Đặc trưng ngôn ngữ văn hóa của từ ngữ nghề nông nghệ tĩnh tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & TRAINING
VINH UNIVERSITY
---------------------

NGUYEN THI PHUOC MY

CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE
AND CULTURE OF AGRICULTURAL
VOCABULARY IN NGHE TINH

Major: Vietnamese Language
Code: 9 22 01 02

SUMMARY OF THE PH.D LITERATURE THESIS

NGHE AN PROVINCE - 2020


The thesis was completed at Vinh University

Science instructor:
ASSOC. PROF. DR. HOANG TRONG CANH

Reviewer 1.

Reviewer 2.

Reviewer 3.

The thesis is defended in front of the University-level doctoral
thesis evaluating committee

Location: Vinh University
Time: At…………o’clock, …………………………………. 2020

The thesis can be found at:
- National Library
- Information Center - Nguyen Thuc Hao Library, Vinh University


1
INTRODUCTION
1. The reason for choosing this topic
1.1. Language is a social phenomenon. Language only exists in society, not
only reflects the common characteristics of the ethnic community, but also imitates
the aspects of divergent areas and occupations, thus creating unity but diversity of the
language. In those differences, there are dialects, occupation languages, which are
formatted of local vocabulary, professional vocabulary.
1.2. When studying the unity and diversity of the national language, in general
as well as in specific aspects, the study of the universal language vocabulary or the
survey of the class of geographical dialect as well as social dialects glossary to
explore the common characteristics, interference and differences in vocabulary
between vocabulary types is essential thing. In this common research context,
following the study of the standard vocabulary class, the dialects and the
terminology, the occupation languages research also needs to be given an appropriate
attention.
In the process of modernization and the industrial revolution, many traditional
occupations have been lost and little by little disappeared. As a result, some activity
words have gradually been forgotten. Thus, surveying, collecting occupations words
and exploring the characteristics of this class in relation to culture, not only in
linguistically but also in specific culture is necessary and urgent action.
1.3. Vietnam has a long-standing agricultural development and Vietnamese

culture is firmly associated with agricultural culture. Especially, agriculture plays an
important role and has a special position in the evolution of society. However,
because of the dispersed, backward traditional farming, correlated with the soil,
climate and farming practices of each region, so each locals has its own vocabulary
classes reflects their professional characteristics and only used by professionals in
this area. Therefore, surveying and researching occupation languages in general and
agricultural vocabulary in particular of each region is necessary.
1.4. Nghe Tinh is a region with its own dialect and cultural characteristics.
Beside the impact of soil and weather conditions, workers have their own habits and
special farming techniques with particular agricultural vocabulary seperating from
other regions, they are also residents who speak Nghe language, which is dissimilar
from the standards language and other dialects, so the term Nghe Tinh has its own
dialect mark. Surveying, collecting, researching agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh
not only indicate the linguistic - cultural characteristics of an occupation language
class but also contribute to demonstrate the flenty and diversity of national language.
That is also the reason why we chose to investigate the topic: Characteristics of
language and culture of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh.
2. Objectives and scope of study
2.1. Objectives


2
In pointing out this topic, we focus on surveying some language - cultural
characteristics of Nghe Tinh agriculture vovabulary on basic aspects (structure,
semantics - identification, culture) for vocabulary classes have been surveyed in
agreement with certain criterias. The specific vocabulary classes are: class of tools,
instruments, varieties or breeds, farmlands; class of agricultural processes and
activities; class of products and finished products; class of environment, seasonal.
2.2. Scope of study
The project focuses on agricultural vocabulary based oh the language and

cultural aspect, in the language aspect, the thesis analyze the structural and semantic identification characteristics of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh.
3. Purposes and mission of study
3.1. Purposes:
The thesis aims to achive the following purposes:
- Pointing out the structure and identification characteristics of agricultural
vocabulary in Nghe Tinh; stand on that base, generalizing the cultural characteristics
appeared through the agricultural vocabulary.
- Provide data for researching social dialects and compiling occupation
dictionaries vocabulary (particularly farming), as a reference for researches are
relating to language and culture in Nghe Tinh region.
3.2. Mission:
To achieve the set goals, the thesis performs the following basic missions:
- Conducting surveys and realistic fieldwork to collect agricultural vocabulary
from regions with long-standing and developing agriculture in Nghe Tinh.
- Presenting an overview of the research situation on professional vocabulary,
general indicating agriculture words and agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh in
particular; identify and clarify related concepts or theoretical issues to plan the
foundation for topic.
- Statistics, classification, description and analysis of the structural
characteristics of agriculture vocabularies in Nghe Tinh.
- Statistics, classification, description and analysis of semantic - identification
characteristics of agriculture vocabularies in Nghe Tinh.
- Describe and analyze highlight and cultural characteristics through the
structure, origin, identification and semantics of the agriculture profesional
vocabularies in Nghe Tinh.
4. Methods and strategies of study
To implement this topic, we use the following main methods and strategies:
Realistic fieldwork, statistical, analysis, description, interdisciplinary research
method and comparation strategy.
5. Contribution of the thesis

5.1. Theoretical meaning


3
- With this project, for the first time, the agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh
was systematically collected, classified, analyzed, and fully described in terms of
structure and identification. Based on these specific evidences and data, the
arguments about linguistic - cultural characteristics of Nghe Tinh region were
discovered.
- The topic dive deep into professional vocabulary with a new approach. This
is an interdisciplinary approach for language and culture. The results of the project
contribute to the development of the Vietnamese lexical major.
5.2. Practical significance
- The linguistics and results of the thesis are necessary references and
supplements data for the study of language and culture in Nghe Tinh, as well as the
teaching of linguistics in general and Nghe Tinh dialect, in particular at the
university.
- The project also join a hand to promote the values and traditional cultural
identity of Nghe Tinh region through preserving the specificity of language and
agricultural culture.
6. Structure of the thesis
In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendix, the main
content of the thesis is deployed into 4 chapters:
Chapter 1. Overview situation and theoretical basis
Chapter 2. Structural specificity of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh
Chapter 3. Identify specificity of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh
Chapter 4. Cultural specificity manifested through agricultural vocabulary in
Nghe Tinh

4
Chapter 1
OVERVIEW SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS
1.1. Short Introduction:
Professional vocabulary are products of occupational communication. It has
both values in linguistic and historical, cultural.
So far, in the world as well as in Vietnam, there are not much studies about
professional vocabulary and the conception of linguistic researchers on them has not
been unified. Therefore, professional vocabulary study is an urgent requirement both
in theory and practice.
In chapter 1, we will present an overview situation and theoretical issues
related to professional vocabulary in general and agricultural vocabulary in Nghe
Tinh in particular. This is also the research orientation for the thesis.
1.2. Overview situation
1.2.1. Research situation of professional vocabulary
1.2.1.1. Foreign research situation
In the world, professional vocabulary and related issues have been researched
and discussed by Soviet linguists such as L. A. Kapanadze, A. V. Superanskaja, V. D.
Bondaletop, IU. V. Rozdextvenxki. When debating about terminology and
nomenclature, two authors L. A. Kapanadze and A. V. Superanskaja has general
mentioned about professional vocabulary, especially the problem of the formation
and the names of objects. However, both authors have not deep discussed the
professional vocabulary in terms of structure, semantics and identifier. Author IU. V.
Rozdextvenxki observed the encyclopedia to be one of the foundations of
professional language education as well as the selection and explaination of
professional vocabulary. Thus, when referring to terminology or nomenclature and
location, foreign researchers often refer to professional vocabulary. The professional
vocabulary indicated is the term of a group of professionals or workers, often used in
such group; Professional vocabulary often carry the transition meaning, used in
informal language and expressive style.

1.2.1.2. Domestic research situation
In Vietnam, the intellection of Vietnamese linguists about professional
vocabulary is not unified; and there are still many different ways to understand its
scope of use.
a. The first trend is introducing the concept, characteristics of professional
vocabulary and suggest criterias to distinguish it from the standard vocabulary class
as well as other related classes. Typical projects: Nguyen Van Tu, Nguyen Thien
Giap, Do Huu Chau, Hoang Thi Chau, Mai Ngoc Chu, Vu Duc Nghieu and Hoang
Trong Phien. Because of curriculum feature, the authors have just explored the
general level, not fully analyzed the relationship between professional vocabulary and
the local words, terminology and slang. Researchers also do not have enough


5
conditions to make a deep study about professional vocabulary in terms of structure,
identifier, semantics from the linguistic and cultural aspects.
b. The second research trend is the lexical research of certain traditional
occupations. Bedises a number of articles published in professional journals as well
as professional vocabulary scientific seminars, there are a number of master's theses
and study following this trend.
Among the research on professional vocabulary, the science topic: Bat Trang
ceramics professional language linguistics of Institute of Linguistic, led by author
Nguyen Van Khang is remarkable. However, this study has not been classified in
terms of identification - an important factor that showing the village cultural
specificity reflected in the language.
Many people are interested in professional vocabulary in dialect areas of Thanh
- Nghe Tinh, Dong Thap Muoi (about 15 years ago) and proceed studies at different
levels. Most notably, there are two ministerial and state-level scientific works by
author Hoang Trong Canh: Professional vocabulary in Nghe Tinh dialect (Initial
survey of fishing, fish sauce, salt woker’s profession); Researching the vocabulary

and cultural of Thanh - Nghe Tinh sea profession and two PhD thesis of author
Nguyen Van Dung and Tran Hoang Anh. On the basis of a large number of
professional vocabulary collected, the authors have compared the terminology with
the standard language; at the same time analyze the structural characteristics,
semantics and the actual reflection of words, in order to indicate the characteristics of
professional vocabulary classes.
1.2.2. Agricultural vocabulary studies
By seeking for the published research or studies on agriculture vocabulary by
the authors: Ngon Thi Bich, Le Viet Chung, Phan Thi To Huyen, Do Thi Thao, we
found that the agriculture vocabulary has not been paid attention, properly
researched, no works has been fully systematically collected and investigated them in
terms of linguistic - culture.
1.2.3. Agricultural vocabulary studies in Nghe Tinh
Currently, there have been a number of researches for professional vocabulary
in Nghe Tinh dialect with different sizes, related to the published topic. These studies
and articles mainly refer to a few commons about Nghe Tinh agriculture (in terms of
structure, semantics, identifier, the actual reflection of words, indicating the unique
aspects of agricultural vocabulary class only in some specific localities in Nghe Tinh)
or survey some names in agriculture in Nghe Tinh. No published works have been
fully systematically collected, researched this vocabulary on the overall aspect of the
language, nor has any fully and comprehensively agricultural vocabulary researched
in Nghe Tinh from the linguistic - cultural aspect. This is the basis for us to
implement this topic.
1.3. Theoretical basis of the topic
1.3.1. General problems in vocabulary


6
1.3.1.1. Conception of words and structure of Vietnamese words
a. Conception of Vietnamese words

When discussing the concept of Vietnamese words, we encountered a lot of
different ideas of linguistic researchers, defining words such as: Mai Ngoc Chu, Vu
Duc Nghieu, Hoang Trong Phien (1990); Nguyen Tai Can (1975); Nguyen Kim Than
(1977); Do Huu Chau (1981). Although the conception was different a little bit, but
the authors provided for people who are interested in Vietnamese words a relatively
complete understanding the aspects of the word. The difference conception of words
is mainly due to aspects and views; emphasize this or the other side of the word.
However, in this topic, as a foundation for collecting and researching agriculture
vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, we only apply the views of the authors and draw a common
understanding about the word: “Word is the smallest sequence of phonemes with
objective or practical meaning, which can be used independently to make sentences”.
b. Types of Vietnamese word structures
In Vietnamese, there are many studies on types of Vietnamese structure.
Typical is the work by Nguyen Tai Can (1975), Nguyen Van Tu (1968), Ho Le
(1976), Do Huu Chau (1962, 1981), Nguyen Thien Giap (1978), Hoang Van Hanh
(editor), Nguyen Van Khang, Ha Quang Nang (1998) ... Regarding to structure
elements, the authors Hoang Van Hanh, Nguyen Van Khang and Ha Quang Nang
have pointed out two types of elements, including morphology and phonology.
c. Structure model of Vietnamese words
Based on the criteria of independence / non-independence, meaning / no
meaning of the factors involved in word formation and types of structural, we
summarize them into Vietnamese structure models.
d. Types of structure words
The thesis applied the conception of word types that Nguyen Tai Can has
implemented in the Vietnamese Grammar textbook as a basis for collecting,
classifying and studying words including: single, compound and reduplication words.
1.3.1.2. Concepts about linguistics and Vietnamese linguistic structure
a. The concept of Vietnamese linguistic
Currently, the concept of linguistics among researchers is not completely
unified, but the difference is not huge. As a foundation for the topic, we rely on

Nguyen Tai Can's concept of language. With the above understanding, within the
scope of the topic and surveyed materials, the secondary primary linguistic indicating
agricultural in Nghe Tinh is the unit that the thesis will describe along with other
professional vocabulary because the secondary means of identification are often
constructed to identify in professional vocabulary.
b. Types of Vietnamese structure models
The purpose of this thesis is not to describe the structure of Vietnamese, but we
will use the existing models of researchers. In this thesis, when defining and
describing the means of identification of agriculture in Nghe Tinh, we always apply


7
the pattern of phrase structure that Nguyen Tai Can has implemented in Vietnamese
Grammar Book (1975).
1.3.2. General issues about professional vocabulary
1.3.2.1. Concepts of professional vocabulary
When discussing about professional vocabulary, researchers have many
different definitions (as mentioned in the overview). In this thesis, we do dive into all
of the issues related to these definition but only apply the conception of the previous
authors, point out an understanding and apply to this topic. Professional vocabulary is
a commonly used and familiar term among people working on the same profession,
with the "specialized" content, indicating the names of tools, instruments, activities,
occupation products and they have many types, different levels of use.
1.3.2.2. Position of professional vocabulary in linguistic
Professional vocabulary are the informal vocabulary which limited used in
social and familiar among people working on the same profession.
1.3.2.3. Features of professional vocabulary
Professional vocabulary also have common characteristics of Vietnamese,
including three basic types of words such as: single, compound and reduplication
words. However, because the development of the profession is correlated with a

specific region, residents also speak common accents in the local dialect and in order
to make the work in a certain career being more convenient people will use
professional vocabulary in their communication, so it has the phonetic variation as
the local words and has its own unique variation, forming separate specific
professional vocabulary classes.
1.3.2.4. The relationship between professional vocabulary and other word
classes
a. Professional and standard vocabulary
Professional and standard vocabulary are different in scope of use, user object,
reflection content, usage style and role for ethnic language system, but they have a
close relationship, back and forth together.
b. Professional and local vocabulary
Professional vocabulary is born from a certain profession, belonging to the
social dialect. Local words/vocabulary is familiar words using in localities that have a
difference with the standard vocabulary (belonging to the geographical dialect).
However, there is a relationship between them, because the professional vocabulary
of workers always exists in a certain geographical area.
c. Professional vocabulary and slang
Slang is the name "superimposed" on official names, and the professional
vocabulary is the identify units that directly named for tools and product activities,
often without synonyms in the standard language.
d. Professional vocabulary and terminology


8
Terminology is a scientific term referring to the scientific concept of a sector or
a specialized field of science; in another way, the professional vocabulary is the word
of a profession that refers to the tools, instrument, activities and products activities,
which is familiarly used by people in this profession.
1.3.3. Culture and the relationship between language and culture

1.3.3.1. Cultural concept
After cited and analyzing the cultural conceptions of Pham Duc Duong (2001),
Le Quang Thiem (1998), Tran Ngoc Them (1996), UNESCO, we found that the
above views have the main points such as: 1) Culture is created by people
(individuals and communities); 2) Culture is typical values (material and spiritual); 3)
Culture is a continuous accumulation progress through long-time history; 4) Culture
is the value that constitutes a major part of system.
When considering to cultural, those are also the core common cultural
perceptions that we will rely on as the foundation to apply in the topic.
1.3.3.2. The relationship between language and culture
Language and culture have a close, indispensable relationship. Language is the most
important element of culture and is a means to reflect, store and exchange culture,
promoting culture development; conversely, cultural and ethnic elements are shared
and disclosed through language.
1.3.4. Identifier and linguistic - cultural specifications
1.3.4.1. Identifier concept
In comparasion of the Vietnamese Dictionary (1998), V.G.Gac, G.V.Cônsansky,
the concept of G.V.Cônsansky has shown quite fully the characteristics of identifier.
Therefore, in this topic, we use the identifier concept of G.V.Cônsansky as a research base.
1.3.4.2. The mechanism of identifier
Identifier is a process of moving from sensory to rational perception. Sensory
perception gives us things, rational perception gives us the names of things.
1.3.4.3. Linguistic - cultural specifications of identifier
The linguistic - cultural specifications of identifier shown in the identifier subject, the
name of object must be based on the reason of its identifier subject (can be hopes,
wishes, love, hate, ...) or based on the features selection of the object (may be
important or unimportant but distinctive) as the basis for the name of the object.
1.4. Overview of agriculture in Nghe Tinh
1.4.1. Nghe Tinh and the agricultural farming environment
Nghe Tinh is one of the ancient lands of Vietnamese. Throughout nearly two

thousand years of history, with many times of splitting and merging, Nghe Tinh
(currently including Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces) always has coherence and
unity of language, culture, customs, and natural conditions.
Nghe Tinh has a natural area of 22,502 km2, with 2/3 of the land area is
mountainous forests, interspersed with plains. Humid tropical climate, with
population of over 4 million and cultivation is still the main occupation.


9
1.4.2. About agriculture in Nghe Tinh
Nghe Tinh is one of the pure agriculture location, monoculture of rice; There are
about 5300 km2 of farmlands. Much of the farmland is located in the eastern coastal
plains. Most of these farmlands are not flat with heavy ground, sandy, gravel mixed,
so it is difficult to cultivate. Drought often occurs. But in this situation, people have
the virtue to endure hardships and resilience to overcome the harsh circumstances.
Although natural conditions are not favorable for cultivation, for many reasons,
agriculture is still a long-standing traditional profession, always take an important
role in Nghe Tinh from ancient times to the present.
1.5. Conclusion of Chapter 1
Evaluating the researched of professional vocabulary, we found that:
agriculture in Nghe Tinh has not been paid attention and properly researched. On the
basis of theoretical views about professional vocabulary, the thesis point out the way
to understand professional vocabulary, the position of them and its relationship with
other classes of words. On the other hand, cultural issues, the relationship between
language and culture, identifier and linguistic - cultural specifications, concepts of
vocabulary and word structure are also analyzed, in order to make theoretical premise
for the thesis research.


10

Chapter 2
STRUCTURAL SPECIFICITY OF AGRICULTURAL VOCABULARY IN
NGHE TINH
2.1. Short Introduction:
Agricultural professional vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, in terms of morphology
structure, are units made from morphemes (for words) and words (for linguistics) like
other words in Vietnamese but at the same time they are also identifiers unit.
In order to have a foundation for implementing the thesis, we collected 4091
agriculture vocabulary by field survey. Those are the familiar agricultural vocabulries
that naturally and popularly used by Nghe Tinh people.
2.2. Types of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh in terms of structure
2.2.1. Single word
The number of agriculture single-word in Nghe Tinh is 473 units (accounting
for 11.56%). All single words are monosyllabic, have 1 morpheme (sound), like: cay,
bua, ach, ban, chem, bang, bac, boc, bon, bua, but, be, bo, dam, gat,... This is a part
of the original vocabulary of agricultural professional vocabulary, it was born early
and is the basis to form the derivative professional vocabulary and also play an
important role in communication between profession residents. In the single word
class, there are some common words but there are some dialectic words, which is
used very limited in the profession or this locally such as com, mun, nen, trac, chong,
dum, rac, reo, ro.. and there are variables single words which can be used in different
localities in Nghe Tinh, such as: ach (ach, ec, ech, du, uong, ech); xeng (bai, ven,
ven)...
2.2.2. Compound
Compound words have 3404 units, accounting for 83.2% of general
vocabulary, in which:
2.2.2.1. Separated compound:
There are 3344 units of separated compound (accounting for 98.24%). In
general, these words are quite unfamiliar to non-professionals. In particular, there are
many separated compound with very limited scope of use in only one dialect; not

only strangers twith outsiders but even people who work in this profession but in
different local areas in Nghe Tinh may not understand, such as: dat mu, dat mung, dat
ngau, gau vay (gau xuc), giang xay, lai xot, lại gat, lai ma, lo loc run, lo loc mo, nep
bong, nep bot, nep tri, num gu, xeo ma,…
2.2.2.2. Join compound
Join compound only account for a very small number, including 60 units
(accounting for 1.76%). The elements that make up a join compound indicate the
same meaning and got equal relationship in grammatical role, the meaning of word is
generalized such as: gian trang (gian sang), giong ganh, lo ma, thoi vụ, gao gau, tru bo,
gat hai, tooc ra, man an,…
2.2.3. Reduplication


11
Reduplication has a small number of only 60 units (accounting for 1.47%). The
special thing is with only a few objects but the number of reduplication agricultural
vocabulary that used to name them outweighs many times: lung lang, chang lang, loc
lech, khung khang, đui bui, thui bui, bui nhui, bui bui, boi bui, tang lang, thang lang,
long lenh, lung leng, loong leng...
2.2.4. Phonetic identifier
We have collected 154 units of phonetic identifier, accounting for 3.76% of
Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary in general. For example: nep tap giao hot nho, nep
tap giao hot to, vong thep chot ma bua, lo thoi ki chac xenh, lo thoi ki phoi mao, lo
thoi ki uon cau, lo thoi ki thu hoach, benh vang lun xoan la, benh chay bia la, sau đuc
than buom cu meo, sau đuc than hai cham, sau đuc than nam vach dau den...
In terms of structure type, these specialized phonetic are structured according
to the sub-main (seperated) model, in which, the main element is also the general
element and the sub-element includes many factors with classification function that
can spit general elements into smaller categories.
2.3. Relation structure type of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh

2.3.1. The relation structure type of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, in
terms of the number of direct elements
Model 1: The first direct element indicates type (C) - the second direct
element classified (P) includes a basic element P:

According to this model, there are 2514/3498 units (accounting for 71.86%).
For example: chan ruong, chot ban, chuoi cay, banh ngo, khoai cua, ban trang, ma
cuoi, ma den...
* Model 2: The first direct element indicates type (C) - the second direct
element classified (P) includes two basic elements P1, P2
This model has 779/3498 units (accounting for 22.26%). In this model, P1 and
P2 have the following combinations:
- Type 1: P1 and P2 got main-sub (seperated) relationships, P1 main - P2 sub.

This model has 692 units: ao coi xay, ban xat bang, bit ma bua, bua truc đat,
cay bo vat, man co pham, benh tu hu, com lo loc, den nhanh lo...
- Type 2: P1 and P2 got main-sub (seperated) relationships, P1 sub - P2 main:

This model consists of 27 units. For example: khoai 6 thang, lo hai dong, lo ba
la, lo nam khang, lo lun cay, cao bon rang, cao sau rang…
- Type 3: P1 and P2 got reduplicate or independent relationship


12

The model consists of 60 units such as: cay gieo vai, ro tru bo, uom tru bo,
mua cay hai, đat nuong be…
* Model 3: First direct element indicates type (C) - the second direct
element has meaning classification (P) including 3 basic element P1, P2, P3
This model has 119 units (accounting for 3.4%). In this model, P1, P2 and P3

have 6 types of combinations:
- Type 1:
For example: binh phun thuoc sau, khoai chiem dau trang, dat gat pha thit, …
- Type 2:
This model has 22 units: lac L14, lac L18, lo R22, lo X21, lo X23, lo X30, lo
V14, ngo G49, ngo Tainan 11, lo lo thap thoi...
- Type 3:
This model has 15 units, accounting for 0.43%, such as: dai co dinh duoi, dai
co dinh tren, dai co dinh vet, do den trang long, do den xenh long, gia đo ba chu
(chan)…
- Type 4:
This model has 12 units, accounting for 0.34%. For example: lo nong nghiep
hai, lo nong nghiep nam, lo quan phong chiem, lo quy uu mot, lo quy uu sau,…
- Type 5:
This type of structure has 11 units, accounting for 0.32%: lo bay hai nam, lo
bon hai bon, lo hai khong ba…

- Type 6:
This type of structure has only 1 unit, accounting for 0.03%: Benh vang lun cay
- Type 7:
This model has 3 units, accounting for 0.09%, round up in the group word
which indicating tools, instrument, types of soil and agricultural varieties or breeds.
For example: ngo lai VL 10, ngo lai VL 14.


13
* Model 4: The first direct element has structure C1-P1 which is joint
relationship with the second direct element - structure C2-P2.

For this model, there are only 5/3498 units, accounting for 0.14% such as: thau

chua rua man, lam co suc bun, cuoc co suc bun,…
* Model 5: First direct element indicates type CP - the second direct
element classified (P) includes 4 basic elements P1, P2, P3, P4
This model has 68/3498 units (accounting for 1.94%), with 10 types of
combinations:

- Type 1:
This type of structure has 18/3498 units (accounting for 0.51%). For example:
nep tap giao hột nho, lo thoi ky chac xenh, lo thoi ki chin vang, lo thoi ki co dong…

- Type 2:
This type of structure has 16/3498 units, accounting for 0.46%. For example:
lo QI so 1, lac LK14, lo 13/2, lo DT10, lo VD 10, lo VD 20, may gat dap lien hop…
- Type 3:
This type of structure has 2/3498 units, accounting for 0.06%, which are: dieu
chinh do bang phang, dieu chinh do su can
- Type 4:
This type of relationship has 6/3498 units, accounting for 0.17%. Those are:
gia do cu rang bua, khuy sat giu ma bua, nep bong cai hoa vang, vong thep chot ma
bua, benh vang lun xoan la…

- Type 5:
This type of structure has 3/3498 units, accounting for 0.09%, including: ngo
lai Viet Nam 1, khoai lang KL1, khoai lang KL5.
- Type 6:
This type of structure has 9/3498 units, accounting for 0.26%, which are: lo
khang dan 18, lo nhi uu 86, lo nhi uu 63, lo nong nghiep 22, lo nhi uu 68, ngo nep
kinh 80…

14

- Type 7:
This type of structure has only 6/3498 units, accounting for 0.17%, such as: lo
NN3A, lo NN6A...

- Type 8:
This type of structural model has 5/3498 units, accounting for 0.14%, such as:
lo lai 986, ngo lai 889, ngo lai 999...
- Type 9:
This model type has only 1/3498 units, accounting for 0.03%, that is: lo 7510

- Type 10:
This type of relationship has 2/3498 units, accounting for 0.06%, including:
sau duc than nam vach, sau duc than hai cham
* Model 6: First direct element indicates type CP - the second direct
element classified (P) includes 5 basic elements P1, P2, P3, P4, P5
This model has 6/3498 units (accounting for 0.17%); There are 6 types of
combinations.

- Type 1:
This model consists of 2/3498 units, accounting for 0.06%. Those words are: lo
nhi uu 636, lo nhi uu 838.

- Type 2:
This type of relationship has 4/3498 units, accounting for 0.12%, such as: ngo
CP 989...
* Model 7: First direct element indicates type (C) - the second direct
element classified (P) includes 6 basic elements P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6
This model has 6/3460 units (accounting for 0.17%), with 1 type of

combination.

For example: Lo IR mot tam hai khong…


15
* Model 8: The first direct element indicates the type (C) - the second
direct element is classified (P) including 11 basic elements.
For this model there is only 1 unit, which is: lo NN bay nam - mot QCR hai
khong ba (accounting for 0.03%).

Thus, the agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, considering in the number of
direct elements, have diverse and rich structure model, there are 26 types of structural
relations, belonging to 8 word formation models.
2.3.2. The relation structure type of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, in
terms of independent or non-independent of the elements
Model 1: Independent element (A) - independent element (A)
This model consists of 3152 units, accounting for 94.26%. For example: bua
xat, bua rang, bu gao, cai sen, can cuoc, chac lat, bo la, boc lac, boi khoai, but do,
but lo, cat ma, cao co, but tooc…
Model 2: Independent element(A) - non-independent element (B) Or nonindependent element (B) - independent element (A)
This model has 169 units (accounting for 5.05%). For example: khoai i, khoai
the, lai xot, lo dung, nap cay, ngo rat, niet cay, xeo ma,…
Model 3: Non-independent element (B) - non-independent element (B)
There are 23 units with this model (accounting for 0.69%). Such as: xa lach,
chin du, cang kip, xa beng…
2.3.3. The relation structure type of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, in terms
of the scope of use of structural elements
a. Meaningful elements used in the standard language + Meaningful elements
used the standard language: We have a combination model (1): A + A → AA: dat +

thtt → dat thit; đe + coi → đe coi.
This type of combination, consisting of 1980 units (accounting for 58.16%).
For example: bun kho, chao canh, chao trang, san trang, san deo, sang tang san, ngo
nep, ngo hat…
b. Meaningful elements used in the standard language + meaningful elements
used in dialects: We have the model (2): A + B → AB: bua + bit → bua bit; cao +
bon → cao bon.
This type of relationship has 485 units (accounting for 14.24%). In particular,
element B may consist of 2 or more basic elements. For example: dai dang, dat cang,
duoi tray, khoai bu, liem but, nep bong, san chac, coi xay lo, cuoc can ga, coi gia
lo…


16
c. Meaningful elements used in dialects + meaningful element used in the
standard language: Model (3): B + A → BA: bong + cuoc → bong cuoc; chui + cau
→ chui cau.
This type of combination has 720 units (accounting for 21.15%), direct
component A may consist of two basic elements. For example: do trung sao, giang
co, choe lua, dot khoai, ma nganh tre, lo nac hai, lo loc nguon, lo dau trang, do
xuong rong…
d. Meaningful elements used in dialects + meaningful elements used in
dialects: We have the model (4): B + B → BB: dua + nac → dua nac; giong + mo
tro → giong mo tro; lo + loc mo → lo loc mo.
We counted for 219 units (accounting for 6.45%). For example: ma tay, suong
ma, but do, but lo, but tooc, benh sau, re long, do lo, lot chac niet,…
2.4. Conclusion of chapter 2
The agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh include: singl, compound, reduplication
and identifiers. These types of words have a big difference in quantity. Compound
accounting for the majority (83.20%), of which the seperated compound propotion is

98.23%. The structure of identification units, according to the main-sub (seperated)
relation is the main direction of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh. This shows
that the structural characteristics of professional vocabulary are priority to create
professional-specific words. Agriculture identifier units in Nghe Tinh are quite
diversified in terms of elements and structural models. The elements involved in the
structure include both the standard and the local factors. Those elements take part in
creating words according to different models and specific relationships. But whether
it is the standard or locality vocabulary and which kind of combination relationship,
with the identifier content that the word reflect, the expertise, professionalism of
words is still outstanding criteria.
This is the condition for us to deep learning about the imprint, the regional
differences in the use of Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary, compared to other regions.


17
Chapter 3
IDENTIFY SPECIFICITY OF AGRICULTURAL
VOCABULARY IN NGHE TINH
3.1. Short Introduction:
The agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh province is identified according to the
structure of one or two elements, where X is the element indicates type and Y is the
classified element (characteristic of X). The number and ratio of identification
structure types are as follows:
X
473
11.56
3618
XY
88.44
Level 1

Level 2
Level 3
2700
809
109
(74.63%)
(22.36%)
(3.01%)
Total
4091
100
As data above, residents in Nghe Tinh prefer object identifying way that are
more individualized and differentiated. Through that name, it reflects the hidden
habits, the way of looking things, the specific and meticulous way in thinking of
Nghe Tinh people.
3.2. Types of identification are selected in Nghe Tinh agriculture
vocabulary
3.2.1. Identifying by method and function: There are 1104 units, (accounting
for 26.99%). For example: bua chem, bua xat, cao mo, liem xen, liem but, bo day
khoai
3.2.2. Identifying by structural characteristics, shape, dimensions: There are
749 units (accounting for 18.31%). For example: bua dung, ca dai de, ma bua lon,
mom gau, nep tom…
3.2.3. Identifying by color unique: there are 142 units (accounting for 3.47%). For
example: bu do, ca den, ca tim, lo loc vang, lo tep den, do ngon, mo mo ga, vang mo, …
3.2.4. Identifying by number or name of the abbreviation: We collected a
total of 99 units (accounting for 2.42%). Such as: cay 58, cay 54, khoai lang KL1..
3.2.5. Identifying by structural materials: there are 179 units (accounting for
4.38%). Such as: ban go, ban trang go, bua go, bua sat, can cao…
3.2.6. Identifying by feature and position of parts: Including 458 units

(accounting for 11.20%). Including: ach cay, bung gau, dai cao, de ach, dit khau…
3.2.7. Identifying by characteristics and methods of creating products: Including
124 units (accounting for 3.03%), like: benh trung, com vat, do looc, khoai gieo…
3.2.8. Identifying by the origin: there are 42 units (accounting for 1.03%). Such as:
ca Da Nang, cai Ha Noi, khoai Ha Tinh, lac An Do, lo lai Trung Quoc, lo loc Lao…


18
3.2.9. Identifying by nature, smell, taste, condition: there are 186 units
(accounting for 4.55%). Such as: cai ngot, cau gau dai, dua bo, dat bo, dat chua phen…
3.2.10. Identifying by location: There are 51 units, accounting for 1.25%. For
example: cau gau duoi, cau gau sau, chot giua, dai co dinh tren, don ngang, hong
gau, sot duoi…
3.2.11. Identifying by growth period: there are 75 units (accounting for
1.83%). Including: lo thoi ki con gai, don long, lo he co yem, cui bong, chac xenh…
3.2.12. Identifying by environment, growing conditions: including 121 units
(accounting for 2.96%). Such as: khoai vooc, lac dop, lo chiu han, lo dam lay…
3.2.13. Identifying by time - seasonal characteristics: There are 15 units (accounting
for 0.37%). Such as: khoai trai, lac mua, lac trai, lo mua, lo som, lo thu, lo xuan…
3.2.14. Identifying by condition of farmlands: There are 9 units (accounting
for 0.22%). Like: ai suong, ai tham, cay hoa, cay hoang, cay phui, cay trai…
3.2.15. Identifying by breeds and variaties: only 2 units (accounting for
0.04%), that is: bo thuc (just like bulls), tia duc.
3.2.16. Other types of identification: there are 737 units (accounting for
18.02%). Most of these units are single words like the original single words in
Vietnamese, which have not been classified or determined identifier, because they
have not been found the based or identifier. Such as: cao, cuoc, cay, dao, dan, diep,
dia, mai da, trac bao, trac ngom com rat, lo nan…
3.3. "Depth classification" in the identifier of agricultural vocabulary in
Nghe Tinh

3.3.1. Quantitative statistics
Through the surveying process of 3 basic agricultural vocabulary group in
Nghe Tinh province as mentioned, we caculated for 4091 word units. The number of
each group indicating the depth classification is specified as follows:
Depth classification of word groups
Quantity
Percentage
Strain Tools, instrument, soil
65.53%
192
Indicating group types, plant varieties
7.17%
Operations, production
24.57%
72
processes
293
Products, finished products,
9.90%
29
grasses and pests
Type Tools, instrument, soil
66.43%
2523
Indicating group types, plant varieties
92.83%
Operations, production
22.51%
855
processes

3798
Products, finished products,
11.06%
420
grasses and pests
Total
4091
100%


19
3.3.2. Strain - Indicating group words
Strain - Indicating group words has 293 units (7.17%). There are two basic
groups:
Firstly, the agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh indicate the strain that the
standard language and the Southern dialect do not have the corresponding words.
These are long-standing local words and are used by people as their communication
habits. For example: dua, choan, trac (treng), sao, don…
Secondly, the indicated strain agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh have a different
meaning from the meanings of the standard language and other regions: noc, lo…
3.3.3. Type - Indicating group words
Type - Indicating group words represents the "depth classification" in detail,
specificity and specialization direction. In which, objects can be divided into many
sub-types, multiple levels and ranks. The distinguishing factors are divided into
smaller rank such as first, second and third, to distinguish specific objects. The subtype words take the highest number. We divide this group of words into 2 smaller
groups: type and sub-type with the following number:
No
Group words
Quantity
Percentage

1
Type
358
9.43
Level 1
2556
67.29
2
Sub-type
Level 2
764
20.12
Level 3
120
3.16
Total
3798
100
3.4. Conclusion of chapter 3
The most of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh have two-element
identification structures, element indicates type (X) and classified elements (Y), with
3 different levels, which concretizing and differentiating identified objects. There are
up to 16 different base properties identifiers selected by the people of Nghe Tinh.
This shows the specificity and richness of the identifier in Nghe Tinh agricultural
vocabulary. Most of Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary is reasonable identifier type;
The non-reasonable identifier just take a small number. This displays the imprint of
thinking, reflects the specific object, the diverse and rich association of that word.
Indentifiers by method and function; by the nature, the position of the part in
the whole used things accounts for a high proportion. Thus, people in Nghe Tinh
mainly choose familiar characteristics, common in life, easy to perceive and get

intuitive. In terms of the "depth classification" of Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary,
type indicating group words accounts for many times higher than the common
characteristics words. These above proves that, in perception, Nghe Tinh people often
tend to detail and concretize the object. The unique characteristics of the object are
not only chosen to differentiate in type but also easy to identify, so Nghe Tinh
agriculture vocabulary is both specific, abundant, and close.


20
Chapter 4
CULTURAL SPECIFICITY MANIFESTED THROUGH AGRICULTURAL
VOCABULARY IN NGHE TINH
4.1. Short Introduction
Language is a product and element of culture, and simultaneously it is a means
of cultural expression. Therefore, 4091 agriculture vocabularies collected in Nghe
Tinh province are also an expression of the culture in this region. At the same time,
this figure also shows the "professional" role of this vocabulary class for the profession;
they are also the way to reflect the cultural and professional characteristics of the
agricultural employers in this region.
4.2. Cultural specificity are expressed through word structure
By analyzing the number and ratio of agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh,
expressed through the structure of words, we find that there are quite similarities and
differences between them and the standard language as follow:
Firstly, the agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh have the same types of word
units as the standard language.
Secondly, the vocabulary used in Nghe Tinh agriculture, compound account
for the highest number and ratio: 3404 units (83.02%). Including 3.344 seperated
compound (accounting for 98.24%).
Thirdly, the types of structural relationships model of agricultural vocabulary
in Nghe Tinh province are very diversity.

4.3. Cultural specificity are expressed through word origin
The origin languages of Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary is quite diversified.
There is a difference in quantity and ratio between pure Vietnamese words and
borrowed words. In Nghe Tinh's agricultural vocabulary, in addition to some ancient
words and a significant number of phonetic words reflecting the history of
Vietnamese, there are also have words that reflected the results of language exposure
and interaction between Vietnamese and Thai of residents with rice cultivation in the
region. All things have created the unique color for professional vocabulary, it is also
shows the exclusive face of linguistic - culture in this land. It is a unique feature that
you can not find in anywhere else.
4.4. Cultural specificity are expressed through identifiers
4.4.1. Cultural specificity are expressed through characteristics of the chosen
objects as basis identification
The characteristics chosen for identify are usually intuitive, easy to observe
and remember, so it is convenient for professional communication and production
activities. It also display the reality of manual, rudimentary, closed, fragmented
farming, with little connectivity between localities in the region.


21
4.4.2. Cultural specificity are expressed through depth classification of
identifiers
Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary has a detailed and clear depth of classification.
This once again confirms the depth of the profession and the habit perception,
reflecting reality life in a systematic specific, meticulous aspects of Nghe Tinh people.
4.4.3. Cultural specificity are expressed through reality identify fields and
symbolic meaning
Farming is a traditional profession of Nghe Tinh people. Therefore, the cultural
mark about society and manual agriculture working has been deeply curved in the
activities, behaviors and languages of whole community. Familiar images of things

and phenomena in agriculture that express through meaning; and images closely
attached to the farmer become the symbolic image, which is going into folk poetry or
using in comparision; partly reflects the richness and diversity of professional
vocabulary and the attachment, thoughts and feelings of Nghe Tinh people to
agriculture. These composes express the true and profound cognitive of farming and
reflect the reality objective with colorful picture of professional life. Thereby, we see
images with many symbolic and multi-face meanings in the physical wellbeing and
spiritual culture of Nghe Tinh people.
4.5. Conclusion of chapter 4
Like the general agriculture vocabulary unit, the agriculture vocabulary in
Nghe Tinh mainly uses elements of pure Vietnamese, in addition, in the process of
exchanging and exposing with other cultures, Nghệ Tĩnh people also borrow
elements of Chinese and Indo-European origin (mainly from France), but the number
of them is not much. All of this factors show the nature of agriculture, a longstanding handicraft of our nation as well as Nghe Tinh locality. Nghe Tinh's
agricultural vocabulary has both common and linguistic cultural specificity of
Vietnamese people and a distinctive marks of the Nghe farmers.
The linguistic - cultural characteristics of Nghe farmers are expressed through
vocabulary in three basic aspects: characteristics of the chosen objects as basis
identification; depth classification of identifiers; reality identify fields and symbolic
meaning, we not only see the abundance of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, but
also feel a part of the details of specific thinking, cognitive habits that reflect visually
but multi-dimensional diversity as well as the ability overcoming, adapting to nature
and creativity in professional activities of Nghe Tinh farmers. Although the
conditions of agricultural farming environment are not favorable, the spirit of the
workers is very persistent, knows how to create many tools, find out many labor
methods that closing to the profession. The linguistic picture of the Nghe Tinh
agriculture structure, identity and symbol is also the image of the culture of the
Nghe’s pure agricultural.

22
CONCLUSION
Works and occupations before industrialization and modernization have been
closely associated to human life, national wisdom and human race for a long period.
Today, when society has modernized and industrialized, traditional profession are not
as popular as they used to be, but they still have their own role and position in the
social and cultural life in a part of nation. In terms of language and cultural,
professional vocabulary has its own characteristics that need to be studied. From the
results of the study of agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, from the aspect of
linguistic - culture, we draw some conclusions as follows:
1. In terms of linguistics, professional vocabulary are less interested in
linguists, especially from researching a specific profession under linguistic-cultural
perspective. With this thesis, although the various aspects of the professional
vocabulary are not fully explored, but by the reality fieldwork experience and the
huge number of collected vocabulary from people who has long-term working in this
field. The thesis has tried to show the diversity of ethnic languages, the role and value
of professional vocabulary, especially agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh, in the
general national linguistic system, as well as the linguistic-cultural values of the
locality, manifested in Nghe Tinh agriculture.
2. Because the concept of professional vocabulary is not very consistent
through reseachers, the thesis has put words with contents that reflecting agricultural
professional skills, such as tools, instrument, activities and products of the profession,
in relationships with other word classes, to consider interpretations and make own
choices. Although the survey is aim to agriculture vocabulary in a specific locality,
the thesis still show that the professional vocabulary has a tightly reciprocal
relationship with local words and standard language. It has an inseparable
relationship with the geographical dialect. At the same time, professional vocabulary
are linked closely to slang and terminology.
3. Agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh has a narrow scope of reflection, not as
many realms as other word classes in the language, primarily three arrays of reality.

However, the vocabulary in Nghe Tinh agriculture is quite rich and varied. The
results of the investigation and survey of the thesis initially consisted of 4091 units.
3.1. The abundance of the agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh shows the rich
reality of agriculture of this region, on the other hand, it also shows the long-standing
attachment and understanding of the profession of the owner.
3.2. In terms of scope, usage level, Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary has many
components; In addition to a large number of professional vocabulary being used in
the standard language or in the Nghe Tinh dialect, the people in the whole Nghe Tinh


23
area can understand their meaning, many professional vocabularies are difficult to
comprehend for non-agricultural workers, even people working in this filed but live
in different localities will not understand its meaning. This shows that professional
vocabulary is quite diverse, with many types; they are not homogeneous, can vary in
popularity and scope of use.
4. Although the agricultural vocabulary in Nghe Tinh belongs to the
Vietnamese vocabulary system, which is the national language system, they are
variations, with their characteristics, affected, mobilization and development of the
local language are quite clear. In these social factors, people have made that
difference. The habit of observing, acknowledging, thinking, separating things, and
phenomena in the real world of Nghe Tinh people has its characteristics; therefore,
the picture of agriculture vocabulary in Nghe Tinh has nuances typical of linguistics cultural of Nghe region.
4.1. In terms of structure, as words in the entire language system, agriculture
vocabulary in Nghe Tinh have all types: single, compound, reduplication and
identifier, but the number and ratio of these types are very different. Compound have
a large number, in which, seperated compound occupy a huge ratio. Single words
have a much smaller number; reduplication and identifier have a negligible number.
Through such lexical distribution, we see a characteristic of Nghe Tinh agriculture
vocabulary which is prioritizing the creation of individual, specific meaning identifier

units.
4.2. The distribution of these terms is uneven, mostly indicating tools,
instrument, .... All Nghe Tinh agriculture single words are monosyllabic, with a small
numbers. In 473 single words, considering in the reality reflected, they are mainly
used to indicate tools, instrument, soil types and varieties or breeds, including 259
units (accounting for 54.75%). Compound words have the largest number, including
3404 units and the identifier get the smallest ratio, only 154 units, they are all
constructed according to the sub-main model.
4.3. In terms of model and properties, the usages of the element involved in the
formation of Nghe Tinh agriculture vocabulary, the thesis has considered words in
three types of relationships: according to the number of direct elements; according to
the independent or non-independent nature of the element; according to the nature
usage of structural elements.
Basically, the elements involved in the formation of Nghe Tinh's professional
vocabulary are mainly independent, bring the meaning of vocabulary, which can be
separated and used independently as words. Professional vocabularys with nonindependent structural elements only account for a very small number, mostly
borrowed elements.