CẨM NANG TIẾNG ANH THPT

CẨM NANG
CẨM NANG
ÔN TẬP THI TỐT NGHIỆP
ÔN TẬP THI TỐT NGHIỆP
Name : -----------------------------------------
Structures Examples
1. Mất bao nhiêu thời gian để … : It + Takes / Took + Object +Time+
To Infinitive .
S + spend / spent + time + V-ing
2.The extra object “It” : S + V + It + Adj / Noun / Noun Phrase +
To Infinitive .
Verbs : think , made , find , feel , believe , consider , prove…
3. Clauses and phrases of purpose : Mệnh đề và cụm từ
chỉ mục đích.
@ Phrases of Purpose : cụm từ
3.1  Main clause + To / So as to / In order to + Verb ( bare infinitive ).
3.2 Main clause + Not to / So as not to / In order not to + Verb ( bare
infinitive ). 3.3  Main clause + In order [ for + Object ]+
( not ) to infinitive . ( Khác chủ ngữ )
@ Clauses of Purpose : mệnh đề can / could
3.4 Main clause + so that / in order that + S + (not)+Verb
(bare infinitive).
will / would
4. Clauses and phrases of result : Mệnh đề và cụm từ
chỉ kết quả.
4.1 @ Clauses of result :
* S + V + So + Adj / Adv + That + Clause.( S+ can / could + (not) +Verb
(
bare infinitive)
)
* S + V + Such + (A /An) + Adj + Noun + That + Clause.

4.2 @ Phrases of result :
* S + V + Too + Adj / Adv + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive .
1. Eg : She walks to school in thirty minutes. It takes her thirty minutes to
walk to school.
 She spends thirty minutes
walking to school.
2. Eg : Translating into Vietnamese is a good method .
I think It a good method to translate into Vietnamese.
3. Eg : 3.4@Banks are developed so that they can keep people’s money safe.
3.1 To keep people’s money safe , Banks are developed .
3.4@The farmer built a high wall around the garden in order that the fruits
would not be stolen.
3.3 In order for the fruits not to be stolen , The farmer built a high wall
around the garden.
3.2@My father drove carefully in order not to cause accidents.
3.4 My father drove carefully so that he would not cause accidents.
Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề
chính .
4. Eg : @The exercises were so difficult that the students can’t finish them.
 They were such difficult exercises that the students can’t finish
them.
 The exercises were too difficult for the students to finish them.
 The exercises were not easy enough for the students to finish them.
@The tea was too hot for him to drink .
 The tea was so hot that he could not drink it.
 It was such hot tea that he could not drink it.
 The tea was not cold enough for him to drink.
* S + V + Adj / Adv + Enough + ( For + Object ) + To Infinitive .
( Xem thêm phần bổ
xung trang 10 )

5. Wish Clauses :
Mệnh đề ao ước.
5.1 @Future wish : S + wish + S + would / could + Verb
( bare inf )
.
5.2 @ Present wish :
S + wish + S + were (not) / Verb

(cột 2 / ed)

/ didn’t verb
(bare
infinitive)
.
5.3 @ Past wish : S + wish + S + Had (not) + Verb
(pp)
.
6. Clauses and phrases of reason /concession : Mệnh đề&cụm từ chỉ lí
do/ sự nhượng bộ
 Because / although / though …  Because of / In spite of /
despite
6.1 S + be + adj Possessive + noun
6.2 The / possessive +N+ be + adj The / possessive + adj + N
6.3 S + V (tenses ) + … ( Possessive ) + ( not ) +
V-ing
@Nếu 2 mệnh đề nối với nhau bằng “BUT” . Khi viết lại câu với
Although / though , ta chỉ cần bỏ “BUT” rồi đưa although / though vào
mệnh đề đầu.
( Xem thêm phần bổ
xung trang 9 )

7. Comparision of Adjectives and Adverbs : Câu
so sánh
7.1 @ Equal Comparisions :
S + V + as / so + adj / adv + as + noun / pronoun.
7.2 @ Unequal Comparisions : Short adj / adv + er
S + V + + than +
noun / pronoun.
More + long adj / adv
5. Eg : 5.1 I can’t speak English fluently . I wish I could speak
English fluently
5.2 My friends don’t take part in the game. I wish my friend took
part in the game.
5.3 I didn’t know that Alice was ill. I wish I had known
that Alice was ill.
6. Eg :
6.1 Because he is lazy , he often gets bad marks .
 Because of his laziness , he often gets bad marks .
6.2 Because the husbands were absent ,women went to work in factories.
Because of the absent husbands ,women went to work in factories.
Because of the husbands’ absence , women went to work in
factories.
6.3 Although she didn’t ask him , he helped her.
 In spite of her not asking him , he helped her.
@ It was raining heavily , but the boys were playing football.
Although/though It was raining heavily,the boys were playing
football.
7. Eg : @Mary is certainly more intelligent than her sister .
Mary’s sister is certainly not so intelligent as Mary / her.
@You don’t speak English as fluently as she .
She speaks English more fluently than you (do).

@Today is not sunny as yesterday .
Yesterday is sunnier than today.
@I know him better than you . You don’t know him so well as me.
@Nobody in the team plays football so well as Tom.
Tom is the best football player in the team.
@The sooner you leave , the earlier you will arrive.
The hotter it is , the more miserable I feel.
Notes : 1. Good / well better  the best
2. Bad / badly worse  the worst
3. Many / much more  the most
4. Little less  the least
7.3 @ Superlatives : Short adj / adv + EST
S + V + the + + ( prepositional phrase )
Most + long adj / adv
7.4 @ Double comparations: so sánh kép : Càng … càng
°The + short adj / adv + er + S + V , The + short adj / adv + er +
S + V.
°The more + long adj / adv + S + V , The more + long adj / adv +
S + V.

8. Reported speech : Câu
tường thuật
8.1 @Commands :
(+) : S + asked / told + O + To Infinitive + O…
(_) : S + asked / told + O + Not to Infinitive …
8.2 @Statements : S + told / said to + O + S + V

( lùi thì )

…

8.3 @Questions :
1° Yes / no questions : wanted to know
S + asked + O + If/Whether + S + V
( lùi thì )

…
wondered
2° Wh _ questions : wanted to know
S + asked / told + O + Wh+ S + V
( lùi thì )

…
wondered
Notes : Khi gặp câu đk loại 2 & 3 , câu có thời gian xác đònh cụ thể
không lùi thì .
9. Đổi thì khi viết câu :
9.1 @ Started/Began+to inf/V-ing+time ago. Has/have+V(3/ed)
+since/for+time.
Has/have+been+V-
ing+since/for+time.
9.2 @ S + has / have + not + V ( 3 / ed ) +(O)+ since / for + time.
 S + last + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + time ago.
5. Far further/farther (KC)  the
further/farther (KC)
8. Eg : 8.1 @“Hurry up , Lan”
He told Lan To hurry up.
8.1 @“Don’t leave the room”
He ordered them Not to leave the room.
8.1 @"Be modest if you are a good pupil”,said my father.
My father told me to be modest if I was a good pupil.

8.2 @"I ‘ll take these with me”,he said.
He said he would take those with him.
8.3 @"Did you phone me yesterday ?”Peter asked Mary.
Peter asked Mary If/Whether she had phoned her the day before /
the previous day.
8.3 @The teacher asked “Which book are you taking , John?”.
The teacher wanted to know which book John was taking .
Thay đổi trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn và thời gian cho phù hợp.
 This  That  These  Those  Here  There
 Now  Then  Today  That day  Ago  Before
 Tonight  That night
 Yesterday  The day before / The previous day
 Tomorrow  The day after / The following day
 Next week  The week after / The following week
9. Eg : 9.1 I started studying English six years ago.  I have
………………………………………………………………………
9.2 They have not gone on a picnic for many months.  They last
……………………………………………
9.3 She has never seen him before.  It is the
……………………………………………………………………………………
9.2 The last time I met him was two weeks ago .  I
……………………………………………………………………..
9.4 I have never heard such a beatiful song before.  This is
………………………… Trang 2
10. Eg: He gets up early in the morning and he is used to it .
 It ‘s + time + since + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O).
 The last time + S + V ( 2 / ed ) + (O) + was + time ago.
9.3 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + O + before.
This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + O.
9.4 @ S + has / have + never / not + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an ) + N +

before.
This is the first time + S + has / have + V ( 3 / ed ) + such + ( a/an )
+ N.
This / It is the most + long adj + N + S + has / have + ever + V ( 3
/ ed ) .
the short adj + EST + N + S + has / have + ever + V
( 3 / ed ) .
10. Các cấu trúc liên quan đến “USE” :
10.1 @Be used to / get used to + V-ing / Noun : Quen với
10.2 @Be used to + V
(bare inf)
/ Be used for + V-ing : Được dùng để
10.3 @Used to + V
(bare inf)

: Đã từng
10.4 @Use sth up / Be used up : Sử dụng / được
sử dụng hết
10.5 @Use sth + To infinitive : Sử dụng để
11. Inversion : Cấu
trúc đảo ngữ.
Khi các trạng từ mang nghóa phủ đònh ( Seldom , Rarely , Never , No sooner
, Hardly , Not until , No longer … ) được đặt ở đầu câu. Phải đảo ngữ
trợ từ.
12. Subject and Verb agreement : Hòa hợp chủ
ngữ & động từ
12.1  Singular subjects  Singular verbs : chủ ngữ số ít 
đ.từ số ít
 Plural subjects  Plural verbs : chủ ngữ số nhiều
 đ.từ số nhiều

12.2 @ Chủ ngữ số ít :
10.1  He is used to getting up in the morning.
Originally, tennis was an indoor game.
10.3  Tennis used to be an indoor game.
English coversation in class.
10.1  Those students are used to English coversation in class.
People use gold for guaranteeing the value of the paper money.
10.2  Gold is used for guaranteeing the value of the paper money.
10.4  Some people believed that the world’s resources could be used up.
10.5  We can use this knife to cut …

11. Eg : I seldom come there at night.
Seldom do I come there at night .
People didn’t discover Aids until 1981.
Not until 1981 did people discover Aids.
We have never seen such a wonderful sight before.
Never have we seen such a wonderful sight before.
She had not gone to bed until her father got home from work.
Not until her father got home from work had she gone to bed.
12. Eg : 1. A box of cigarettes (contain) ---------- 20 pipes.
2. There (be) ---------- very few cultural activites here.
3. My trousers (be) ---------- too long.
4. None of the students (finish) ---------- the exam yet.
5. Physics (study) ---------- mechanics,heat,light,sound and electricity.
6. That you like the food I cook (encourage) ---------- me very much.
7. A number of the students (fail) ---------- in the exam.
8. The United States (have) ---------- the population of 250 million.
9. Collecting stamps (be) ---------- my brother’s hobby.
10. The singer , along with her manager (be) ---------- going to the party
tonight.

11. Cattle (be) ---------- allowed to graze on the village common.
12. Two years (be) ---------- a long time to be without a job.
13. Neither his parents nor his teacher (be) ---------- satisfied with his
result.
14. Three miles (be) ---------- too much to run in a day.
 Các danh từ chỉ : tiền , khoảng cách , thời gian , bệnh tật
( measles ,mumps ,rickets…) , môn học ( physics , mathematics , economics ,
politics , statistics ,linguistics , athletics …) , danh từ riêng (Athens, the
Philippines, Wales , the United Nations , the United States, Brussels …) ,tựa
đề của sách/truyện ( TOM and JERRY ) ,các danh từ không đếm được , V-
ing / To infinitive phrases , mệnh đề , Each / every… / no… / one …
Động từ chia số ít : is , was , has , does
not , V s/es.
12.3 @ Chủ ngữ số nhiều :
 Các danh từ tận cùng bằng“S”(trừ những trường hợp trên ) :
clothes-trousers-
jeans… , the+Adj (the deaf ,the rich , the poor …) , People / police / poultry /
cattle / team / staff / chilren / women / public / audience … , Both / many /
several / few / some / a large number - a mount of …
Động từ chia số nhiều : are , were , have ,
do not , V (inf.)
12.4 @ Các trường hợp dùng từ nối :
 Either or
Neither + S
1
+ nor + S
2
V depends on S
2

Not only but also
 S
1
+ with / together with + S
2
V depends on S
1

as well as / along with
 S
1
+ in / on / of + S
2


V depends on S
1

 A number of + Noun  Plural verb
The number of + Noun  Singular verb
 There + be + Noun  Be phụ thuộc
vào Noun
 All / some / none / plenty / half / most / the rest / a lot / lots + of +
Plural noun
 Plural verb
All / some / none / plenty / half / most / the rest / a lot / lots + of +
Singular noun
 Singular verb
13. Active and passive voice :
15. Writing letter (make) ---------- her happy.

16. “Romeo and Juliet” (be) ---------- shown at Dong Khoi Cinema last
month.
17. Not only my brother but also my sisters (be) ---------- here.
18. Nobody (have) ---------- cleaned the floor for months.
19. The production of dyes,perfumes and explosives (have) ----- made a lot
of progress.
20. Every boy and girl in this room (know) ---------- the answer.
21. The news that I listened to on the radio last night (be) ---------- very
interesting.

13. Eg : @ People speak Enghish all over the world.
 Enghish is spoken all over the world.
@ Is she making a new dress for her mother ?
 Is a new dress being made for her mother ?
@ The boys broke the window and took away some pictures .
 The window was broken and somes pictures were taken away by
the boys .
@ You must clean the wall before you paint it .
 The wall must be cleaned before it is painted .
Eg: 13.1& 13.2 He can’t see anything. --> Nothing can be seen ( by him )
.
Eg: 13.3 John gave me a present. --> I was given a present by John .
--> A present was given for me by
John.
Eg: 13.4 Alice saw Ann last week. --> Ann was seen by Alice last
week.
Mr Smith found the boy in the park. --> The boy was found in the park
by Mr Smith.
Câu bò động
Tenses Active


Passive
1. Simple present
2. Simple past
° S + V
(
s/es
)
+ O
° S + V
(
2 / ed
)
+ O
° S + am / is / are + V
(
pp
)
° S + was / were + V
(
pp
)
3. Present
continuous
4. Past continuous
° S + AM / IS / ARE +
V-
ing
° S + WAS / WERE +
V-

ing
° S+Am/Is/Are + Being
+V
(
pp
)
° S+Was/Were + Being
+V
(
pp
)
5. Present/past
perfect
° S + HAS / HAVE +
V
(
pp
)
HAD
° S+ Has / Have + Been+
V
(
pp
)
Had
6. Modal verbs ° S + MODAL + V
(
bare inf
)
° S + MODAL + Be +V

(
pp
)
Modals : can,could,will,would,shall,should,may,might,must,used to,have
to,has to,had to…
13.1 Chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động
là :I,we,you,he,she,it,they,people,someone,somebody…
Khi đổi sang câu bò động là: by
me,us,you,him,her,it,them,people,somebody….thì bỏ đi.
13.2 Chủ ngữ câu chủ động là anybody , anyone , anything … khi đổi
sang câu bò động phải chuyển thành nobody , no one , nothing … và
chuyển động từ sang ngược thể .
13.3 Nếu trong câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ, một trong 2 tân ngữ có thể
làm chủ ngữ trong câu bò động.
13.4 By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian và đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ
nơi chốn trong câu bò động .
13.5 Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bò động chỉ sự vật , sự việc thì dùng giới từ
“with” thay cho “by” trước tân ngữ đó .
13.6  Dạng nhờ bảo ( Causative forms ) :
Active : S + have + O ( người ) + bare infinitive + O ( vật ).
S + get + O ( người ) + to infinitive + O ( vật ).
Passive :  S + have / get + O ( vật ) + V (pp) + by O (người).
Eg :13.5 Smoke filled the room --> The room was filled with
smoke .
Eg : 13.6 I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.
--> I had my bicycle repaired ( by
him ) yesterday.
Eg : 13.6 I get her to make some coffee. --> I get some coffee made ( by
her ).
14. Eg : 1. I don’t know the reason . She left school fot it.

 I don’t know the reason ( for Which ) ……………………. she left school .
2. This is the house . We often stay in this house in the summer.
 This is the house ( in WHICH ) ……………………. we often stay in the
summer .
3. Can you arrange the time ? We can have another discussion at that
time.
 Can you arrange the time ( at WHICH ) …………………. we can have
another discussion ?
4. The man is my father . I respect his opinion best.
 The man ……………………. opinion I respect most is my father .
5. The taxi driver is friendly . He took me to yhe airport.
 The taxi driver ……………………. took me to the airport is friendly .
6. Mary and Margaret are twins . You met them yesterday.
 Mary and Margaret , ……………………. you met yesterday , are twins .
7. I look at the moon . It was very bright that evening.
 I look at the moon ……………………. was very bright that evening .
9. That is the man to ……………………. I spoke this morning.
Trang 4
15. Eg :  If you are not careful , you will cut yourself with that knife.
 If I knew the answer , I would tell you .
 If we had had a map , we would not have got lost .
1.  If you had learnt / learned hard , you wouldn’t have failed the
exam last year .
 Had you learnt / learned hard , you wouldn’t have failed the exam
14. Relative clauses :
Mệnh đề liên hệ
14.1 @ WHO : used for people ( Subject )  WHO + Verb
14.2 @ WHOM : used for people ( Object )  WHOM + S +
Verb
him,her,them,you,us,me…

14.3 @ WHOSE : used to show possession  WHOSE +
Noun
his,her,their,your,our,my…
14.4 @ WHICH : used for things ( Subject / Object )  WHICH + ( S
) + Verb
14.5 @ WHERE : used to modify a place  At / In / On +
WHICH , there
14.6 @ WHEN : used to modify a noun of time  At / In / On +
WHICH , then
14.7 @ WHY : used to introduce a reason  The reason ,
for the reason
Notes :1. Nếu có các cụm từ : Neither of them ,All of them ,Some of them ,
Any of them …
 Neither of / All of / Some of / Any of … + which / whom
2. Chỉ sử dụng WHOM or WHICH sau các giới từ.
3. Không được dùng THAT trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn.
(có dấu phẩy )
15. Conditional clauses : If clauses Main clauses
 Real condition : Có
thật
S + V(s/es) / am,is,are S + will/shall/can/may (not) + V(bare
inf)
 Present unreal condition : Không
thật ở hiện tại
S + V(2/ed) / were(not) S + would/could/should/might (not) +
V(bare inf)
Didn’t + V(bare inf)
last year .
2.  If she does not water these trees , they will die .
 Unless she waters these trees , they will die .

If we had more rain , our crops would grow faster.
 Unless we had more rain , our crops would not grow faster.
3.  Be calm , or you will make a wrong decision.
 If you are not calm , you will make a wrong decision.
Without the sun , man would live in the darkness.
 If there were not the sun , man would live in the darkness.
 as if / as though : dường như
S + V + as if / as though + S + V
2
hay
had +V
3/ed
Ex: She talked as if she were my mother.
She talked as though she had just met a ghost.

- give up: stop doing / having sth: ngưng, từ bỏ
- glance at sb/ sth: take a quick look at: liếc nhìn
- go away: đđi khỏi - go by : trôi qua
( time )
- go off: nổ ( bomb ), bắn ( gun), reo ( clock ) - go on: continue : tiếp
tục
- go out: stop burning/ shining: tắt - grown up: become
an adult
- hold up : làm trở ngại - hurry up: làm nhanh
- invite sb to/ for sth: mời - jot down = note
down : ghi tom tat
- keep on = continue : tiep tuc - keep up : giữ vững
duy trì, tiếp tục
- laugh at sb/ sth: cười, trêu chọc, chế nhạo - leave somewhere for.
. .: rời

- talk to / with sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói, bàn, thảo luận
- throw sth at sb/ sth: ném, chọi vào - throw away: discard
vứt, ném, liệng
- throw sth to sb: chuyền - try out : test : thử
nghiệm
- turn down: giam, khong chap nhan - take off : cất cánh, cởi
ra
- turn off: switch off : tắt (đèn, quạt. ..), shut off
- turn on: switch on: mở (đèn, quạt . . ) - turn round: quay lại
- turn up : mo lon, đđến - wash up: wash the