Nghiên cứu thiết kế và tích hợp các chip chuyên dụng vào hệ thống đo lường và thu thập dữ liệu

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NO I

TRUfiMG DAI HOC CONG NGHE

BAG GAG TGNG KET
De tai:

NGHI€N CIJU THifT KC'Vfl TICK HOP CflC
CHIP CHUVCN DUNG VRO H€ THONG
DO LUdNG V^ THU TH^P DU U€U
MA SO: QG 05.08

Chu tri:
PGS. TS Ngo Dien Tap
Tham gia thuc hien:
Th S Nguyin Kiem Hiing
CN Nguy6n Van Hieu
CN Phan Thu Ngan "

Ha Noi 2006


MUG LUC
Trang
Muc luc
Dat van de
Chuong 1. Mot so hieu biet ca ban ve ky thuat lap trinh
tren chip
Chuang 2. Phdn thuc nghiem va cac ket qua
2.1 Tich hop kha nang thong bao ket qua bang gigng noi
cho he thong do ludng

2.2 Tich hop chip chuyen dung vao cac he thong do
nhieu man hien thi
2.3 Thiet ke va tich hop cac chip FPGA vao he thong
thu nhan anh ve tinh khi tugng
2.4 Nghien cuu thiet ke va tich hgp chip Xilinx CPLD
vao he thong thu nhan anh ve tinh khi tugng
Ketluan
Danh sach cac cong trinh da cong bo
Danh sach cac san pham dao tao
Tai lieu tham khao

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DAT VAN DE
Trong nhOng nam gin day, cac thiet bi do lucmg va thu thap du lieu da vugt
qua gidd ban cac hinh thiic chi thi hoac hien thi thong thucmg va tra nen phong
phu w6 chung loai, da dang ve each the hien ket qua nhu: dgc ket qua bang gigng
noi, dgc ket qua tif xa,... Tr6n dudng pho Ha Noi eo the nghe thay tieng dgc ket

qua can do th6ng s6 lien quan den siie khoe con ngucfi bang tieng Viet tir mot
san pham do Trung Quoc san xua't. Nhung lai eo mot dae diem dang chu y la eau
tao ben trong cua cac san pham loai nay lai khong phiic tap them nhieu nh5 sii
dung cac linh kien s6 lap trinh duge (PLD; Programmmable Logic Device).
Huomg nghien euru nay phat trien 6 mot so nu6c, nhung do dae tinh lap trinh
duge nen cho phep nhung nu6c nho eung eo the tiep can cong nghe vi mach hien
dai de lam ra nhung san pham mang dae thii eiia dat nu6e minh, tieng noi eiia
dan t6e minh,
Trong xu hudmg phat trien hien nay khong the ehd nuac khdc lam ra nhung
san pham the hien tiSng Viet tren man hinh tuong tac (nhu tren cac phuang tien
nghe nhin a nu6e ta hien nay) hoac dgc ket qua bang tieng Viet ma ta phai tu
lam duge nhiJng san phan loai nhu vay. De tai nay duge xay dung nham tiep can
mot yeu edu dang dat ra doi vofi cac san pham dien tu Viet nam.
Them vao do, cong nghe vi mach truyen thong chi c6 the thuc hien a cac
nu6e 16n va giau vi kinh phi dau tu rat ton kem, nhung cac nu6e nho tham chi
ngheo van eo the tiep can cong nghe lap trinh cho vi mach (mot cong nghe
khong gay 6 nhi6m moi trucmg nhu cong nghe truyen thong !) de lam ra nhung
loat nho san pham thich hgp vod yeu eau dat ra trong timg nude.
Thiet ke va tao ra mot so chip FPGA/CPLD chuyen dung (bang phan mem)
CO kha nang tich hop duge vao cac he thong do lucmg va thu thap du lieu lam
tang them gia tri su dung va linh vue limg dung cua he thong. Mot thi du eo ihi
dt dang nhan thay la cac mach dong bg va tach tin hieu tu cac ve tinh khi tugng;
neu lam tir cac linh kien r5i rac, ke ca cac vi mach, se rat phuc tap va ton kem
thdi gian, nhung neu lam duge tir cac chip lap trinh thi mach dien se rat ggn nhe,
boat dgng tin cay va thdi gian che tao (nhan ban) se riit ggn di rat nhieu.
Nhimg noi dung chinh se duge trinh bay trong bao cao nay bao g6m:
- Mot so hieu biet ca ban ve ky thuat lap trinh tren chip.
- Phan thuc nghiem va mot so ket qua thuc hien da dang ky truac.
- Tom tat ket qua va mot so lai ban luan.

Chu-orng I
M O T SO HIEU BIET C O B A N VE KY THUAT
L A P T R I N H TREN C H I P

1.1 M O DAU
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Nhu da noi den a phan dat van de, trong nhung nam gan day, kha nang tich
hgp tren cac chip lap trinh duge c6 xu huang tang len khong ngimg, tu vai chuc
cong logic den vai tram va cho den nay da tang len den mot trieu cong, tham chi
con cao ban nira. Vi vay cac chip kha lap trinh duge c6 xu huang dap ung duge
nhung ung dung kha phuc tap, nhu:
- XOr ly tin hieu so nang cao.
-

Xu iy anh,

-

Cac ung dung da phuang tien [2], [3], [4]^ y^ [5]^

Thuc te cho thay, cho du cac chuang trinh nap vao chip eo phuc tap den dau
thi do eau true theo kieu modun van c6 the duge xem nhu duge xay dung tu
nhiing phan nho, nhiing bg phan nho ket noi lai. Vi vay, viee xay dung nhung
modun so (digital) ca ban de tu do hinh thanh mot thu vien se tang tinh da dung
cua vi mach lap trinh duge, dong thai nit ngan duge thai gian tinh tu khi hinh
thanh thiet ke den cac ung dung cu the.
Trong khuon kho de tai ''Nghien ciru thiet ke vd tich hop cac chip chuyen
dung vao he thong do Itr&ng vd thu thap dCt lieu'' cac chip lap trinh duge bao
gom hai loai:
* Cac vi dieu khien, cu the la vi dieu khien AVR, da duge nha san xuat che
tao san thanh cac vi dieu khien, chi can lap trinh cho thich hgp vai cac ung
dung cu the.

4


* Cac chip CPLD, kha nang lap trinh lam cho ung dung cua chip linh boat
ban.
Viec lap trinh cho cac vi dieu khien da duge trinh bay trong nhieu cuon sach
duge xuat ban trong nuac, chang ban [3], Trong khi, ngon ngu dae ta de lap
trinh cho cac CPLD van con rat it tai lieu (trong nuac) de cap den. Vi vay, sau
day xin trinh bay ngan ggn ve cac vi mach lap trinh duge, ciing nhu ngon ngO de
lap trinh cho cac chip nay.

1.2 NGON NG0M6 TA PHAN CUNG HDL
L2.1 Mot so khai niem
•

•

VHDL la mot thuat ngii duge viet tat cua Very High Speed (Integrated
Curcuits) Hardware Description Language (Ngon ngu mo ta phan cung mach
tich hgp toe do cao). Loai ngon ngix dae biet nay da duge phat trien tu giiia
r

nhijng nam 80 a Hoa ky. Bg Quoc phong va Vien IEEE (Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers) da bao trg cho sir phat trien cua ngon ngiJ mo ta phan
cung vai muc tieu phat trien mach tich hgp toe do cao. Ngay nay VHDL da tra
thanh ngon ngir tieu chuan cong nghiep duge su dung de mo ta cac he thong so.
^

Mot loai ngon ngu mo ta phan cung khac cung duge dung rgng rai do la
Verilog. Ca hai deu la nhung ngon ngu manh, cho phep nguai thiet ke mo ta va
mo phong nhung he thong so tu dan gian den phuc tap. Mot ngon ngu HDL
(Hardware Description Language) thu ba la ABEL (Advanced Boolean Equation
Language), duge thiet ke danh rieng cho cac thiet bj logic kha trinh (PLDProgrammable Logic Device). ABEL khong manh bang hai ngon ngu tren va it
duge ua chuong trong cong nghiep
VHDL CO nhumg dae diem giong cac ngon ngir lap trinh quen thugc khac
ve mat cu phap, eau true lenh, ... nhung lai eo nhung diem khac biet quan trong
ve mat thuc thi lenh. Ngon ngu mo ta phan cung noi chung va VHDL noi rieng
boat dgng theo dang song song, tuc la cac eau lenh tac dgng den cac cong
logic... duge thuc thi mot each song song ngay khi c6 tin hieu loi vao tac dgng.
Cac chuang trinh mo ta phan cung noi chung giong nhu viec bat ehuae thuoc
tinh eiia mot quy luat eiia he thong vat ly, thong thuong la cac he thong so.


1.2.2 Mot so cong nghe phan cirng
1.2.2.1 Cong nghe ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit)
Cong nghe mach tich hgp chuyen dung, day la cong nghe thiet ke mach
bang mot chip chuyen dung duge dinh huang truac theo mot hoac mot so chuc

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nang nao do vai each ket noi c6 dinh hoac c6 sir ket hgp mot so linh kien va
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chip vai cac duang ket noi c6 dinh. Do dae diem nay, cac ASIC khong c6 ban
tren thi truang duai dang vi mach don le nhu cac vi mach thong thuong, cung
khong CO ban thong so ky thuat (datasheet), ma duge lap rap trong nhung thiet bi
cu the cua mot nha san xuat nao day.
1.2.2.2 Cong nghe PLD (Programmable

Logic Devices)

* Mot so loai linh kien logic lap trinh dirac
- Simple Programmable Logic Devices (SPED): la mot con chip nho vai cac
cong noi tiep (day) hoac mot nhom cac cong duge noi vai nhau de dam

nhan mot chuc nang don gian.
- Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLD): eo eau true phuc tap ban
SPED, no CO the chua mot vai khoi, moi khoi duge hieu nhu mot SPED.
- Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA): c6 eau true va boat dgng phuc tap
ban CPLD, dong thai c6 kha nang thuc hien nhung chuc nang phuc tap.
* Cdc phirang tien chu yeu diing cho linh kien logic lap trinh dirac
• Can CO PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) trong PLD bai no
chua chuang trinh cho PLD. Chuang trinh duge luu lai ngay ca khi mat
nguon nuoi.
• Phan mem lap trinh cho PLD.
• Cac tai lieu huang dan phuc vu cho nguai phat trien.
• Kha nang lap lai eau hinh cho linh kien.
The he PLD mai, dugz cong ty Xilinx phat trien c6 ket hgp he thong tren
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chip dugz xem nhu la the he FPGA. No duge ket hgp nhung mach dae biet cung
vai rat nhieu cong de tao nen nhung thiet bi truyen thong c6 chuc nang dae biet.
* Cong nghe CPLD


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CPLD cung cap cho cac nha thiet ke mach logic c6 dung lugng rat Ian de
thiet ke nhimg mach phuc tap chi tren mot chip. CPLD c6 the coi la mot tap hgp
cua cac SPED.
Mot SPED la mot nhom cac cong duge noi lien vai nhau ma chung c6 the
lap trinh duge de thuc hien mot chuc nang nao do. Duge phat trien bat dau tu
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nhung nam 1970, SPED la mot phan bet sue ca ban de thiet ke CPLD, PAL
(Programmable Array Logic), PEA (Programmable Logic Array). Noi khac di,
CPLD chua cac khoi SPED, trong do moi SPED duge coi la mot khoi logic bao
gom PAL hoac PEA. Cong nghe CPLD duge phat trien cho cac ung dung nhu :
^

•>

- Cac thiet ke dan gian.
- Cac thiet bi c6 gia thanh thap, chuc nang don gian.
- Giam kich thuac mach.

* Cong nghe FPGA
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Mot chip FPGA duge thiet ke bao gom hang ngan cong logic hoac nhieu
ban vai cac ket noi c6 kha nang lap trinh, thuong ap dung cho cac chuang trinh
phat trien phan cung vi c6 uu diem la boat dgng nhanh va dien ap thap. Cau tao
cua mot chip FPGA bao gom cac bg dem I/O, cac khoi logic eau hinh, thuong
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duge viet tat la CLB (Configurable Logic Blocks) va cac eau true ket noi c6 kha
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nang lap trinh. Lap trinh cho cac ket noi duge thuc hien bang cac 6 RAM ma
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dau ra cuoi cung cua no duge ket noi vai cac cong MOS ngang qua cac tranzito.
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Mot CLB don bao gom bon tin hieu vao, mot tin hieu xung clock, cac bg
da hgp lap trinh duge, mot flip flop SR, bang tra (LUT-Look Up Table). Bang
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->

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LUT la bg nha so dung de cat giii bang chan ly cua ham so Boole. Mot CLB c6
rat nhieu ham logic khac nhau dung de sap dat chuang trinh.
*

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Luu do thiet ke cho mot chip FPGA bat dau bang viec mo ta ham trang
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thai, thuong dung ngon ngu VHDL. Cau true sau do duge tong hgp tu cac luge
do mach hoac cac 6 logic. Ke tiep la viec sap dat va ehgn duang de dinh vi cac
CLB cho phu hgp vai mang netlist. Sau do la qua trinh mo phong va tham tra
truac khi nap chuang trinh vao chip,
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LTU diem Ion nhat eiia thiet ke FPGA la thai gian thuc hien rat ngan. Cac
cau true logic tren chip c6 the duge nguai su dung lap trinh true tiep ma khong


can mot cong cu che tao mach tich hgp nao. Vi khong c6 buae vat ly nen mot
ham don gian trong mot chip FPGA thong thuong c6 the thu duge ngay khi ve
f

Mapping. Viec san xuat chip theo ky thuat FPGA thuong c6 chi phi cao ban so
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vai cac ky thuat khac, no thuong duge ap dung cho viec san xuat chip ASIC
(Application Specific Integrated Circuit) lam viec vai dien ap thap va cho cac
linh kien can toe do nhanh.
So sanh giiia cac cong nghe PLD thi FPGA la mot cong nghe mai duge
phat trien c6 tiem nang rat Ion.
1.2.3 So sanh cong nghe ASIC va PLD
Cong nghe PLD va cong nghe ASIC khac nhau a mot so diem sau:
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- ASIC can mot thai gian dai cho viec thiet ke va che tao, trong khi do PLD
^

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tao ra chi nha vao viec nap mot phan mem nen rat nhanh ch6ng.
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- ASIC thuong duge thiet ke toi uu cho mot chuc nang dae biet nen thuong
CO toe do cao ban. Nhung vai cong nghe cao ngay cang phat trien thi PLD
van CO kha nang vira cho do linh dgng cao vua c6 toe do nhanh va gia
thanh re.
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- Vai so lugng Ion (tren 5000 chip) ASIC to ra kinh te hon, trong khi vai so
lugng nho, tham chi rat nho thi PLD lai the hien uu diem vugt trgi.
- ASIC CO gia thanh thuong dat gap nhieu Ian so vai cong nghe PLD.

- Tinh linh dgng, da dang trong chuc nang thi PLD hon ban ASIC.

8


Chu-oTig 2
P H A N THV'C

NGHIEM VA CAC KET QUA

2.1 TICH HQP K H A N A N G THONG B A O KET QUA B A N G
GIQNG NOI CHO HE THONG DO Ll/OfNG
2.1.1 Dat van de
Cham ngon eo eau "Tram nghe khong bang mot thay", nhung khi giao tiep
v6i cac thiet bi dien tir thi trong nhieu trucmg hgp am thanh lai lam cho nguai
dung cam thay tien Igi ban nhi6u. Co the ke ra a day mot vai thi du: Tieng loa
bao so tang khi di thang may, tieng "bip" bao chap mach khi do dien tra, tieng
"coi chit" bao nhiet do qua cao, tieng "coi bao dgng" khi ap suat qua cao, v. v...
deu lam giam nhe su cang thang cho ngudi dung so v6i khi phai theo doi bang
mat. Tren dudng pho Ha Noi eo the nghe thay tieng dgc ket qua can do thong so
lien quan den siie khoe eon ngu5i bang tieng Viet tir mot san pham do Trung
Quoc san xua't. Moi day nhat la nhung dien thoai phat ra so ggi bang tieng Viet
m6i khi ngucri dung nhan phim. Am thanh phat ra trong cac thi du neu tren d6u
do mot vi di6u khien ehi dao. Vi vay trong chuong nay ta se xem xet eo the giao
tiep nhu the nao v6i mot vi di6u khien de kich boat cac chip phat ra am thanh.
Hien tugng nay duge ung dung trong cac thiet bi eanh bao, chong trgm, xu ly va
nhan dang tieng noi, dae biet la trong cac he thong do ludng va dieu khien.
Theo huong nghien cuu nay chung toi da dat duge mot so ket qua, chang
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han tich hgp am thanh trong thiet bi quan ly hang cho, trong thiet bi bao dgng
hoac eanh bao. Trong phan nay se trinh bay cac ket qua thuc nghiem trong viec
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ma rgng thiet ke he do de tich hgp them mot bg phat am so de cho phep thong
bao cac ket qua do bang gigng noi tieng Viet. Sau mot khoang thdi gian dat
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trude hoac khi c6 mot phim yeu cau dgc ket qua duge bam, cac ket qua do ve do


1

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am, nhiet do (hoac ca ap suatO se duge thong bao bang gigng ndi tieng Viet. He
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thong tren mang tinh minh boa ve mat phuang phap, ve nguyen tac viec doc ket
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qua do ludng bang gigng noi c6 the duge ap dung cho cac he thong do cac thong
so khac nhu: do huyet ap, do dien ap, cac long ap tre so sinh v. v...
2.1.2 Xay dyng he thong
2.1.2.1 Modun thu phat am so
•»

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De phat am so c6 hai phuang phap:
• Viet phan mem tren chip (chang ban bang ngon ngir VHDL) de tao ra cac
tieng noi tong hgp.
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• Dung cac chip chuyen dung de thu phat am thanh, ggi tat la cac modun
RPM.
Thoat dau, chung toi di theo hudng thu nhat va da ed ket qua cong bd tai
Hoi Nghi Khoa hgc cua Khoa Cong Nghe (va dang tren tap chi cua Dai hgc
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Quoc Gia) vi nhan thay ngoai phan am thanh con ed the tich hgp cac phan khac
eiia he thong do ludng tren cung mot chip. Ve sau, chung toi chuyen sang each
thu hai vi thay de dap ung tinh da dang cua ung dung hon.
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Theo giai phap thu hai thi trong he thdng nay, phan quan trgng la mot
modun RPM duge su dung de thu/phat am thanh. RPM cung cap mot giai phap
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thu/phat am thanh chat lugng cao cho cac ung dung nhan tin khoang thdi gian
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ngan. So do khoi cua RPM duge mieu ta trong hinh 1.
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Modun RPM bao gom mot bg dao dgng, mot bg tien khuech dai microt

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phdn, mach dieu khien khuech dai tu dgng, bg Igc chdng chdng pho, bg Igc lam
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tron, va bg khuech dai loa. Mot he thdng con thu/phat am tdi thieu c6 the duge
cau hinh vdi mot micro-phdn, mot loa, mot vai linh kien thu dgng, hai nut bam
va mot ngudn nudi. Viec ghi am duge luu vao trong cac d nhd khdng bay hoi,
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cung cap su luu trir tin nhan cdng suat zero. Giai phap duy nhat nay duge thuc
hien nhd cdng nghe luu tru da muc MLS. Tieng ndi va cac tin hieu am thanh
duge luu tru true tiep vao trong bg nhd dudi dang tu nhien ciia no, cung cap su
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tai tao am thanh trang thai Idng chat lugng cao.

10


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Hinh 7: Sa do khoi cua modun RPM.
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RPM cung cap mot loat cac mddun thu/phat am thanh vdi thdi gian
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thu/phat khoang tu 20 giay den vai phiit. Vdi cac ung dung khong phuc tap,
chung tdi lira ehgn mddun RPM ed khoang thu phat 20 giay. Cac thdng sd dang
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quan tam cua mddun RPM la kha nang nhd tin nhan den 100 nam va sd chu
trinh ghi/xoa la 100.000.
Cac dae tinh ky thuat chinh ed the ke ra nhu sau:
• Ngudn nudi don dau, +5 von,
• Khoang thdi gian ghi: 20 giay,
• Giai phap thu phat don chip de su dung,
• Su tao lai am thanh tu nhien vdi chat lugng cao,

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• Kha nang ndi tang true tiep khi can khoang ghi dai hon,
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• Che do tiet kiem nang lugng tu dgng,
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• Su luu tin nhan cdng suat bang khong,
• Cd kha nang dinh dia ehi cho tat ca cac tin nhan,
• Kha nang nhd tin nhan den 100 nam,
• Chiu duge 100.000 chu trinh ghi,
• Bg dao dgng on-chip,
• Nhiet do lam viec: O'^C tdi TO'^C ddi vdi cac san pham thuong mai, -40°C
tdi 85°C ddi vdi cac san pham cdng nghiep.

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Hinh 2 chi ra mot so do khoi cho mot ung dung rat eo ban eiia RPM. Mach
nay cd ba niit nhan: mot cho ghi, mot cho phat lai theo sudn va mot cho phat lai
theo muc. Nut ghi am thuc hien chinh xac nhiem vu nhu ten ggi eiia nd: nhan
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nut nay cho phep ghi lai am thanh; nha nut nay dimg ghi am. Neu gap diem ket
thuc bg nhd (EOM) cua chip trude khi nut duge nha, chip se tu dgng ket thuc
viec ghi va chuyen sang che do giam nang lugng. Ciang cd mot LED dd dung de
chi thj viec ghi am. LED nay duge bat sang khi ghi am. Am thanh ed the duge
ghi theo 2 each: bang each su dung mot micrd-phdn nhu duge chi ra trong mach
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vi du phan tren, hoac bang each su dung mot tin hieu true tiep tu mot he thdng

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CD-stereo ket ndi true tiep tdi chan Idi vao tuong tu cua RPM.
Cd hai loai nut phat loai: kich boat theo sudn (PLAYE) va kich boat theo
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muc (PEAYE). Thiet bi bat dau mot chu trinh phat lai am khi phat hien mot
sudn chuyen muc tu muc HIGH tdi muc LOW tren chan PL A YE. Viec dua
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chan PEAYE len muc HIGH trong sudt thdi gian phat lai am thanh se khdng ket
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f

f

thuc chu trinh phat lai hien thdi. Su phat lai tiep tuc cho den khi mot dau hieu

EOM duge phat hien. Ngay sau khi hoan thanh chu ky phat lai, thiet bj tu dgng
1

f

giam nang lugng va chuyen sang che do Standby. Chuc nang phat duge kich
boat theo muc khdi tao mot chu trinh phat lai am thanh khi tin hieu Idi vao tren
f

f

f

chan nay duge giu d muc thap va su phat lai duge tiep tuc cho den khi chan
I

f

f

PEAYE duge keo len muc cao hoac gap dau hieu EOM (ket thuc bg nhd). Thiet
t

I

bi tu dgng chuyen sang che do giam nang lugng ngay khi chu trinh phat lai hoan
thanh.
S

f

f

n

Dau ra loa eiia RPM duge thiet ke de su dung mot loa 16Q.
\

f

f

Bang each su dung cac Idi vao dia ehi (A0-A7), hoac cac che do boat dgng
(bang each sir dung cung cac chan nhung vdi cac byte trang thai khac - chan 9
va 10 duge dat len muc cao), nhieu doan am eo the duge ghi va phat lai. Phan
sau se minh boa each su dung RPM de ghi am va phat lai nhieu doan am thanh.
2.1.2.2 He thong do
f

f

.

"*

'

'

y

Thiet ke nay la su md rgng va phat trien he thong do nhiet do va do am. So do
khdi he do duge mieu ta trong hinh 2. So do cd the tich hgp ca hai cam bien

12


nhiet do (LM35) va do 4m (HM1500 hoac HM1520) bing mot cam bien chung
la HM2500 cua cong ty Humerel.
LCD
MPXA6115A

ADCO

LND5

ADCl

HM152Cf-

PORTC

NliietDo:23.5*C
Do Ain: ^5« o TROI NANG

O

ADC2
A'nVIega8535

Realtime

Microphouj—

Keypad1

Enter |


RPM I

:

Speakei
KevpadZ
?LAYL \ZD
PLA\T \ZD
RECD CD
EEPROM 24C256

Hinh 2: He thong do nhiet do, do am moi tmong.
Trong ung dung nay, chuc nang do nhiet do duge thuc hien bdi cam bien
f

f

f

f

HM2500, trong dd chan ra cua cam bien nhiet do duge ket ndi tdi chan Idi vao
ADCl cua vi dieu khien va chuc nang do do am duge thuc hien bdi Idi ra cam
f

t

f

f

bien do am ket ndi tdi chan ADC2 nhu duge chi tren hinh 2.
W

f

i

t

Cam bien nhiet do va do am: Cam bien do am duge su dung d day la HM2500.

i , jtifMHtAil ^

Hinh 3: Cam bien do am tuong doi HM2500.

13


Cac dae tinh chinh:

• Kich thudc nhd,
• Khdng bi anh hudng khi bi nude te vao,
»

y

^

f

• Cd the thay ddi ma khdng can tien hanh hieu chinh them,
• Do tm cay cao va cd do on dinh trong thdi gian dai,
• Cd the do do 4m tu 0 d§n 100% RH,
• Do am duge dinh chuan vdi do chinh xac ±2% RH d 55% RH,
• Do nhiet do bang nhiet trd NTC 10 kQ vdi Idi ra true tiep.
• Ngudn nudi cd the thay ddi trong dai rgng tu 3 den 10 V.
• Cam bien do am cd do ben cao vdi cac chat, thdi gian dap ung nhanh.
f

f

f

f

r

Gidng nhu vdi bat ky mach tuyen tinh nao khi duge ndi tdi cac day ndi
\

f

/^

t

trong mdi trudng cd nhieu nhieu, hieu suat cua nd cd the bj tac dgng mot each
f

\

f

i^

t

bat Igi bdi cac ngudn nhieu dien tir rat manh, chang ban nhu cac role, cac may
f

t

f

-y

phat sdng vd tuyen, cac dgng ca chdi quet, v. v... vi cac day ndi eiia nd ed the trd
thanh cac angten thu va cac Idp tiep giap ban dan ben trong cua nd ed the boat
t

f

f

f

dgng nhu cac bg chinh luu. De dat duge cac ket qua tdt nhat trong cac trudng
y

f

y

f

hgp nhu vay, mot tu Igc ngudn ndi tu ngudn nudi tdi dat va mot bg lam nhut RC
ndi tiep (chang ban, R = 75Q, C = l|iF) tir Idi ra tdi dat thudng duge su dung
nhu duge chi ra trong hinh 2.
t

•>

A

Mot do phan giai theo do am 0,2% RH cd the dat duge bang each su dung
mot A/D 10 bit nhu A/D eiia vi di^u khiln ATMega8535.
D I ung dung RPM vao trong he thdng do, nd duge hieu chinh de cd kha
nang ghi cac mau gigng ndi theo dinh dang tep. Cho vi du, de thdng bao nhiet do
do duge trong ung dung nay, Idi dgc cua sd va cau "Nhiet do bay gid la", va "do
C" can duge ghi am. Sau dd td hgp cua nhirng am nay cho phep thdng bao ra cac

k^t qua mong mudn, chang han nhu: "Nhiet do bay gid la 23 do C".

2.1.3 Ket qua va ban luan
Ban mach cua he do sau khi lap rap duge chi ra (tuong tu) niiir trong hinh 4

14


Hinh 4: Ban mach cua he do.
Dir bao thoi tiet dan gian: Bang each bd sung them cam bien ap suat va lap
t

I.U

f

f

trinh the hien duge bien thien va tac dgng tuong hd cua cac tham sd nhiet do, ap
f

t

f

t

f

i

t

suat, do am cung nhu bien ddi theo thdi gian cua cac thdng sd, he thdng cd the
y

t

f

dua ra nhung thdng bao don gian ve thdi tiet nhu: do am qua cao hoac trdi sap
mua hoac hdm nay trdi qua ndng, kieu nhu "Quy Ong qua map, nen giam an" d
/y

t

f

cac can ngoai dudng phd.
^

f

t

t

f

t

Ket qua: Cac thdng sd do nhu nhiet do, do am va cd the ca ap suat ed the duge
t

y

hien thi tren man LCD, duge luu tru trong bd nhd va ddng thdi cac thdng tin nay
>

f

cung duge thdng bao bang gigng ndi tieng Viet.
Ket luan: Day la mot trong nhieu ung dung cua mddun RPM ket hgp vdi mot vi
dieu khien va cac cam bien trong cac he thdng do ludng de thdng bao ket qua
bang gigng ndi. Thiet ke nay ed the duge sir dung nhu la mot vi du tham khao
cho viec phat trien cac ung dung do ludng va dieu khien phuc tap hon nhu cac
f

y

tram du bao thdi tiet cam tay, cac may ban hang tu dgng, do ludng tir xa, cung
f

f

'

nhu cac he thdng giam sat trong y te va cac he thdng tu dgng trong cong nghiep.

15

2.2 TICH HQfP CHIP CHUYEN DUNG VAO CAC
HE THONG DO NHIEU M A N HIEN THI
2.2.1 Dat van de
f

Trong cac he thdng do ludng dien hoac do ludng Vat ly ndi chung thudng
r

y

y

xuat hien kha nang phai quan sat nhieu dai lugng do ddng thdi (xem hinh 5).
Khi dd, ve nguyen tac phai lap cho mdi bd hien thi mot bd dieu khien hien thi.
Sd cac dai lugng do ddng thdi cang nhieu thi sd bo dieu khien cung nhieu theo
f

f

va sd linh kien, cdng lap rap ciing theo dd ma tang len. Day la mot kha nang cd
the dua cac chip chuyen dung vao de ung dung.
W^^ii'^^^^'

H-'i^-'l

irifiiiiimrltiiimironiilfii

•>

f

y

t

Hinh 5: Man hien thj cua he thong do vol nhieu man hien thj

16


y

t

t

f

y

I

Do cac bg dieu khien hien thi thudng gidng nhau ve mat cau true nen trong
trudng hgp nay ta cd the ap dung phuang phap lap trinh theo kieu mddun va
ngon ngu lap trinh la VHDL nhu da md ta d phan dau. Trong phan nay, chung
tdi se thdng bao mot sd ket qua trong viec lap trinh cho cac chip dieu khien hien
thi ddng thdi nhieu mddun, tren thuc te da thu vdi 3 mddun nhung ve nguyen tac
CO the md rgng sd mddun len nhieu hon; van de chi thudc vao sd chan cua "chip

trang" duge lira ehgn.
.

.

^

'

y

'

^

•»

f

I

t

y

y

f

y

t

f

I

f

2.2.2 Phan thirc nghiem va cac ket qua
De ed duge cac chip vdi cac tinh nang can ed, qua trinh thiet ke va thuc hien
duge tien hanh theo 2 bude ca ban:
• Viet phan mem mo ta boat dgng thuc su cua mach dien can thiet ke bang
ngon ngir VHDL.
• Soat l6i, dich va nap chuong trinh vao chip.
2.2.2.1 Viet phdn mem vd nap vao chip Xilinx
Trong khuon kho de tai, ed 4 modun da duge thiet ke va thir nghiem, eu the
la:
1- Bg dem Johnson.
2- Bg dem nhi phan

3- Bg giai ma BCD ra ma 7 doan
4- Bg dem Johnson va giai ma thap phan.
5- Bg hien thi nhi^u man hien thi
Cac modun nay da duge mo ta bang ngon ngu VHDL theo cac luu do thuat toan
tren eac trang sau:

| ^^, -^c ^ .;.: o> --* •N.O
17

1)T/ ^50


1) Bo dem Johnson

i
Khai bao c6ng vao/ra:
Clk: in stdjogic;
Dout :inout std_logic_vector(7 downto 0));

Sai

Dung
Khdi lao
Process

Dout( 7 downto 1) <= Dout( 6 downto 0)
Dout(0)<= notdout(7)

Ket thuc
Process

Chu thich: CIK : cong Idi vao xung nhip
Dout: Cong Idi ra bg dem 8 bit
18


2) Bo dem nhi phan : trong lim do nay thiet ke bo dem nhi phan 8 bit, viec
tang s6' bit chi doi hoi tang them so lirong loi ra va van de nay giai quyet
bang phan mem ttrong doi don gian. Van de chi la chip duac sir dung c6 du

so chan de gan thanh cac loi ra hay khong!

k
Khai bao c6ng vao/ra:
Clk: in sldjogic;
Doul :inout std_logic_vector(7 downto 0));

Diing

Khai tao
Process

Dout <= Dout + 1

^f

/

Ket thuc
Process

\

J

^

Chu thich
Clk : loi vao xung nhip
Dout: loi ra bo dem 8 bit

19


3) Bo giai ma BCD ra ma 7 doan
Bat d^u

')

Khai bao c6ng vao/ra:
Clk: in std_logic;
Din: in sld_logic_vecior(3 downto 0);
Dout :inout std_logic_vector(7 downto 0));

Chu thich:
Clk: loi vao xung nhip
Din: loi vao 4 bit
Dout: loi ra 8 bit

CASE din is
WHEN "0000"
WHEN "0(H) 1"
WHEN "(X) 10"
WHEN"(M)H"
WHEN "0100"
WHEN "0101"
WHEN "0110"
WHEN "01 M"
WHEN "1000"
WHEN"I(K)1"
WHEN "1010"

WHEN "1011"
WHEN " 1100"
WHEN "1101"
WHEN "II10"
WHEN "1111"
WHEN others
END CASE;

= > r a < = "11000000" - 0
= > r a < = "111 11001" --1
=>rd<="101(K)100" -2
= > r a < = "10110000" --3
= > r a < = "10011001" --4
=>rd<= "10010010" -5
= > r a < = "10000010" -6
=>rd<="111110(K)" - 7
=>rd<="1000(K)00" --8
=>rd<="10010(KKr' --9
= > r d < = "10100000" "A
= > r a < = " 10000011" - B
= > r a < = " I 0 1 0 0 1 H " --C
=>rd<= "10100001" --D
=>rd<= "10000100" --E
=>rd<= "10001110" " F
=>null;--ra<="110()00()0";

I
Ka't thuc
Process

20


4) Bo dem Johnson va giai ma thap phan
Bit dau

^

i
Khai bio c6ng vao/ra:
Clk: in std_logic;
Dout :inout std_logic_vector(7 downto 0));
Dir :in std_logic

Dout( 6 downto 0) <= dout( 7 downto 1)
Dout(7)<= dout(O)

Dout( 7 downto 1) <= dout( 6 downto 0)
Dout(0)<= dout(7)

i
Ket thuc
Process

Ket thuc
Process

Chu thich
Dir: loi vao xac dinh hudns dem

Clk: loi vao xung nhip
Dout: loi ra 8 bit
21


Toi uu boa phan mem
Mot chi tieu ludn duge chu y den trong qua trinh soan thao va soat Idi phan
y

1

f

t

mem VHDL la giam thieu vung bi chiem tren chip, eo nhu vay mdi ed the tich
hgp mot lugng Idn cac cdng Idgic tren mot chip. Sau mdi Ian dich ty le vung bi
f

f

y

t

chiem ludn duge xem xet, nhd vay tat ca cac md dun deu ed the tich hgp len
chip XC9536 (chi chua 36 d macro).
2.2.2.2 Xay dtmg cdc mach kiem chimg
Sau khi chuong trinh da duge soan thao, duge chay thu va loai bd cac I6i thi
ed the chuyen sang bude nap phdn mem vao chip. V6 nguyen tac, sau khi duge

nap chip se duge gan chufc nang va "dat ten" dung nhu ndi dung da duge mo ta
khi thiet ke. Tuy vay viec kiem tra lai hay nhu thudng ndi la kiem chung van la
ein thiet, qua dd khang dinh chang ban xem bg giai ma da dung la bg giai ma
chua va qua trinh boat dgng ed lam xuat hien Idi khdng, Trong khuon kho cua
de tai nghien cuu, cac mach kiem chung cho timg trudng hgp deu da duge thiet
ke va lap rap, cho dd thdi gian danh cho cdng viec nay dai khong kem phan thiet
ke luu do va viet chuong trinh da neu d tren
Bp giai md BCD sang 7 thanh
De minh chung tinh diing dan va kha nang boat dgng cua bg giai ma BCD
sang 7 thanh mot bg dem nhi phan 4 bit va giai ma BCD sang 7 thanh da duge
tich hgp tren cung mot chip Xilinx. Tren mach dien minh boa, chip duge ndi vdi
mot LED 7 thanh (ddng vai trd hien thi ket qua) va mot bg tao xung nhip cap
cho bg dem dung vi mach djnh thdi gian NE555P. Loi ra eiia bg tao xung
NE555P duge ndi true tiep tdi chan clock GCKl (chan 5) cua chip XilTn
XC9536. Cac dien trd va tu dien diing vdi NE555 duge lua ehgn de xung nhip
ed tan sd 22 Hz (dii de ket qua hien thj khong bi nha'p nhay !).
Viec nap chuang trinh vao chip duge thuc hien thong qua cap JTag (theo
chuan JTAG !) va phan mem cdng cu Xilinx ISE. Viec nap chuang trinh cho mot
chip Xilinx bat ky (trong trudng hgp nay su dung chip XC9536) ed the tien hanh
ngay ca khi chip dang duge gan tren mot ban mach ung dung. Cap Jtag cho phep
lap trinh, kidm tra, xoa va kiem tra chuc nang cua cac chip Xilinx XC9536.
So do nguyen ly cua mach kiem chung da thiet ke duge mo ta tren hinh 6.
22


Jl
JTAG
CN r*> ^

•<-, «o

70 C

ICl

vcc

42
40

lO/GTSl
I0«TS2

00

g H OTD OUT
r "O

ouu
oo >

IC2
•

0 R

B

>

5

DtS

TRIG

GND

2

Q

CVott

3

1

T
7
6

7
1
3
25

IMT

8

9
11
12
13
14
18
19
20
22
24

LM555
1—C2
104

CI
473zzf:

IOJGCKJ
I0/GCK2
lO/GCIO
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
QQQ
10
10
ooo

TDDJ
TCKcfTMS -

30
15
17
16
LI

5oO
10
10
10
lO/GSR
10
10
10
10 (
10
10
10

10
10
10
10

h
\iVi\i-

--OSlZh
•
39
37
35
33
29

b O
O
10

-CIS:
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-I R7 t-C:S2Z>

28
26
38
43
26

27
34

e
f
p
c

! ^
d 2;

XC9536

//m/i 6: So do nguyen t^c ciia mach dien minh chung kha nang
boat dong cua chip giai ma BCD sang 7 thanh

i

'^

m^

-^'-s^

Hinh 7: Ban mach minh chumg kha nang boat dong cua chip giai
ma BCD sang 7 thanh.

23

•SEG NHO

.Mach dien sau khi lap rap va di^u chinh duge ehi ra tren hinh 7. Ta ed the
d6 dang nhan tha'y chip Xilinx nam d chinh giiia eiia mach.
Phia b6n trai la vi mach NE555 duge dung de tao xung dem. Phia ben phai la
mdt LED 7 thanh hien thi ket qua dem sd xung da dua vao chip Xilinx. Vi bg
dem nhi phan duge thiet ke d day la bg dem nhi phan 4 bit, nen ket qua hien thi
tr6n LED 7 thanh se la t\i 0 den 15, trong dd t\i 0 den 9 la dudi dang chir sd edn
tiir 10 den 16 la dudi dang ehi? cai: a, b, e, d, E, F.
Bo dem Johnson vd giai md thap phdn
Ban mach minh chiing duge mieu ta d day la mot cdng cu minh boa cho kha
nang lap trinh trong he thdng (tiie kha nang thay doi chuang trinh cho chip ngay
trong ban mach ung dung ma khdng ein phai thao chip va dung mot ban mach
nap chuyen dung).
Mo td thiet ke
Thiet ke thuc hien mot bg dem Johnson 8 bit. Loi ra eiia bg dem di6u khien 8
LED cho phep quan sat tinh trang boat dgng eiia bg dem. Mot vi mach dinh thdi
gian NE555 duge sir dung de tao xung nhip cap cho bg dem. Loi ra eiia bg tao
xung NE555 duge ndi true tiep tdi chan clock CLKl (chan 5) eiia chip Xilinx (d
day la XC9536). Cac dien trd va tu dien trong mach tao xung NE555 cung duge
lua ehgn de tao ra xung ed tan sd 22 Hz. Chuang trinh ciing duge nap vao chip
thdng qua cap JTag gidng nhu d trudng hgp tren. So do nguyen ly eiia bg dem
Jonson duge chi ra trong hinh 8.

I r i p-i ^ o

rrT~r\

o

tr

!
lO-CTSl

S3o

ICWTTO

TDIH •nc

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^^•^•X

Hi

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a

IOKJCK3

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Kxaa
10

10
10

10

[OCSl

10
10
10
10

[O
10
10

ro
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

DOO

10
10
10
10

10
10
10

2q

Hinh 8: So do nguyen ly mach kiem chung bo dem Johnson,
24


Mach di6n sau khi lap rap va di6u chinh duge ehi ra tren hinh 8.

.<?j^««».-t-^'>^r^'B'>.f«t*-^^f^'
*

^&>ii

Hinh 9: Mach dien minh chumg kha nang boat dong cua chip bo dem Johnson.
Ve ca ban thi mach dien nay ehi khac mach d hinh 9 la mot day 8 LED dan
da thay the cho LED 7 thanh. Khi bat dien cac LED se Ian lugt sang phu hgp vdi
gian do thdi gian d cac idi ra cua bg dem Johnson.
Theo thiet ke truyen thdng thi he thdng do tren day se bao gom 5 cam bien
f

t

t

f

f

t

nhiet, mdt cam bien do am, cac mach chuan tin hieu tu cam bien, cac bd bien doi
I

•?

t

f

f

tuong tu-sd de chuyen tin hieu vao mdt vi xu ly, cudi cung la cac khdi giai ma
\

9

1

y

•>

r

f

va dieu khien de dua ra 3 bd hien thi LED 7 thanh. So do khdi cua he thong c6
t

i

f

t

the hinh dung la rat phuc tap. De don gian cho viec tich hgp tren chip, he thong
\

r

duge chia ra thanh nhimg mddun va nit ggn thanh so ddi khdi nhu hinh 10.
CBND 5
CBNDI

CBND 2

CBND 3

CBND 4

1—

.

.

1

t

"L; PSoC
1
r^

•

' 3

XC9536

" 3

' 3

T

T

V

LED 1

LED 2

LED 3

NhdoTB

Nhdp 5

Do am

7

f
CBDA_I
y

I

f

Hinh 10: Sa do khoi cua he thong sir dung cac chip lap trinh duac.
25