Sự hình thành các nguồn nước và một số giải pháp bảo vệ môi trường nước khu vực thành phố hồ chí minh

III

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BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO
DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N O I
TRUCJNG

DAI HOC KHOA HOC T U

NHIEN

NGUYEN THJ LAN

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Stf HINH THANH CAC NGUON NlJC]fC VA
MOT SO GIAIPHAP BAO VE MOI TRlTOfNG NlJdC
KHU VlJC THANH PHO HO CHI MINH
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CHLfdNG 1: LICH SLf VA PHLfdNG PHAP NGHIEN Cl?U CAC NGUON
Nl/CfC VA MOI TRI/CJNG NLfCfC TP.HO C H I MINH
1.1. LICH SLf NGHIEN CLfU
1.2. PHadNG PHAP NGHIEN CLTU
CHUCJNG

4
4
10

2: SI/ H I N H THANH CAC NGUON NL/(3c KHU Vl/C TP. HO

CHf MINH VA DAC DIEM CUA CHUNG

14

2.1. CAC NGUON NlJ(3c KHU VUC TP.HO CHI MINH
2.1.1. Ngubn nu'dc den liif he Iho'ng song Dong Nai
2.1.2. Ngubn nu'dc bien
2.1.3. Ngubn nu'dc ngam

14
14
25
30

2.2. N H O N G N H A N TO ANH HUCJNG DEN SU H I N H THANH
2.2.1. IChlhau
2.2.2. Bien va thuy hieu
2.2.3. Diahlnh
2.2.4. Cdcyeu to'khac

33
33
34

34
34

2.3. DAC DIEM NEN MOI TRUCJNG Nl/CfC TP.HO C H I MINH
2.3.1. Do man
2.3.2. Dp pH
2.3.3. Nhom,s^t
2.3.4. Thanh phan ion chhih ciia nirdc mat
2.3.5. Phan bo' cac loai dong vat thuy sinh

35
35
41
45
47
48

CHl/aNG 3: O NHIEM MOI TRacJNG NlJCfC MAT TP.HO C H I MINH
3.1. CAC LOAI 6 NHIEM VA MLfC DO 6 NHIEM
3.1.1.6 nhi6mhiTucd
3.1.2. 6 nhiem do vi sinh
3.1.3. 6 nhi6m do chat ran Id lung
3.1.4. O nhi6m do cac chaft dinh du'dng cho thuy suMi vat
3.1.5. O nhiem do hoa chat bao vc thi/c vat
3.1.6. O nhiem do kim loai nang
3.1.7. 6 nhiem dau

52
52
54

57
59
61
64
65
67


3.2. NGUON GAY 6 NHIEM MOI TRl/CfNG Nl/CfC
3.2.1. Nirdc thai CN & TTCN, sinh boat v^ dich vu
3.2.2. Ngubn chat thai sinh boat
3.2.3. Cdc bai dd rdc cua Th^nb pbd

70
71
77
78

3.3. NGUYEN NHAN GAY 6 NHIEM MOI TRLfCJNG NLf(3C
3.3.1. Nguyen nhan khdch quan gay 6 nhilm moi IruTdng nu'dc
3.3.2. Nguyen nhan chu quan gay 6 nhiSm moi tru'dng nu'dc

80
80
81

3.4. PHAN VUNG 6 NHIEM MOI TRLfCfNG Nl/CfC

,

87

3.5. TAC D O N G C U A NGUON Nl/CfC BI 6 NHIEM DEN THUY SINH 90
3.5.1. Tac dong cua nu'dc tbSi CN & TTCN, sinh boat va dich vu
91
3.5.2. Tac dong cua nu'dc hi 6 nhiSm dau
94
3.6. ANH HLfdNG CUA NGUON Nl/CfC 6 NHIEM DEN CLf DAN

98

3.7. ANH HLfCJNG N\J6c MAT BI 6 NHIEM DEN NUCfC NGAM

100

CHLfdNG 4: M O T SO GIAI PHAP GIAM NHE 6 NHIEM VA BAO VE
MOI TRUING N U 6 C KHU VUC TP.HO CHf MINH

102

4.1, XU THE BIEN DOI CHAT LUCJNG NLfCiC
4.1.1. O nhi6m bu'u cd ng^y c^ng n^ng do tiing chat thdi sinh boat
4.1.2. O nhilm nu'dc ng^y ckng gia t3ng do tSng chat thai cong ngbiep
4.1.3. Thu hep dien tich be mSt cac thuy vi/c & bie'n ddi dong chay mat
4.1.4. Gia tang khai thdc cdc ngubn nuTdc cho cap nufdc dan sinh
4.1.5. Mi/c nu'dc bien gia ting va man xam nhap sau vao noi dia

102
102
105

107
107
108

4.2. M O T SO GIAI PHAP GIAM NHE 6 NHIEM VA BAO VE MTN
4.2.1. Dinh hu'dng khai thdc hdp 15^ cdc vDng nu'dc TP.Hb Chi Minh
4.2.2. Phan loai cdc giai phdp giam nhe o nbiSm moi tiiTdng nu'dc
4.2.3. Giai phdp ky thuat
4.2.4. Giai phdp kinb te
4.2.5. Giai pbap xa hoi
4.2.6. Cac giai phap khac

109
109
115
115
121
126
130

KET LUAN

138

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

141

PHU LUC

157


BANG C H O

Al
BOD
BVMT
CLN
CN& TTCN
CNH
COD
DO
DTM
DTH
GHCP
Fet
KCN
H
HCM
Hg
KLN
KTXH
MTN
Nt
Pb
Pt
Q

ss

s

tb
TCVN
TP.
TTS
V
VSMT

VIET TXT TRONG LUAN AN

nhom
Biological Oxygen Demand - Nbu cau O xy sinh hda
bdo ve moi tru'dng
chat lu'dng nUdc
cong ngbiep & tieu thii cong ngbiep
cong ngbiep hda
Chemical Oxygen Demand-Nbu cau 6 x y boa hoc
Disolved Oxygen -Lu'dng 6 xy boa tan
ddnb gid tdc dong moi tru'dng
do thi bod
gidi ban cho ph^p
long s^t
khu cong nghiep
mufc nu'dc
HbChlMinh
Thuy ngan
kim loai nang
kinb te'- xa hoi
moi trifdng ni/dc

tdng Nitd
Chi

long Pbolpho
lu'u lu'dng
Solid suspended - chat r^n Id liJng
do man
tiung blnh
Tieu chuan Vict Nam
tlianh pbo'
thuo'c truf sau
van tdc
ve sinh moi tiu'dng


DANK SACH cAc BANG TRONG LUAN A N
ChUdng 1
Bang 1.1. NhSng noi dung chinb vh pbiTdng phap nghien cu'u trong luan dn
CbiTdng 2
Bang 2.1. D^Lc tri/ng binh Ibli ciia lu\i vUc be tho'ng s6ng Dbng Nai
Bang 2.2. Dae trU*ng d5ng cb5y cua he thong s6ng Dbng Nai
Bang 2.3. Cdc hb chu'a d thUdng ngubn he thong song Dbng Nai
Bang 2.4. LUu lu'dng xa cua Tri An xudng ha du trong mila kiet
Bang 2.5. Lu'u lu'dng xa cua Tri An xuo'ng ha du tiong mOa lu
Bdng 2.6. Can bang niTdc hb Tri An cdc thdng muk kiet
BSng 2.7. Can bSng nu'dc d hb Tri An cdc thdng mua lu
Bang 2.8. Dae tru'ng lu'u li/dng v^ pbil sa ngubn niTdc song Dbng Nai
Bang 2.9. Dae diem cua thuy Uieu cua cdc cang ven bien Viet Nam
Bdng 2.10. Dae UiTng bod hoc nu'dc bien Ba Rja - Vung Tau, 7/1994
Bang 2.11. Lu'u liTdng tram Kho xdng C song Nha Be, 1987-1988

Bang 2.12. MUc nu'dc Hmax, Hmin blnh quan tram Phu An song Sii Gon
Bang 2.13. Mi/c niTdc Hmax, Hmin Uam Thu Dau Mot va Phu An
Bang 2.14. Phan bo'do mdn (S), oxy boa tan (DO) va van tdc (V)
Bang 2.15. Cdc vilng niTdc va diLrc vat cbl tbj CLN d TP.Hb Chi Mhih
Bang 2.16. Cdc vung niTdc vk lo^i torn cbl thi CLN d TP.Hb Chi Minh
Bang 2.17. He sdluTdng quan giffa cdc ion d buycn Can Gid, nam 1989
Bang 2.18. He sdliTdng quan giffa cdc ion TP.Hb Chi Minh (truf Can Gid), 1989
Bang 2.19. Hbi quy tuye'n linh da bien cua cac ion TP.Hb Chi Minh, nam 1989
Bdng 2.20. Phan bddong vat thuy sinh Uieo cdc loai iru the d TP.Hb Chi Minh
Bang 2.21. Phan viing nen chat lufdng nt/dc mat khu vu*c TP.Hb Chi Minh


Chu-dng 3
Bang 3.1. 6 nhiSm bu'u cd v^ SS Iren kenh Tan Hda
Bang 3.2. Ket qda do dac DO khu vi/c Nh^ Be-Binb Cbdnb ndm 1990
Bang 3.3. O nhiim vi sinh vat cdc kenh rach noi th^nh, thdng 1/1993
Bang 3.4. Hdm IiTdng vi sinh vat, tai cdc Uam gidm sdtCLN, 1-12/1995
Bdng 3.5. Ham lu'dng chat r^n Id liJng (SS) tai cdc tram gidm sdt MTN
Bang 3.6. Chat lUdng niTdc kenh Tham Lu'dng vd kenh An Ha, 8/1995

Bang 3.7. Nbng dd Thudc trir sau U:ong nUdc mdt TP. Hb Chi Minh, ndm 1995
Bang 3.8. Nbng do thudc XiiS sau trong nu'dc hb Tri An, ndm 1993
Bang 3.9. So'lan vil tan suat xuat bien kim loai nang ndm 1989
Bang 3.10. Ham lufdng kim loai ndng trong nu'dc kenh Tdn Hda. 1993
Bang 3.11. NbCtng su* co' trdn dau Uen song rach TP.Hb Chi Minh
Bang 3.12. Ham lu'dng dau trong nu'dc va trong dat ngay 7-8/10/1994.
Bang 3.13. Ham lu'dng dau tiong ntfdc song rach, thdng 1-12/1995
Bang 3.14. He thong kenh rach thodt nu'dc noi thanh TP.Hb Chi Minh
Bang 3.15. Lu'dng niTdc thai CN&TTCN, sinh hoat.benh vien ndm 1994
Bang 3.16. Dac tru'ng tliiiy vdn cdc tuye'n lieu thoat nu'dc thai

Bang 3.17. Nbng do BOD5 tiong nuTdc thai cua mot so nha mdy CBTP
Bang 3.18. Chat lu'dng nu'dc thai cua Xi ngbiep cbe bien tliuy san VI
Bang 3.19. Chat luTdng nUdc Uiai tuf bai rdc Dong Thanh (ing/l)
Bang 3.20. NhiTng nguyen nhan gay 6 nhiem MTN d TP.Hb Chi Minh
B a n g 3 . 2 I . Diln bien khdi liTdng rdc TP.Hb Chi Minh 1 9 8 3 - 1995
Bang 3.22. Dign bien dan so TP.Hb Chi Minh 1983-1995
Bang 3.23. He thdng thodt nu'dc do tiVi TP.Hb Chi Minh
Bang 3.24. So'phiTdng lien giao thong van tai du'dng song d TP.Hb Chi Minh
Bang 3.25. Phan vilng sdluTdng dong vat thuy sinh d TP.Hb Chi Minh


Bang 3.26. Phan vdng 6 nhiem MTN mat TP.Hb Chi Minh
Bang 3.27. Anh budng cua nu'dc tliai KCN Bien Hda ddn tbiiy sinh
Bang 3.28. Hdm luTdng dau gay liJ vong 50% lu'dng dong vat Ihi ngbiem
Bdng3.29. SdngiTdi benh diTdng niTdc d TP.Hb Chi Minh
Bdng3.30. Sdngirdi benh"dirdng nirdc", tai TP.HCM 1990-1994
Bang 3.31. Ty le ngu'di benh tieu chay va sdt xuathuyetd TP.Hb Chi Minh
ChUdng 4

Bang 4.1. D\i bdo kbdi luTdng chat thai cua dan cuT TP.Hb Chi Minh, 1996-2010
Bang 4.2. Danh muc qui hoach 10 khu do thi Idn d TP.Hb Chi Minh
Bang 4.3. DiT bdo liTdng niTdc thai cQa TP.Hb Chi Minh, 1995-2010
Bang 4.4. Di/ bdo lifdng niTdc Uiai cua 12 KCN d TP.Hb Chi Minh,1996-2010
Bang 4.5. Mot so'nguyen vat lieu can thay thdde ngdn cbdn 6 nhiim MTN

Bdng 4.6. M6t sd giai phdp giam nhe o nhilm vd bao ve MTN TP.Hb Chi Mini


DANH sACH cAC HINH TRONG LUAN A N
ChiTdng 2

Hinh 2.1.

Mang lu'di he thdng song Dbng Nai

Hinh 2.2.

Vi tii cdc tram gidm sdt chat lu'dng nu'dc vd cdc diem thu mau

Hinh 2.3.

Lu'u lu'dng tiung blnh ciia cdc tram Iren he thdng song Dbng Nai

Hinli 2.4.

Lu'u lu'dng den Tri An trUdc vd sau kbi cd hb chu'a

Hinh 2.5.

Thdi gian truyen dinh Irieu vd cdc gidp niTdc d TP.HCM

ITinh 2.6.

DiSn bidn vd tUdng quan mifc nu'dc, luTu lu'dng song Dbng Nai

Hinh 2.7.

Du'dng qua trinh mi/c nu'dc cdc tram d TP.Hb Chi Minh.

Hinh 2.8.

Dac UiTng mi/c nu'dc va lu'dng quan H&Q cua song Sai Gon

Hinh 2.9.

Ban db kbi hau luTu vu'c be thong song Dbng Nai

Hinh 2.10. Ban db phan vQng do mdn cua nu'dc mat mud kbo d TP.HCM
ITinb 2.11. Ban db phan vOng do man cua nUdc mat mua miTa d TP.HCM
Hinh 2.12. Bieu db do man cua cdc tram he tho'ng song Dbng Nai, 1989
Hinh 2.13. DiSn bic'n Smax doc song Vam Cd, Nba Be, Can Giuoc
ITinb 2.14. Qud tiinh do man cua mot so' tram tuT ven bien vao trong song
Hinh 2.15. Qud tiinh m\ic nuTdc va do man tram Nha Be
Hinh 2.16. Dien bien dp mdn Idn nhat cua mot sdtram IdT 1983-1990
Hinh 2.17. Dien bien Smax cua mot sdtram cdc nam 1983,1986,1990
Hinh 2.18. Tu'dng quan Smax va Qxa Tri An d buycn Can Gid
Hinh 2.19, Ban db phan vung do chua cua nuTdc mat, mua kbo d TP.HCM
Hinh 2.20. Ban db phan vung do chua cua nu'dc mat, inua mu'a d TP.HCM
Hinh 2.21. Dien bie'n do pH va do man tram An Ha^ rach Tra
Hinh 2.22. Dac liu'ng do pH cdc tiam d TP.HCM
Hinh 2.23. Bieu db do pH tai dinh vd chan Uieu cac tram ciia song Vam Cd
Hinh 2.24. Ban db phan vQng nhom cua nu'dc mat, mua kho d TP.HCM
Hinh 2.25. Bdn db phan vung nhom cila ni.'dc mdt, mua nufa d TP.HCM


Hinh 2.26. Ban db phan vDng sdt cua nUdc mdt, mud kho d TP.HCM
Hinh 2.27. Ban db phan vilng sal cua nu'dc mdl, mua mifa d TP.HCM
Hinh 2.28. Dien bie'n cdc ion d huyen Can Gid, mua kho ndm 1989
Hinh 2.29. Cau hue cdc ion trong nu'dc huyen Can-Gicf, mila kho nam 1989
Hinh 2.30. Dign bie'n cac ion d TP.HCM (UuT Can Gid), mila miTa nam 1989
Hinh 2.31. Phan bddong vat noi theo cdc lodi u'u the. mila kbo d TP.HCM

Hinh 2.32. Phan bddong vat noi theo cdc loai Uu the, mila mu'a d TP.HCM
Hinh 2.33. Phan bo'dong vat day theo cdc loai u'u the', mQa mu'a d TP.HCM
Chu'dng 3
Hinh 3.1.

Dien bie'n BOD, COD tram Hod An song Dbng Nai

Hinh 3.2.

Diin bie'n va tiTdng quan BOD & COD tai dhih trieu, 1/1993

ffinh 3.3.

Dien bie'n va tUdng quan BOD & COD ciJa xa vd kenh NLTN

Hinh 3.4.

Ban db phan vilng DO cua nu'dc mat, mua kho d TP.HCM

Hinh 3.5.

Ban db phan vOng DO cua nu'dc mat, mua mu'a d TP.HCM

Hinh 3.6.

Dien bie'n va lu'dng quan Coliform & E.coli nam 1995

Hinh 3.7.

Ban db phan vQng SS cua nu'dc mat, mua kbo d TP.HCM

Hinh 3.8.

Ban db phan vQng SS cua nu'dc mat, mud mu'a d TP.HCM

Hinh 3.9.

Tu'dng quan SS & sdt vd Nt & Pt, mila miTa ndm 1989

Hinh 3.10. Ban db phan viing Nt ciia nu'dc mat, mud kho d TP.HCM
Hinh 3.11. Ban db phan vDng Nt cua nu'dc mat, mud mu'a d TP.HCM
Hinh 3.12. Ban db phan vung Pt cua nu'dc mat, mua kho d TP.HCM
ITinh 3.13. Ban db phan viing Pt ciia nu'dc mat, hUia mu'a d TP.HCM
Hinh 3.14. Diln bie'n SS, Nl, Pt Uam Phu An va Nha Be, 12/1994
Hinh 3.15. Diln bie'n Nt, Pt vd tu'dng quan cua chilng tram Nha Be,1995
Hinh 3.16. Dien bie'n cdc dac tru'ng CLN kenh Tham Lu'dng va An Ha
Hinh 3.17, Dien bie'n hod chat bao ve thi/c vat tai cdc tram gidm sal CLN
m n h 3.18. Dan sd, mat do dan. BOD,SS liong nude thai sinh boat TP.HCM


Hinh 3.19. Dien bie'n dan sd va khdi liTdng rdc TP.HCM luT ndm 1983-1995
Hinh 3.20. Ban db phan vQng sd luTdng dong vat noi, mua kho d TP.HCM
Hinh 3.21. Ban db phan vDng sd lu'dng dong vat noi, mud mu'a d TP.HCM
Hinh 3.22. Ban db phan vDng sd lu'dng dong vat ddy, mud mu'a d TP.HCM
Hinh 3.23. Ban db phan vQng 6 nhiem MTN, mud kho d TP.HCM
Hinh 3.24. Ban db phan vOng 6 nhiem MTN, mud wUad TP.HCM
Hinh 3.25. Ty le ngu'di benh tieu chdy vd sdt xua't buye't d TP.HCM
Chu'dng 4
Hinh 4.1. Dien bie'n H, BOD, SS Uong nifdc rach NLTN. nam 1969
Hinh 4.2. Phan bd cdc cd sd cong ngbiep chu ye'u Dia ban KTTD PN

Hinh 4,3. Hien Irang vd dU kie'n hb chu'a tren be thdng song Dbng Nai


MdDAU
TP.Hb Chi Minh cd vj tri dia ly 10^38' de'n 1 TlO' vl do Bac vd 106*^22'
den 106°55' kinb do Dong, nam Uong dai chuyen tie'p giffa vilng nang len ciia
Dong Nam Bo va vQng tiung tha'p cua Tay Nam Bo.
TP.Hb Chi Minh la mot trong nhifng trung lam Idn ve vdn boa, chinh Uj,
khoa hoc ky thuat, kinb te' vd tbu'dng mai cua Viet Nam. Thanh pho' cd dien
tich 2056km^. dan s6'4,7uieu nguTdi, 12 quan noi Ihdnh va 6 huyen ngoai thanh,
mat do dan c\X cao nhat d quan 5 len de'n 62.100 ngUdi/km^ va Ihap nhat d
huyen Can Gid 62 ngUdi/kml
TP.Hb Chi Minh cd 680 nha mdy, xi nghiep va 22.500 cdc cd sd san xua't
lieu thu cong nghiep, U-ong so'dd cd 70% phan bd' d noi thanh. Nbieu cd sd d
xen Uong cdc khu dan cu'. Nu'dc thai cong nghiep va sinh boat hau nbu' khdng
dUdc xiJ ly nu'dc khi thai ra kenh rach. Qud Ulnb do thj hod xay ra nhanh da lam
gia tang dan so' vdi cac ddt di dan iU do vao TP.Hb Chi Minh, da gay sii'c ep
Idn len cd sd ha tang, dac biet la nha d, cap, thodt nuTdc va ve sinh moi tru'dng
(VSMT) dd thi. Hien tu'dng xay ca't nha Udi phep lan chie'm kenh rach va xa
cdc chat thai bufa bai xuo'ng dong nUde con kbd pho bie'n. NuTdc uen cdc kenh
rach noi thanh cd mau den, mQi hoi Ibo'i kbd chju da lam mat my quan dd Ihj,
anh bu'dng xau de'n ddi song, site khde cong dbng, gay nen nbiyng hau qua moi
U'U'dng tru'dc mat va lau ddi,
TP.Hb Chi Minh nam Uong vQng ciJa song ven bien ciia he thong song
Dbng Nai vdi cdc nhanh song Idn la La Nga, Sai Gon, song Be va song Vam
Cd. Ngoai ra, tren dia ban TP.Hb Chi Minh con cd mang lu'di song ngdi, kenh.
rach chang chit nbu' mang nben. Che' do ban nhat trieu khong deu cua bien
Dong da lam giam kha nang lieu thodt niTdc ciia song rach, kenh mu'dng, gia

tdng bbi lang, ibn tich d nhiem d cdc viing ibap trung sau trong ndi dbng, hinh
thanh cdc gidp nu'dc va tao nen si/ phitc tap trong che'dd tliuy vdn-lhuy lu'c.
TP.Hb Chi Minh nam U-ong vilng khi hau nhiet ddi, gid niDa can xich
dao md dac UriTng cd ban la cd mot nen nhiel do cao, tu'dng ddi on djnh Uong
ndm va sir phan hod mu'a, gid theo mud rat ro reL S\i phan hod nay da anh
hudng manh de'n cha't lu'dng nen moi Uudng nu'dc (MTN) TP.Hb Chi Minh.
Phan Idn dien tich nu'dc mat bi nhiem mdn trong mDa kbd, khong the dDng cho
dn uo'ng sinh boat vd trbng Ida. Trong kbi dd nuTdc ngam d lang khong cd dp
hoac dp life ye'u cung bj nbiSm man. Nu'dc mat hi d nhiem, bode nu'dc mu'a cudn
trdi cdc chat d nhilm uen be mat, nga'm xuo'ng dat, hodc chay theo cdc khe nu'l
xudng nifdc ngam lam 5 nhiim ngubn nu'dc ngam. NuTdc ngam bi khai Ihac qud
mite, se bi nirdc man lan vdo, gay nhiem mdn ca ngubn nuTdc ngam. Vi vay,
uen dia ban TP.Hb Chi Minh, chat lu'dng nUdc mat vd nu'dc ngllni cd moi quan
he vdi nhau rat chat che.
Hien nay. ngubn nuTdc cung cap chinh cho sinh boat va san xua't cua
TP.Hb Chi Minh Id nu'dc song Dbng Nai. Ngubn nu'dc nay dang du'dc dieu lie't
theo mua vdi cdc cong Uinb thuy Idi, thuy dien d tbu'dng ngubn vdi cdc hb Dau
Tie'ng uen song Sai Gon, hb Tri An uen song Dong Nai va Tbdc Md tren song
B^. Cac viing chuyen canh ndng nghiep xung quanh TP.Hb Chi Minh da gia
lang siJ dung ngubn nu'dc song phuc vu cho cap nu'dc, lu'di lieu, riJa chua, rii'a
man vd gia tang lu'dng nu'dc thai, cbal thai vao MTN. Nbif vay, ngubn nu'dc ngol
ve TP.Hb Chi Minh cang ngay cang bi ban che', Uong khi dd cdc chat pbd' thai
cang ngay cang gia tang ve chiing loai va mii'c do doc hai va ne'u khdng cd
nhifng giai phdp hifu hieu ngan cbdn kjp thdi Ihi kha ndng tie'p nhan chat ihai
cua MTN se qua tai, ngubn nu'dc se bi d nhiem liam trong, moi Uu'dng bi suy
thodi, kbd cd kha ndng phuc bbi va chi phi cho vice lam sach se rat ton kdm.


Cd the ndi rang TP.Hb Chi Minh la mdt Uong nhffng "diem ndng'* d Viet Nam
ve suy thodi ngubn nuTdc va d nhiem MTN. Vi vay, de tai "Si/ hinh Ibdnh cdc

ngubn nu'dc vd mot so'giai phdp bao ve moi Uu'dng nu'dc khu vi/c TP.Hb Chi
Minh" la can thie'l vd cap bdch.
Muc lieu ciia de idi Id nghien cu'u si/ hinh thanh vd ddc diem cdc ngubn
nu'dc ( nu'dc mat, nu'dc ngam), d nhiem MTN va de xuat mdi sd giai phdp bao
ve MTN khu vi/c TP.Hb Chi Minh. Luan dn nay lap Irung nghien cu'u ngubn
nu'dc mat d TP.Hb Chi Minh. De dat du'dc muc tieu tren, luan dn can giai quye't
cdc nhiem vu sau:
•

Phan tich dac diem cdc ngubn nu'dc va nhiTng nhan to' anh bu'dng de'n
si/ blnh thanh cbiing.

•

Ddnh gid mii'c do d nhiim MTN, qui lual phan bd' vd didn bie'n d
nhiim theo thdi gian.

•

De xua't cdc gidi phdp kha thi bao ve MTN khu vi/c TP.Hb Chi Minh,

Cdc ke't qua nghien cu'u ciia de tai cd ^ nghia khoa hoc va thi/c lien:
1. Xdc lap linh phan bd' theo khdng gian va thdi gian nhiyng ye'u to' dac Ui/ng
CLN mat trong dieu kien kbi hau nhiel ddi gid mDa can xich dao va bdn nhat
trieu khdng deu.
2. Lam sang id cdc ngubn vd nbffng nguyen nhan gay d nhiim MTN mat khu
vi/c TP.HCM. Hinh thitc d nhiim da dang, pham vi d nhiim md rong. Tru'dc
he't, TP.HCM can lap Uung xiJ 1^ d nhiim bu'u cd, 0 -ihiim vi sinh va cd cac giai
phap ngdn chan d nhiim dau, hd Ird di chuyen cdc cd sd san xua't gay d nhiim
va xi? ly nu'dc thai theo tu'ng khu vi/c.

3. Luan dn la cd sd khoa hoc cho vice quy hoach phal Uien KTXH, khai thdc sii"
dung hdp 1^ cdc ngubn nu'dc, giam nhe d nhiim. bao ve MTN vd phdt trien
ben vifng TP.Hb Chi Minh gin vdi loan bo lu'u vu'c be tho'ng song Dbng Nai.


CHl/dNG 1
LICH SLf VA PHl/aNG P H A P NGHIEN CLfU CAc NGUON NLfCfC VA
MOI TRL/CfNG N\J6C TP.HO CHI MINH
1.1. LICH SLf NGHIEN CLfU
Lich siJ nghien cu'u va'n de neu tren (bao gbm nUdc mdt, nu'dc ngam va
nghien cu'u ve MTN khu vi/c TP.Hb Chi Minh) cd the chia thdnh 3 giai doan:
irudc Giai phdng mien Nam nam 1975; tir 1975 de'n 1990 vd tuf 1991 de'n nay.
Tai lieu nghien cirii cd 2 nhom: tai lieu ve Tbiiy vdn, Hai vdn, Dia chat thuy
vdn va tdi lieu ve Mdi Uufdng, trong dd tap Uung chu ydu ve d nhiim MTN.
LLL Giai doan triidc Giai phdng mien Nam, ndm 1975
Tdi lieu quan trong nhat Uong giai doan nay la Di/ an kha thi thodt nUdc
Sdi Gon cua Cong ty LYON cua My, dirdc Ibi/c hicMi vdo thdng 2 ndm 1971
[130]. Di/ dn nay gbm ban Ihuye't minh va phu luc. Khu vi/c Di/ dn chie'm dien
lich khoang 170km^, gbm phan Idn ndi thanh hien nay vd mdl phan phia Bac
huyen Nha Be. Trong bdo cao cd nhiTng tai lieu ve KTXH ciia Sai Gon tiiT ndm
1960-1966, so' lieu do dac chat lu'dng nuTdc, mi/c nu'dc uen kenh rach ndi thanh
trong 2 ndm 1968-1969. Ngodi ra, cd sd lieu ve he thdng thodt nu'dc va qui
hoach thodt nifdc dd ihj Sai Gon den nam 2000 theo phifdng dn taeh rieng nu'dc
mu'a vdi nu'dc thai. Tat ca nu'dc thai se du'dc thu gom ibi chuyen tai theo be
did'ng cd'ng cd du'dng kinb 4 mdt ve nha mdy xiJ IJ' nuTdc thai di/ kie'n se ddt tai
xa Phu My huyen Nha Be. Sau khi xii' \^, nu'dc thai se thodt ra sdng Nha Be.
Tdng kinb phi de hoan tat he tbd'ng thodt nu'dc la 150 U:ieu USD (theo thdi gid
ndm 1970).

Ngoai tai lieu Di/ dn kha thi thodt nu'dc Sai Gon con cd cdc tai lieu vc
khi hau- tbiiy vdn nhuT lu'dng miTa d Tan Sdn Nhat luT ndm 1917, mi/c niTdc d Phu
An, Thu Dau Mot iDT nam 1960, Bien Hda tir ndm 1966 bien dang lu'u tru' d Dai
Khi tU'dng-Tbuy vdn Nam Bd; tai lieu ve ca'p nu'dc Sai Gon cua Bd Cdng
Cbdnb Sdi Gon; cdc tai lieu ciia Desk (1972) vd Lieu Kim Sanh (1973) md la
sd luTdc ve he thdng sdng Dbng Nai.
Ve Dia cha't thuy vdn, ndm 1873. cdc chuyen vien Nhat Ban da lien
banh khao sdt tham dd ngubn nu'dc ngam d Hoc Mdn vdi 5 Id khoan sau. Kdt
qua da phdt hien 5 lang chu'a nu'dc vd da lap de dn khai tbdc vdi cdng sua't
200.000mVngdy dem. De'n ndm I960, ngoai 2 Id khoan sau d Tan Sdn Nba'l cho
liTu liTdng khai Uidc 1080m^/ngay dem vd 2.400mVngdy ddm, Tbi/c dan Phdp
da cho khoan them 40 Id khoan khde vdi cdng suat 162.000m^/ngdy ddm.
Nam 1959-1960, cdc tdc gia nhu' Karpoff Roman, Brashears M. L. da lam bdo
cdo cbl ro viec khai Ibdc nt/dc dudi dat vdi qui md Idn nbU vay da viTdt ngu'dng
an loan cho phdp, lam cho ngubn nu'dc bi nhiem man, du'dng mi/c nu'dc bi ha
sau gan 10m va can phai dinh cbl khai thdc mdl sd' gidng. Ngoai ra, mdl so'
chuyen gia khde nghien cu'u ve liem ndng nu'dc du'di da'l tren pham vi ca phia
Nam da db cap ddn cha't lu'dng nu'dc ngam vilng Sai Gdn-Gia Dinh. Cdc tdc gia
cho ring nu'dc ngam d phia Tay Nam TP.Hb Chi Minh, vung Can Gid. Nha Be
bi nhiim man khdng the khai thdc diing cho sinh boat. Nhu' vay. budc dau cdc
lac gia da cho thay suT ban che' trong viec khai thdc ngubn nifdc ngam d khu
vi/c TP.Hb Chi Minh [66]. Trong giai doan nay cdc tai lieu tap trung vao van de
cap thodt nu'dc. chu'a cd nbifng nghidn cu'u ve MTN d TP.Hb Chi Minh.

LL2.mndm

1975 den ndm 1990

Sau Giai phdng mien Nam, tiT ndm 1975 dd'n ndm 1980, Uy Ban Khoa
hoc & Ky Thuat nay la Sd IClioa hoc, Cdng nghe & Mdi Uudng da thanh lap

ChiTdng U-inh nghiSn cu'u "Dieu tra cd ban". ChuTdng trinh nay cd cdc de tai
nghidn cu'u ve cac ye'u idli/ nhien nbiT : dia cha't, tlid nhu'dng, kbi hau, tbiiy vdn,
chat lu'dng niTdc (CLN) va sinh vat. Vien Kinb le phdi bcjp vdi Dai Khi luTdngThuy vdn TP.Hb Chi Minh da tie'n banh Uien khai de tai "Md rong mang lu'di
quan trac khi urdng-thuy vdn" do dac chi tiet cdc ydu to' mu'a Uen dia ban
TP.Hb Chi Minh vd do mdn, do pH tir nam 1982-1986 tren cdc sdng rach chinh.
Sau dd, ndm 1986 Uien khai chu'dng U:inh nghien cu'u "Anh bu'dng ciia cdng
trinh Tri An, Dau Tid'ng de'n ha du sdng Dbng Nai-Sai Gon". Cdng tac do dac
theo djnh ky cdc ydu to' mi/c nu'dc. lifu hrdng vd do man du'dc tie'n hanh tai mdl
so'Uam Uen sdng Idn, mdi ndm vdi thdng, moi thdng do 3-5 ngdy trieu cirdng,
Trong chu'dng Uinh nay, de tdi "Mdt sd' van de tliuy vdn tbiiy Ii/c vOng ha du
Dbng Nai-Sai Gon tiuTdc vd sau kbi cd cdng Uinh Tri An-Dau Tie'ng" do
GS.Nguyin Sinh Huy chu nhiem va tdc gia luan dn triTe lidp tham gia da hoan
thanh vao cud'i ndm 1986 [32],
Ngoai ra, de tai "Nghien cu'u Sinh thdi canh quan thuy vi/c TP.Hb Chi
Minh" do Vien Kinb te'chii Ui phdi hdp vdi Phan vien Sinh thdi va Tdi nguydn
Sinh vat tbu'c hien Uong nhffng nam 1988-1991, trong dd tac gia la mot trong
nhCfng thanh vien Iri/c lid'p tham gia thu man vd xuT ly so' Ueu [38]. De tai da
tie'n banh do dac chat lu'dng nu'dc, ddng-lhi/c vat thuy sinh tren cdc kieu hinh
thuy vi/c (sdng, rach, ao dam, rudng liia) tai 500 diem trdn dja ban TP.Hb Chi
Minh theo mDa tir miia muTa nam 1988 de'n miia kbd 1991, Ke'l qua dieu Ua
khao sdt, nghien cii'u Sinh thdi canh quan thiiy vi/c la nbiTng tdi lieu cd sd duTdc
siJ dung linh todn, phan tich trong luan dn nay.
Nam 1987-1988, Vien Kinb le trien khai chu'dng trinh ca'p Nha Nirdc
"Dieu tra tdng hdp Dong Nam Bo" (60G). Uong dd, cd cdc de tai nghidn cu'u vc
kbi hau, da'l, rung va nirdc [59.25,108]. Day Id nbu'ng yd'u id' li/ nhien cd lien


quan ddn si/ blnh thanh ngubn nuTdc mat. ngubn nu'dc ngam Uen lu'u vi/c be

thdng sdng Dbng Nai.
De tai "Dieu Ua ling ngap diTdng pbd do mUa" du'dc Phan vien KJii lu'dng
- Thuy van tbi/c hien da tie'n bdnh do dac muc do ngap ling tu'dng u'ng vdi thdi
gian va cuTdng do mu'a Uong 2 miia mu'a, ndm 1988 va ndm 1989. Kdt qua dieu
Ua Id cd sd khoa hoc cho vice cai tao ling ngap vd thodt nu'dc TP.Hb Chi Minh.
Nam 1988-1990, de tai "Xay di/ng ban db d nhiim mdi tru'dng TP.Hb
Chi Minh" do Trung lam Mdi Uu'dng TP.Hb Chi Minh tbi/c bien da ebon 8 cbl
lieu ( EC, SS, DO, BOD5, NH4, PO4, SO4 va long E.coli) de lap sd db d nhiim
MTN d TP.Hb Chi Minh, ty le 1/100.000 [98]. O nhiim nuTdc cbl nghien cu'u
Uen cdc sdng Idn nhiT Dong Nai-Nha Be va du'dc phan thanh 6 loai. Mdi loai
du'dc to mau Uen tirng doan sdng theo cdc mu'c 0 nhiim khde nhau. Viing nirdc
"khdng d n h i i m " tuy duTdc phan loai nbu'ng Ihi/c te'khdng cd va khdng bieu
diin uen ban db. Tai lieu ndy chi de cap de'n sdng chinb, nbu'ng ngubn nu'dc
sdng, rach, bai Uieu, ao, rudng lien quan vdi nhau rat chat che tao thanh mot
the tho'ng nba'l. Tren lu'u vi/c sdng, dac biet pba Uieu len, nuTdc khdng gidi ban
Irong long sdng ma Iran bd vao vung bdn ngap. Do dd, phan loai d nhiim nu'dc
Udn cdc sdng Idn kbd siJ dung tidn Ibi/c id va cbiTa phan dnh day du diin bie'n
CLN mat uen dja ban TP.Hb Chi Minh.
Nam 1990, de tai cap Nha Nu'dc 40B-04-02 "He sinh thdi vOng ciJa sdng
Dbng Nai-Sai Gon" dirdc lien banh d khu vi/c TP.Hb Chi Minh. Tdc gia cua
luan an la thanh vidn cua de tai da iham gia nghien cu'u va thu thap sd'lieu ve
CLN va thijy sinh vat Uong ddt khao sat chi lie't vao ihang 6 ndm 1990 [9].
Nbin chung trong giai doan nay, cac cdng Uinh nghien cii'u chu ye'u thudc
Ilnh vi/c dieu Ua cd ban ve cdc ye'u id* ti/ nbidn va sinh thai Uong khu vu'c.
Bu'dc dau da nghien cu'u ve 0 nhiim MTN d TP.Hb Chi Minh.


LL3. Tii ndm 1991 den nay
Giai doan nay dac UuTng bing si/ chuyen bie'n nghien cii'u dieu Ua tai nguyen
thien nhien sang nghien cu'u ve d nhiim MTN mot cdcb ibi/c thu. Ndm 1991 la

ndm dau cua giai doan qui hoach 5 ndm vd 10 ndm phdt U-ien kinb td'-xa hoi
(KTXH) cua TP.Hb Chi Minh, cbiTdng Uinh "Dieu Ua cd ban" ddi thdnh cbiTdng
Uinh "Tai nguyen va Mdi Uu'dng". Chu'dng Uinh nay, ngoai viec khao sdt, do
dac nbir triTdc con cd them nhiem vu nghien citu ve mdi tru'dng vd gan no vdi
thuTc te' san xuat, ddi sdng cua ngu'di dan Thanh pbd'. Trong giai doan nay cd
nbieu tdi lieu ve thodt nu'dc, cap nirdc, tdng ket dieu tra cd ban, gidm sat CLN
va ddnh gid tdc dong mdi tru'dng (DTM).
Ndm 1991-1993 cd 2 luan cbifng kinb te' ky thuat ve cai tao he tho'ng
thodt nUdc Nhidu Ldc -Thi Nghe vd Tan Hda-Ld Gom cua Sd Thuy Ldi [125]
va Trung lam DHl-Trudng Dai hoc Thuy Ldl thi/c hien. Ndm 1992-1993, Sd
Ndng Ngbiep trien khai db ldi "Nghien cu'u cdc ydu to' cd ban lam cd sd khoa
hoc cai tao lam sach he tbd'ng kenh rach TP.Hb Cbi Minh". Cdc de tai ndu Iren
da phan tich hien trang be tho'ng kenh rach va mang lu'di thodt nu'dc ndi Ihanh;
sd db Ihijy van-lhuy li/c vd de xua't mot sd' bien phap thuy ldi cai tao be tbd'ng
thodt nirdc dd thi TP.Hb Cbi Minh. Kd't qua nghien cu'u ciia cdc de tai tren da
tap hdp du'dc nbu'ng so' lieu ve muTa gay ra ling ngap du'dng pho', CLN kenh
Nbieu Loc-Thi Nghe vd nirdc tliai mot sd'cd sd san xua't cdng ngbiep va lieu
thu cdng nghiep (CN & TTCN) khu vi/c kdnh Tan Hda -Ld Gd'm. Bai loan thuy
li/c vd lan truyen d nhiim (cbl lieu BOD5) tren mot s d k e n h , rach noi thanh la
cd sd khoa hoc cho viec nghien cii'u cai tao be tho'ng tieu thodt nu'dc thai TP.Hb
Chi Minh [123]. Nghidn cu'u ve lliodl nu'dc con du'dc de cap Uong "Db dn qui
hoach long the thodt nu'dc dd thi TP.Hb Cbi Minh" ndm 1991-1994 [15]. Trong
Db dn nay, ldc gia luan dn da tham gia do dac chi tid't, ve cdc ban ve ky thuat.


bien soan thuyet minh ddnh gid kha ndng lieu thodt nu'dc ciia he didng thodt
nu'dc vd de xua't phuTdng dn thay he thdng kdnb bd bang he tbd'ng cd'ng ngam
duTdc Cdng ty Tbdat nu'dc dd thj cha'p thuan va dp dung vdo IbuTc te', nam 19941995 [44]. Trong Db dn qui hoach tbdat nu'dc cd nbu'ng sd' lieu do dac

CLN

kenh rach theo Uieu, miia kbd ndm 1993 va sd bo nhan x6i ve linh hinh d
nhiim MTN kenh rach ndi thdnh do Trung lam Nu'dc va Cdng nghe Mdi Uu'dng
Dai hoc Bach khoa thi/c hien [102].
Nam 1993-1994, Vien Qui hoach Xay di/ng ke't hdp vdi Trung lam bao
ve Mdi Uu'dng, Trung lam NuTdc vd Cdng nghe Mdi tru'dng da nghien cii'u "Ii/a
ebon, ddnh gid cdc pbirdng phdp thodt vd xu" 15^ nuTdc thai cho lu'u vi/c Nbieu Ldc
- Thi Nghe". Ke't qua nghien cii'u da de ra phu'dng dn thu gom nu'dc tliai du'a
ve n h a m a y x u ' 1 5 ' d d t l a i N a m N h d B e , [123].
Ndm 1991, de tai "Tdng kd'l tdi nguyen Sinh vat TP.Hb Cbi Minh" da lap
danh muc thdnh phan loai, gid tri tai nguydn va cbu'e ndng sinh thai ciia cdc
loai sinh vat d nu'dc, [96].
Nam 1992, Uy Ban Mdi Tru'dng TP.Hb Cbi Minh da to cbu'e mang lu'di
cdc tram gidm sat CLN Udn sdng Sai Gon, Dbng Nai, Nbd Be vd Chd Dem,
mdi thdng 2 fan, mdi fan la'y mdu d chan va dinh trieu; ngoai ra con soan Ihao
vd ban banh "Qui djiib ve kiem sodl d nhiim TP.Hb Cbi Minb",[I17]. Nam
1994, Uong "Sdch Den", cd daub muc 43 cd sd san xua't cdng nghiep Idn, gay
d nhiem mdi Irirdng d TP.Hb Cbi Minh, [118], Nam 1993-1994, Di/ an xay
di/ng nbd mdy nu'dc thu' 2 trdn sdng Sai Gon tai Ben Than do Cdng ly khai thdc
nu'dc sdng Sai Gon thi/c hien do dac CLN va thuy van trdn sdng Sai Gon [113].
Mot cdng viec mdi nba'l Uong giai doan tir nam 1993 dd'n nay la DTM
cdc di/ an dau ur [5]. Trong cdc bdo cdo nay cd the tham khao so' lieu do dac

9


bien U^ang d cdc nbd mdy cilng vdi nbifng bien phdp khde phuc d nhiim MTN
vd cbi phi cho viec lap ddt be tbd'ng xuT 15^ nu'dc thai.
Ngoai ra, ndm 1991-1995. Chu'dng trinh KT-02 ngbidn cii'u vc "Bao ve
mdi tru'dng va phdt Uien ben viTng" du'dc trien khai vdi 17 de tai [3]. trong dd

cd cdc de tdi lien quan de'n cdc ngubn nu'dc vd MTN d TP.Hb Chi Minh nhu':
Ddnh gid tdc dong mdi tiuTdng cua cdng Uinb Tri An (KT-02-15) [29], cdng
nghe xiJ ly d nhiim indt sd nganh cdng ngbiep d TP.Hb Chi Minh (KT-02-04)
[103]

va tdi nguydn nuTdc (KT-02-10), [61]. Trong luan an nay, ldc gia da

tham khao sd' lieu do dac chat lu'dng nu'dc hb Tri An va mot so' diem tidn sdng
rach TP.Hb Chi Minh cua bao cdo long ke't ChiTdng trinh KT-02.
Nbin Chung, MTN d TP.Hb Cbi Minh du'dc cdc lac gia ngbidn ciiu theo
nbieu khia canh khde nhau. So lieu ve CLN luTdng ddi nbieu, song do dac
khdng dbng bd, cdc cbi lieu ddnh gid khde nhau vddo nbieu cd quan phan tich
nen mi?c do tin cay cung khac nhau. Cac tai lieu neu tren mdi chi dCrng d viec
phan tich md ta hien trang d nhiim MTN, nbieu tai lieu di sau vao linh todn
ihie't ke' ky thuat, chu'a di sau vdo phan lich ngubn va nguyen nhau gay d
nhiem; chu'a xdc dinh val Ud ciia ngubn nu'dc bicMi va tbiiy trieu ddi vdi MTN
TP.Hb Chi Minh. Viec phan tich anh bu'dng ciia d nhiim MTN de'n ddi song,
san xua't ciia ngu'di dan va sinh val con rat it.

1.2. PHLfOfNG

PHAP

NGHIEN C 0 U

Cd sd cua phuTdng phdp luan nghien cii'u trong luan 6.n di/a tren quan
diem " Phdt trien ben vifng" |6,8] va nguyen tac "Ngudi gay d niiiim phai tra
lien" [135], phan lich he tbd'ng Uong mdi quan he giua cdc ye'u Id'cd ban dac
Irirng cho cha't lu'dng MTN. Phu'dng phap nghien citu Irong luan an gbm cd :

10


1. Dieu tra khao sdt vd nghien cii'u ngodi thi/c dja ve dac diem li/ nhien va
KTXH, cdc ngubn gay d nhiem, thu mdu thuy hda, v.v., su* dung anh vidn
tbdm, ban db va sinh val cbl thi de phan vDng CLN,
2. Kinh te- moi triiifng (Environmmental

Economics-EE):

Id cdc phu'dng phdp

su* dung cdc cdng cu kinh Id' de kiem sodl, khdng chd va giam tliieu d nhiim
MTN. Nbu'ng chinh sdch quan 1^ tai nguyen nu'dc, kiem soat d nhiim di/a
Udn nguyen lac "Ngu'di gay d nhiim phai tra lien"(Polluter Pays Principle PPP), chinb sdch Ihud' phdt thai mdi tiirdng "Emission charge", thud' siJ dung
tai nguyen nirdc, cap gia'y phep d nhiem va chuyen nhu'dng cac giay phep
nay, phal lien va chuyen ldi san chung (Open asset) Ihanh tai san cd chu
quyen cua xa, huyen (Common property rigbl) bode ldi san ciia lu' nhan,
v.v.. Ap dung phu'dng phdp Nglu nhien (Contigent Method)

the hien qua

mii'c do san Idng tra lien cai tao d nhiim mdi uu'dng, bode mu'c do san long
chap nhan de chiu di/ng mu'c do d nhiim ciia dan dja pbirdng (WilUngness
To Pay & Willingness To Accept). [7. 132,134,136,137].
3. Ddnh gid tdc dong moi /n/'(0^/ig^-(Environmental Impact Assessement -EIA):
siJ dung cdc phu'dng phdp: Lap danh muc ldc dong mdi trirdng "Check list ",
ddnh gid tdc dong ciia nu'dc d nhiim vd hau qua d nhiem mdi truTdng; cbbng
xe'p ban db "Overlay'* iCr cdc ban db ddn linh de xay du'ng ban db tdng hdp
phan vOng CLN. d nhiim MTN. Phu'dng phdp "Ad hoc" Id Irao ddi vdi dan,

di/a vao dan vd dap u'ng nguyen vong chinh dang cua bo do d nhiim MTN
gay ra va gido due mdi Uu'dng de cdng ldc bao ve mdi Uu'dng (BVMT) la
cdng ldc cua quan chiing [4,5,6].
4. Dieu tra xa hoi hgc: theo cdc bang hoi, phdng van cac ho gia dinh ve mitc
sd'ng, nhiTng thdi qucn sinh boat. VSMT, nbu'ng ban che va kha nang cua
bo tham gia cai tao d nhiim MTN vd BVMT. [116].
14

/


•

Cdc phMng phdp khde.
Thu thap. tbd'ng kd sd'lieu vd cdc kdt qua nghien cu'u cd lidn quan de'n cdc
ngubn nu'dc vd d nhiim MTN lam cd sd cho viec phan tich vd de xua't cdc
giai phdp bao ve MTN d TP.Hb Cbi Minh.

• Li/a ebon cdc cbl tidu d nhiem. so sdnh vdi cdc Tidu chuan Nha nirdc Viet
Nam ve mdi Uirdng ndm 1995. ddi vdi CLN mat (TCVN 5942), CLN bien
ven bd (TCVN 5943), CLN ngam (TCVN 5944) vd CLN thai cdng nghiep
(TCVN 5945), [2].
• Di/a tren 1^ ihuye't "Tu'dng li/" va long hdp hda qui lual diin bidn cdc ydu td
d nhiim; qui luat Nban-Qua Irong qud Uinh dd thj hda (DTH), cdng ngbiep
hda (CNH) do ydu kdra ve quan 1^ mdi tru'dng va nbu'ng hau qua

mdi

tru'dng cua Uong vd ngodi nu'dc, ddt biet Id ddi vdi cdc khu dan ngheo ndi
thanh va vDng ven dd TP.Hb Chi Minh nbam canh bdo cdc van de mdi

tru'dng trong phdt trien, ngdn chan d nhiim, tbi/c hien"Phdng benh bdn chu'a
benh" va chi phi cho phdng ngira d nhiim se kinh Id'bdn khac phuc d nhiim.
• Li/a ebon cdc chi tidu, phan tich mdi lufdng quan bang linh todn, Ihdng kd
bbi qui da bie'n uen may vi linh (SPSS for Windows-multiple regression).
Ke't hdp vdi viec dp dung cdc phu'dng phap DTM, Kinh te'-Mdi Irirdng, di/
bdo xu the' bie'n ddi de phan tich cdc ye'u to' on djnh trong trang tlidi dong,
xdc dinh ye'u tdchu dao, ydu Id'dieu kbien Uong he sinh thdi ihiiy vu'c TP.Hb
Cbi Minh.
• SiJ dung chu'dng Uinh "Map Information'' la mot phan men trong "He tho'ng
thdng tin Dja 15^-Geographical Information System-GIS" de ve cdc ban db
CLN vd d nhiim MTN ciia TP.Hb Chi Minh trdn mdy vi linh, ly le 1/450.000,
Nbu'ng ndi dung va phu'dng phdp ngbidn ciiu trong luan dn du'dc tdng hdp
trong bang 1,1.
12


Bang 1.1. Nhifng ndi dung chinb va pbirdng phdp nghien cii'u trong luan dn
TT

Ndi dung chinh

1

Tdng quan tai Ueu ngbidn
cu'u cdc ngubn niTdc vd
MTN
Si/ blnh thanh vd ddc diem
cdc ngubn nu'dc:
• Cdc ngubn nu'dc
• Ddc diem cdc ngubn

nirdc
• Nbu'ng nhan to' anh
bu'dng

2

3

Chat lirdng nu'dc li/ nhien
vd ONMT nu'dc:
• Cdc loai d nhiim
• Phan viing d nhiim
• Ngubn gay d nbidm
• Nguyen nhan d nhiim

4

Anh birdng ciia ngubn nu'dc
bi d nhiim ddn khu be
dong tbi/c vat thuy sinh va
ngu'di dan Thanh pbd'

5

Mot sd' giai phap giam nhe
d nhiim mdi tru'dng nUdc
TP.Hb Cbi Minh:
• Giai phap ky thuat
• Giai phdp kinh te'
• Giai phdp xa hoi

• Giai phdp khac

PbiTdng phdp
• Thdng ke tai lieu
• Kd tbira cdc ke't qua nghien cu'u
• Kliao sdt ngoai ihi/c dja ve dia blnh,
dia mao, ihiiy vdn, CLN va tbiiy sinh
val.
• Phan lich be thdng si/ hinh thanh cdc
ngubn nuTdc.
• Tbd'ng ke so' lieu li/ nhien va KTXH
cd lidn quan de'n cdc ngubn nu'dc vd
dac diem ciia cbiing.
• DTM: Lap danh muc, cbbng xe'p ban
db, ma Uan, v.v.
• So sdnh vdi TCVN 5942,TCVN 5945
• Phan tich hbi qui da bidn.
• Viin tham, ban db. sinh vat cbl thj.
Ve ban db cdc cbl lieu d nhiim va
tdng hdp phan viing d nhiem MTN
tren may vi linh (Map Infomalion)
DTM: Lap danh muc tac dong ciia ngubn
nu'dc bj 0 nhiem dd'n :
• Kliu he dong vat thuy sinh
• Su'c khde cdng dbng. my quan dd thj,
khai thdc va s'l dung ngubn nuTdc.
• Ndi suy, so sdnh, kd' ihira ke't qua
nghien cii'u.
• Kinh te' - Mdi Uu'dng: thud' phdt thai,
Ihue'

si? dung tai nguyen nirdc.
chuyen nhirdng gia'y piidp d nhiim, xiJ
phal banh cbdnb, mu'c do san long chi
tra lien (WTP) de cai tao d nhiim
MTN, phi mdi tru'dng.

13


CHI/ONG 2

S\J HINH THANH CAC NGUON Nl/(JfC KHU Vl^C
TP. HO CHI MINH VA DAC DIEM CUA CHUNG
Mdi irirdng nUdc khu vi/c TP.Hb Chi Minh, cung nbuT d cdc ndi khde,
diTdc blnh thdnh tir 2 ngubn nuTde chinb: nu'dc mdl va nu'dc ngam. Tuy nhidn, vi
TP.Hb Chi Minh nam trong vung tiTdng tdc Sdng-Bien ciia mot ciJa sdng blnh
pheu (estuary) dien hinh. ndn nUdc mat d day, gbm: ngubn nirdc ngol ciia be
tbd'ng sdng Dbng Nai chay ve, ngubn nu'dc bien tir bien Ddng do Ihiiy trieu du'a
Icn. Nu'dc bdn hdp ngot-mdn tbn tai trdn cdc sdng, rach, ao bd vd cdc kieu hinh
thuy vi/c khac. Nu'dc ngam cung la mot ngubn nu'dc quan trong ddi vdi TP.Hb
Chi Minh nba'l la Uong viec cap nu'dc cho dan sinh, Ngubn nu'dc ngam d day da
duTdc nghien cii'u tu'dng ddi day dii trong cdc cdng trinh [14, 64, 66,v.v.].Vi
vay, U'ong luan dn nay tap trung cbii yd'u vao ngubn nirdc mat.
NhuT vay, mdi tru'dng nu'dc TP.Hb Chi Minh du'dc hinh thdnh tir nbieu
ngubn nu'dc khde nhau va du'di day lan lu'di xem xdl cdc ngubn nu'dc chinb.
2.1. c A c NGUON Nl/CfC KHU V^C TP.HO CHI MINI!
2.7.7. Ngiion niidc den tii he thong song Bong Nai
* Mang lu'di sdnt; Dbnt; Nai:
Sdng Dbng Nai la mdl Uong nhilng sdng Idn ciia Viet Nam. phan bd' d
viing Ddng Nam Bo va mot phan mien Tay Nam Bd vdi long dien tich lu'u vu'c

44.100 km^ gbm phan Idn dien tich cdc linh Dbng Nai, Sdng Bd, Tay Ninh,
Long An va TP.Hb Cbi Minh, Sdng Dbng Nai bai ngubn tir viing niii cao thudc
day Lang Biang cd do cao tir 1500-2000m d Nam TruTdng Sdn vdi hai nhdnh

14


chinb Da Nbim vd Da Dung, chieu dai dd'n ciJa Soai Rap la 635km. Dien tich
hru vi/c ddn tbdc Tri An I4.800km^ do udn khde long sdng doan chinh 1,3; do
ddc uung binh 4,6"/oo[70. 7 1 , 9 1 ] . .
He tbd'ng sdng Dong Nai gbm cd sdng chinh la sdng Dbng Nai-Nhd BeSodi Rap vd 4 phu liru Idn (hinh 2.1) la sdng La Ngd (bd U-di), sdng Bd, sdng
Sdi Gon va sdng Vam Cd (bd phai). Sdng La Nga bdt ngubn tir vQng niii thudc
cao nguydn Di Linh-Bao Ldc vdi chieu dai 272km ; dien lich lu'u vi/c 4.170km ,
be sd' udn khiic 3,0; do ddc long sdng 5.6°/oo. CiJa sdng La Ngd hdp vdi sdng
Ddng Nai tai diem each Tri An 38km.
Sdng Be cd ngubn tir cdc sud'i phia Nam cua tlnh Dac Lac, cd chieu dai
344km, dien tich lu'u vi/c 7.170km^ ; dp ddc trung binh 5.37oo. CiJa sdng Be
cdcb Tri An 6km.
Sdng Sai Gon bat ngubn tir cdc viing dbi thap d Ldc Ninh thudc linh Tay
Ninh vdi do cao 210m, cd do ddi 256km, dien tich lu'u vu'c S.OlOkm^. trong dd
phan Idn la dbng bang. Do dd'c Uung blnh long sdng Sai Gon 0.5°/oo , d ha lu'u
hb Dau Tie'ng, dd ddc Idng sdng rat nbd. Sdng Sai Gon ddn Dau Tie'ng dai
132km, khi de'n ndi Ihdnh sdng

rong 100-200in, d cang Sai Gon rdng 300-

500m, sau 15-20m. Tru'dc nam 1984, khi chu'a cd dap Dau Tid'ng ihuy trieu len
qud Dau Tie'ng 10km ve phia tbu'dng lu'u.
Sdng Dbng Nai hdp vdi sdng Sai Gon tao thanh sdng Nha Be vdi do rong
1.300-1.500m, sau 10-18m. Tai miii Nha Be nirdc Ihoal ra bien theo 2 [lu'dng

chinh : sdng Long Tdu - Nga Bay rdng 400-600m, ciVa sdng rdng 800-1500m,
sau 10-21m; sdng Nha Be-Sodi Rap rdng 2.000-3.000m, sau 6-8m. Sdng Vam
Cd du'dc binh thanh tir 2 nhanh Idn la Vam Cd Ddng va Vam Cd Tay, dai 30km
va chay ra sdng Nha Be, each ciJa Soai Rap 15km. Sdng Vam Cd Ddng bat
ngubn tir Cam-Pu-Chia d do cao 100-150m, dai 220km. dien tich lu'u vu'c

15