MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF DEFENSE
VIETNAM MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
TRAN QUOC DOANH
STUDY OF CLINICAL, SUBCLINICAL FEATURES AND
CORRECTIVE SURGERY OUTCOMES OF LOWER LIMB
AXIS IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Specialization: Surgical
Code: 9720104
SUMMARY OF PHD. THESIS IN MEDICINET
HA NOI 2020
This thesis was conducted at: Vietnam Military Medical University
Supervisors:
1. Assoc. Prof. Pham Dang Ninh, MD, PhD
2. Prof . Luong Dinh Lam
Peerreview 1: Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Manh Khanh
Peerreview 2: Prof . Nguyên Vinh Thong
Peerreview 3: Assoc. Prof. Vu Nhat Dinh
The thesis will be defensed at Council of Vietnam Military Medical
University at …… …… …… 2020
The thesis can be found at these libraries:
National library
The library of Vietnam military medical academy
1
INTRODUCTION
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a congenital disorder of the bone.
The cause of the disease is a mutation in the type I collagen synthesis
gene that makes bones fragile and deformed.
In the world, there have been many researches on surgical treatments
with the aim of cutting the orthostatic bone structure and fixing
broken bones to improve quality of life, limiting fractures.
Vietnam has not had a comprehensive study of epidemiological
characteristics, clinical symptoms, subclinical and results of
treatment of OI. Medical treatment does not improve motor skills.
Therefore, the daily life problem of the patient still depends on the
family and the medical staff.
From the above reasons, we conduct research topic "Study of
clinical, subclinical features and corrective surgery outcomes of
lower limb axis in patients with Osteogenesis imperfecta" with the
following two objectives:
1. Surveying some clinical features and Xray images of long bones,
skulls, spine, blood biochemical tests and electrolytes in patients with
Osteogenesis imperfecta.
2. Evaluation of internal bone results using selfmade tool to treat
deformation of the lower limbs in patients with Osteogenesis
imperfecta at Military Hospital 7 A.
NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS
1. Evaluate in detail clinical features, Xray images of long bones,
flat bones, spine bones, biochemical tests of blood and electrolytes in
patients suffering from Osteogenesis imperfecta.
2
2. Research has created a selfsupporting tool to support root canal
drilling after the bone is cut at the deformed position, which makes it
easier to perform surgery, resulting in improved bone resection and
alignment surgery time.
3. The first study in Vietnam with a sufficiently large number, details
of the research on treatment of lower limb deformation in patients
with Osteogenesis imperfecta disease using internal selfcreated kits.
This is a new feature compared to the method of Topouchian's author
and this is a method of combining bone with specific characteristics
of the disease to get good results. The results of the research are a
valuable contribution to the development of the Orthopaedics and
Trauma Surgery specialization and has a highly humanity.
THESIS STRUCTURE
The thesis consists of 126 pages, with 4 chapters: Introduction 02
pages, Chapter 1: Litlerature review 30 pages, Chapter 2: Objectives
and research methods 25 pages, Chapter 3: Results 35 pages,
Chapter 4: Discussion 30 pages, Conclusions 02 pages and
Recommendations 01 page. The thesis has 49 tables, 34 figures, 7
images, 108 references including 4 Vietnamese documents and 104
English documents.
Chapter 1. LITLERATURE REVIEW
1.1. Osteogenesis imperfecta disease
1.1.1. Clinical characteristics and classification
1.1.1.1. Clinical:
Specific features are the long bones easy to fractures, blue scabs,
imperfect formation of teeth, hearing loss or loss.
1.1.1.2. Classification of Osteogenesis imperfecta disease
3
Sillence (1979) is classified into 4 types, based on clinical features,
Xray features and family history.
1.2. Subclinical
1.2.1. Characteristics of bone deformation on Xray film
1.2.1.1 Long bones
Bone deformation is a common deformation.
Images of cystic bone or calcified "popcorn" in onions, seen
in type III.
Many bold images in the bones.
1.2.1.2. Spine
Scoliosis of the lumbar spine
1.2.1.3. The skull
Skull with few bones or multiple skulls
1.2.2. Biochemical characteristics of blood and electrolytes
1.2.2.1. Blood biochemical test
Complete blood count tests are within normal limits
1.2.2.2. Electrolytes
Concentrations of calcium ion, total serum calcium are within normal
limits.
1.3. Diagnose
1.5.1. Specific Diagnose
Based on clinical symptoms, Xray images, history of fractures and
family history.
1.4. Treatment
1.4.1. In the world
+ Medical treatment: Medical treatment with intravenous
bisphosphonate.
4
+ Surgical treatment: Topouchian V. et al (2006) used a pair of
cognitive equations for CXCT.
1.4.2. In Viet Nam
+ Medical treatment: Vietnam is using Rauch's treatment regimen
(2003).
+ Surgical treatment: Nguyen Ngoc Hung et al. (2016) reported on
the results of the surgery to fix the internal bone axis in the long
lower limb body in patients with OI equal to 1 intramedually nail for
24 patients with 29 femur undergoing surgery, the time after the bone
to heal. surgery from 1218 weeks, 10 patients have the prospect of
walking, 10 patients have access to support equipment and 4 patients
still have to sit in a wheelchair, the average time of fractures, curved
nails, buds sticking out of the bone 17 months after surgery.
Chapter 2. RESEARCH SUBJECTS AND METHODS
2.1. Object, time, place of study
Including 42 patients with OI at Military Medical Hospital 7A
Military Region 7, from January 2012 to December 2016.
2.1.1. Inclusion criteria
+ Patients diagnosed with OI based on clinical diagnosis criteria of
author Jin T.Y. et al (2016):
Idiopathic and / or recurrent fractures
Blue sclerae
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
Hearing loss reduced
Clinical diagnosis of OI when at least 2 of the 4 criteria above.
+ Patients and their families agree to participate in the study
+ Patient's medical record has all research criteria
5
2.1.2. Standard surgical treatment:
+ Patient could not walk due to limb deformation
+ Fractures many families require surgery
+ Brittle bones
+ Surgery age 2 years or older
2.1.3. Exclusion criteria
+ Do not have enough medical records and Xray film archives
+ Patients do not agree to participate in the study (the family requires
no surgery)
+ Tests and clinical are not OI diseases
+ There are combined diseases not stable treatment
+ Skeletal deformation but patients can walk
2.2. Methodology
2.2.1. Study design
+ Step 1: Conducting research, crosssectional description, without
control group based on a consistent research sample form from which
to reach the conclusion of goal not able to slip according to bone
growth.
15
Table 3.45. Results of evaluation of postoperative mobility at the
time of reexamination ≥ 12, ≥ 24, ≥ 36 months (n: Number of
patients)
≥ 12
≥ 24
≥ 36
months
months
months
(n=24)
(n=24)
(n=17)
n (%)
n (%)
n (%)
n (%)
13(39,4)
1(4,2)
0(0,0)
0(0,0)
17(51,5)
4(16,7)
3(12,5)
4(23,5)
Independent stand
1(3,0)
0(0,0)
0(0.0)
0(0,0)
Assisted sit
0(0,0)
4(16,7)
1(4,2)
0(0,0)
Independent walk
1(3,0)
12(50,0)
12(50,00)
5(29,4)
Assisted walk
1(3,0)
3(20,8)
8(33,3)
8(47,1)
33
24
24
17
Preoperative
Mobilisation
Independent sitting
Crawling/bottom
shuffling
Total
(n=33)
Results up to the point of ≥ 12 months, the level of
improvement of movement increased significantly, the amount of
travel in which the travel supported 3/24 cases (20.83%).
Independent travel for 12/24 cases (50%). At time of ≥ 24 months,
the level of movement increased but not significantly. At time of ≥
36 months, there was a decrease in ability of movement and going
independently reduced to 5/17 cases.
16
3.2.3. Surgical results according to the El Sobk scoring system
Table 3.46. Evaluate surgical results according to El Sobk's scoring
system at the time of followup examination ≥ 6, ≥ 24, ≥ 36 months
(n: Number of patients)
Level
≥ 6
≥ 12
≥ 24
≥ 36
months
months
months
months
(n=28)
(n=24)
(n=24)
(n=17)
Pat
ient
s
Rat
Patie
Rat
e %
nts
e %
18
75,0
96,
Pat
ien
Rate Pati
Rate
%
ents
%
18
75,0
14
82,4
ts
Excellent
27
Good
1
3,6
4
16,7
5
20,8
2
11,8
Average
0
0,0
2
8,3
1
4,2
1
5,8
Poor
0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0
0,0
0
0,0
Total
28
100
24
100
24
100
17
100
4
After ≥ 6 months, excellent 96.4%. Good and excellent after
≥ 1 year, ≥ 2 years and ≥ 3 years are all over 90%. Average of 2
cases
17
Table 3.47. Assessment of patient satisfaction on criteria of travel,
selfcare, living, pain / discomfort, anxiety over time of follow up
Preopera
Criteria
Independ
ent walk
tive
≥ 6
≥ 12
months months
≥ 24
months
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
X ± SD
X ± SD
X ± SD
X ± SD
p
p(1,2) = 0,001
1,5±0,1
2,9±0,3
3,2±0,4
3,7±0,3 p(1,3) = 0,00
p(1,4) = 0,00
p(1,2) = 0,000
Self care
1,6±0,2
2,6±0,2
2,4±0,2
3,7±0,2 p(1,3) = 0,001
p(1,4) = 0,00
p(1,2) = 0,014
Living
1,6±0,2
2,1±0,3
2,9±0,3
3,3±0,1 p(1,3) = 0,00
p(1,4) = 0,00
Pain /
Discomfo
p(1,2) = 0,00
2,6±0,1
3,6±0,1
5,0±0,0
rt
5,0±0,0 p(1,3) = 0,00
p(1,4) = 0,00
p(1,2) = 0,000
Worry
1,8±0,2
3,6±0,1
5,0±0,0
5,0±0,0 p(1,3) = 0,00
p(1,4) = 0,00
All indicators to assess the level of patient satisfaction
including: Walking, selfcare, living, pain / discomfort, anxiety
increased, statistically significant.
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Chapter 4. DISCUSSION
4.1. Clinical features and Xray images of long bones, skull, spine,
blood biochemical tests and electrolytes in patients with Osteogenesis
imperfecta.
4.1.1. Age and gender characteristics
According to table 3.2. The age group of surgery is mainly in
the developing age group, accounting for the most, from the age of
10 <18, the male / female ratio: 0.9 / 1. In our study, there was 1
patient of 2 years old, we chose the patient of 2 years of age or older
because this age children often suffer many fractures due to children
being more active at 2 years of age and older patients ≥ At the age of
18 years (1 patient 19 years and 1 patient 23 years), we still use the
method of closing 2 intramedullary nails against the goal to stabilize
the plan.
4.2. Evaluate the results of internal bone using selfmade kits to treat
deformation of lower limb bone in patients with imperfect bone
formation
4.2.1. Evaluate the results near
+ Evaluation of postoperative results Evaluation after surgery
at the time of reexamination: ≥ 1 month, ≥ 3 months, ≥ 6 months
after surgery According to Table 3.35, after 1 month there were
47/49 cases of level 1 osteosarcoma (95.9%), there were 2/49 cases
of no fracture accounted for 4.08%. According to Table 3.36 and
Table 3.37, we found that, after 1 month of surgery, most axes were
straight axes with 49/49 bone positions. After 3 months of
monitoring 47 bone positions and after 6 months of 45 bone
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positions, the cases were straight and there were no cases of bent
nails, bone protruding nails and screw splints.
According to Table 3.38, the 3rd month onwards had a 2
slipped slip relative to bone growth. Prove that 2 nails have the
ability to slip with bone growth.
According to Table 3.39, one month after surgery, the ability
of the patient's motor decreased due to the fact that the body did not
have strong bone after 1 month of surgery. There was a significant
improvement in motor skills in patients 3 6 months after surgery
compared to before surgery.
4.2.2. Evaluating distal results after chiropractic surgery (after
≥ 12 months). According to Table 3.40. Shows that the shortest
followup time ≥ 24 months (24 patients) accounts for 72.7%, the
time to followup results is ≥ 36 months (17 patients) accounts for
51.5%, the followup time average far in study reaches 32.5 months.
Due to the time frame for collecting data, patients who had surgery in
the late stage of remote monitoring did not reach the time of ≥ 12
months, ≥ 24 months and ≥ 36 months after surgery. According to
Table 3.41, it is shown that when the distance test results reach ≥ 12
months of followup, there are 44 bone positions, the cases are
monitored vertically. At the time of ≥ 24 months, there were 6/39
cases with bone curvature but the level of deformation assessment
was not enough to be reoperated because the recurrence level did not
affect the patient's walking ability. Patients can still walk). Therefore,
we do not intervene surgery when the patient is still able to walk. Up
to ≥ 36 months of followup of 20 bone positions with up to 5 cases
of axial curvature (4 cases using 1 nail, 1 case 2 nails) were the cases
that detected the previous bone curvature but the degree of much
20
increased. Thereby, we found that cases of recurrent deformation
often occur in fixation bone patients equal to 1 intramedullary nail
and 2 intramedullary nails but nails are not able to slip along with
bone growth. According to Table 3.42, it is shown that when
checking the far reaches of ≥ 12 months tracking 44 locations, the
cases are monitored without complications of intramedullary nail, 1
case of screw splinting in this case. Do not have surgery to remove
the screw. By the time of ≥ 24 months and ≥ 36 months, there were 5
cases of nail sticking out of the bone shell: 4 cases with 1 nail and 1
bone with 2 nails but not enough to have to have the surgery again.
According to table 3.43. We checked that the results reached ≥ 12
months with 4/35 cases 2 nails are not able to slip according to bone
growth. Reaching time ≥ 24 months, there are 4/31 cases where 2
nails are not able to slip with bone growth. Up to time ≥ 36 months
with 2/13 cases 2 nails are not able to slip with bone development (2
cases 2 nails do not slip at the time of ≥ 12 and ≥ 24 months, 2 cases
do not follow up). According to table 3.45. Checking the far reaches
to ≥ 12 months, the level of improvement of movement increased
significantly, the number of walking including 3/24 patients
(20.83%). Traveling independently 12/24 patients (50%). At time of
≥ 24 months, the level of movement increased but not significantly.
Up to ≥ 36 months, there was a decrease in mobility and independent
walking reduced to 5/17 patients were monitored because the reason
could be explained by the curved deformation of the lower limb bone
that had not been operated. According to table 3.46. After ≥ 6
months, achieving excellent level on the El Sobk scale, accounting
for 96.4%. Good and excellent surgery results after ≥ 1 year, ≥ 2
years and ≥ 3 years are over 90%. The average result only
21
encountered 2 cases with very severe deformation (curved
deformation) in both upper limbs. We achieved the above results
because patients in the study mainly used the method of multiple
osteotomy and alignment by 2 intramedullary nails.
CONCLUSION
Through research and treatment of 42 patients with
Osteogenesis imperfecta at Military Hospital 7A Military
Region 7 from January 2012 to December 2016, we would like to
draw the following conclusions:
1. Clinical features and Xray images of long bones, skulls,
spine, blood biochemical tests and electrolytes in patients with
Osteogenesis imperfecta.
* Clinical characteristics:
Age of patients from 230 years, the average is 11.6 ± 6.1.
The male / female ratio is: 1.33 / 1, there are 11 patients in the family
suffering from OI. All patients had a history of fractures and fractures
many times. The deformed deformity is mainly found in the thighs
and lower legs, causing a serious impact on mobility and self
activity, accounting for 61.983.3%. Blue sclerae accounts for 88%.
Creation of dentinogenesis imperfect teeth makes up 61.9%. Normal
hearing. Scoliosis accounts for 35.7%. Chicken breast protruding
accounts for 21.4%. Exercise: Sit still (31%) or move by crawling or
puffing your butt (57.1%).
* Xray features:
The major deformed curvature in long bones of lower limb is
61.9% 83.3%. Calcification of popcorn only occurs in the and dense
22
metaphyseal lines is mainly found on the bones of the femur and tibia
in patients treated with Bisphotphonate. Mostly, scoliosis occurs, in
types of 16/42 patients (38.1%). Many images of skull bones 7/42
patients (16.67%).
* Characteristics of blood biochemical and electrolyte test
results:
Glucose, SGOT, SGPT, Creatinine, Urea, Ca +, and total calcium
are within normal limits.
2. Evaluation of internal bone results using selfmade kits for
deformation of the lower limb bone in patients with imperfect bone
formation in Military Hospital 7 A.
Multiple osteotomy and fixtion bone surgery with 2
intramedullary with selfcreated kits to correct deformation of the
lower limb bone and prevent recurrent fractures to help patients
improve motor function and integrate into the community. The
results are as follows:
Axial of limb: With 53 surgical bone positions, after 44
months of followup, 44 bone positions were straight. After ≥ 24
months, there are 6/39 bone curvature positions, but the degree of
deformation assessment is not enough to be reoperated because the
patient is still able to walk. After ≥ 36 months, there were 5/20 cases
of preexisting bent bones, the level did not increase much.
No recorded cases of bone fractures.
There are 2 cases of multiple osteotomy and fixtion bone that
have fake joints; The remaining 51 cases were good callus formation
Instrument alignment: In 53 positions that fixtion bone, after
≥ 12 months, 44 locations without complications of intramedullary
nail, 1 case of enhanced screw splint. After ≥ 36 months, there are 5
23
cases of conical buds: 4 cases with 1 nail and 1 case with 2 nails
(cases at ≥ 24 months).
The condition of sliding 2 intramedullary: There are 43/53
positions equal to 2 intramedullary nails: 4 cases of inability to slip
according to bone development.
Mobility: Improve the ability to exercise after surgery on the
scale of El Sobk.
Methods of multiple osteotomy and fixtion bone to treat bone
deformation are essential contributions to the deformation of the long
bone body and prevent fracture. Patients and family members have
high satisfaction with the surgical results
LIMITATIONS OF THE TOPIC
The number of patients (sample size) is small enough not to
appear other clinical symptoms according to the literature to evaluate
all clinical characteristics.
No clinical tests have been performed in diagnosing
osteoporosis for patients in the study group.
Because there has not been a molecular biology test for
patients, it has not been classified by disease type and only diagnosed
according to clinical standards and Xray film and family history.
24
RECOMMENDATIONS
For patients under 18 years of age, fixtion bone is equal to 2
intramedullary nails and should use equal to 2 intramedullary for
cases where patients are indicated for surgery.
Do not use screws to fixtion bone, only use screws to
strengthen unstable.
The method multiple osteotomy and fixtion bone to treat
bone deformation is a necessary contribution in the deformation of
the long bone body and prevent fractures in the lower limbs.
Therefore, in the coming time, it is necessary to continue studying
the complete procedure by 2 intramedullary to minimize the number
of patients who need to have orthopedic surgery and reconnect bone
several times due to the bone deformed back in patients alignment is
equal to 1 intramedullary.
Continue to research and implement combined medical
treatment after surgery to enhance the effectiveness of surgery and
help patients integrate into the community early.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS FROM THE THESIS
1.
Tran Quoc Doanh., Pham Dang Ninh., Luong Dinh Lam
(2018). Initial evaluate the results of osteotomy with
intramedullary fixation for lower limbs in osteogenesis
imperfecta patients in Military Hospital 7A. Journal of
Military Pharmacomedicine, 43 (9: 142147.
2.
Tran Quoc Doanh., Pham Dang Ninh., Luong Dinh Lam
(2018). Xray image of Osteogenesis imperfecta patients
treated at Military Hospital 7 A (20122016). Journal of
Vietnamese Medicine, 473 (1 & 2): 912.
3.
Tran Quoc Doanh., Pham Dang Ninh., Luong Dinh Lam
(2019). Clinical characteristics of Osteogenesis imperfecta
patients treated at Military Hospital 7 A (20122016). Journal
of Vietnamese Medicine, 475 (1 & 2): 1114