l a n g t h a n g cd n h d ) , . . . d a k h S n g

m u o n t o n t a i v a p h a t t r i e n p h a i c6 h o a t d o n g va g ia o l U u .

d i n h : do c6 sU to ch iie t o t d d i s on g h o a t d o n g v a g ia o l U u ciia

N eu

ea ch .

C a c t h u y e t ve h o a t d o n g

ciia ca n h a n (h oa c

nhom

d oi tU d n g g ia o d u e t a i eac cd s d d o v a do d a xa c l a p dU dc ca c

n g U d i) dU de to ch iic m o t ea ch k h o a h oc v 6 i eac d i e u

kien ,

m o i q u a n h e x a h o i t o t d ep q u a n h i e u h i n h thu fe h o a t d o n g v a

p h U d n g t i e n h o a t d o n g t i e n t i e n , p h o n g p h u , ca n h a n dU de

g ia o l U u n e n d a d a t duldc h i e u q u a g ia o d u e ca o v a b i e n

t h a m g ia va o ca c h o a t d o n g v a g ia o l U u d o t h i se c6 n h i e u cd

n h i i n g con n g i i d i d a mS c r a t n h i e u s a i l a m , t o i 16i, t h o i h i i ,

h o i t o t ch o siJ p h a t t r i e n c o n n g U d i. S o n g t h i p h a i h o a t d on g .

t a t x a u , t i e n a n , t i e n s U ... t h a n h n h i i n g con n g i i d i to t, l U d n g

H o a t d o n g t h i l a i p h a i g ia o l U u , v i b a t k i m o t h o a t d o n g n a o

t h i e n v a c6 i c h ch o x a h o i . Th U c t i l n n a y d a l a m s a n g to

cu a eon n g U d i c u n g d e u p h a i d a t va o (c6 q u a n h e) n h u fn g m o i

t h e m b a n c h a t c u a q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e l a to eh iic d d i s on g,

q u a n h e x a h o i v a n h f l n g h i n h t h a i g ia o l u u n h a t d i n h . V i d u

h oa t

h o a t d o n g d a y h oc t r o n g n h a t r U d n g l a gop p h a n va o viee

n h a m g i u p h o c6 n h a n t h i i c d u n g , ta o l a p d iid c t i n h c a m , t h a i

g ia o d u e - d a o ta o n h i i n g eon n g U d i de p h u e v u eh o x a h o i

do d u n g v a h i n h t h a n h n h i i n g h a n h v i , t h o i q u e n p h u h d p v 6 i

s a u n a y. H o a t d o n g d a y h oc d o r o r a n g l a eo m o i q u a n h e gi n

y e u ci u, c h u a n m iic x a h o i . Th U e t i l n g ia o d u e h oc s i n h c6

b o v 6 i eac q u a n h e x a h o i , v d i m u c d i c h x a h o i l a p h a i t r a I d i

h a n h v i l e c h c h u a n d eac t r i i d n g g ia o d iJd n g ci n if6c t a c o n l a

ca c h o a t

d on g

va g ia o l i f u

d on g

v a g ia o l i i u

c u a h oc s i n h ( d o i t i i d n g g ia o d u e)

diJdc c a u h o i c u a x a h o i d a t r a l a d a y c a i gi? D a y n h i i t h e n a o

m i n h e h i i n g s i n h d o n g ch o s i i xa c d i n h d u n g d S n b a n c h a t

va d a y de l a m gi? T r o n g h o a t d o n g d a y h oc l a i d i i n r a ca c

cu a q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e l a to ch iie d d i s on g v a h o a t d o n g ch o

h i n h t h a i g ia o l i f u g ifla k h o t a n g v a n h o a n h a n l o a i v d i t h a y

t r e l a c h u a n xa c.

va t r o , g ia o l U u g i i i a h a i m a t h o a t d o n g d a y v a hoc, giufa t h a y

'

'••

•

c.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Qua t rinh giao due t iiuc chat la qua t rinh giup t re bien cac yeu

va t r o v a giiJa ca c n g i i d i h oc v 6 i n h a u . . . v a g i i i a h o v 6 i x a h o i .

cau lC ac

C h i n h v i v a y q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e vCfa m a n g t i n h c h a t c u a

c h u a n mU e, ca c q u y t i e . . . cu a x a h o i v o n t o n t a i

h o a t d o n gzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
viia m a n g t i n h c h a t c u a g ia o l u u . C o n n g U d i h o a t

k h a c h q u a n b e n n g o a i d i i a t r e , doe l a p v d i d i i a t r e . D i i a t r e

d o n g va g ia o l u u n h i f t h e n a o t h i c6 b o m a t n h a n ea ch n h u

m 6 i s i n h r a , t r o n g b a n t h a n n o k h o n g h e c6 l o n g y e u q u e

th e a y. G ia o d u e l a m o t q u a t r i n h ta c d o n g q u a l a i m a n g t i n h

h i i d n g , t i n h t h a n l a o d on g , y t h i i c k i l u a t , t i n h y e u t h i i d n g

x a h o i g i i i a n h a g ia o d u e v a n g ifd i difdc g ia o d u e, g ifla n h i i n g

eon

n g U d i d iid c g ia o d u e (h oc s i n h ) v d i n h a u v a v 6 i ca c l u c l ifd n g ,

k h a c , d i i a t r e m d i s i n h r a y t h i i c , n h a n ea ch c u a n o c h i i a c6

cac q u a n h e x a h o i t r o n g v a n g o a i n h a tru lO n g.

g i ca . Q u a t r i n h d i i a t r e 16n l e n t r o n g m o i t r i i d n g v a n m i n h

22

n g i i d i , l i i d n g ta r n , n g h i a

v u , t r a c h n h i e m . . . N o i ea ch

23


cua xa hoi loai ngUdi, t h a m t h a u nhijfng n h i i n g gia t r i van

2.2.1. Giao due la mot qua trinh cd tinh lau dai

hoa cua loai ngUdi de tao ra n h a n each eua c h i n h m i n h - qua

Qua t r i n h giao due nh^m h i n h t h a n h n h i i n g pham chat,

t r i n h do la qua t r i n h xa hoi hoa con ngUdi. Giao due la qua

n h i i n g net t i n h each eiia ea n h a n , nen no doi hoi mot t h d i

t r i n h xa hoi hoa con ngUdi mot each eo muc dich, eo y thiie,

gian l a u dai mdi dat dUde ket qua. T i n h chat lau dai cua qua

la con dUdng xa hoi hoa con ngUdi cd ban va quan t r o n g

t r i n h giao due difdc xem xet ci cac goe do sau:

n h a t . Do la qua t r i n h giup tre bien n h i i n g yeu eau khaeh
quan eua xa hoi t h a n h y thile, t h a n h niem t i n va t h a i do,
t h a n h nhiJng thuoe ti'nh, nhiJng p h a m chat n h a n each cua ea

n h a n . V i du, yeu To quo'e la mot ehuan mifc cua xa hoi von

- Qua t r i n h giao due diide thilc bien t r o n g suot ea cuoe
ddi con ngUdi, t i l luc s i n h ra eho den k h i khong eon song n i l a
- giao due suot ddi. (Tham chi ngay nay ngUdi ta con noi den

van de thai gido,'t\ic la giao due ngay tif t r o n g t h a i n h i . Co
ton t a i ben ngoai dila t r e , giao due lazyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
nhkm bien ehuan mvtc
n h i e u t h i nghiem chilng to ngay t i l t r o n g t h a i n h i dila tre da
nay t h a n h mot p h a m chat, mot thuoc t i n h n h a n each cua
CO n h i i n g tiep n h a n n h i i n g k i c h t h i c h t i f ben ngoai).
dijfa t r e , l a m cho dila tre c6 long yeu To quoe... Con ngUdi
- Ngay ea viec h i n h t h a n h mot p h a m chat n h a n each
dUde giao due tot t r o n g xa hoi la con ngUdi c6 cac pham chat,
Cling cAn c6 t h d i g i a n l a u dai. Viee h i n h t h a n h va trci nen ben
nang liic p h i i hdp vdi cac ehuan m\ic, cac quy tic eua xa hoi.
v i i n g , on d i n h cua mot h a n h v i , t h o i quen eila ca n h a n doi
^'
De giup tre bien cae yeu eau khaeh quan eua xa hoi
hoi mot t h d i g i a n l a u dai di t i l n h a n thiic den niem t i n , t h a i
t h a n h yeu eau ehu quan eua ea n h a n , nha giao due p h a i
do den h a n h v i , t h o i quen. Cong viec do khong the mot sdm,
thong qua qua t r i n h to chile cuoe song, to chile boat dong va
mot ehieu ma eo ngay diide. Giao due - dao tao s6m, l i e n tue,
giao l u u cho cac em theo mot nguyen t^c nhat d i n h , do xa
keo dai va eo phUdng phap, phUdng t i e n khoa hoe p h u hdp
hoi quy d i n h . Ch§ng ban. doi v6i xa hoi chung ta, viee to
cho mot boat dong t h i se t h a n h eong.
ehile cuoe song, to chile boat dong va giao l i i u cho tre phai

- Qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h mot pham chat n h a n each doi
theo nguyen tkc xa hoi chu nghia, thong qua do de dao tao
eon ngUdi mdi xa hoi chu nghia. Thilc chat giao due la qua

hoi mot t h d i gian l a u dai, viee siia doi, cai tao mot net n h a n

t r i n h nha giao due thong qua to ehilc cac hoat dong de d i n h

each l a i doi hoi l a u dai hdn. Viee sila chiia, thay doi n h i i n g

hu6ng cac gia t r i xa hoi cho t r e .

nep n g h i ; t h o i quen cii, lac hau, khong dung, n h a t la nhutng
thoi quen - h a n h v i xau da bi t i e m n h i i m t i l l a u thifdng d i i n

2.2. Dac diem qua trinh giao due

Qua t r i n h giao due dien ra v6i nhieu dac diem dac t r i l n g

ra dai d i n g , trci d i trci l a i m a i t r o n g y t h i l c , h a n h v i cua moi
ngUdi. nen cang k h o k h a n va l a u dai (vi du cai nghien ma

khac nhau. Viec hieu biet cac dac diem nay se giup cho nha giao

t u y doi v6i t h a n h t h i e u n i e n la v6 cung kho k h a n , philc tap

due tien hanh giao due c6 hieu qua cao hdn. Sau day chung ta se

va p h a izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
CO t h d i gian).

•.

xem xet mot so' dac diem cd ban cua qua t r i n h giao due.
24

- N h i i n g p h a m chat m6i ciia n h a n each (nhan t h i l c . niem
25


t i n , dong cd dung, t i n h cam mdi...) chi c6 dUdc va t r d nen
vijtng chac k h i ngiidi dildc giao due tiep n h a n va t r a i qua mot
t h d i gian tap luyen, the nghiem va the hien, dau t r a n h ban
t h a n (dau t r a n h dong cd) t r o n g cuoc song thUc de trci t h a n h
k i n h nghiem song ciia c h i n h m i n h cang doi hoi mot t h d i gian
lau dai. Do la t h d i g i a n de t r a i nghiem va r u t ra bai hoc, de
bien n h a n thiic t r d t h a n h niem t i n . . .

2.2.2. Giao due la mot qua trinh cd tint) ptiut

tap

H o a t dong giao due - dao tao con ngUdi t i f d n g l a i cho xa
hoi la mot boat dong d l y kho k h a n va phiic tap.

-

-

- T i n h phijtc tap cua qua t r i n h giao due trUde het nam d
doi tiJdng cua no. Doi tiJdng cua qua t r i n h giao due la con

ngUdi, ma thuc chat la t a m hon con ngUdi, cai ngiidi khae

k h o n g trvfc tiep n h i n thay dUdc ( T r i n h a n , t r i dien, bat t r i
- K e t qua tac dong, giao due, n h a t la cac tac dongzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
nhkm
t a m ) . Con do'i t i i d n g cua cac qua t r i n h hoat dong khac ed the
h i n h t h a n h n h a n thiic m 6 i , niem t i n . . . t h i i d n g kho n h a n thay
n h i n t h a y mot each triie quan, cd the t r i giac trUe tiep. Qua
ngay (kho d a n h gia, lUdng hoa mot each cu the) va c6 k h i k e t

t r i n h giao due tao r a s\i chuyen bien t r o n g t a m hon moi con

qua do l a i b i bien doi hoac m a t d i . Do do cong tac giao due

ngiidi ciing k h o n g the danh gia ngay diidc, kho d i n h t i n h

p h a i diJdc t i e n h a n h ben b i , lien tuc theo mot ke hoach on
d i n h , l a u dai dong t h d i t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due i a i p h a i
phat huy dUdc cao do t i n h tiJ giac, no l\ic t i i giao due keo dai,
l i e n tuc " k h o n g c6 g i a i lao" cua ngUdi dUdc giao due

(hoc

sinh) t h i mdi dat diidc h i e u qua giao due. K i n h nghiem t h i i c

mot the gidi day b i an va het siie phvic tap, doi hoi p h a i cd
t h d i gian va dieu k i e n mdi cd the n h a n thiic diidc.
- T h i i h a i , ket qua qua t r i n h giao due c h i u sii tac dong
ciia r a t n h i e u n h a n t o ' k h a c h quan, chu quan, ben t r o n g , ben

t i e n giao due - cai tao da chilng to dieu do.
C h i n h qua t r i n h giao due doi hoi p h a i c6 t h d i gian l a u
dai nen t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due, nha giao due khong difde
non nong. voi vang dot chay giai doan. N h a giao due

d i n h l i i d n g diidc mot each ro r a n g . M o i ca n h a n con ngUdi la

can

p h a izyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
C O dufc t i n h k i e n t r i , ben b i , c6 t i n h tU k i e m che cao.
Can p h a i c6 qua t r i n h l a u dai mdi danh gia difdc h i e u
qua giao due. Dac biet p h a i t h a n t r o n g k h i n h i n n h a n danh
gia eon ngiidi. M o t ngUdi dang to't t h i khong the xau ngay
diidc. Ngifdc l a i , mot ngifdi dang xau t h i ciing khong hy vong
tot ngay difdc. Giao due bao gid ciing c6 t i n h quan t i n h cua
no, tiic la p h a i c6 t h d i gian hdp l i m d i c6 sii t h a y doi n h a t

ngoai... khac n h a u .
Cac n h a n to' k h a c h quan l a ; cae sii k i e n , quan he k i n h
te, c h i n h t r i , xa h o i , t i i t i i d n g - v a n hda, phong tuc, tap
quan..., cac hoat dong giao due d t r o n g va ngoai nha t r i i d n g ,
cac noi dung t h o n g t i n - van hda - nghe t h u a t t u y e n t r u y e n
qua cac p h i i d n g t i e n va cac kenh thong t i n khac n h a u . Cac
yeu to' k h a c h quan nay tac dong den qua t r i n h giao due vdi
n h i e u miie do khac n h a u va deu ed tac dong giao due den hoc
s i n h . N d ed the t h o n g n h a t ho t r d cho qua t r i n h giao due ciia
nha t r i i d n g dat h i e u qua cao. ciing cd the cd m a u t h u i n , l a m

d i n h . Su l a u dai cua giao due la do t i n h quan t i n h cua n6 va

h a n che, suy giam, t h a m chi l a m v6 h i e u hda ket qua ciia

t i n h phiic tap cila cac dieu k i e n khach quan va chu quan

qua t r i n h giao due cua nha t r i i d n g . V i d u , cac quan he to't

khac nhau tac dong den doi tuldng giao due.
26

^dep t r o n g xa h o i m d i tao t h u a n Idi cho qua t r i n h giao due eae
27


g ia t r i n h a n v a n , If tU cfng cao ca ch o hoc s i n h . N gU d c l a i , cac

n g a y dU de, k h o n g d a n h g ia n g a y dU dc. K e t q u a cu a q u a t r i n h

q u a n h e p h i i c ta p d a y m a u t h u i n t r o n g xa h o i c ii, n h u fn g ta c

g ia o d u e la sU p h a t t r i e n n h a n ea ch cu a d o i tU d n g g ia o d u e,

d o n g t i e u cvtc cu a cac v a n h oa p h a m d oi t r u y , cac h i e n ti f d n g

la n h f l n g ca i r a t k h o d i n h t i n h , d i n h l i i d n g m o t ea ch c h i n h

t i e u cUc cu a x a h o i . . . se l a m g i a m h i e u q u a g ia o d u e

xa c. K e t q u a g ia o d u e p h a i c6 t h d i g i a n , eo d i e u k i e n ,

tr on g

h oa n

n h a tr u ' d n g . T h a m c h i n h i i n g ta c d o n g n a y con t r i e t t i e u a n h

c a n h m d i b oc 16 r a n g oa i. V i va y,

h iicin g

d a n h g ia k e t q u a q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e p h a i h e t sCfc t h a n t r o n g ,

cu a

g ia o

du e

nha

tr ifd n g

va

hinh

th a n h

n h iJ n g

k h u y n h h iJ d n g p h a t t r i e n n h a n ea ch k h o n g eo Id i ch o x a h o i
va a n h h U d n g d e n h a n h p h i i c ca n h a n .

to

cu a

qu a

tr in lj

g ia o

du e

(mu e

d ie h ,

n oi

eae

du ng,

p h U d n g p h a p , p h U d n g t i e n , ea ch to e h i l c . ) dU de c h i i th e va
kha eh

th e q u a

hoc s i n h )

ta c

d o n g de n o v a n h a n h va p h a t t r i e n n h ^ m d e m l a i h i e u

qu a

eho

qu a

t r i n h g ia o d u e ( g ia o v i e n

t r i n h g ia o d u e, eae

ye u

va

to' t a m l i , t r i n h do

dU de

g ia o d u e, d i e u k i e n , h o a n c a n h r i e n g tif. . . eiia n g U d i

dU dc

g ia o d u e, cac mo'i q u a n he s i i p h a m dU dc ta o r a t r o n g
t r i n h ta c d o n g q u a l a i giiJa hoc s i n h v6 i g ia o v i e n , g i i i a

s in h

v6 i

pham...).

n h ieu

k h i k h o n g t i le t h u a n v6 i eU d n g do la o d o n g , v 6 i sU dku

tiT...

T a t ea n h Q n g d i e u do n o i l e n t i n h k h o k h a n , p h iie ta p ciia
q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e.

2.2.3. Qua trinh giao due bao gi& cung mang tinh cu the

'

^

Q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e dU de t h i i c h i e n t r o n g cu oc s on g, h o a t
d o n g va g ia o l i i u cu a m m ca n h a n con n g i l d i . V 6 i t\i

ea ch l a

n g U d i d iid c g ia o d u e, ti e p n h a n cac ta c d o n g g ia o d u e

h oc

n h i J n g q u y l u a t c h u n g , m a n g t i n h k h a i q u a t, d o n g t h d i g ia o

th e o

d u e l a i p h a i c h u y d e n n h iJ n g d i e m r i e n g b ie t, eu th e cu a d oi

Th e o q u a n d i e m t r i e t hoe m a e - x i t

tU d n g t h i m d i c6 h i e u q u a do t r a n h d iid c n h u tn g ta c d o n g g ia o

t h i eae y e u

to

n h a n e h i i q u a n giijt v a i t r o q u y e t d i n h tr iJ c

q u a n t a m de'n cac d i e u k i e n , cac ye'u to' b e n t r o n g ,

b en

n g o a i cu a q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e. D o la cac d i e u k i e n k i n h
c h i n h t r i , t o n gia o, p h o n g tu c , ta p q u a n , v a n h oa . . . , da c
t a m s i n h l i , h o a n c a n h so'ng. d ie u k i e n g ia

d u e m o t ea ch c i i n g n h ^ e. con g th i i e , g ia o d i e u . T i n h cu

th e

cu a q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e dU de th e h i e n n h u s a u :

V i va y. t r o n g q u a t r i n h t i e n h a n h g ia o d u e, n h a g ia o d u e

te,

d iem

d i n h . . . ciia do'i

tU d n g . M u o n g ia o d u e c6 h i e u q u a , n h a g ia o d u e p h a i h i e u
do'i tifd n g , n a m b a t dU de do'i ti i d n g .

28

th d i

qu a

ti e p s ii p h a t t r i e n n h a n ea ch ca n h a n .

-

p h u h d p , p h a i eo

caczyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Ivic l i f d n g g ia o d u e k h a e ( m o i t r i f d n g s\i

n a y la n g u yen

ckn

phap

n g U d i,

g i a n va h o a n c a n h . K e t q u a cu a h o a t d o n g g ia o d u e

C a c n h a n to' c h u q u a n ciia q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e n h i f :
th a n h

d oi h o i p h a i eo n h i J n g p h U d n g

viec d a n h g ia con

T h i i b a . k e t q u a q u a t r i n h g ia o d u e k h o n g n h i n t h a y

- Ta c d o n g g ia o du e th eo tvfn g ea n h a n n g i i d i d iid e g ia o
d u e v6 i n h i J n g t i n h h u o'n g gia o d u e cu th e , r i e n g b ie t.
- M 6 i hoc s i n h d eu la m o t ca n h a n eo t i n h doc l a p ti f d n g
d o i cu a n o ve t r i n h do diJde g ia o d u e, ve k i n h n g h i e m

s on g,

ve t h a i do, t i n h c a m , t h o i q u en . . . n e n q u a t r i n h ta c d o n g g ia o
d u e p h a i p h u h d p vd i ca i r i e n g - cu th e do cu a h o. G ia o d u e
p h a i s a t, p h u h d p v6 i d oi t i i d n g c h i n h la th e h i e n siJ n h a n
t h i i c d u n g d a n v e d a e d i e m n a y cu a q u a t r i n h gia o d u e.

29

- Cong tac giao due p h a i t i n h den nhiJng dae diem cua

V i giao due mang t i n h ca biet, cu the, tiic la giao due

tCfng loai doi t i i d n g cu the: dae diem tarn h' liia t u o i , dieu

p h a i p h u hdp vdi tvfng ca n h a n eu the, t i i n g dieu k i e n hoan

k i e n hoan eanh song, nhiJng dign bien phiie tap, eo le ciia

eanh cu the mdi c6 h i e u qua nen t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due,

t i i n g t i n h huong eu the de nha giao due eo the n h i n t h a y

nha giao due p h a i thUe s\i t h i i d n g yeu hoc s i n h , quan tarn

hoae d u doan n h i i n g nguyen n h a n (sau xa va trU6e mSt) eua

sau sat hoc s i n h de h i e u tUdng t a n ve cae em. De h i e u biet ve

hoe s i n h , giao vien eo the thong qua n h i e u each t h i i c khae
tH
cae bieu hien (tot, xau) cua t h a i do, h a n h v i , t h o i quen...zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
n h a u n h u thong qua ho sd hoe s i n h , thong qua H o i cha me
CO bien phap p h u hdp - h i i u hieu giong n h u phae do
do mdizyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
dieu t r i benh cua bae si vay.

, 5. . , ^^

- Qua t r i n h giao due luon p h a i g i a i quyet cae m a u t h u f i n
x u n g dot cu the gifla yeu cau, n h i e m v u giao due va p h a m
chat nang lue, tarn h' ehu quan ciia ngiidi dUdc giao due. M a u
t h u a n t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due t h i f d n g nay s i n h k h i hoe s i n h
p h a i g i a i quyet mot n h i e m v u giao due mdi nhUng t r i n h do
dulde giao due hien c6 lai chua d t i .

hoc s i n h , t h o n g qua c h i n h quyen dia phUdng, cd quan cha me
hoc s i n h . . . Co h i e u hoc s i n h mdi eo the ea biet hoa giao due,
mdi CO each t h i i c tac dong p h i i hdp vdi t i i n g doi tUdng...
2.2.4. Qua trinh giao due luon ptiai giai quyet rat nhieu mau thuan

Giao due la mot qua t r i n h r a t phiic tap va kho k h a n v i
no l u o n dien ra vdi n h i e u m a u t h u a n .
- M a u t h u l n giiia yeu cau, quy ehuan ehung cua xa h o i

-

Qua t r i n h giao due p h a i dae biet ehu y r e n luyen,

l u y e n tap phUdng thiie, thao tac, k i nang the h i e n cae yeu
cau, noi dung, ehuan mUe xa hoi ve n h i e u mat, n h i e u I m h
vUe t r o n g ddi song cua ca n h a n , bien nhiJng yeu cau do t\i
ben ngoai t h a n h net t i n h each rieng, doe dao cua m6i eon
ngifdi. Do cung c h i n h la ket qua p h a i dat dUdc cua qua t r i n h
giao due.

vdi nguyen vong, n h u cau ciia ca n h a n .
Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h l a m cho moi ca n h a n y
thiic, ehuyen t a i cae yeu eau giao due t\i ben ngoai (yeu cau

ciia xa hoi t h a n h yeu cau ben t r o n g , t h a n h n h a n thiie, n i e m
t i n , dong cd, xu hudng...) cua ea n h a n . Hoe s i n h , t r e em noi
chung CO the tiep n h a n cae yeu cau giao due cua nha trUdng,
gia d i n h . . . vdi cac miic do khac n h a u : t h i c h t h u . hit

- Qua t r i n h giao due diide dien ra t r o n g t h d i gian, thd i
diem, k h o n g gian vcti n h i i n g dieu k i e n , hoan eanh cu the.

buoc,

nghia v u , khong muon thiie h i e n hoae chong do'i l a i v.v...
T r o n g thvfc te giao due e6 n h i i n g viee hoe s i n h khong t h i e h

- Ket qua giao due eiing mang t i n h cu the do'i vdi tifng

nhifng v i n buoc p h a i l a m ; hoae ngUde l a i c6 n h i i n g cai,

loai doi tifdng giao due. doi vdi tifng mat. tu:ng yeu cau giao

n h i i n g viee hoe s i n h mong muo'n nhUng l a i b i ngan cam..., i\i

due hoae tong quat t r o n ven ciia mot qua t r i n h giao due cho

do nay s i n h loai m a u t h u i n r a t pho bien t r o n g qua t r i n h

n h i i n g doi tUdng cu the. V i du, qua t r i n h giao due nang cao

giao due la m a u t h u I n giiia yeu cau chung cua xa hoi vdi

giae ngo xa hoi chii nghia cho tre em khong the giong n h i i

nguyen vong, n h u cau eua ea n h a n . V i nhU giao due dao dile

do'i vdi ngiJdi Idn difde.

xa hoi yeu cau moi ca n h a n p h a i tieh eUc t h a m gia dong gop

30

.

31


cong siic vao cac cong tac xa hoi, tap the; nhiJng cd che xa hoi

+ Co n h u cau muon thiie hien nhiem v u do nha giao due

hien nay l a i c6 qua n h i e u ngUdi chi tich cUc hoat dong v i Idi

de ra. nhUng t n thiic, k i nang, thao tac chUa vUng vang, hoac

chiJa CO nen l a m khong dUde, khong diing, sai so vdi yeu cau.
ich ciia ca n h a n m i n h , con t i n h t i c h cUc xa hoi t h i l a i h i giam zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
+ T r i n h do dUde giao due triidc do k h o n g phvi hdp vdi yeu zyxwvu
S l i t t h a m chi "dong bang". T r o n g giao due k h o n g phai bao
giao due m d i , nen l a m theo k i n h nghiem da c6 (tiic la

gid, bat k i luc nao cai chung, cai yeu cau p h a i thuc h i e n

chu

cung l u o n p h u hdp, dap i l n g dUdc nguyen vong ciia ca n h a n .

thoi quen ca) d i n den k e t qua lech chualn miic m6i.

Rat n h i e u yeu cau, quy d i n h ciia xa hoi bat buoc moi ngUdi
p h a i thxic h i e n la v i Idi ich chung, v i quyen Idi cua xa hoi,
ciia mot g i a i cap dang t h o n g t r i . N h U n g v i ca n h a n k h o n g
dUdc giao due, k h o n g y t h i l c dUdc t i n h t a t yeu ciia cac yeu

4- M a u t h u I n giiia l i t h u y e t va thiic h a n h . thUe te.
- M a u t h u I n giiia cac t h a n h to va sii van h a n h cua no
t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due.

cau do nen hoac la ho bang quang, hoac k h o n g thUc h i e n ,

Loai mau t h u I n nay n^m ben t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due

cho'ng doi. V a n de dat ra la chi k h i nao n h f l n g yeu cau cua

va t h i i d n g t h a y k h i t h i l c h i e n mot qua t r i n h giao due n h a t

xa hoi (yeu cau giao due) m a n g t i n h k h a c h quan, t i e n bo,

d i n h . V i du. t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due luon luon xuat h i e n cac

thue SLf v i moi ngUdi t h i se diidc ca n h a n tiep n h a n mot

mau t h u ^ n sau: Muc dich, yeu cau giao due dat ra t h i cao

each t u giac. t i c h cUe hdn.

mau t h u i n vdi dieu k i e n , phutdng t i e n con t h a p , lac h a u .

Phiidng phap giao due mdi mau t h u I n v6i t r i n h do nghiep v u
- M a u t h u l n giufa n h u cau va k h a nangzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
thuc hien cua
sU p h a m eiia t h a y con lac h a u , viee sii dung cac t r a n g t h i e t
moi ca n h a n .
b i k i t h u a t h i e n dai con n h i e u h a n che d i n den t i i tiicing ngai
Ca n h a n con ngUdi nao eiing luon luon c6 n h i e u mong
doi m6i p h i i d n g phap hoac neu c6 doi m6i t h i cung kem h i g u
muon, n h u cau. nguyen vong. G i i i a cai mong muon va kha
qua, h i n h t h i i c ehii nghia. Noi d u n g giao due da doi m6i, hien
nang c6 the dat dxiOc luon eo nhiJng mau t h u i n . Thong
dai mau t h u I n vdi phUdng phap, phUdng t i e n cii k i , lac h a u .
thUdng t h i eo k i e u mau t h u ^ n "lUe bat tong t a m " (muon l a m
M a u t h u I n nay t h u d n g d i n den sil han che h i e u qua qua
dieu gi do n h i i n g site liie dieu k i e n k h o n g c6 hoac khong theo
t r i n h giao due va p h a t t r i e n t i n h tvf giac. t i c h cUc, chii dong
k i p , khong tifdng ling). T r o n g giao due do c h i n h la mau
va sang tao ciia ngiJrii hoc s i n h .
t h u a n giiia mot ben la yeu cau giao due dang dat ra mau
- M a u t h u I n giua cai cii va cai m6i.
t h u a n v6i t r i n h do dUde giao due hien eo ciia ca n h a n . M a u
Qua t r i n h giao due h i n h t h a n h , phat t r i e n n h a n each
t h u i n nay thUdng bieu hien. nay sinh k h i :
m6i xa hoi c h i i nghia d niidc ta d i i n r a t r o n g t h d i k i qua do
+ Phai thiJc hien mot yeu cau. n h i e m vu giao due m6i,

t i i xa hoi phong k i e n , thUe dan sang mot xa hoi mdi luon
n h u n g t r i n h do diide giao due ( k i n h nghiem) da eo chua
d i i n ra viec p h a i xoa bo cai cu lac h a u , loi thdi va xay dUng
tUdng l i n g . ehUa the giai quyet dudc.
cai mdi t i e n t i e n h i e n dai t r o n g moi l i n h vuc ciia ddi song xa
MizyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Jix
32

33


con

cac y e u c a u g i a o due d o i v 6 i m i n h , r o i d i e n r a q u a t r i n h d a u

n g i f d i v i v a y cQng l u o n d i e n r a s i l Itfa c h o n g i S n g co giufa

t r a n h d o n g cd t r o n g l\ia c h o n v a d i n h h u d n g g i a t r i . T o m l a i

h o i . P h a m c h a t dao dutc, n h a n e a c h t r o n g m o i ca n h a n

n h f l n g g i a t r i eu v a g i a t r i m d i :zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
T\i s\i m a u t h u ^ n g i i i a c a i eu
l a k h i d i i n g t r U d e n h i i n g t a c d o n g g i a o due d i i d i n h i e u h i n h
v a c a i m 6 i t a t l a i d a n d e n n h u t n g m a u t h u ^ n t h e he. T h e he

t h t f c k h a c n h a u , n g U d i d i i d c g i a o due t i e p n h a n no t h e o n h u zyxwv

trvfde do n h u t n g d i e u k i e n , y e u e a u eua l i c h s i i x a h o i l i i c do

cin

m a l i t i f d n g , t i n h cam, n h u eau, t h o i q u e n k h o n g giong n h u d

x a t h e o l a n g k i n h c h u q u a n c i i a h o , q u a t r i n h g i a o due

t h e he s a u dUde. T r o n g t h d i d a i n g a y n a y g i a o due eon

v a y thufc c i i a m i n h , n e n m o i t a c d o n g g i a o due b i k h u c
gSn

c^n

l i e n v d i q u a t r i n h t i i g i a o due. Hoe s i n h v 6 i t i i e a c h l a c h u

p h a i g i a i q u y e t m a u t h u i n g i i i a eai m 6 i tuf cac quo'e g i a , t h e

t h e c i i a q u a t r i n h g i a o due k h i no t i i g i a e , c h u d o n g v a t i c h

g i d i t r a n v a o ( x a m n h a p vao) t a o r a m a u t h u I n g i i i a cac

ciic t h i i c h i e n cac y e u c a u g i a o due t i i b e n n g o a i . H i e u q u a

gia

t r i quoe g i a , d a n toe, t r u y e n t h o n g v a h i e n d a i .

c i i a q u a t r i n h g i a o due p h u t h u o e r a t 16n v a o t i n h c h i i t h e

Q u a t r i n h g i a o due c6 r a t n h i e u m a u t h u I n n h i i t r e n da

n a y eua n g i i d i d q d e g i a o due. T h i i c t i i n g i a o due da c h i i n g

n e u n e n m u o n d a t d i i d c k e t q u a g i a o due p h a i xac d i n h dUdc

m i n h t i n h d u n g d ^ n c u a k e t l u a n n a y . V i d u n h U k h i eo m o t

m a u t h u a n v a g i a i q u y e t n o m o t e a c h k h o a hoe t r o n g

t a c d o n g g i a o due n a o do ( I d i k h u y e n , s i i r a n d a y , m o t

t r i n h g i a o due n o i e h u n g

v a g i a o due hoe

qua

sinh noi rieng.

cin

h a y m o t h i n h t h i i c k i l u a t , t r a c h p h a t . . . ) m a hoc

yeu
sinh

D o n g t h d i q u a t r i n h g i a o due l a i l u o n d i e n r a euoe d a u t r a n h

k h o n g n g h e , k h o n g t i e p n h a n t h i eo k h a c n a o " n i f d e do l a

k h o n g ngijfng de xoa bo n h f J n g g i a t r i e i i k i , lac h a u v a k h a n g

k h o a i " , " n i i d e do d a u v i t " .

d i n h n h f l n g g i a t r i m d i d a n g h i n h t h a n h , t h e he t r e n i i d c t a
hien nay dang

d f l n g trUde m o t k h o k h a n la n h i e u cai

eu

; . l a r ; ! - u , ; ! s i ; : ^ 'o^S '

in '

D e t h i i c h i e n t o t q u a t r i n h g i a o d u e , cac n h a g i a o due,
g i a o v i e n c a n n g h i e n c i i u v a n S m diide n h i i n g dac d i e m

neu

k h o n g con g i a t r i niJa, n h i i n g l a i ehUa b i e t c h o n c a i m d i n a o

t r e n c u a q u a t r i n h g i a o due. 6 m o t so' t a i l i e u v a g i a o t r i n h

l a g i a t r i d i e h t h u e de p h a n d a u , n e n d i r d i v a o t i n h t r a n g

g i a o due hoe, cac tac g i a t h i i d n g n e u v a p h a n t i c h n h i e u dac

dao d o n g ve n i e m t i n , ve lo'i s o n g v . v . . .

d i e m k h a c n i i a c i i a q u a t r i n h giao due. C u t h e n h i i , qua t r i n h

2.2.5. Hoc sinh (ngif&i duac giao due - doi twffng giao due)

vifa

la kfiaeh ttievLfa la cfiu the cua qua trinh giao due
T r o n g q u a t r i n h g i a o d u e , hoc

tac

K h i do, hoe s i n h la k h a c h t h e eua q u a t r i n h g i a o due. N h U n g
t a c d o n g g i a o due do, n g U d i hoc

khong

h o a n t o a n t h u d o n g m a l a m o t thiJc t h e x a h o i eo y thufc,
m a n g t i n h t i c h cUc. N g U d i hoc y t h i i e dUde m u e d i e h , y n g h i a ,
34

la q u a t r i n h m a n g t i n h d o n g t h d i , q u a t r i n h g i a d due la q u a
t r i n h eo t i n h m u c d i e h , q u a t r i n h giao due l a m o t q u a t r i n h c6

s m h l u o n n h a n cac

d o n g g i a o due t\l p h i a n h a g i a o due v a cac Ivfc l U d n g g i a o due.
k h i t i e p n h a n cac

g i a o due l a q u a t r i n h m a n g t i n h d o n g t a m , q u a t r i n h giao due

t i n h b i e n c h i i n g . . . T a c6 t h e t h a m k h a o t h e m cac saeh s a u :
-

H a T h e N g i i - D a n g V i i H o a t , Giao

G i a o due, 1988, t r . 8 -

hoc,

Tg, Nxb

10.

- P h a m V i e t V i f d n g , Giao
H a N o i , 2 0 0 0 , t r , 125 -

due

due hoc,

N x b D a i hoc Quoe g i a

126.

35


- T r a n T h i T u y e t Oanh (chu bien),zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Giao due hoc, T,,

da t r d t h a n h dao l i nong cot t r o n g xa hoi luc do. Qua t r i n h
N X B D H S P 2005, t r . l 5 - t r . l 8 .
giao due nhijfng k i cUdng do t r o n g nha trUdng la sU the h i e n
3.

Q U Y L U A T C U A QUA TRINH GlAO DUG

y c h i t\i tUdng cua giai cap thong t r i phong k i e n : bat ngUdi
dan p h a i t u y e t do'i phue t u n g , t h i i c chat la de duy t r i t r a t t u

"Quy l u a t la phan anh cai ban chat t r o n g sii van dong

xa h o i de t a p t r u n g quyen \\lc t r o n g t a y g i a i cap tho'ng t r i

cua vu t r u " , "quy l u a t la mot quan he ban chat"'". Nhut vay

phong kie'n difdng t h d i . Dd c h i n h la t i n h chat g i a i cap cua

ta CO the h i e u quy l u a t (hoac t i n h quy l u a t ) la sU phan anh

giad due t r o n g xa hoi c6 g i a i cap. Qua v i du nay da cho t a

nhutng mo'i l i e n he, quan he t a t yeu, ben v i i n g giiJa cac hien

t h a y : qua t r i n h c h i n h t r i - xa h o i da c h i p h o i qua t r i n h giao

tifdng, cac qua t r i n h . Qua t r i n h giao due la mot qua t r i n h xa

due xa h o i noi c h u n g va cae t h a n h to eua qua t r i n h giao due

hoi dac biet c6 n h i i n g moi l i e n he t a t yeu va c6 sU v a n dong

t r o n g nha

p h a t t r i e n k h o n g n g i i n g cua n h i e u h i e n tUdng, n h i e u yeu to'.

phifdng t h i l c , k e t qua giao due). K h i n h i i n g dieu k i e n xa h o i

Quy l u a t cua qua t r i n h giao due cung phan anh n h i i n g mo'i

t h a y doi t h i giao due ciing p h a i t h a y doi theo, dae b i e t la

lien he t a t yeu, chu yeu cua qua t r i n h giao due v6i cac h i e n

k h i t h a y doi the che c h i n h t r i , g i a i cap t h o n g t r i xa h o i .

tUdng khae cung n h u mo'i quan he gifla cac t h a n h to'cua no,

Ngay ca cac qua t r i n h nhU khoa hoc, v a n hoa, nghe t h u a t ,

p h a n anh cai ban chat t r o n g sU v a n dong ciia chung. Sau day

ton giao, phong tue tap q u a n . . . ciing tac dong m a n h me den

la mot so'quy l u a t cua qua t r i n h giao due.

giao due, c h i pho'i giao due.

3.1. Qua trinh giao due bj chi phoi bcfi cae qua trinh xa hoi, cae
quan he xa hoi

t r U d n g noi r i e n g ( n h i i

muc

dich, noi

dung,

Noi tom l a i , giao due luon luon chiu sU quy d i n h va che lictc
eua xa hoi, h i cac qua t r i n h xa hoi, cae quan he xa hoi chi pho'i.
Tuy nhien, giao due ciing tae dong tieh ciJc ngUde l a i do'i v6i sii

Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h ban chat con
ngUdi - ban chat xa hoi cua eon ngUdi. V i vay qua t r i n h giad
due p h u thudc vao toan bo eac yeu to' khach quan cua moi

phat t r i e n xa hoi, den eac qua t r i n h va quan he xa hoi the hien
qua cac ehiic nang ed ban eua no doi v6i xa hoi n h i i chiie nang
k i n h te, ehiic nang chinh t r i , chile nang v a n hoa.

trUdng xa hoi, t i f tifdng c h i n h t r i , quan diem dudc h i n h
t h a n h d moi ca n h a n do qua t r i n h giao due dem l a i hoan toan
p h u thuoc vao t i n h chat, the che, dudng l o i , quan diem c h i n h
t r i cua nha nxidc, cua xa h o i difdng t h d i . V i d u giad due t r d n g
xa hdi phong kie'n yeu cau moi ngUdi p h a i t h a m n h u a n , thxic
hien t r i e t de ba k i eUdng (tam cifdng: quan - sU - phu). No
V . I . L e n i n . But ki triet hoc. N x b Su t h a t , H a N o i , 1963, t r . l 6 9 .

36

3.2. IVloi lien he c6 tinh quy luat giijfa c a c yeu to cua qua trinh
giao due
3.2.1.

H i e u qua, chat liJdng eua qua t r i n h giao due p h u

thuoc triidc het vao viee xac d i n h d u n g mue dich giao due
(muc dich doi v6i toan xa hoi, muc dich doi v6i the he tre) va
muc t i e u giao due cu the (muc t i e u giao due cua cap hoc, cua

37


loaizyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
trUdng, 16p, cua tufng do'i tUdng giao due, tiing hoat dong

due (gi^f v a i tro chu dao) va boat dong t u giac, t i c h ciJc ciia

giao due, t i i n g mon hoc, nganh hoc...)-

ngiJcii dUdc giao due (giiJ v a i t r o chu dong, t i c h cUe). Quy l u a t

Muc dich giao due la n h a n to' c6 t i n h chat quyet d i n h

t h o n g n h a t bien c h i i n g giiia h a i m a t nay ciia qua t r i n h giao

toan bo qua t r i n h giao due. No d i n h h i i d n g cho viec lUa chon

due bao dam sU ehuyen bien cac tac dong giao due t i l ben

noi dung, phUdng phap, h i n h thiic to chile, t i e u ehuan danh

chu ben t r o n g ciia
ngoai ( t i l phia nha giao due) t h a n h n h uzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZY

gia ciia toan bo cac hoat dong giao due ciia nha trUdng.
3.2.2. Ket qua qua t r i n h giao due t i i y thuoc vao viec n h a n

thiie va v a n d u n g d u n g dSn mo'i l i e n he mang t i n h quy l u a t
giiia noi d u n g va phudng phap, h i n h thiic to ehiie cac hoat
dong giao due. Qua t r i n h to ehiic cac hoat dong giao due l a i
p h a i t i n h den cac dieu k i e n , phUdng t i e n can t h i e t de thUe
hien c6 h i e u qua noi d u n g giao due.
3.2.3. N o i d u n g giao due quy d i n h phUdng phap giao due

va tao ra noi d u n g hoat dong ciia nha giao due va doi tUdng
giao due. T u y n h i e n phUdng phap giao due eiing eo t i n h doe
lap tUdng do'i cua no va c6 tac dung ngiidc trci l a i do'i v6i muc
dieh va noi d u n g . . .

ngUdi dildc giao due va l a m cho ho t u giac thue hien. Su
tho'ng n h a t bien c h i i n g the h i e n d sil tac dong qua l a i giiia
nha giao due va doi t i i d n g giao due. T r o n g sil tac dong qua
l a i nay v i l a eo sU tho'ng n h a t v6i n h a u v i i a eo sil m a u thu§n.
Viec g i a i quyet cac m a u t h u i n se tao ra dong lilc ciia sil v a n
dong va p h a t t r i e n .
3.4. NhOrng d a c triTng m a ng tinh c ha t q uy lua t c u a q ua trinh g ia o
d ue nha n e a c h

^,

,

Qua t r i n h giao due h i n h t h a n h n h a n each m d i xa h o i c h i l
nghia cho the he tre d niide ta dang dign ra t r o n g t h d i k i qua
do t i l xa h o i eii d i len xa hoi m 6 i v6i n h i i n g yeu eau va dieu
k i e n xa hoi lieh sil m 6 i . V i vay qua t r i n h giao due h i e n nay

Noi torn l a i , trong qua t r i n h van dong va phat t r i e n cua

can p h a i chu y den n h i i n g dac t r i i n g mang t i n h quy l u a t sau:

qua t r i n h giao due, cac t h a n h to' ciia ehiing eo moi quan he qua
lai khang k b i t v6i nhau, tac dong l l n nhau, phu thuoc vao

3.4.1.

Q ua trinh xay dung

nhung

pham

c hat nhan

e ac h m di

c ho

nhau, trong do m6i ye'u to' deu c6 chile nang, vai tro dac trufng

ho e sinh die n ra the o st/ c hg c

rieng cua no. Sii p h u thuoc va chi phoi l l n nhau giiia cac ye'u

+ V i l a tiep t h u cai m6i, v i l a p h a i k h o n g n g i l n g dau t r a n h

ciia qua t r i n h giao due mang t i n h quy luat nhat dinh.

Ig e , dan xe n

chong l a i , x6a bo n h i i n g net, n h i i n g hieu h i e n lac h a u , loi
t h d i cua k i e u n h a n each cii (phong k i e n , t i l san).

3 .3 . Q uy lua t tho ng nha t b ie n c hurng giCra va i tro c hu d a o c u a nha

+ Ke t h i l a c6 chon loc n h i i n g gia t r i van hoa - t i n h t h a n ,

g ia o d ue v a va i tro ty g ia c , tic h e y e , c hu d o ng c u a d o i tud ng

n h i i n g t i n h cam, quan he, h a n h v i dao dile, nep song t r u y e n

g ia o d ue

i-

t h o n g to't dep ciia dan toe.

' •

H i e u qua ciia qua t r i n h giao due p h u thuoc vao siJ tho'ng

+ N h i i n g p h a m chat n h a n each m6i xa h o i chii nghia

nhat, anb hiJdng qua l a i giiia tac dong sii pham ciia nha giao

dang t i i n g bii6c d i l d n g h i n h t h a n h , ehua on d i n h , nen qua

38

39


t r i e n . Trong eae m a u t h u i n ben t r o n g c6 mot m a u t h u i n ton
i r i n h giao due p h a i dUdc t i e n hanh thUdng xuyen, lien tuczyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
d
moi ndi, moi luc. Co n h u vay mdi l a m cho nhQng yeu cau, noi
t a i xuyen suot sU ton t a i cua sU vat, hien tiJdng va c6 tac dung
dung, chuan mUc t u tUdng, dao diie m6i xa hoi ehii nghia
chi pho'i t a t ca eae m a u t h u i n khac dUdc goi la mau t h u i n cd
dUdc on d i n h vQng ehac t r o n g the he tre va biet the hien
ban. Giai quyet m a u t h u i n cd ban se tao ra dong \\ic chu yeu
d u n g dan t r o n g eae l i n h vue cua ddi song.
i'-' • =' •'
thuc day sii vat, hien tiidng van dong va phat t r i e n .zyxwvutsrqponmlkjih
3.4.2. X u hudng md eiia, hoi nhap m a n g t i n h toan eau.

M a u t h u i n ben ngoai la m a u t h u i n giiia cac t h a n h to'

Cac quoc gia, dan toe t r e n the gidi dang md rong quan he

cua sii vat h i e n tUdng v6i eae dieu k i e n k h a c h quan ben

t r e n t a t ca cac l i n h vUe. Qua t r i n h giao due p h a i h i n h t h a n h ,

ngoai. G i a i quyet cac m a u t h u i n ben ngoai se tao ra dieu

phat t r i e n n h f l n g p h a m chat nhan each mdi cho t h a n h thieu

k i e n cho srf p h a t .trien.

nien hoe sinh vifa mang t i n h quoc gia, dan toe, vvia mang t i n h
quoc te, k h u viic. Dong thdi trong qua t r i n h giao due l a i phai
luon de phong, chong l a i svf xam nhap cua nhfing tU tifcing, loi

Qua t r i n h giao due c6 r a t n h i e u m a u t h u i n . Cae

mau

t h u i n ben t r o n g eua qua t r i n h giao due nhuf m a u t h u i n giuta
muc dieh giao due de ra t h i cao v6i noi d u n g giao due eon lac

song, van hoa phan dong, suy doi, be tac... vao dat nu6c ta. Do

hku;

t r i n h do hieu biet, nhan thiic cua Idp tre con nhieu han che,

phap giao due 16i t h d i , m a u t h u i n giiJta noi d u n g giao due da

nen r a t d i bi t i e m nhidm nhuEng "doc h a i " cua sU "xam liidc"

difdc doi m6i v6i p h i i d n g phap giao due lac h a u . . . T r o n g do

ve van hoa nay, lam cho the' he tre kho biet liia ehqn gia t r i

m a u t h u i n cd ban cua qua t r i n h giao due la m a u t h u i n giiJa

cho m i n h , de bi mat goc, lai eang ve nhan each.

eae yeu cau, n h i e m v u giao due mdi dang dat ra cho ngiidi
A

4. DONGzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Lire VA C A C KHAU CUA QUA TRINH GlAO DUG
,

Theo quan diem t r i e t hoc mae-xit, m o i sU vat, hien tUdng
deu l u o n luon van dong va phat t r i e n . N g u y e n n h a n eua sU
mau

t h u a n cd ban, noi t a i cua chiing. Co hai loai m a u t h u i n la
m a u t h u i n ben t r o n g va mau t h u l i n ben ngoai. M a u thuSn
ben t r o n g la m a u t h u i n giuta cac t h a n h t o ' t r o n g cung mot sU
vat hien tUdng v6i n h a u , hoac mau t h u i n gifla cac

thanh

phkn t r o n g mot t h a n h to'. G i a i quyet m a u t h u I n ben t r o n g se

tao ra dong lUc thuc day sU vat, hien tUdng van dong va p h a t

40

dUdc giao due (hoc sinh) t h i cao v6i mot ben la t r i n h do diide
giao due va p h a t t r i e n h i e n c6 eua ho con t h a p , chifa the thUe
h i e n diide (giai quyet diide) eae n h i e m v u giao due do. Viee

4 . 1 . Dong lire c u a qua trinh giao due

van dong va p h a t t r i e n la qua t r i n h giai quyet cac

M a u t h u i n giiia muc dieh giao due m6i v6i phUdng

giai quyet m a u t h u i n nay se tao ra dong lUc c h i i yeu cua qua
t r i n h giao due. Nhi3ng yeu e i u khach quan cua xa h o i hoc
sinh p h a i y thiie diidc, r o i ehuyen hien t h a n h n h u eau, muc
dieh cua ban t h a n va t i l giac, t i c h c.\ic t i m cac each thufe,
phiidng t i e n khac n h a u de thvie h i e n cac yeu cau, n h i e m v u
dxidi s\i h i i d n g d i n , giiip d3 eua giao v i e n . Hoe s i n h se nam

dUdc cae yeu c i u giao due va biet each thUe h i e n yeu cau t h i
n h i e m v u giao due m 6 i khac cao hdn, philc tap hdn diidc dat
ra l a i m a u t h u i n v6i t r i n h do diidc giao due dang c6, hoc
sinh l a i c6 n h u cau muon giai quyet n h i e m v u giao due mdi
41


do.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

C\i n h u vay, qua t r i n h giao due van dong va p h a t t r i e n
k h o n g n g t o g ngay mot di len. K e t qua la m a u t h u ^ n diidc
g i a i quyet, qua t r i n h giao due diide thue day, n h a n caeh
ngUdi hoe diidc phat t r i e n . SiJ van dong va p h a t t r i e n eua
qua t r i n h giao due diide the hien cu the 6 sU v a n dong va
p h a t t r i e n cua eac t h a n h to' ciia no. Do la sU hoan t h i e n cua
muc dich, muc t i e u giao due, sii h i e n d a i hoa noi d u n g giao
due, viec doi m6i phiidng phap, phUdng t i e n giao due...
Cac m a u t h u a n ben ngoai cua qua t r i n h giao due nhuf
m a u t h u i n gifla muc dich giao due de ra t h i eao v6i cac dieu
k i e n k i n h te, xa hoi yeu k e m , hoac m a u t h u i n v6i ddi song,
dieu k i e n l a m viec giao vien qua t h a p . . . G i a i quyet n h i i n g
m a u t h u i n nay se tao ra dieu k i e n eho qua t r i n h giao due
v a n dong va p h a t t r i e n .

- M a u t h u i n dat ra phai "viia s\ic" v6i doi tiidng. Tiie la
cac nhiem v u giao due dat ra eho doi tiidng khong qua de eiing
khong qua kho. NhiJng m a u t h u i n do dii6i sU giiip dd cua nha
giad due t h i cac em c6 the t u m i n h giai quyet diide. Neu m a u
t h u i n qua cad (nhiem v u dat ra qua kho) t h i v a n tdn t a i m a u
t h u i n n h i i n g ddi tUdng khdng giai quyet dtfdc v i the cung
khdng trci t h a n h ddng luc thue day sii phat t r i e n . Ngiidc l a i
n h i e m v u dat ra qua de t h i k h d n g tad r a m a u t h u a n .
- M a u t h u i n . p h a i dd t i e n t r i n h eua qua t r i n h giad due
mang l a i . T r d n g thUe te dd'i tifdng e6 the cd n h i e u m a u t h u i n
dd cae dieu k i e n ben ngdai dem den n h q thiie t i e n cudc sd'ng,
p h i m a n h , saeh bad, cac phifdng t i e n thdng t i n dai chung...
N h i i n g ddng lite cua qua t r i n h giad due p h a i la n h i i n g m a u
t h u i n cua qua t r i n h giad due difa den. N h i i n g m a u t h u i n dd

V a n de dat ra la k h o n g p h a i cii c6 m a u t h u i n la c6 dong
liie. De cac m a u t h u I n noi t r e n trci t h a n h dong cua qua t r i n h
giao due t h i p h a i c6 eac dieu k i e n cd ban sau day:

cac qua t r i n h khae tad ra k h o n g p h a i la ddng lUc eua qua

- M a u t h u I n dat ra p h a i dUde do'i t i i d n g n h a n thiie va eo

giup ddi tifdng giai quyet m a u t h u a n ma cdn la qua t r i n h tad

t r i n h giao due.
Thue te giad due khdng phai chi la qua t r i n h nha giad due

n h u c i u giai quyet. Viec tao ra m a u t h u I n c h i n h la qua

ra m a u t h u i n m6i hay tiep tuc k h d i sau eac m a u t h u i n . Day

t r i n h diia ra cac yeu eau eho doi tifdng giao due thiie hien.

hoan toan khdng p h a i la qua t r i n h giup doi tifdng san phang

cae mau t h u i n . Qua t r i n h giao due thiJe chat la qua t r i n h
Cac yeu eau dvia ra p h a i diidc doi tiJdng y thilc va c6 n h uzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
ciu
g i a i quyet m6i tao ra sU p h a t t r i e n . Neu doi tifdng khong
n h a n thute diide yeu cau hoac k h o n g c6 n h u eau g i a i quyet
eac n h i e m v u giao due dat ra t h i m a u t h u i n v i n ton t a i

khdng n g i i n g tad ra mau t h u i n va giai quyet m a u t h u a n .
4.2. C a c khau cua qua trinh giao due

n h i i n g khong t r d t h a n h dong lUe. B a n t h a n m a u t h u i n chua

Qua t r i n h giad due mang t i n h tdan ven. De h i n h t h a n h

p h a i la dong lUc (no ehi la nguon go'c tao ra dong lUe) ma qua

va p h a t t r i e n bat k i mdt p h a m chat n h a n each nad dd, deu

t r i n h g i a i quyet m a u t h u i n m6i tao ra dong lUe. N h i e m vu

p h a i tac ddng vad t a t ea eac m a t eua ddi sd'ng t a m l i ea n h a n :

ciia nha giao due khong ehi giiip tre g i a i quyet cac

mau

n h a n thile, y ehi, t i n h cam, k i nang h a n h ddng... TiJ( l i l u a n

t h u a n dat ra ma dieu quan t r o n g hdn la giiip t r e n h a n thiic

va thUe t i i n giad due ta eo the neu ra cac k h a u cua qua t r i n h

cac m a u t h u a n va cd n h u cau giai quyet chiing.

giad due n h i i sau:,;

42

,

,
43


4.2.1. Boi duang, nang cao nhan thuc lam ca sd cho hanh dong

Qua t r i n h giao due trU6c het p h a i l a m cho ngiidi diJdc
giao due (hoc sinh, t r e em...) nhan thiie dung, d u . c h i n h xac

qua t r i n h v a n d u n g , t r a i nghiem n h i i n g dieu da t h u n h a n
(Jiidc t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due vao boat dong, thvTe t i e n l a i
Cl i n g

CO

n h a n thufc, xay diJng diide y thiic, niem t i n cho ca

nhan. N h a n thile la cd sd, la k i m c h i n a m cho svi h i n h t h a n h
t\i tudng. chfnh t r i , dao
cac noi d u n g k h a i niem giao due vezyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
va dieu c h i n h t i n h cam, t h a i do va h a n h v i ciia moi ca n h a n .
diie, v a n hoa, t h a m m i , quyen I d i , nghia v u , bon phan, cac
quy d i n h , chuan miie h a n h v i t r o n g cac quan he xa h o i . . . T i i

4.2.2. Boi dudng nhOnng tinh cam dung dan, trong sang lanh

n h a n thiic (hieu biet, p h a n anh) d u n g dSn, c h i n h xac hoc

manh cho hoc sinh phu hap v6i cac quan niem, chuan mut

sinh mdi c6 the biet va nen h a n h dong n h i i the nao ( x i i sU

dao dCec, quan he - ling xi/ xa hoi

n h u the nao) t r o n g cac t i n h huong ddi song x§ h o i khac
n h a u . N h a n thiic la t h a n h phan cd b a n cua y thufe ca n h a n ,
l a m k i m c h i n a m cho h a n h dong cua m o i ca nhan. N e u eo
nhan thiic d u n g se c6 cd hoi de d a n den h a n h dong dung. M o i
quan he giiJa n h a n thiic va h a n h dong c6 the dien r a t r o n g
cac t r i i d n g hdp sau:

^

Qua t r i n h giao due, t r e n cd sd l a m cho ca n h a n con ngiicJi
CO n h a n thiie d u n g din

( l i t r i ) se h i n h t h a n h t h a i do, niem

t i n va t i n h cam d u n g . T h a i do, t i n h cam la siJ bieu h i e n c u
the cua quan diem song vdi n h i i n g gia t r i , chuan mUc xa h o i
va ciia ban t h a n . No c6 v i t r i r a t quan t r o n g de bien n h a n
thiie t h a n h h a n h dong. Tit n h a n thiie den h a n h dong p h a i c6

sii thue day (dong liic) ciia t i n h cam. T i n h cam - siie m a n h
Nhan thiiczyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
. { • , : . • . j o Hanh
dong
t i n h t h a n to 16n de chuyen hoa n h a n thiie t h a n h h a n h dong.
+ Diing

- Dung
V 6 i v a i t r o l a dong ed thuc day h a n h dong, t r o n g qua t r i n h
+ Dung
- Sai
giao due can p h a i boi diidng n h i i n g t i n h cam t h a i do t o t dep
+ Sai
- Sai
dung din cho hoe s i n h . Thiie t i e n ddi song da cho thay: eo
+ Chiia

- D u n g hoae sai

Qua t r i n h giao due la qua t r i n h l a m cho (gnip) hoc sinh
p h a t t r i e n ve m a t n h a n thiie tu! chua biet den biet, tu: biet i t
den biet n h i e u . tiT biet n h i i n g dieu ddn gian den philc tap
hdn. eao hdn... de roi biet v a n d u n g vao ddi song xa hoi.
Qua t r i n h giao due l a m cho hoc sinh t\i nhan thiic dung

nhan thile d u n g , n h i i n g do t i n h cam sai lech t h i chiia chac
da d i n den h a n h dong d i i n g , eo k h i con l a m sai lech, xuyen
tae, bop meo s i i t h a t . V i n h a " y e u nen t o t . ghet nen x a u " ,
" k h o n g lia t h i diia eo gioi". " y e u n h a u cii au t h a n h t r o n " . . .
D i e u do n o i len sii chi phoi ngiide l a i ciia t i n h cam doi v d i
n h a n thiie. De boi dUdng, h i n h t h a n h dUde n h i i n g t i n h cam
tot dep cho hoc s i n h p h a i diia vao ed che h i n h t h a n h ciia t i n h

dan ( l i t r i ) ma h i n h t h a n h l i tUdng, t i n h cam, ifdc m d , lo'i

cam: tao n h i e u cd hoi n ^y sinh cac xiie cam dong loai va diJdc

song, h i n h t h a n h the gidi quan, n h a n s i n h quan v.v...

tong hdp l a i . Muo'n vay, t r o n g cac quan he giao due (quan he

N h a n thiic d i i n g la cd sd de c6 h a n h dong dung. C h i n h

44

sii pham) thay - t r o p h a i t o t dep, tao diidc nhieu an t i i d n g
45


can

- T h i i n h a t : Q u a t r i n h g i a o due hoc s i n h t h u d n g l a d i tii

tinh

nh&n thiic t i n h cam den ren luyen h i n h t h a n h h a n h v i , t h o i

s i n h . K h i da c6 dUdc

quen. Tif n ^ m viJng l i t h u y e t ( l i luan), t i l h i e u biet den h i n h

( d a u a n ) t i n h c a m d hoc s i n h . Q u a t r i n h g i a o due c i i n g
c h u y u o n n i n , s i i a chiJa, k h S c p h u c nhufng x u c c a m ,
cam

s a i l e c h , t h i e u t r o n g s a n g d hoc

t i n h c a m , t h a i do d u n g ve c h i n h t r i , dao d i i c , v a n h o a ,
m i . . . se

thiic day

manh

me

hoc

tham

s i n h vUdn t d i c h i e m

t h a n h t i n h cam, h a n h v i .

linh

<•

- T h i i h a i : C a n cvt v a o n o i d u n g , y e u c i u g i a o due c u t h e

n h i i n g g i a t r i to't d e p .

d o i v 6 i t i f n g d o i t i i d n g g i a o due c u t h e m a cac k h a u c i i a

4.2.3. Ren luyen hinh thanh hanh vi thai quen

t r i n h g i a o due d i i d c v a n d u n g v 6 i t r i n h t U v a t i t r o n g k h a e

qua

n h a u . V i d u , de g i a o due cho hoc s i n h y t h i i c t o chCic, k i l u a t ,
Q u a t r i n h g i a o due k h o n gzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
diing l a i d cho n h a n thiic n h i f
t r a t t i i , ve s i n h t h i c h u y tac d o n g t h U d n g x u y e n v a o k h a u
t h e n a o , m a p h a i d a n d e n d i c h l a con n g U d i p h a i b i e t t h e
r e n l u y e n t h o i q u e n , y t h i i c to c h i i e k i l u a t , t r a t t i J , ve s i n h .
h i e n n h a n t h i i e b S n g h a n h d o n g . H a n h v i dao diie dUdc t h e
H o a c de n a n g cao t i n h y e u q u e h i i d n g , d a t nxidc t h i vCfa b o i
h i e n lap d i lap l a i t r o n g n h i e u t r U d n g hdp k h a e n h a u va on

dxidng

d i n h difdc x e m l a bo m a t dao d i i c cua ca n h a n . T h U c te v i n

ve que h U d n g , d a t n\ldc.

conzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
CO stt k h o n g t h o n g n h a t difdc n h a n t h i i c v a h a n h v i dao

p h a i tac d o n g dky

ddc

h a n h v i ) ; n h U n g do t i n h k h o n g d o n g d e u c i i a sU h i n h t h a n h ,

nhxl " n o i h a y , l a m dd",

"chi noi ma k h o n g l a m " , biet la

n e n p h a i l a m n h u t h e n a y t h e no, s o n g l a i l a m t r a i hkn
n h a n t h i i c . ( V i d u " k h a u p h a t , t a m x a ) , " n g h i m o t dkng,
m o t neo".

v6i
lam

Qua day ta t h a y : h i n h t h a n h h a n h v i t h o i quen,

ve n h a n t h i i c v i i a dac b i e t g a y n h i e u a n t i i d n g t o t dep
N h U v a y l a t r o n g q u a t r i n h g i a o due

du v a o ca ba k h a u ( n h a n t h i i c , t i n h

p h a t t r i e n n h a n each cua

cam,

m 6 i ca n h a n ve n h a n t h i i c , t i n h

c a m , h a n h v i t h o i q u e n , n e n c6 k h i p h a i t a p t r u n g n h i e u h d n
vao

mot nhiem

v u t r o n g m o t t h d i g i a n n h a t d i n h de

giai

t i i c la h a n h v i c i i a ca n h a n da v i i n g chSc t r o n g m o i t r U d n g

q u y e t d i i t d i e m m o t n h i e m v u do. M a t k h a e k h i tac d o n g v a o

trinh

k h a u n a y , d o n g t h d i l a i c6 tac d o n g d e n k h a u k h a e t r o n g q u a

h d p , t r d t h a n h k i x a o l a c a i d i c h , la k e t q u a c i i a q u a

g i a o due. D o c u n g c h i n h l a k e t q u a c i i a v i e e thUe h i e n t o t h a i

t r i n h g i a o due. V i d u k h i t a g i a n g g i a i ve m o t y e u e^u,

mot

k h a u boi diidng n h a n thiic va t i n h cam t r o n g qua t r i n h giao

e h u a n m i i e dao d i i e , l a m cho hoc s i n h n h a n t h i i c diide n o t h i

due. K h a u n a y c6 v i t r i r a t q u a n t r o n g t r o n g q u a t r i n h g i a o

d o n g t h d i e i i n g tac d o n g d e n viee h i n h t h a n h t i n h c a m

due. V i " g i a o due m a t h i e u t h o i q u e n t h i k h o n g k h a e n a o l a u

d i i c v a eo p h U d n g h i i 6 n g t r o n g h a n h v i ( d i n h h i i d n g cho

d a i xay t r e n b a i eat". C h i n h t h o i q u e n tao nen p h a m

v i dao d i i c ) . T o m l a i l a b a k h a u n h a n t h i i c , t i n h c a m , h a n h v i

chat

cua m o i ngUdi.

t h o i q u e n c6 h e n

T r o n g t h U e t i e n g i a o d u e , cac
d u n g n h u the nao,

k h a u k e t r e n dUde v a n

m 6 i k h a u c6 v i t r i v a c6 mo'i q u a n

he

q u a n c h a t che

v6i n h a u trong qua

g i a o due. Cac k h a u do l a i eo tae d o n g q u a l a i b i e n c h i i n g v d i
n h a u . n e n k h o n g t h e t h i e u dUdc k h a u n a o . T u y n h i e n t r o n g
k h i v a n d u n g p h a i l i n h hoat t i i y theo doi tUdng, yeu

t h e nao?

n h i e m v u g i a o d u e c u t h e cho p h i i h d p .

46

,.. ,

hanh
trinh

b i e n chutng v 6 i cac k h a u k h a e t r o n g q u a t r i n h g i a o d u e n h i f
.

dao

...iv,-

eau

•

47