0521852501 cambridge university press international dispute settlement dec 2005

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INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE
SET TLEMENT

A completely updated edition of a definitive survey of the peaceful settlement of disputes – a key aspect of international law and international
relations. Many methods of handling such disputes have been developed,
and this book explains what the relevant techniques and institutions are,
how they work and when they are used.
Separate chapters cover the various diplomatic methods (negotiation,
mediation, inquiry and conciliation), the legal methods (arbitration and
judicial settlement), the special arrangements for disputes concerning
trade or the law of the sea, and the role of the United Nations and regional organisations. The strengths and limitations of each method are
illustrated with numerous examples taken from international practice.
This new edition deals with many current developments, including
the latest UN peace-keeping operations, the work of the WTO and of the
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, and the latest case-law of the
International Court of Justice.
j. g. merrills is Edward Bramley Professor of Law at Sheffield
University.



INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE
SET TLEMENT

J. G. MERRILLS
University of Sheffield

FOURTH EDITION


cambridge university press
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Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521852500
© J. G. Merrills 2005
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relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2005
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CONTENTS

Preface

page ix

Table of cases

xi

Table of treaties and agreements
List of abbreviations
List of websites

xvii

xxv
xxvii

1

Negotiation

1
Consultation
3
Forms of negotiation
8
Substantive aspects of negotiation
12
Negotiation and adjudication
18
Limitations of negotiation
23

2

Mediation
28
Mediators
29
Consent to mediation
Functions of mediation
The limits of mediation

3

4

32
36
41

Inquiry
45
The 1899 Hague Convention
46
The Dogger Bank inquiry
47
Inquiries under the 1907 Hague Convention
Treaty practice 1911–1940
52
The Red Crusader inquiry
53
The Letelier and Moffitt case
56
The value of inquiry
59
Conciliation
64
The emergence of conciliation
v

64

49


vi

contents

The work of commissions of conciliation

67
The practice of conciliation
72
The place of conciliation in modern treaty law
Further developments
82
The significance of conciliation
87
5

Arbitration
91
Forms of arbitration
91
The selection of arbitrators
95
Terms of reference
98
Basis of the decision
104
Effect of the award
110
Private international arbitration
The utility of arbitration
121

77

117

6

The International Court I: Organisation
and procedure
127
Contentious jurisdiction
127
Jurisdictional disputes
130
Incidental jurisdiction
136
Advisory jurisdiction
145
Membership of the Court
147
Chambers
150

7

The International Court II: The work of the Court
The Court’s decision
156
Extension of the Court’s function
161
Legal and political disputes
166
The effect of judgments
171
The significance of the Court

176

8

The Law of the Sea Convention
182
The Convention and its system
182
The principle of compulsory settlement
184
Exceptions to the principle of compulsory settlement
187
Conciliation
190
Arbitration
193
Special arbitration
196
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
198
The Sea-Bed Disputes Chamber
200
Inaugurating ITLOS
203
The significance of the Convention
206

156

contents

9

10

vii

International trade disputes
211
From GATT (1947) to the World Trade Organization
211
The Dispute Settlement Understanding
213
Consultations
215
Good offices, conciliation and mediation
216
Panel proceedings
219
Appellate review
223
Implementation of rulings and recommendations
228
Arbitration
231
The WTO system in context
233
The United Nations
237

The machinery of the Organization
238
The work of the Security Council and
General Assembly
240
The role of the Secretary-General
244
The political organs and the International Court
Peace-keeping operations
256
Action under Chapter VII
263
Are decisions of the political organs open to
legal challenge?
268
The effectiveness of the United Nations
272

250

11

Regional organisations
279
The range of regional organisations
279
The role of regional organisations in disputes
287
Limitations of regional organisations
294

Regional organisations and adjudication
298
Regional organisations and the United Nations
303

12

Trends and prospects
308
Dispute settlement today
308
A political perspective
311
A legal perspective
315
Improving the capacity of political methods
321
Improving the capacity of legal methods
327
Conclusion
334
Appendices
336
A. Agreement between Argentina and the United Kingdom
establishing an Interim Reciprocal Information and
Consultation System, 1990
336


viii

contents

B. Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Red Crusader
Incident, 1962 (extract)
338
C. Conciliation Commission on the Continental Shelf Area
between Iceland and Jan Mayen, May 1981
340
D. Arbitration Agreement between the United Kingdom and
France, July 1975
342
E. Special Agreement for Submission to the International
Court of Justice of the Differences Between the Republic of
Hungary and the Slovak Republic Concerning the
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (1993)
346
F. Optional Clause Declarations (Cameroon, Nigeria and
Australia)
349
G. WTO: Rules of Conduct for the Understanding on Rules and
Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
(extract)
352
H. Security Council Resolution 915, establishing UNASOG,
May 1994
353
I. Terms of Reference of the Trust Fund for the International
Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (2000)
355

J. Ruling Pertaining to the Differences between France and
New Zealand Arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair
(extract)
358
K. CIS: Concept for Prevention and Settlement of Conflicts in
the Territory of States members of the Commonwealth of
Independent States (1996)
362
Index

369


PREFACE

Since the third edition of this book was published in 1998 there have been
many developments with a direct bearing on its subject. The ending of
the Cold War and the consequent changes in Eastern Europe continue
to affect both the evolution of regional organisations in Europe and the
work of the United Nations. The World Trade Organization, a relatively
newcomer seven years ago, is now firmly established and its arrangements
for dispute settlement are widely used. The complex system set up by the
1982 Law of the Sea Convention has also started to function as cases
have been taken to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea or
to arbitration. The International Court of Justice is busier now than at
any time in its history, and both regional organisations and the United
Nations have shown initiative in addressing disputes at the political level.
It must, of course, also be noted that in 2003 Iraq was invaded without
Security Council authorisation, thereby demonstrating the limitations of
the Charter system of collective security and reminding us, yet again, of

the distance to be travelled, if its provisions for dealing with the most
serious disputes and situations are to be effective.
The aim of this new edition is to examine the techniques and institutions available to states for the peaceful settlement of disputes, taking full
account of recent developments. Chapters 1 to 4 examine the so-called
‘diplomatic’ means of settlement: negotiation, where matters are entirely
in the hands of the parties, then mediation, inquiry and conciliation, in
each of which outside assistance is utilised. Chapters 5 to 7 deal with legal
means, namely arbitration and judicial settlement through the International Court, where the object is to provide a legally binding decision. To
underline the interaction of legal and diplomatic means and to show how
they are used in specific contexts, Chapter 8 reviews the arrangements
for dispute settlement in the Law of the Sea Convention and Chapter 9
considers the provisions of the World Trade Organization’s very important Dispute Settlement Understanding. The final part considers the role
of political institutions, the United Nations (Chapter 10) and regional
ix


x

preface

organisations (Chapter 11), while the final chapter reviews the current
situation and offers some thoughts for the future.
Those familiar with the previous edition will find significant new material in every chapter, including references to recent arbitrations, to the
developing practice of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea,
the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice and practice under
the WTO system, as well as new political material relating to peace-keeping
and other activities of regional organisations and the UN. In discussing
the various techniques and institutions my object has remained to explain
what they are, how they work and when they are used. As before, I have
sought to include enough references to the relevant literature to enable

the reader to follow up any points of particular interest. With a similar
objective I have retained and updated the appendices setting out extracts
from some of the documents mentioned in the text.
For permission to quote the material in the appendices I am again
grateful to the editors of the International Law Reports. My thanks are
also due to Julie Prescott at the University of Sheffield for preparing the
manuscript, to Finola O’Sullivan and Jane O’Regan at Cambridge University Press, and to my wife, Dariel, whose encouragement, as always,
was invaluable.


TABLE OF CASES

Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case
Interim Protection (1976), 138, 240, 300
Judgment (1978), 17–18, 21–2, 167–8, 176, 249
Aerial Incident Case (1996), 23n36
Aerial Incident Case (2000), 132, 134
Air Transport Arbitrations (1983, 1975, 1978), 123
Alabama Claims Case (1871/2), 94, 101, 104–5
Aland Islands Inquiry (1921), 60
Ambatielos Case (1953), 171
AMINOIL Case (1982), 119, 120
ARAMCO Case (1958), 119
Arbitral Award Case (1960), 113–14, 116–17, 126, 173, 288n26, 299
Arbitral Award Case (1991), 114–15
Arrest Warrant Case (2002), 129, 160, 179n55
Article XXVIII Rights Case (1990), 231–2
Asylum Case (1950), 178
Avena Case (2004), 128n2
Beagle Channel Award (1977), 30, 33, 34, 38, 43, 93, 100–1, 104, 116,

126
Ben Bella Case (1958), 73–4, 75, 89
Bering Sea Arbitration (1893), 108
Bolivar Railway Company Claim (1903), 92
Border and Transborder Armed Actions Case (1988), 18, 77n31, 131n11,
290n33, 300, 302
BP v. Libya (1973), 105, 113, 115, 119n75
Brcko Arbitration (1999), 108, 122
Buraimi Arbitration (1955), 115
Carthage Case (1913), 49n8
Case No. A/18 (Iran–US Claims Tribunal, 1984), 103
Certain Criminal Proceedings in France Case (2002/3), 130n8
Chaco Inquiry (1929), 67–9, 72–5, 89, 289
xi


xii

table of cases

Chaisiri Reefer 2 Case (2001), 206
Channel Arbitration (1977/8), 95, 102, 104, 110, 111, 113, 122, 173
Chorzów Factory Case (1927/8), 21n34, 58
Clipperton Island Case (1931), 93
Conditions of Admission of a State to Membership in the United Nations
Advisory Opinion (1948), 167n29
Construction of a Wall Advisory Opinion (2004), 146–8, 169n53, 243,
255
Copper Case (1987), 218
Corfu Channel Case

Merits (1949), 158, 240, 243
Danube Case (1997), 26, 346–9
Diplomatic Staff in Tehran Case (1980), 18–19, 20, 23, 36–7, 158–70,
175–6, 244, 252, 255, 313, 319–20
Dogger Bank Inquiry (1905), 47–50, 53, 59, 63
Dubai/Sharjah Boundary Arbitration (1981), 98n25, 99n27
East African Community Case (1981), 71–2, 73, 74, 76, 77, 89
East Timor Case (1995), 135–6
ELSI (Elettronica Sicula SpA) Case (1989), 152–4
Eritrea/Yemen Arbitration (1998/9), see Red Sea Islands Arbitration
European Communities – Bananas Case (1997), 227
European Communities – Beef Hormones Case (1998), 230
Expenses Case (1962), 270n80
Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (1998), 132
Fisheries Jurisdiction Cases (1973/4), 13, 25n39, 26, 131, 161, 164, 165,
175
Franco-Siamese Frontier Case (1947), 68–9, 72–5, 89
Franco-Swiss Internment Case (1955), 66, 69–70, 73, 76, 78, 88
Free Zones Arbitration (1933), 108, 110
Frontier Dispute Case
Judgment (1986), 152–3, 163, 165
Nomination of Experts (1987), 173
Provisional Measures (1986), 137–8
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Case (1997), 26n43, 130, 156, 160, 174, 346–9
Gasoline Standards Case (1996), 225–6
Genocide Convention Case
Provisional Measures (1993), 149n60, 254–5, 269
Preliminary Objections (1996), 131–2, 143
Counter-Claims Order (1997), 144–5
Applications for Revision (2003), 271

table of cases

xiii

Gorm and Svava Cases (1952), 69
Grimm v. Iran (1983), 103
Gulf of Maine Case
Constitution of Chamber (1982), 150–1, 199
Judgment (1984), 22, 152, 153, 154, 164, 166, 167, 173, 174
Haji-Bagherpour v. United States (1983), 103
Haya de la Torre Case (1951), 178
Heathrow Arbitration (1992/3), 95, 99, 106, 111n54, 123
Interhandel Case (1959), 88
Iran–United States Claims Tribunal, Jurisdiction Decision (1981), 95–6,
98, 103, 119–20, 126
Island of Palmas Case (1928), 93
Italian Property Tax Case (1956), 70
Jan Mayen Conciliation (1981), 72–4, 77, 88, 90, 209, 340–2
Japanese Loan Cases (1955, 1960), 74–5, 88
Kasikili/Sedudu Island Case (1999), 129, 162
KE 007 Inquiry (1983), 61, 63, 313
LaGrand Case (2001), 138n30, 160
Lake Lanoux Arbitration (1957), 4–5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 96, 122
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria 145
Application to Intervene (1999), 141n38
Counter-Claims Order (1999)
Merits (2002), 145
Preliminary Objections (1998), 143, 302

Provisional Measures (1996), 137n26, 246n20
Request for Interpretation (1999), 143
Land Reclamation Case (2003), 205n55
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Case
Application for Revision (2003), 143–4, 154
Application to Intervene (1990), 141–2, 320n8
Composition of Chamber (1989), 151
Merits (1992), 152, 154
Larsen v. The Hawaiian Kingdom (2001), 103n33
Legality of Use of Force Cases
Provisional Measures (1999), 137
Letelier and Moffitt Case (1992), 53n15, 56–9, 60
LIAMCO Case (1977), 119n75
Libya–Malta Continental Shelf Case
Application to Intervene (1984), 140–1
Merits (1985), 142, 154, 172, 247


xiv

table of cases

Ligitan and Sipadan Case
Application to Intervene (2001), 141n38, 142
Merits (2002), 129
Lockerbie Cases
Discontinuation (2003), 177n49
Preliminary Objections (1998), 270–1
Provisional Measures (1992), 268–9
Manouba Case (1913), 49n8

Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Case
Judgment (2001), 157
Jurisdiction and Admissibility (1994), 17, 131
Maritime Delimitation Case (1985), 95, 107n45, 112–13
Maritime Delimitation Case (1989), 95, 114
Maritime Delimitation Case (1995), 177n49
Metalclad Corporation v. Mexico (2000), 118n72
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua Case, see
Nicaragua Case
Minquiers and Ecrehos Case (1953), 172
Monetary Gold Arbitration (1953), 93–4
Monetary Gold Case (1954), 135, 320
Mosul Inquiry (1925), 60
MOX Plant Case
Provisional Measures (2001/3), 195, 205n55, 332n33–35
Suspension of Proceedings (2003), 124, 195, 333n36
MV Saiga No. 2 Case
Judgment (1999), 205
Provisional Measures (1998), 195
Namibia Case (1971), 148, 150, 243, 270n80
Nicaragua Case
Application to Intervene (1984), 321
Jurisdiction and Admissibility (1984), 133–4, 135, 169, 178, 251–2,
299–300, 302, 320
Merits (1986), 131, 157, 166–7, 170, 175, 176
Provisional Measures (1984), 138, 254–5, 300
North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration (1910), 108
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (1969), 26n44, 166, 171, 172
Northern Cameroons Case (1963), 12, 179
Norwegian Loans Case (1957), 132

Nuclear Tests Cases (1974), 179–80
Nuclear Tests II Case (1995), 180


table of cases

xv

Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion (1996), 146, 243
Oil Platforms Case
Counter-Claims Order (1998), 144–5
Judgment (2003), 145, 158
Preliminary Objection (1996), 131
OSPAR (Article 9) Arbitration (2003), 95, 105, 114, 123, 195n32
Palena Case (1966), 93, 122
Passage through the Great Belt Case (1991), 139, 177n49
Peace Treaties Case (1950), 96, 97, 114, 243
Phosphate Lands in Nauru Case (1992), 135–6, 177n49
Piniagua Morales et al. Case (1995), 149n61
Qatar/Bahrain Case, see Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions
Case
Rainbow Warrior Case (1986), 94, 100, 108–11, 116n66, 125, 247, 248,
358–62
Rainbow Warrior II Case (1990), 112
Rann of Kutch Arbitration (1968), 35, 41, 42, 96, 104, 106, 122
Red Crusader Inquiry (1962), 53–6, 58, 59, 197, 338–40
Red Sea Islands Arbitration (1998/9), 94–5, 100–1, 102, 104, 109, 115,
122, 160n10
Reparation for Injuries Case (1949), 242n7
Right of Passage Case (1957), 130–1

Roula Case (1956), 88
Saghi v. Iran (1993), 103n36
Saint Pierre and Miquelon Case (1992), 94, 102–3, 122
Sapphire Case (1963), 119
South West Africa Cases (1962), 11–12
Southern Bluefin Tuna Case
Jurisdiction and Admissibility (2000), 124, 184n6, 195, 332
Provisional Measures (1999), 205n55
Swordfish Case (2000), 195, 206, 332n35
Taba Arbitration (1988), 77, 94, 101, 104, 111, 122
Tavignano Inquiry (1912), 49–51, 53, 59
Temple of Preah Vihear Case (1961), 134n20, 175
Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) (1994), 258, 329,
353–4
Tiger Inquiry (1918), 50–2, 60
Tinoco Arbitration (1923), 93
TOPCO Case (1977), 119
Trail Smelter Arbitration (1938/41), 105, 106, 113


xvi

table of cases

Tubantia Inquiry (1922), 51–2, 55
Tunisia–Libya Continental Shelf Case
Application to Intervene (1981), 140
Judgment (1982), 153, 163–4, 166, 172, 174–5
Revision and Interpretation (1985), 20–1, 101n31, 143–4
UNESCO–France Arbitration (2003), 333n38

United Nations Headquarters Agreement Case (1988), 19, 171n35
United States – Shrimp Case (1998), 227
United States v. Iran (2000), 125
Venezuela–British Guiana Boundary Case (1899), 116, 126
Vitianu Case (1949), 89
Volga Case (2002), 205n54
Western Sahara Case (1975), 145–6, 150, 159, 179, 243
Wet Salted Cod Case (1988), 218
WHO Regional Headquarters Case (1980), 146
Youmans Claim (1926), 92
Young Loan Arbitration (1980), 122n85


TABLE OF TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS

1794
1814
1866
1872
1894
1899

Jay Treaty, 92
Treaty of Ghent, 92
Treaties of Bayonne, 9n12
Arbitration Agreement concerning Claims to Delagoa Bay, 108
Gamez-Bonilla Treaty, 113–14
Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes, 56–8
1902

General Treaty of Arbitration (Argentina–Chile), 93
1904
Declaration of St Petersburg, 47
1907
Arbitration Agreement (Colombia–Ecuador), 108
Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes, 48, 49–52
1911
Taft (Knox) Treaties of Arbitration, 52, 53n15
1913–40 Bryan Treaties, 52–3, 56, 66, 73
1914
Bryan-Suärez Mujica Treaty (Chile–United States), 57
1915
ABC Treaty, 53
1919
Covenant of the League of Nations, 237, 303, 321
1919
Mandate for South-West Africa, 11, 12
Treaty of Conciliation (Chile–Great Britain), 53
Treaty of Conciliation (Brazil–Great Britain), 53
1920
Treaty of Conciliation (Chile–Sweden), 64–5, 87
1921
Treaty of Arbitration and Conciliation
(Germany–Switzerland), 65
1923
Gondra Treaty, 53, 66, 67
Treaty of Washington, 66
1924
Treaty of Conciliation and Judicial Settlement

(Italy–Switzerland), 70
1925
Locarno Treaties, 65–6
Treaty of Conciliation (France–Switzerland), 65
1927
Treaty of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration
(Belgium–Denmark), 69
xvii


xviii

1928
1929

1933
1935
1938
1944
1945

table of treaties and agreements

General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes, 66, 68, 98, 128, 134
Inter-American General Convention of Conciliation, 66
Treaty of Conciliation (Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Kingdom of
the Serbs, Croatians and Slovenes), 66
Protocol establishing the Chaco Commission, 67–8, 72, 74, 75,
89, 289

Saavedra-Lamas Agreement, 66
Treaty of Conciliation (Brazil–Poland), 87
Arbitration Agreement concerning the Trail Smelter Dispute,
105–6, 113
Munich Agreement, 40
Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, 61
Charter of the United Nations, 2, 40
Art. 1, 237, 250n28
Art. 2(3), 2, 173, 183, 238
Art. 2(7), 239
Art. 11(2), 240, 242
Art. 11(3), 238
Art. 12, 253
Art. 12(1), 255
Art. 14, 239
Art. 24, 251
Art. 25, 254, 269
Chapter VI, 238, 264, 321
Art. 33, 22, 27, 303
Art. 33(1), 2, 238, 240
Art. 33(2), 240
Art. 34, 178, 239
Art. 35(1), 239
Art. 35(2), 240
Art. 36(1), 238, 240
Art. 36(3), 243
Art. 37(1), 238n2
Art. 37(2), 240
Art. 38, 240
Chapter VII, 31, 239, 242, 254, 261, 263–8, 269, 271, 275,

276, 310, 321, 322, 354, 366
Art. 39, 203, 264, 271
Art. 41, 254–5, 264, 266, 269


table of treaties and agreements

1946
1947

1948

xix

Art. 42, 264, 265, 266
Art. 43, 266
Art. 51, 282
Chapter VIII, 302, 303, 305, 364
Arts. 52–4, 303
Art. 52(2), 238
Art. 53(1), 304
Art. 98, 240, 244, 249
Art. 99, 238, 240, 244, 246, 249, 283, 325
Statute of the International Court of Justice
Art. 1, 250n28
Art. 9, 147, 148
Art. 17, 148, 198, 199n39
Art. 24, 86, 148
Arts. 26–9, 150
Art. 36(2), 84, 128, 129, 133, 171n34, 300, 301, 349, 351

Art. 36(5), 133, 135
Art. 36(6), 130
Art. 37(5), 133, 134
Art. 38(1), 359
Art. 38(2), 162
Art. 41, 136, 138, 139, 142, 248, 254, 268
Art. 50, 158
Art. 53, 175, 194
Art. 60, 20, 143, 174
Art. 62, 139–42, 154n75, 221
Art. 63, 139, 221
Trusteeship Agreement for the Cameroons, 12
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 211–20, 223, 225–9,
231, 232, 234, 235, 352
Treaty of Peace with Italy, 70
Treaties of Peace with Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania,
96–7
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty),
282, 283, 292
United Nations Headquarters Agreement, 19, 171n35
Charter of Bogotá, 282, 283n9
Genocide Convention, 132, 137, 269
American Treaty on Pacific Settlement (Pact of Bogotá), 77,
98, 128, 131, 282, 298, 300


xx

1949
1950

1953
1956
1957

1958

1959
1960
1961

1963
1964
1965

1966

1969
1971

1972

table of treaties and agreements

Revised General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes, 66
European Convention on Human Rights, 78–9, 186, 198,
280
Agreement on German External Debts, 122
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (United
States–Nicaragua), 290

Washington Agreement (Honduras–Nicaragua), 288
European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes,
77–8, 98, 128
Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea, 184–5, 19
Geneva Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the
Living Resources of the High Seas, 195n33
Antarctic Treaty, 6, 14–15
Indus Waters Treaty, 39
Exchange of Notes concerning Fishing (United
Kingdom–Iceland), 13, 15, 287
Exchange of Notes concerning the Red Crusader Incident
(United Kingdom–Denmark), 53–6, 338–40
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 129, 160
Charter of the Organization of African Unity, 78, 284
Protocol of the Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and
Arbitration of the OAU, 78, 284, 298
Treaty of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration
(United Kingdom–Switzerland), 76
Convention on Transit Trade of Land-Locked Countries, 19
Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between
States and Nationals of Other States, 118
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination, 78n35
Concession Agreement between BP and Libya, 105, 113, 115,
119n75
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 78n35
UN Covenants on Human Rights, 85n57
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 79, 89, 192
Agreement for Arbitration of the Beagle Channel Dispute, 93,
100–1, 104, 116, 126

Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts
against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 268, 269n76
Charter of the Islamic Conference, 286


table of treaties and agreements

1975

1976
1977

1978

1979

1981

1982

xxi

Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations
with International Organizations of a Universal
Character, 80, 191n21
Arbitration Agreement concerning Delimitation of the
Continental Shelf (United Kingdom–France), 102, 104,
342–6
Brussels Communiqué (Greece–Turkey), 17
Algiers Accord (Iran–Iraq), 42–3

Helsinki Agreement, 83, 85
Special Agreement concerning Delimitation of the
Continental Shelf (Libya–Malta), 140–2, 154, 172, 247
Special Agreement concerning Delimitation of the
Continental Shelf (Tunisia–Libya), 101n31
Air Services Agreement, ‘Bermuda II’ (United
Kingdom–United States), 101n29
Treaty between Czechoslovakia and Hungary concerning the
Construction and Operation of the
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros System of Locks, 186
Torres Strait Treaty, 13
Camp David Agreements, 301
Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of
Treaties, 26, 80
Special Agreement concerning Delimitation of the Maritime
Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area, 22, 150–1, 152, 153,
154, 164, 166, 167, 173, 174, 199
Agreement on the Continental Shelf between Iceland and Jan
Mayen, 72–4, 77, 88, 90, 209, 340–2
Declaration of Algeria concerning the Settlement of Claims by
the United States and Iran, 122n21
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 78n35
Treaty establishing the Organization of Eastern Caribbean
States, 78
Law of the Sea Convention
Art. 187, 201
Art. 188, 202
Art. 189, 202
Art. 190, 201n47
Art. 191, 203n49

Art. 279, 183
Art. 280, 183


xxii

1983

1984

1984
1985

1986

1987

1988

table of treaties and agreements

Art. 281, 124, 184, 195
Art. 282, 124, 184, 195
Art. 283, 27n47, 184
Art. 284, 190n19
Art. 287, 186, 208, 355
Art. 288, 186, 209
Art. 289, 186, 197n35
Art. 290, 186, 195, 201n46, 205
Art. 292, 186, 205, 206

Art. 293, 187, 202
Art. 294, 186
Art. 295, 187
Art. 297, 188, 189, 190
Art. 298, 188, 189, 190, 208
Art. 299, 190
Art. 308, 203
Annex V, 191
Annex VI, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203
Annex VII, 124, 193n25, 195, 206, 332
Annex VIII, 196, 197
Antitrust Cooperation Agreement (United States–Australia),
2n2, 3n4
Special Agreement concerning Frontier Delimitation (Upper
Volta/ Burkina Faso–Mali), 137, 163
Special Agreement concerning Maritime Boundary
Delimitation (Guinea–Guinea-Bissau), 95, 112, 114–15
Treaty of Peace and Friendship (Argentina–Chile), 38n19
Agreement concerning the Assets of the East African
Community, 71–2, 73, 74, 76, 77, 89
Treaty of Peace and Friendship (Argentina–Chile), 38n19
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 80,
81
Protocol of Cartagena de Indias, 283n11
Agreement to Arbitrate the Boundary Dispute concerning the
Taba Beachfront, 77, 94, 101, 104, 111, 122
Single European Act, 280
Esquipulas II Accord, 291, 301
Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone Layer, 80n44

Free Trade Agreement (Canada–United States), 223n29


table of treaties and agreements

1990

1991
1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

xxiii

Agreement establishing an Interim Reciprocal Information
and Consultation System (Argentina–United Kingdom),
5, 336–8
Agreement to Settle Dispute concerning Compensation for the
Deaths of Letelier and Moffitt (Chile–United States), 57
Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community, 285
Convention on Biological Diversity, 123n88
Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of
the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention), 105, 123,
332n34

Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary
Watercourses and Lakes, 123n88
Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial
Accidents, 123n88
Framework Convention on Climate Change, 81
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 118, 119,
234, 235
Protocol of Washington, 282
Stockholm Convention on Conciliation and Arbitration
within the CSCE, 83–7, 123, 289
Treaty of Maastricht, 280
CIS Treaty on Creation of Economic Union, 281n4
Commonwealth of Independent States Charter, 363
Special Agreement concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros
Project (Hungary–Slovak Republic), 174, 346–9
Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization,
212–36, 332, 352–3
Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the
1982 Law of the Sea Convention, 184n6, 200–3
Convention to Combat Desertification, 81
Agreement regarding the Application of Competition and
Deceptive Marketing Practices Laws (Canada–United
States), 3–4
Dayton Peace Agreement, 33, 108
Joint Declaration on Cooperation over Offshore Activities in
the South West Atlantic (Argentina–United Kingdom),
14n23
Straddling Stocks Agreement, 209
Special Agreement concerning the Kasikili/Sedudu Island
Dispute (Botswana–Namibia), 162