Hệ hỗ trợ quyết định cho bài toán lập kế hoạch chiến lược giao thông vận tải

V

/s.

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
TRLTdNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TO NHIEN
-kieie-k-kicieic-kicicic-kie

HE H 6 TRO QUYET DINH
•

•

•

CHO BAITOAN LAP KE HOACH CHIEN Ll/OC
GIAO THONG VAN TAI
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Decision Support System for Strategic
Transport Planning
«'

^

Ma so: QT-99-03

Chu tri de tai: PGS.TS. Nguyen Van Vy

V

y^

HA NOI 2003


t ^

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
TRirdNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TU NHIEN
********

HeHdTROQUY^TDINH
CHO BAI TOAN LAP K£ HOACH CHIE'N LLTOC GIAO
•

•

•

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•

•

THONG VAN TAI
•

Decision Support System for Strategic
Transport Planning
Ma so: QT-99-03

Chu tri de tai: PGS.TS. Nguyen Van Vy

Tham gia: CVCC. Nguyin Hiru Nguyen
TS. Cao Ngoc Chau
CN. Nguyen Ha Nam

HA NOI 2003


BAO CAO TINH HINH TUlJC HIEN DE TAI
NGHIEN Ctru KHOA HOC CAP DHQG
A. Ten de tai
Tieng View

He h6 trp quyet dinh cho bai toan lap ke hoach chien lupc giao thong
van tai
Tieng Anh: Decision Support System for Strategic Transport Planning

Md so:

QT-99-03

B. Chu tri de tai:
C Can bo phot hap:

PSG.TS. Nguyin Van Vy
CVCC. Nguy6n Huu Nguyen
TS. Cao Ngoc Chau
CN. Nguyen Ha Nam

Z). Muc tieu vd not dung de tai:
L Ly thuyet: Thir nghiem phan tich va thiet ke mot he Ira giiip quyet dinh cho vice lap
ke hoach chien luac GTVT.
2. Thtfc nghiem:
Nghicn ciiu khai thac mot vai he thong phan mem cong cu de nSm dirge kha nang va
cac phuong phap giai quyet mot so mo hinh cua no
Tien hanh lap trinh thu nghiem phan trp giup giai quyet mot so bai toan dien hinh
trong so nhieu bai toan dat ra ciia boat dong lap ke hoach chien luac.
3. Noi dung 6i tai
- Xac dinh cac bai toan dat ra trong boat ciia dong lap ke hoach chien luac phal trien
Giao thong van tai va tim cac mo hinh tbich hop cho no.
- Tien hanh thu nghiem va khai thac cac pham mem cong cu de giai cac mo hinh cac
bai toan dir bao va mo hinh cac bai toan toi uu.
- Thict ke buac dau he Ira giiip quyet dinh cho cac bai toan dat ra va tien hanh lap trinh
thii nghiem he thong tra giiip c6 su dung cac phan mem cong cu de tra giiip mot so
trong cac bai loan lap ke hoach chien luac duac nghien ciiu.
E. Ket qua.
EL Ket qua nghien ciru ve mat Ichoa hoc: buac dau phan tich de xac dinh dirge cac bai
loan lap ke hoach chien luge GTVT va cac mo hinh phu hcrp v6i no.


Tir do da thiet ke duac nhung phin ca ban cua mot he trg giiip quyet dinh

cho heat d6ng nay.
El.Ket qua thv[ nghiem
• Tife'n hanh thu nghiem va khai thac su dung bai he phan mem c6ng cu ve du
bao va cac bai toan toi iru phu vu cho viec cau tnic he trg giiip: He Eview va
he Lingo
• L$p chuang trinh thu nghiem tren may h6 trg cho viec giai quyet ba bai toan
quan trong trong s6' cac bai toan du bao va lap ke hoach chien luge phat trien
giao thong van tai:
- Bai toan du bao ngoai suy theo ham hoi quy
- Bai toan quy hoach tuyen tinh cho viec phan b6 lu6ng hang.
- Bai toan danh gia y kie'n chuyen gia
Dae biet doi vai lap bai toan lap ke hoach phan b6 lu6ng hang da thir nghiem
vai bai toan c6 quy m6 tren 600 bien va han 400 rang bugc va da dugc tu dong hoa
toan bg qua trinh giai quyet bai toan tu khau cap nhat du lieu den khau dua ra ket
qua theo yeu cau sir dung.
E3. Cac ket qua khdc
• Dang mot bai bao trong tap chi Giao thong van tai (so 7/2001)
• Huang din va da bao ve thanh cong :
- M6t luan van thac sy va
- Mot khoa luan tot nghiep dai hgc
Gl Tinh hinh su: dung kinh phi de tai:
T6ng kinh phi de tai da chi la:
15.000.000 d6ng
trong do + Thue chuyen mon:
9.000.000d6ng
+ Cac chi khac:
4.000.000 d6ng
+ Viet va hoan thien bao cao, t6 chuc nghiem thu: 2.000.000 d6ng.
Ha noi, Ngay 30 thang 11 nam 2002
XAC NHAN CUA KHOA

CHU TRI DE TAI

PHOCHUNHIEMKHOA

POSTS. Nsuven van Vv

GSJSKH:

Jia^S'^i^


REPORT ON THE EXECUTION SITUATIONS OF
NATIONAL INSTITUTE-LEVEL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
SUBJECT
A. Subject title
Decision Support System for Strategic Transport Planning
Subject code : QT-99-03
B. Subject^s leader : Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Vy
C. Researcher-Participants:

High Degree Expert Nguyen Huu Nguyen
Dr. Cao Ngoc Chau
BS. Nguyen Ha Nam

D. Subject *s Aims and Contents
L In Theoretical research: Essay in the analysis and design of a support system for
making decision in strategic planning of the transport industry.
2. In Experimental research activities:
• Research on the exploitation of some software utilities systems in order to

seize their capabilities and their methods for the solution of some models.
• Performance of programming support program-utilities for the solution of
some typical problems in the complex series of which being identified in
various strategic planning activities.
3. Subject's contents :
• Identification of problems generated in the activities of strategic planning
for the Development of Transport Industry and recognition of more
appropriated models among them.
• Performance of testing and exploitation of utilities softwares for solving
models of forecast problems and the ones of optimization problems.
• Preliminary design of support system for making decisions on these
recognized problems and performance of the programmation for testing the
support system with the aid of utilities softwares in the solution of some
among the studied problems in the strategic planning activities.
E. Obtained Results
El. On scientific research results: Preliminary analysis for identifying various problems
in strategic transport planning activities and recognizing appropriated models for them.
Basing on which, basic components of the making decision support system have
been designed.


E2. On experimental results :
• Performance of testing and exploiting two utilities softwares, the one in
forecast domain: the EVBEW software, the other in optimization domain: the
LINGO software.
• Performance of programming and testing of programs which aid the
exploitation of these software systems for solving three important problems
among those of forecasting and planning in the transport strategic
development:
- Forecast problem using the extrapolation method basing on regressive

functions;
- Goods traffic allocation problem using the method of Linear
progranuning;
- Problem on assessing the expert suggestions.
In particular, for the Goods traffic aloocation planning problem, the one with
600 variables and more than 400 constraints has been tested and the complete
process of its solution from the steps of input data, allocation of variables,
elaboration of model basing on the regulations of the software for computer solving,
run the utilitues software, reception and analysis of computed resuls written in form
of various reports, has been automated.
E3. Other results
• An article (on this subject results) has been published in the Transport
Journal (No.7/2000)
• Scientific guide and successful pass for
- a Master of Sciences thesis and
- an University graduation of a class.
G. Spended expenses situation
VND 15,000,000
Total expenses at subject's disposal ;
VND 9,000.000
Having been spended : -i- for specialists hire
VND 4.000.000
-h for other expenses
-h for report completion and acceptance VND 2.000.000
Faculty Certification

Hanoi, 30 November, 2002
Subject'Svleader y'-^

PHOCHUNHIEMKHOA

C4ii . Nfui\

#UrVv,;

GS.TSKH: j^^^£i^
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MUC LUC
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•

Ldi noi dau
Chuang I TONG QUAN VE HE TRO GIUP QUYET DINE
1.1. Dinh nghTa he trg giiip quyet dinh

1

1.2. Cac thanh phan cua DSS [3]

2

1.3. Cac thong con trong DSS [3]

1.3.1. He thong con quan tri dulieu
a. Co so du lieu
b. He quan tri CSDL
c. Phuong tien truy van
d. Tir di^n du lieu
1.3.2. He thong con quan tri mo hinh
a. Co so mo hinh
b. He quan tri co so mo hinh
c. Tirdien mo hinh
d. Thuc hien, tich hop mo hinh va lenh
1.3.3. He thong con tri thiirc
1.3.4. He con giao dien hoi thoai ngudi sir dung
1.3.5. Nguoi sudung
1.3.6. Phan mem va phan ciimg cua DSS

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Chuang II NHUNG VAN DE CUA KE HOACH CHIEN LUDC G L \ 0
THONG VAN TAI VA CAC MO HINH CUA NO
2.1. Bai toan dat ra cho ke hoach chien luge giao thong van tai

16

2.2. Nhung van de phuong phap luan cua dir bao van tai
2.2.1. Cac noi dung dir bao ve nhu cau van tai
a. Cac dir bao ve van tai hang hoa
b. Cac dir bao ve nhu cau van tai hanh khach
2.2.2. Cac dieu kien, tien de cho cac dir bao

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2.3. Cac mo
2.3.1. Mo
2.3.2. Mo
2.3.3. Mo
2.3.4. Mo

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hinh
hinh
hinh
hinh
hinh

va phuong phap du bao van lai
ngoai suy
mo phong
tuong tir
bai toan quy hoach


2.3.5. Phuong phap chuyen gia va bai toan sdp hang
2.3.5.1. Phuong phap chuyen gia
2.3.5.2. Bai toan sSp hang y kien chuyen gia
2.3.6. Phuong phap he so dan hoi
2.3.7. Phuong phap dinh miic -he so
2.3.8. Cac phuong phap khac
2.4. So do tien hanh cac du bao ve van tai
2.4.1. So do chung du bao khoi lugng van tai hang hoa
2.4.2. So do chung du bao khoi luong van tai hanh khach
2.5. Phan tich, lua chon mo hinh du bao van tai hang hoa
2.5.1. Du bao khoi luong van tai hang hoa ca nu6c
2.5.1.1. Cac nhan to tac dong:
2.5.1.2. Lira chon cac mo hinh du bao
2.5.2. Du bao khoi luong van tai trong nu6c, ngoai nu6c
2.5.2.1. Cac nhan to tac dong
2.5.2.2. Lua chon phuong phap du bao

2.5.3. Du bao khoi lugng van tai tai cac vung, dia phuong
2.5.3.i. Cac nhan to tac dong...^
2.5.3.2. Lira chon phuong phap du bao
2.5.4. Du bao khoi luong van tai theo phuong thurc van tai
2.5.4.i. Cac nhan to tac dong
2.5.4.2. Lua chon phuong phap du bao
2.6. Du bao khoi lugng van tai theo cac tuyen chinh.
Chuang III

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PHAN TICH THIET KE HE THONG TRO GIUP

3.1. Tong hop cac mo hinh va phuong phap
3.1.1. He thong hoa cac mo hinh, phuong phap sirdiing
3.1.2. Sod6 tong quat cac mo hinh va phuong phap sir dung
3.2. Tien trinh giai quyet mot so bai toan chinh
3.2.1. Mo hinh ngoai suy
3.2.2. Mo hinh mo phong
3.2.3. Mo hinh tuong tu
3.2.4. Mo hinh bai loan quy hoach
3.2.5. Phuong phap chuyen gia
3.2.6. Cac phuong phap khac

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3.3. Thiet ke mo hinh du lieu
3.3.1. T6ng quan ve cac loai diJ lieu

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a. Cac du'li^u dung chung
b. Cac du li6u cho phuong phap du bao cu th^
3.3.2. Mo hinh dii lieu chinh

74
74
75

3.3.2.1. Dinh dang cac dulieu dung chung

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3.3.2.2. Dinh dang cac du lieu cho cac bai toan ngoai suy

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3.3.2.3. Dinh dang cac du lieu cho cac bai toan quy hoach
3.3.2.3. Dinh dang cac du lieu cho cac bai toan chuyen gia
3.4. So do thiet ke' t6ng the' ciaa he thong

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Chuang IV HE THONG CAC CHUDNG TRINH THlTNGHIEM
4.1. Thu nghiem phdn m e m EVIEW de du bao

4.1.1. Gi6i thieu ve ph^n mem EVIEW

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82

4.1.2. Sudung Eview tien hanh cac dubao

82

4.1.3. Kha nang tich hop EVIEW trong he trg giup

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4.2. P h ^ m e m trg giup bai toan phan b6 luong hang
4.2.1. Bai toan phan b6 cac mat hang chinh
a. Dieu kien bai toan:
b. Dat bai toan
4.2.2. He thong chuong trinh thir nghiem
a. Mo ta he th6ng

83
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b. Cach sudung
4.2.3. Ket qua tuih toan va nhan xet
a. Ket qua tinh toan thii nghiem

b. Mot so nhan xet
4.3. Phan mem trg giup du bao van tai hang hoa
4.3.1. Gi6i thieu he thong [8]...
4.3.2. He thong d u b a o khoi lugng van tai ca nu6c
4.4. Phan mem trg giup quye't dinh v6i danh gia ciia chuyen gia
4.4.1. Cac bai toan xu ly y kie'n chuyen gia
a. Bai toan khong nhan
b. Bai toan co nhan
4.4.2. He thong trg giup quyet dinh [9]
a. Gidi thieu ve he thong
b. Mo so ket qua

c. Mg so giao dien ciia he trg giiip quyet dinh

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9C
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10^
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Tai lieu tham khao

11^

Phuluc

11 ^


LOINOIOAU
Viec umg dung tin hoc hoa trong cac boat dong quan ly ngay cang phat
tri^n manh me. Trong so cac he thong thong tin dugc xay dung, he trg giiip
quyet dinh co mot y nghia r^t quan trong trong viec nang cao ch^t lugng ciia cac
quyet dinh quan ly. Viec nghien ciiru d^ xay dung nhung he trg giup chung cho
nhieu boat dong khac nhau doi hoi rat nhieu cong cua. Them vao do, nhiing he
nhu vay thucmg kho su dung hoac doi hoi nguoi su dimg phai co trinh dp cao
hay phai co thcri gian dao tao du dai. Vi ly do do, nhieu he trg giiip cho viec ra
quyet dinh quan ly thucmg dugc xay dung cho mot linh vuc hay nhung boat
dong cu the'. De tai "He trg giup quyet dinh cho bai toan lap ke hoach chien luge
giao thong van tai " dugc dat ra di theo hu6ng nay.
V6i th5i gian va kinh phi co han, de tai m6i chi dijng lai 6 miirc thiet ke va
tien hanh thu nghiem xay dung he thong 6 tren nhung phan co ban nha'l. Con
nhieu thanh phdn chua dugc xem xet. Them vao do, nhung phan thu nghiem mac
du CO the su dung dugc, nhung chua tien dung. D^ co the dua no vao sir dung
c^n phai tie'p tuc hoan thien them nhieu nua. Tuy nhien, qua viec nghien ciiru thu
nghiem nay da giup cho nhung ngucri giang day va nghien ciiru ling diing nhieu
kinh nghiem va tu Heu quy d^ phu vu cong tac giang day va trien khai limg

dung.
Noi dung bao cao cua de tai ngoai phan muc luc, ket luan, tai lieu tham
khao va phii liic bao gom bon chuong:
Chuang I Tong quan ve he tra giup quyet dinh
Chuang II Cac van de cua ke hoach chien luac giao thong van tai va cdc
mo hinh cua no
Chuang III Phan tich thiet kehe thong ira giup
Chuang I\' He thong cdc chuang trinh thu ngliiem

IV


CHCfCfNG I
TONG QUAN VE HE TRO GIUP
•

•

QUYE'T

DINH
•

1.1. Dinh nghia he tra giiip quyet dinh
Vao dSu nhung nam 1970 Scott-Morton da dinh nghia cac he trg giiip
quyet dinh (Decision Support Systems - DSS) nhu la "cac he th6ng dua tren
tuong tac may tinh, no giup cac nha quan ly ra quye't dinh sir dung du lieu va
cac m6 hinh d^ giai quye't cac vSih di khOng co ca'u truc"[81. Sau do. Keen va
Scott -Morton [4] b6 sung them la: Cac he th6'ng trg giiip quyet dinh ke't hop
cac ngu6n luc tri tue cua con ngu5i vdi nang luc ciia may tinh d^ hoan thien

chat lugng cua cac quye't dinh. Nhu vay, cac he th6ng trg giiip dua tren may
tinh dua ra cac quye't dinh quan ly d^ giai quye't cac vSii d^ ca'u tnic khCng ro
rang. Cac 6ng da khang dinh rang, d^ thanh c6ng, m6t he thC'ng nhu vay phai
la:
(1) Don gian
(2) Trangkien
(3) De di^u khi^n
(4) Co kha nang thich nghi
(5) Giai quye't trgn ven m6t vSih di va
(6) De dang trong giao tie'p.
Ba dinh nghia khac ve DSS dugc Moore va Chang[6], Bonczek, Holsapple
va Whinston[l], Keen[5] dua ra. Theo ho, DSS dugc dinh nghia nhu la:
(1) He th6'ng CO th^ mo rCng,
(2) Co kha nang h6 trg phan tich du lieu cu the va mo hinh hoa cac quyet
dinh
(3) De lap ke hoach cho tuong lai, va
(4) Dugc su dung bat quy tac vdi khoang thoi gian khong dugc ke hoach
truoc.


O^ TAI NCKH CAP OHQGHN

Boneck [5] cung nhu nhung ngudi khac dinh nghia m6t DSS nhu la mOi he
th6'ng dua tren may tinh bao g6m ba thanh phan tuong tac:
(1) MOt he ng6n ngu-m6t co che' di truydn th6ng giua nguoi su dung va
cdc thanh j ^ ^ khac ciia DSS,
(2) M6t he tri thurc - kho chiia cac vgji d^ tri thiic theo linh vuc dugc nhiing
trong DSS g6m ca du lieu va cac thu tuc, va
(3) M6l he xu ly vaan di lien ke't hai thanh ph£n tren, chiia m6t hoac nhi^u
kha nang xu ly cac v ^ de dugc yeu ciu de ra quye't dinh.

Vi vay 6ng da dinh nghia DSS nhu la m6t san ph^m ciia qua trinh phat
tri^n, trong do ngudi sir dung, ngudi xay dung DSS va chinh DSS co kha nang
gay anh hudng t6i nhung ph^n khac, tao ra m6t su tie'n hoa cho he thO'ng va
nhung khu6n miu cho viec sir dung ciia no.
Theo cac quan di^m tren, m6t DSS phai la m6t he tuong tac, mem deo,
tuong thich dua tren may tinh, dac biet dugc phat tri^n d^ h6 trg giai quye't cac
vail d^ quan ly phi ca'u tnic nham hoan thien viec ra quy^t dinh. No sir dung du
lieu, cung ca'p giao dien tien dung va cho phep nguofi ra cac quye't dinh hi^u
tha'u dao c6ng viec cua minh co th^ six dung no m6t each hieu qua.
DSS cung sir dung cac m6 hinh (ca m6 hinh chu^n va m6 hinh tu dua ra)
dugc xay dung trong qua trinh tuong tac thucmg xuyen ciia nguoi sir dung va
he th6ng de h6 trg tat ca cac giai doan ra quyet dinh, bao g6m ca co so tri thuc.

1.2. Cac thanh phan ciia DSS [31
DSS dugc ca'u thanh tu cac he con sau:
He con quan tri dOf lieu. He bao g6m mot (hoac nhieu) co so du lieu
chua cac du lieu co lien quan de'n cac tinh hu6'ng dugc xem xet va dugc quan ly
bang m6t phan mem ggi la he quan tri ca sd die lieu (DataBase Management
Systems - DBMS).
He con quan tri mo hinh. M6t goi phan mem bao gom cac phan mem tai
chinh, th6'ng ke, khoa hgc quan ly, hoac cac mo hinh dinh lugng khac cung cap
cac kha nang phan tfch he th6'ng dugc m6l phan mem quan ly ggi la he quan tri
mo hinh.


0 ^ TAI NCKH CAP DHQGHN
He con truyen thong (he con h6i thoai). Ngudi sir dung co the' iruyen
th6ng bang each ra lenh cho DSS thdng qua he con nay. No cung ca'p giao dien
ngUdi sit dung.
He con quan tri tri thiifc. He con tuy chon nay co ihi h6 trg cho bat cu he

con nao khac hoac m6t boat d6ng nhu m6t thanh ph^n d6c lap.
NhOng thanh p h ^ nay tao nen thanh p h ^ phdn m^m ciia DSS. Chiing
dugc dat trong m6t may tinh va co th^ de dang sir dung nhof cac p h ^ ciing va
phSn mim b6 sung. Ngu6i sir dung cung co th^ dugc xem nhu m6t thanh p h ^
ciia he th6ng. Vi rang, nhu cac nha nghien curu da khang dinh, su dong gop ciia
DSS chi CO th^ dat dugc nh5 su tuong tac giua may tinh va ngudi ra quye't dinh.

Cac he thong khac
dua tren may tinh

DOT lieu: trong
va ngoai
CSDL

I
•• Quan

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tri du lieu

Quan tri m6 hinh

s z
Quan tri tri thuc

CSDL

i
J

I

P

ii

Quan tri h6i thoai

CSDL

I

Ngucd Quan ly
(Ngucri su dung)
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Hinh 1.1. MO hinh mure khai niem cua DSS
M6t m6 hinh muc khai niem ciia DSS dugc chi ra trong hinh 1.1. No cung
ca'p m6t su hi^u biet co ban ve ca'u tnic chung va cac thanh phan cua DSS. Mot
cai nhin chi lie't hon ve m6i thanh phdn ciia no dugc gioi thieu rong cac phan
tie'p theo.


Di. TAI NCKH CAP DHQGHN

1.3. Cac thong con trong DSS [3]
1.3.1. He thong con quan tri dur lieu
H6 con quan iri du li6u duac tao thanh tur cac thanh p h ^ sau:
- Co so dulieu DSS
- H6 quan tri Co so dQ \itn
- Tit di^n du lieu
- Phuong tien truy \Sin
Nhung thanh p h ^ nay dugc chi ra trong so d6 hinh 1.2. Trong hinh cung
chi ra m6'i tuong lac ciia he con quan tri du lieu vdi cac thanh phSn khac ciia
DSS cung nhu su tuong tac vdi cac ngu6n dO: lieu khac.
a. Ca sa dU lieu
Mdt Co s6 du lieu (CSDL) la m6t tap hgfp du lieu co lien quan vdi nhau
dugc t6 chiic d^ dap ung dugc cac nhu cau va co ca'u ciia \6 chuc. No co \hi
dugc nhilu ngudi sir dung cho nhi^u ung dung khac nhau. M6t co so du lieu
g6m nhi^u file rieng re cd md'i lien he Idgic vdi nhau dugc quan ly bang nndt he
quan tri CSDL. MOt file truyen thd'ng chiia cac thdng tin vl mdt ung dung. Vi
du, mdt cdng ty cd th^ cd mdt file nhan su chiia danh sach nhan vien, mdt file
khach hang chiia danh sach tat ca khach hang v.v. Cac file dd cd th^ chiia cac
du heu nhu dia chi, sd dien thoai, sd lugng hang mua ciia mdi khach hang.
Trong mdl he thdng tin tin hgc hoa, mdt file cd the dugc luu tru tren cac ihie'i bi
lini tru ngoai, vi du nhu bang tu, dia tiif. Hinh 1.2. md la CSDL trong DSS cua
mot \6 chiic.
Dii lieu trong cac CSDL dugc luu trir vdi mot su du ihua it nha'l de phuc vu
cho nhieu ling dung. Bdi vay Co sd du lieu la ddc lap vdi chuang irinh may tinh
sir dung nd va phan ciing luu tru no. Co sd du lieu dugc to chiic cho cac file ciia
cdno ty dang idn tai, nhung chiing dugc lien ket theo each lao thanh mot don vi
lich hgp. Su sap dat nay la rat quan trgng khi thdng tin dugc cap nhat. Hon nua,
nd cd the lie't kiem mdt each dang ke khdng gian luu tru.
Du lieu trong CSDL DSS co the bao gdm ngudn du lieu trong, dir lieu
nooai va dii lieu rieng thudc mdt hoac nhieu ngudi sir dung. Dii lieu trong :

Di TAI NCKH CAP DHQGHN
nhan tiir he xir 15^ giao dich ciia t6 chiic, tuy thudc vao su c ^ thie't ciia DSS (he
h6 trg quye't dinh) du lieu co th^ bao g6m cac linh vuc chuyen mdn nhu: ke
toan, tai chinh, tiep thi, sdn xudt, nhan su Du lieu giao dich la ngu6n thOng
tin chinh ciia boat dftng trong c6ng ty. M6t vi du tieu bi^u \i du heu nay la
bang tinh luong hang thang.
Cac dQ heu khac cung la quan trgng d6i v6i DSS, vi du nhu : ke' hoach vi
ty le c6 tiic, ke' hoach lich bao tri may moc, cac du bao v^ doanh s6, chi phi cac
khoan muc hao hut du tru va ke' hoach thue nhan c6ng trong tuong lai.
Du lieu ngoai co th^ bao g6m dO lieu c6ng nghiep, du heu nghien cuii thi
tnicmg, du heu dilu tra dan s6, du heu thue nhan c6ng dia phuong, cac thay d6i
v^ chinh sach ciia chinh j*ii, bi^u thue' hoac dQ heu kinh te' dSit nude. Cac du
heu nay co th^ la'y tQ \6 chiic chinh phii, cac h6i thucmg mai, c6ng ty nghien
ciiu thi trucmg, c6ng ty du doan kinh te' va bang su c6' gang ciia chinh c6ng ty t6
chiic thu thap dQ heu tii ben ngoai. Gi6'ng nhu dQ heu trong, dQ lieu ngoai co
th^ dugc duy tri thu5ng xuyen trong CSDL ciia DSS hoac co th^ dugc cap nhap
khi DSS dugc sii dung. Trong m6t s6 truomg hgp dQ lieu ngoai co the dugc cung
c9rp tQ cac dich vu may tinh true tuye'n.
Du lieu rieng co th^ bao g6m cac luat dugc nhQng ngucri tao ra quye't dinh
cu th^ sir dung va su dinh gia ve trang thai va/hoac cac dQ lieu cu th^.
Di tao ra m6t CSDL DSS c ^ thuofng xuyen tie'p nhan, b6 sung du lieu tu
cac ngu6n dQ lieu khac nhau.
b. He quan tri CSDL
M6t he quan trj CSDL (Database Management Systems - DBMS) thuc
hien ba chiic nang co ban la t6 chQc luu trie dQ lieu trong CSDL, phuc h6i du
lieu va kie'm soat viec truy xua't dQ lieu. Cac tinh nang ciia DBMS trong DSS
cung ca'p m6t each cha't lugng cac dQ heu cho boat d6ng ciia DSS.
Luu tru: Nhieu he th6'ng may tinh Ion luu trQ nhieu file Ion, voi m6i file

chiia nhi^u ban ghi, voi m6i ban ghi co nhi^u muc du lieu va v6i m6i muc nay
lai chiia nhieu ky tu. Kha nang luu tru cua he th6'ng may tinh bi gioi han boi
khfing gian luu tru ca b6 nho chinh va b6 nha phu (nhan to nay ngay cang
dugc khac phuc). Toan bg viec t6 chuc luu tru nay do DBMS dam nhiem.


0 ^ TAI NCKH CAP OHQGHN

Ngu6n dQ
lieu ngoai

w<

Ngu6n du
lieu trong

Trich nit du lieu
Phuong tien
truy v&i

ix^

neng,
canhan

Co sd dQ lieu h6 trg
quye't dinh

f
He quan tri

Co so du lieu

<• ;

• Khai thac
• Phong vStn
• cap nhat
• Tong ke't Bao cao

Quan tri
hoi thoai
Quan tri
m6 hinh
Quan tri
tri thiic

Hinh 1.2. He ihO'ng con quan tri dQ lieu
Truy xuat du lieu: DBMS trg giiip viec lay dQ lieu rat true quan d5'i vai
nguoi sir dung. Cac DBMS hien hanh thuong ra't m^m deo cho viec khai thac
va hi^n thi thOng tin. V6i mOt DBMS tinh vi, ngu&i sir dung co the dinh ro mot
s6' xir ly dQ lieu va yeu cau 6 dSu ra ( chang han nhu cac bang bao cao hoac
hinh anh d6 hoa).
Kiem soat truy nhap: IVhieu boat d5ng kiem soat cua DBMS khong true
quan d6'i v6i nguoi sir dung. Nguoi sir dung chi dat cac cau hoi va nhan dugc
th6ng tin tra loi ma kh6ng c ^ quan tarn den DBMS thuc hien xir ly nhu the
nao. DBMS co the dugc thiet ke hudng th5ng tin toi man hinh d6i voi m6i yeu
cau va xac dinh rang (1) nguoi dua ra yeu cau phai la nguoi dugc phep, (2)


O^ TAI NCKH CAP OHQGHN

ngudi c6 quy^n truy nhap vao file yeu c^u, (3) nguoi co quy^n truy nhap vao
cac muc dQ lieu yfeu cfiu trong file. D6'i vdi m6l may tinh Idn, DBMS cd th^
thuc hien tSit ca cac chiic nang di^u khi^n m6l each hoan hao. D6'i vdi cac may
tinh nho, DBMS cd thi chi thuc hien dugc mdt sd chQc nang. Day la mdt linh
vuc ra't phat tri^n: cac DBMS thuong mai thuong ra't khac nhau va da dang.
Ngudi quan tri cd th^ khai thac thdng tin tQ DSS 6 dang cac mlu bao cao
dinh ky, cac bao cao dac biet va ddu ra ciia cac md hinh toan hgc. Trong ca hai
trudng hgp nay DBMS ddng vai iro nhu mdt ngudi giQ c6ng va tao ra ket qua tu
cac dQ heu cd sSn . DBMS cd the cung ca'p mdt ngdn ngQ tmy vaii ma ngudi
dung cd th^ thao tac d^ tao cac bao cao cu ihi khi sir dung cac chi din..
Mdt CSDL hieu qua va su quan ly ciia nd cd the cung ca'p su hd trg cho
nhilu boat ddng quan ly; hd trg cho mdt bd cac quan he du lieu khac nhau va
phat sinh cac bao cao la vi du tieu bi^u. Tuy nhien, kha nang thuc su cua DSS
chi dugc cung carp khi CSDL dugc tich hgp vdi md hinh.
c. Phuang tien truy van
Tien ich truy vStn trong DBMS cung ca'p cac co sd cho viec tmy xua't dQ
lieu: nd cha'p nhan yeu cSu dQ lieu (tQ cac thanh phin DSS), xac dinh each d^
cac yeu c5u nay cd th^ dugc hoan thanh (neu cdn thie't cd th^ tham khao tu di^n
dQ lieu), cdng thQc hoa cac yeu cin chi lie't va tra lai ke't qua cho ngudi dua ra
yeu ciu. Tien ich tmy vaii bao gdm mdt ngdn ngQ dac biet (nhu SQL). Cac
chQc nang quan trgng ciia mdt he thd'ng tmy va'n DSS la cac boat ddng " lua
chon , thao tac va trinh diln " dQ heu.
d. Tirdien dulieu
Tu di^n dQ heu la mdt danh muc ciia tat ca dQ heu trong CSDL. Nd chua
dung cac dinh nghia du lieu va cd chQc nang chinh de tra Idi cho cac cau hoi ve
tinh san sang ciia thanh phSn dQ lieu, nguon du lieu hoac ngu nghia chinh xac
ciia dQ lieu. Tu dien dQ lieu dac biet rat phii hgp cho qua trinh trg giiip giai
doan thu nhap thdng tin de tao ra quye't dinh dugc xu ly thdng qua tmy xuat du
lieu tu cac vung vah de cu the. Tu dien dugc bo sung khi thuc hien viec tao mot
thu muc khac, them thuc the mdi, xoa thuc the va khai thac thdng tin tren doi

tugng cu the.

7


0 ^ TAI NCKH CAP DHQGHN
1.3.2. He thong con quan tri mo hinh
He thd'ng con quan tri md hinh ciaa DSS gdm cac thanh phan sau day:
- Co sd md hinh
- He quan tri co sd md hinh
- Ngdn ngQ md hinh hoa
- Tir di^n md hinh
- Su thuc hien md hinh, tich hgp md hinh va lenh
Cac thanh p h ^ nay cung giao dien ciia chiing va cac thanh ph&i khac ciia
DSS dugc chi ra d hinh 1.3.
a. Ca sa mo hinh
Mdt CO sd md hinh chiia dung cac quy trinh va cac md hinh ciia khoa hgc
quan ly, tai chinh, thd'ng ke chuyen biet va thd'ng ke thudng xuyen, cac md
hinh dinh lugng khac cung ca'p cac kha nang phan tich U-ong mdt DSS. Kha
nang truy cap, khdi ddng, thay d6i, phd'i hgp va ki^m tra cac md hinh la mdt
kha nang chinh ciia DSS, nd khac vdi mdt he thd'ng thdng tin dua tren may tinh
(CBIS) truyen thd'ng (nhu ITS va MIS). Cac md hinh trong co sd md hinh cd
th^ dugc chia thanh cac loai chinh sau: chien luge, chie'n ihuai, tac nghiep va
cac khdi xay dung md hinh, cac thii tuc con.
Md hinh chien luge dugc sir dung d^ trg giiip nhiing ngudi cd irach nhiem
lap cac ke' hoach chie'n luge quan ly d miic cao nha'l. Cac ling dung tiem nang
bao gdm viec phat trien cac muc lieu chung, ke hoach cho viec hgp nha'l va tie'p
nhan ket qua, lua chgn phan bd viec san xua'l, phan tich su tac ddng tir mdi
trtrdng va du tru ngan sach, ve vd'n ma khdng cd quy trinh cu the. Cac md hinh
chie'n luge hudng den mdt pham vi rdng rai, vdi nhieu bien dugc dien la trong

mdt dang cd dgng. Tam thdi thai gian cho cac md hinh nay irai ra trong nhieu
nam.
Cac md hinh chie'n thuat chu yeu dugc sit dung d miic quan ly trung gian
de hd trg viec phan bd va kiem soat cac tai nguyen cua id chiic. Vi du ve cac
md hinh chien thuat bao gdm lap ke hoach ve nhu cSu lao ddng va lap ke hoach
xuc tie'n ban hang, xac dinh bd tri san xua't va quy Irinh lap ngan sach. Cac mo

8


0 ^ TAI NCKH CAP OHQGHN
hinh chi^n thuat thudng chi dugc Qng dung cho cac he thd'ng con cQa i6 chuc
nhu phong k^ toln. Khoang thdi gian cho cac md hinh nay thay d6i tu mdt
thang tdi hai nam. Tuy cd cSn de'n mdt sd dQ lieu ngoai nhung vi co ban cac
md hinh nay sir dung dQ lieu trong la chinh.

Cac mo hinh (co so mo hinh)
• Chie'n luge, chie'n thuat, tac nghiep
• Ti^p thi, tai chinh, thd'ng ke, khoa hgc
quan ly, ke' toan, ky thuat
• Cac khd'i xay dung md hinh

Tijr dien mo
hinh

Quan tri co so dur lieu mo hinh
Cac lenh md hinh hoa: (tao)
Bao tri va cap nhat
Giao dien co sd du lieu
Ngdn ngQ md hinh hoa

Thuc hien md
hinh, tich hgp md
hinh va bd xir ]y
lenh

Ttr
Quan tri dQ lieu

Quan tri hdi thoai

Quan tri tri thQc

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M:

Hinh 1.3. Ca'u tnic thanh phSn ciia he con quan tri md hinh
Cac mO ninn tac nghiep dugc su dung de trg giup cac noat dOng hang
ngay ciia t6 chuc nhu khi mdt ngan hang thdng qua nhQng khoan ng ca nhan,
lap thdi gian bi^u cho san xuat, kiem soat t6n kho, lap ke hoach va lich trinh
cho viec bao tri, ki^m ira chat lugng,...Cac ung dung tac nghiep cung vdi cac
Qng dung DSS la d^y ti^m nang. Cac md hinh tac nghiep trg giiip chii yeu cho
viec ra quye't dinh ciia ngudi quan ly dilu hanh vdi thdi gian tri mot ngay de'n
mdt thang. Cac md hinh thudng sir dung du heu trong.
Ben canh cac md hinh chie'n luge, sach luge va cac md hinh boat ddng,
md hinh co sd cd the' chua khd'i xay dung md hinh va cac phin tac vu thudng
xuyen. Vi du, cd the bao gdm "bd sinh sd ngau nhien"', " Tinh toan gia tri quy
ddi ve hien tai" ," phan tich hdi quy". Cac khd'i xay dung nhu the' dugc sir dung


0 ^ TAI NCKH CAP DHQGHN

theo nhidu each. Chiing cd th^ dugc sir dung tren cac Qng dung rieng nhu phan
tich do lieu. Chung cd ihi dugc sir dung nhu cac thanh phdn ciia cac md hinh
Idn hon. Vi du, thanh p h ^ quy doi ve gia tri hien tai cd the' la mdl phSn ciia md
hinh "Lap ke' hoach mua ban cho tuong lai". Mdt vai khd'i xay dung nay dugc
sir dung di xac dinh hdi quy cac gia tri va cac thdng sd trong mdt md hinh.
Oiang ban, viec sii dung phan tich hdi quy tao ra cac dudng xu the' trong mdt
md hinh du doan. Chung thudng xuyen hen quan de'n cac chuc nang xay dung
mdhinh.
Cac md hinh trong co sd md hinh cung cd th^ dugc phan loai theo cac linh
vuc chQc nang (tai chinh, ki^m soat san ph^m, ke' loan,..) hoac theo cac nguyen
tac xay dung (cac md hinh thd'ng ke, cac md hinh phan bd ciia khoa hgc quan
ly). Danh sach cac md hinh dugc quan ly trong iQ di^n md hinh. Sd lugng cac
md hinh trong DSS cd ih^ thay d6i tQ mdl vai md hinh cho de'n vai tram md
hinh. Vi du, mdl DSS cho cdng ly van lai Idn bao gdm tren 175 md hinh(xem
Oliff [1984]).
Cac ngdn ngQ md hinh: Mac du mdt vai md hinh trong co sd md hinh da
dugc vie'l ra iQ irudc; viec vie'l md hinh thudng xuyen la c ^ thie't. Diin nay cd
thi dugc thuc hien vdi ngdn ngQ bac cao (COBOL) hoac cd ih^ id't hon vdi cac
ngdn ngQ the' he ihQ tu (4 GL) va cac ngdn ngQ md hinh hoa dac biet.
b. He quan tri ca sa mo hinh
He quan tri co sd md hinh la mdl he thd'ng phdn mem vdi cac chuc nang
sau : Tao md hinh, sir dung cac chuong trinh con va cac khd'i xay dung khac;
viec tao ra cac cdng viec va bao cao mdi; cap nhat va thay d6i md hinh; va thao
tac dQ lieu ciia MBMS la kha nang tuong lac cac md hinh vdi cac lien ke't thich
hgp thdng qua mdl co sd dQ lieu.
c. Tirdien mo hinh
Vai ird ciia Tu dien md hinh gidng nhu tu dien ciia CSDL. Nd la mot ban
danh sach ciia la'l ca md hinh d trong co sd md hinh. Nd chua dung cac dinh
nt^hla md hinh va cac chuc nang chinh ciia nd la tra Idi cac cau hdi ve kha nang
va tinh sSn sang ciia cac md hinh.

Mdl dieu ihii vi dua ra trong mdt sd DSS la "md hinh nao nen dugc su
duno cho trudng hgp nao? ". Su chgn lua md hinh nhu vay khdng the thuc hien
10


O^ TAI NCKH CAP OHQGHN
dugc bang MBMS bed vi nd ddi hoi cd su thanh thao; dd chinh la linh vuc tiim
nSng cho mdl thanh phSn tri thQc "hd trg" cho MBMS
d. Thuc hien, tich hap mo hinh vd lenh
Cac boat ddng sau day ludn dugc bd phan quan tri md hinh ki^m soai:
- Thuc hien ki^m soat su van hanh ciia md hinh
- Md hinh tich hgp boat ddng cQa mdt vai md hinh khi cin thie't ( hudng
d^u ra ciia mdt md hinh dugc xir ly bang mdl md hinh khac)
- Mdt md hinh v^ bd xir ly lenh dugc sir dung d^ tie'p nhan va hi^u dugc lai
heu cung cStp cho md hinh cho phep dua ra ben ngoai thanh ph^n hdp hdi
thoai va cdng viec nay la c ^ thie't cho ca MBMS, md hinh thuc hien hoac
chQc nang tich hgp.
- Su tinh loan thuc hien cung vdi yeu cdu phuc hdi thanh phSn dQ lieu md
hinh tQ DSS ciia CSDL hoac tQ mdt CSDL khac. Diin nay la hnh boat va
thuc hien xuyen sud'l mdt giao dien CSDL.
1.3.3. He thdng con tri thiifc
Nhieu va'n d^ vi phi ca'u tnic va ban ca'u tnic la rat phQc tap vi chung ddi
hdi phai cd su hi^u bie't ciia chuyen gia cho giai phap d^ b6 sung vao cac kha
nang quen thudc ciia DSS. Nhu vay, su hieu bie't chuyen gia cd thi dugc cung
cSip bang he chuyen gia. Do dd mdl DSS lien tie'n can dugc irang bi mdl thanh
p h ^ ma chung la ggi la he quan tri tri thuc Thanh p h ^ nay cd the cung cap
kie'n thQc chuyen mdn d^ giai quye't mdt sd khia canh ciia vSin de va /hoac cung
cap tri thQc d^ tang cudng boat ddng cua cac thanh p h ^ DSS khac. Thanh phan
Quan tri tri thQc bao gdm mdt hay nhilu he chuyen gia. Gidng nhu thanh phan
Quan tri dQ lieu va quan tri md hinh , phan mem quan trj tri thQc cung ca'p su

thuc hien va lich hgp cdn thie't ciia he chuyen gia. Mdl he thdng hd trg quyet
dinh cd th^ bao gdm mdl thanh phSn nhu vay la mdt DSS thdng minh, mot
DSS/ES hoac DSS co so tri thuc.
1.3.4 He con giao dien hoi thoai ngudi sir dung
Thanh phan hdi thoai ciia mdt DSS gdm phan mem va phan cung cung
ca'p eiao dien cho ngudi dung DSS. Thuat ngu Giao dien nguai dung bao triim
11


0 ^ TAI NCKH CAP OHQGHN
cac khia canh vi tniy^n thdng giua ngudi sir dung va DSS. Nd bao gdm khdng
chi p h ^ cQng va phfln m^m, ma con bao gdm cac ye'u td' cd hen quan tdi tinh
di sit dung, kha nang truy nhap va ca su tuong tac giQa may va con ngudi. Mdl
sd chuyen gia DSS cho rang, Giao dien ngudi dung la thanh phin quan trgng
nhSft bdi sQc manh, dd m^m deo va cac dac tinh de su dung ciia DSS nhan dugc
tQ cac thanh ph^n nay (Xem Sprague va Carlson[1982, p.29])
Mdt giao dien ngudi dung khdng tien Igi la mdt trong nhiing ly do chinh
tai sao ngudi quin ly da khdng sir dung may tinh va cac phan lich dinh lugng
d^ md rdng nang luc ciia minh mac du cac cdng cu da san sang.
Quan tri cua he thd'ng con hoi thoai
He thdng con hdi thoai da dugc quan ly bang phSn mim ggi la he thdng
tao sinh va quan ly hdi thoai (DGMS) . DGMS gdm mdl sd chuong trinh cho
nhung kha nang dugc liet ke trong bang hei ke tinh nang ciia DGMS. DGMS
khdng chi dugc bie't nhu la mdt he thd'ng quan tri giao dien ngudi su dung ma
cdn cung ca'p nhilu tien ich khac,
Xii ly hoi thoai
Qua trinh hdi thoai ciia mdt DSS dugc chi ra d trong so dd 1.3. Tuong tac
giQa ngudi dung vdi may tinh qua mdt ngdn ngQ da dugc xu ly bang DGMS.
Trong mdt he trg giup tien tie'n thanh p h ^ hdi thoai bao gdm mdl bd xu ly
ngdn ngQ tu nhien. DGMS cung ca'p cac kha nang da dugc chi ra trong bang

dudi day, lam cho ngudi dung cd kha nang tuong tac vdi he con quan tri md
hinh va he con quan tri dQ heu.
He con quan tri hdi thoai dua ra mdt he giao dien ngudi su dung, nd bao
edm cac thie't bi vao - ra va cung ca'p cac phuong lien vat ly cho viec truyen
thdng vdi DSS; mdt chiic nang ki^m soat ludng thdng tin di qua he hdi thoai
nhu dir lieu da dugc cap nhat va xua't ra, vdi mdt chiic nang chuyen doi du lieu
vao ciia ngudi diing trong cac ngdn ngii ma DBMS cd the doc dugc.

12


O^ TAI NCKH CAP OHQGHN
Bang hetke tinh nang chinh cua DGMS
• Tuong t6c theo mdt vai mhi hdi thoai khac nhau
• Khai thac, luu trQ vaphSn tich cac dudng hdi thoai(luu vei), nd cd the dugc
s6 dung d^ Ci^i thien he thd'ng hdi thoai.
• LJtfn cho n ^ d i dOaig quen vdi su da dang cQa c^c thie't bi ddu vho
m Bieu dien dQ heu theo khudn dang da dang ciia cac thi€it bi ra
• Cung cSp cac kha nang trg giup, thuc d^y, chin doan va nhung quy trinh
god 5^ hoac su trg giup linh boat khac
• Cung cS(p giao dien ngudi diii^ ddi vdi CSDL va co sd md hinh
• Tao ra cku trik dQ lieu tdi dinh dang dQ lieu ra (md t4 dQliSu xu^i)
• Cung c^p dd hoa mitu, dd hoa khdng gian ba chi^u v i dQ lieu md ph6ng,d6
• Cd c ^ ciia s6 cho ph6p nhilu chQc nang c^ the eung hien thi mdt iuc.
• Go t h ^ i ^ trg tnay^n thdng giQanguci sudung vi ngu xay dung DSS
• Cung cSfp viec dao tao qua vi du(chi din iigudi diing thdng qua cai vao qua
trinh n^Miinh hoa)
• Gung cSp linh m€m deo va thich nghi sao cho DSS se cd kha nang ihich
nghi vdi cac v ^ d^ khac nhau \ ^ cdngughe.
1.3.5. Ngudi sii dung

Ngudi la da phai ddi mat vdi cac va'n de hoac cac quye't dinh ma DSS dugc
thie't ke' de hd trg giai quye't chung. Tuy nhien cd tdn lai su khdng ddng nha'l
giQa ngudi tham gia xay dung DSS va ngudi su dung nd. Cd nhung su khac
nhau nha'l dinh vi cac vi tri lam viec ciia ngudi su dung, each dat den mdt
quye't dinh cud'i cung, su ua thich va kha nang cQa ngudi su dung DSS de di
de'n mdl quyet dinh (ki^u ra quyet dinh).
Cd hai Idp rdng rai nhQng ngudi dung DSS: Ngudi quan tri va ddi ngu
chuyen vien. NhQng ngudi nay, gidng nhu cac nha phan lich lai chinh, nhung
ngudi lap ke hoach san xua't va ngudi nghien cuu thi trudng. Lay ra mdt sd
ngudi quan tri thi cd khoang hai den ba ngudi sir dung may linh vdi cudng do
Idn. Bie't dugc ai la ngudi ihuc su phai sir dung DSS la rat quan trgng khi ta
dan'' thie't ke nd. Ndi chune, ngudi quan tri mong dgi he thdng se ird nen su
dun" than thien hon so vdi ddi ngu chuyen vien. Ddi ngu Chuyen vien hudng
tdi su chi tiet hon, va mong mudn mgl he thdng phiic hgp cho cdng viec hang

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DI TAI NCKH CAP OHQGHN
ngay ciia ho, va quan tarn de'n kha nang linh loan ciia DSS. Trong nhi^u imdng
hgp nhung chuyen vien phan tich la tmng gian giQa ngudi quan tri va DSS.

Quan tri dQ lieu va
DBMS'

Quan tri md hinh
Va DBMS

Quan Iri tri thQc

He hdi thoai va he quan tri (DGMS)

I

Bd xu ly ngdn ngO tu nhien

z
DAU VAO
Ngdn ngu phan ling

i
Ngudi diing

I

I

DAURA
Ng6n ngii hien thi

I

May in, so d6

Hinh 1.4. He con giao dien hoi thoai

Trong ddi ngu ciia nhQng ngudi quan ly va cac chuyen vien cd nhung bd
phan cd anh hudng quan trgng den thie't ke DSS. Vi du, nhQng ngudi quan ly d
cac mQc khac nhau, cac linh vuc chuc nang khac nhau, irinh dd dao tao rat cdn
thiet d^ hd trg viec phan lich.

1.3.6. Phan mem va phan cung cua DSS
He hd trg quye't dinh phat trien ddng thdi ciing vdi su lien bd trong cdng
nehiep phan ciing va cdng nghe phan mem may tinh. Phan cung lam anh hudng
tdi chQc nana va tinh de su dung ciia DSS. Mac du vay, viec lua chgn giai phap
phan Cling cd the xay ra truoc khi, trong khi hoac sau khi xay dung phdn mem
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O^ TAI NCKH CAP OHQGHN
DSS. Trong mdt sd trudng hgp su lua chgn p h ^ cQng da xac dinh trudc nhQng
cai dugc c h u ^ bi san trong t6 chQc. Mdt DSS cin boat ddng tren mdt ca'u hinh
phdn cQng chu^n.
Thanh phSn chinh ciia phSn cQng la mang chia se thdi gian, may tinh Idn
ciia t6 chQc, may vi tinh, may linh ca nhan hoac mdl he thd'ng phan tan. Mdi
tuy chgn cho ta nhQng thuan Igi va nhQng ban che. NhQng diin nay se khdng
nhac tdi d day.

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