Nghiên cứu một số nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến phát triển du lịch cộng đồng tiểu vùng tây bắc tt tiếng anh

1
INTRODUCTION
1. Necessity of the research
1.1. Practical perspective
According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC, 2011), tourism is
considered one of the world's largest industries, accounting for about 9% of global GDP,
contributing to economic growth, creating job opportunities, especially in developing
countries. Vietnam's tourism has made remarkable changes, it has continuously grown
for many years with an average rate of tourists over 17% / year from 1990 to 2017. The
total revenue from tourists in 2000 was 17.4 trillion dong, until 2017 was 510.9 trillion
dong (Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, 2018), it has contributed
significantly to the implementation of industrialization - modernization of the country,
improving and improving quality people's lives.
Community-based tourism (often called "community tourism": CommunityBased Tourism (CBT)) appeared in Vietnam since the 1980s in places as Mai Chau Hoa Binh, Sa Pa - Lao Cai ; Hoi An - Quang Nam and some Mekong Delta provinces,
that have brought many economic benefits to the local people.
The Northwest subregion, including the provinces of Hoa Binh, Son La, Dien
Bien and Lai Chau (Decision 1064 / QD-TTg, 2013) has great potential for developing
CBT type due to its natural and literary resources Chemical rich, diverse. However,
those potentials have not been effectively exploited for tourism development, most of
the region's CBTs are fragmented and spontaneous, limited understanding of tourism by
local people is the barrier to the effective development of this type of tourism. Based on
the reality and trends of tourism development in the world in general and in Vietnam in
particular, the author thinks that it is necessary to study which factors have a significant
influence on CBT development in the Northwestern region, thereby proposing
recommendations for stakeholders to have solutions to develop CBT in the Northwest
region in the coming time.
1.2. Theory perspective
Firstly, although CBT has been developing since the 1980s and there have been
many studies on CBT, there is not yet a universal concept of CBT, CBT development.
Secondly, the study of factors affecting CBT development in different localities
is not the same, not representative, associated with the characteristics of each country.

Maybe the success factor of CBT in this locality, but it is not success for others.
Thirdly, the variables and measure used in CBT development assessment are not
completely the same. It depends on the subjects, qualifications and perceptions of the
respondents, as well as the research views of scholars.

Therefore, the study of the factors affecting CBT development is necessary to
supplement the theoretical basis of CBT as well as suggest solutions for more successful
implementation of this model in sub-localities Northwest region, Vietnam.
2. Research objectives
The main objective of the thesis is to study a number of factors affecting the
development of community based tourism in the Northwest subregion, Vietnam.
3. Research questions
1. Based on what criteria to assess CBT development in the Northwest subregion?
2. What factors significantly affect CBT development in the Northwest subregion?
3. How do factors affect and the degree of influence of factors on CBT
development in the Northwestern region?
4. What recommendations can be made from the results of the study to develop
CBT in the Northwestern subregion, Vietnam?
4. Subject and scope of research
- The subject of the thesis research is CBT development and a number of factors
affecting CBT development.
- Scope of research
+> About research space
The study was conducted in four provinces in the Northwest subregion,
including: Hoa Binh; Son La; Dien Bien; Lai Chau.
+> About research time
For the primary data survey, it was collected from June 2016 to December 2017.
For secondary data, it was collected in the period from 2010 to 2017 of the
provincial People's Committees; Vietnam National Administration of Tourism,
Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Provincial Statistical Office for analysis

and evaluation.
5. About the research method
- Qualitative research: Using group discussions, in-depth interviews, expert
consultations, field observations;
- Quantitative research: Conducted through structured questionnaires drawn from
qualitative research.
6. Contribution of the thesis
Contribute theoretically
- The study agreed on the viewpoints and criteria to evaluate CBT development
for the research area based on inheriting previous studies. The study results have built a
set of measures to evaluate CBT development in the Northwestern region, which is
systematic and suitable for CBT development in the Northwest subregion.


- Identify five groups of factors that are considered to have significant effects on
CBT development of the study area. At the same time, adjust variables and items to suit
the research context based on qualitative research results.
Contribute in practice

1.1.2. Community based tourism
The term "Community-Based Tourism" was introduced in the 1980s in countries of
Europe, America and Australia. There are many different names related to tourism activities
involving the local community. Within the scope of the thesis, the author uses the term

- The study has identified groups of factors and variables that affect CBT
development in the Northwest subregion.
- From the research results, suggesting some implicit recommendations to the

"community tourism" (CBT) to refer to the types of "community based tourism" in general.
Based on different research perspectives, the concept of CBT is not completely

the same, however there are some common points as follows:

stakeholders related to CBT development in the Northwestern region,
7. The structure of the thesis
In order to present the entire research content, in addition to the Introduction and
Conclusion, the thesis is structured into 5 chapters, namely:

Firstly, the local community is in control of tourism resources and gives tourists
the opportunity to learn and raise their awareness when having the opportunity to access
the tourism resource system in space. living of the community;
Secondly, Tourists are external agents, a premise of economic benefits and will

Chapter 1: Literature Review
Chapter 2: Theoretical basis and research models
Chapter 3: Characteristics of the research area and research methods

have certain impacts along with the enjoyment of values of natural ecological
environment and culture when coming to a specific local community;
Thirdly, the local community will receive economic benefits, expand the

Chapter 4: Research results
Chapter 5: Discussion of research results and recommendations
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW

understanding of the characteristics and characteristics of visitors as well as the
opportunity to capture external information from tourists.
Summary of views on CBT, in the scope of the thesis research, the author
approaches the concept of CBT as a type of tourism towards the initiative of local people

1.1. Research on CBT

1.1.1. Community
Local communities play an important role in tourism development, they are the

in participating and improving skills. , and their knowledge and understanding of
tourism development and planning. Create conditions for tourists to experience
satisfying needs, raise awareness and learn about the natural and cultural heritage of the

focal point for providing infrastructure such as accommodation, catering services,
information, transportation and other services. The term "community" has been
mentioned since the 19th century, up to now, many scholars have been interested in
research such as Hillery (1955); Keith and Ary (1998); Ivanovic (2009) ... studies often

destination community.
1.2. Research on community tourism development
1.2.1. Views on developments in research
Summarizing previous research perspectives, the author approaches the

revolve around three issues:
Firstly, communities are often associated with a specific geographical area;
Secondly, the community consists of people who may be located close or not
close to each other (not geographically defined) but share similar characteristics or

development perspective in research which is understood as the process of changing the
quantity and quality of socio-economic issues, based on the exploitation basis, rational use
of natural resources, control of environmental pollution and develop renewable resources.
1.2.2. Community tourism development

interests (functional communities);
Thirdly, the virtual community, which appeared with the development of modern
media in recent decades, the concept of community has transcended time, space and

Summary and inheritance of previous studies, within the scope of the study, the
author approaches the view of CBT development as a process of quantitative and
qualitative changes of socio-economic issues in the direction of make progress, based

geographic limits.
Within the scope of the dissertation, the author approaches the view of
community which is understood as people living in a geographically defined area,
having socio-cultural relationships with each other and responsibility. responsibility for

on the initiative of the local people in the field of tourism, raise the awareness of people
and tourists in protecting the natural environment as well as better meet the needs of
tourists, bring about higher socio-economic benefits for the community. In this view,
CBT development evaluation includes: (1) community economic growth; (2) preserve

where they live.

and promote the core traditional socio-cultural values of the community; (3) raise the


awareness of locals and tourists in protecting the ecological environment and (4)
meeting the needs of tourists.
1.3. Factors affecting CBT development
1.3.1. The attraction of tourist destinations

knowledge are considered as a supportive tool for community development and an
important factor for CBT development, it is really necessary for anyone involved in CBT
activities, from local government officials or community leaders to local people (Bopp,
M., GermAnn, K., Bopp, J., Baugh p, M., GermAnn, K., Bopp, J., Baugh, 2000).

A tourist destination can be interpreted as a place that tourists choose to come
and stay for a while to visit and experience (Leiper, 1995). A tourist destination is not
only a place to entertain, attract tourists, bring satisfaction to them but also a place for

1.3.6. Community leader
CBT development usually originates from a small group in the community,
however, CBT development initiatives must support the people with appropriate

locals to live and work daily. The study evaluates the attractiveness of the destination to
capture how different local people interact to support tourism development, while
maintaining valuable local characteristics and addressing issues. Negative topics in CBT
development process are needed.

knowledge and skills in managing financial resources and their children. people (France,
1999), as well as planning and implementation. These tasks are often carried out by
community leaders, so community leaders play an important role in successful
community development and in particular, it is an essential part of CBT development

1.3.2. Accessibility to travel destinations
Access to a tourist destination can be interpreted as the ability to travel to the
destination and to travel between points within the area of the destination is convenient,

(Aref and Redzuan). , 2008).
1.3.7. The support of organizations in the community
Related to the organizations in the community, they are essentially groups within

simple, fast and safe. This is considered one of the factors evaluating the attractive attribute
of tourist destination. Accessibility to tourist destinations depends on the transport
infrastructure (roads, parking lots, vehicles ...); transport equipment (type, size, speed, scope
of transport ...); issues related to transport management (trip schedules, directions, routes

a community, small in size for each group of formal or informal participants such as
Youth Union, Women Union, Farm Union People ... and some other mass organizations
in the community, where members have the opportunity to express their views and
exchange information for CBT development.

...) and regulations related to transport activities (Ha Nam Khanh Giao, 2011).
1.3.3. The comfort of a travel destination
The comfort of a tourist destination is an element of service and facilities located

1.3.8. Collaboration and support from outside the community
Collaboration and support from outside the community is understood as the
linkage, coordination and implementation of CBT between local communities and other

at the destination or attached to the destination, in order to create favorable conditions
for visitors to easily access and use. Ha Nam Khanh Giao (2011);
"Comfort of the destination" is a factor that cannot be purchased directly as other
tourism products/services, but plays an important role in the tourist experience. It is

agencies, organizations and businesses outside the community. In particular, agencies
and organizations outside the community mainly support the community in tourism
promotion and promotion; Consulting, supporting, training and educating people in
improving skills, knowledge and professionalism in CBT development.

necessary to study the impact of destination convenience on CBT development,
contributing to creating additional services for the community, making an impression
and satisfying the needs of CBT guests.
1.34. Participation of local people

1.4. Identify research gaps and research directions

Firstly, studies evaluating tourism development in general and CBT development
in particular often follow the direction of sustainable development, based on three
criteria: economy, culture - society and environment. However, from the review shows

Involvement of local people is an important element in tourism development
planning and community support is essential to achieving sustainable tourism
development (Bramwell and Sharman, 1999 Hall, 2003). , Tosun, 2006).

that in addition to the above three criteria, there are other criteria to evaluate tourism
development such as education, health, meeting the needs of tourists ... depending on
the objects and views and different research goals of scholars. Therefore, the author

1.3.5. Tourism knowledge and skills of local people
Research by many scholars (Frank & Smith, 1999; Bopp et al., 2000; Aref et al.,
2009; Moscardo, 2008) has previously shown that in order to improve community
capacity in tourism development, Participants must have the knowledge and skills,

thinks that based on the inheritance of previous studies and research purposes of the
thesis, it is necessary to unify the views and criteria to assess CBT development for the
research area.
Secondly, the research on the factors affecting CBT development as well as the

thereby helping them to think and act in the most appropriate ways. Skills and

evaluation criteria are quite diverse, on different angles and in different localities that


are not the same, not representative, associated with the characteristics of each country
and region. Therefore, the author thinks that based on the synthesis, inheritance of
previous studies and research purposes of the thesis, it is necessary to identify those

factors that have a significant influence on CBT development of the study area. .

its shareholders. but also to stakeholders, their support is seen as important to the
company's survival (Stoney, C., & Winstanley, D, 2001).
In the field of tourism, a number of scholars (Sautter and Leisen, 1999; Henning,
1974) have applied stakeholder theory to analyze and evaluate differences in views of

Thirdly, in the Northwest sub-region of Vietnam, there are potential localities for
CBT development because of the natural tourism and cultural tourism resources
associated with the living of many communities ethnic minorities. In summary, based

different groups involved in the activity tourism activities, especially in policy making
and planning.
Within the scope of the thesis, the author chooses this theory to identify the parties

on the above assessments, the author finds that it is necessary to conduct research to:
- Consider adjusting the viewpoints and criteria to evaluate CBT development in
the Northwestern subregion, Vietnam on the basis of inheriting previous studies;
- Identify factors affecting CBT development in the Northwest subregion;

involved in CBT development of the research area, including: local people, tourists,
agencies management functions of the State, business enterprises in the field of tourism.
2.1.3. The theory of expectations
The theory of expectations was introduced by the scholar Victor Vroom in 1964,

- Identify appropriate measures to measure the influence of factors on CBT
development in the Northwestern region on the basis of inheriting previous studies;
- Test, measure and evaluate the impact of factors on CBT development in the

and applied to the context of labor motivation. The theory of expectations revolves

around three main factors: Expectancy expectations, Instrumenttality beliefs and the
attractiveness of valuable rewards (Valence). Vroom has come up with a formula to

Northwest subregion;

determine the personal motivation for showing the relationship between these three
factors: M = E x I x V.
In which: M (Motivation): Motivation to work
E (Expectancy): Expect work results

CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BASIS AND RESEARCH MODEL
2.1. Theoretical basis related to the research
2.1.1. The theory of sustainable development
Perspectives on sustainable development have been discussed in many studies by
scholars in various fields since 1987, at the World Commission on Environment and

I (Instrumenttality): Belief in rewards
V (Valence): The attraction of valuable rewards
In the field of tourism, the theory of expectations is used by Witt and Wright

Development (WCED) Conference, which published the paper. "Our Joint Future"
report (Brundtlant Report), the term "Sustainable development" was formally used to
provide a new perspective on the planning of sustainable development strategies.
Although there are different views related to the theory of sustainable

(1992) to assess expectations about tourist motivation.
2.2. Proposed models and research hypotheses
2.2.1. Proposing research model of the thesis
After consulting experts on CBT development evaluation criteria and factors

development in the field of tourism in general and CBT in particular. Summary of
scholars' views and studies shows that the key point of sustainable CBT development
should ensure four basic criteria, including:
Firstly, ensure the socio-cultural sustainability:

affecting CBT development in the Northwest sub-region. The author summarizes the
adjustments, additions and changes in Table 2.2 as follows:
Table 2.2: Adjustment results of CBT development evaluation criteria and
influencing factors after consultation with experts

Secondly, ensure economic sustainability:
Thirdly, ensure the sustainability of the ecological environment:
Fourthly, meet the needs of tourists and local communities:
2.1.2. Theory of stakeholders
The theory of stakeholder groups, dating back to the 19th century, originated
from perspectives assessing the important role of cooperatives and reciprocity (Clark,
T, 1984). However, the concept of stakeholders was first mentioned in the Stanford
Research Institute (SRI) in the 1960s, in which a company was responsible not only for

NO

1

2

Proposed model

Results of consultation with experts
- Using 4 evaluation criteria are
economic; sociocultural; environment

and tourist needs are satisfied;
Evaluation criteria for CBT development
- Unifying the name of the variable
"CBT Development in Northwest
Vietnam"
- Use in research model;
The attraction of tourist
- Adjusting the factor name is
destinations
"Attraction of CBT destinations";


NO

Proposed model

3

Accessibility to destinations

4

Amenities of tourist destinations

5

Participation of local people

6

Tourism knowledge and skills of
local people

7

Community leader

8

Support from community
organizations

9

Collaboration and support from
outside the community

10

Using control variables in the
research model

Results of consultation with experts
- Assessment based on three criteria:
Natural attractions; Cultural and
historical attractions and entertainment
activities.
- Use in research model
- Revise the name of the factor
“Accessibility to CBT destinations”

- Use in research model;
- Revise the name of the factor
"Infrastructure and services of CBT
destinations"
- Do not use in research model
- Use in qualitative research

Attraction of CBT destinations
H1a

Natural attractions
Cultural and historical attractions

H1b
H1c

Entertainment activities

H2

Accessibility to CBT destinations
H3

Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations

CBT
Development
in Northwest
Vietnam

- Use in research model;
H4

- Do not use in research model
- Use in qualitative research
- Do not use in research model
- Use in qualitative research
- Use in research model;
- Divide into three variables to evaluate
and compare: Cooperation and support
of local authorities; Businesses and nongovernmental organizations.
- Unifying the name of the variable as
"Demographic Characteristics"
Source: Author synthesis

Tourism knowledge and skills of local people

Collaboration and support from outside
community
H5a

Cooperation and support of local authorities
H5b

Cooperation and support of Businesses
H5c

Cooperation and support
governmental organizations.

of

non-

Demographic Characteristics

Figure 2.1: Proposed model to study some factors affecting CBT development in
the Northwest region
Source: Author's proposal
2.2.2. Develop research hypotheses
Table 2.3: Summary of research hypotheses and predictions of expected
relationships
NO
1
2
3

Hypotheses proposed
The attraction of natural attractions -> CBT
development
The attraction of cultural and historical attractions ->
CBT development
Entertainment activities in each CBT destination ->
CBT development

Symbol

Expected
relationship

H1a

Same direction

H1b

Same direction

H1c

Same direction


NO
4
5
6
7
8
9

Hypotheses proposed

Symbol

Expected
relationship

Accessibility to CBT destinations -> CBT
H2

Same direction
development
Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations -> CBT
H3
Same direction
development
Tourism knowledge and skills of local people -> CBT
Same direction
H4
development
Cooperation and support of local authorities -> CBT
Same direction
H5a
development
Cooperation and support of tourism businesses ->
Same direction
H5b
CBT development
Cooperation and support of non-governmental
Same direction
H5c
organizations -> CBT development
Source: Author built by himself
CHAPTER 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH AREAS AND

RESEARCH METHODS
3.1. Characteristics of the study area
3.1.1. Socio-economic characteristics of the Northwest subregion provinces

km2, with a population of 3,161 thousand people, about 22 ethnic groups, most of which

are ethnic minorities (Table 3.1).
Table 3.1: Statistics of some indicators in the Northwest sub-region
Location (province)
Đien
Son La
Bien

Total
(average)

NO

Indicators

Unit

1

Natural
area

Km2

4.600,30

14.125

9.541

9.068,8

37.335,1

2

Population

Thousand
people

854,131

1.248,415

598,856

460,196

3.161,6

Lai
Chau

Medium
People/km2
186
88
63
49
96,5

density
4
Ethnic
Ethnic
10
12
21
20
22
Source: Statistical Yearbook - Hoa Binh, Son La, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, 2019
3.1.2. Physical-technical characteristics and human resources for community-based
3

tourism development
3.1.2.1. Facilities for community tourism

meeting the minimum needs of visitors, the equipment is lacking and not hygienic.
- Entertainment, sport and service facilities for tourists are still limited, almost
villages without sports playgrounds (except football fields), medicinal bath services, hot
water baths are the strength of the region but not yet promoted, this not only not
stimulates spending needs of guests but also does not keep guests staying.
- The transport infrastructure basically meets the travel and travel needs of tourists,
most of the community tourist sites have been concreted, but there are some points in
Some CBT villages still have dirt roads, causing certain restrictions for visitors to travel.
3.1.2.2. Human resources for community tourism
According to the statistics of the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of
the provinces, the number of employees in the Northwest subregional tourist
destinations tends to increase over the years.

According to the Prime Minister's Decision No. 1064 / QD-TOT of "Approving

the master plan on socio-economic development of the Northern midland and
mountainous region up to 2020", the Northwest sub-region comprises four Chinese
provinces. . Jar; Son La; Dien Bien and Lai Chau. The total natural area is about 37,335

Hoa Binh

- Accommodation with rooms for rent to tourists (homestay): According to the
evaluation of the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of the provinces, in general,
the homestay can meet the needs of tourists, each All ethnic groups have their own
characteristics and therefore, the homestay decoration method of the tourist destinations
is also different, attracting tourists. However, the quality of homestay is not high, only

2.75
7.23

Dưới 24 tuổi

22.48

Từ 24- 41 tuổi
67.54

Từ 41 - 55
tuổi

Figure 3.1: Labor structure by age in CBT business
Source: Summary report of Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of
Northwestern sub-region
3.1.2.3. Number of community tourists
With the investment attention of the State and functional agencies, in the past

years, CBT activities in the Northwestern region have been quite developed, attracting
many tourists to visit. Domestic tourists are always bigger than international ones, which
shows that the domestic tourist market still plays an important role in CBT development
of Northwestern sub-provinces.


12%

88%

Khách CBT
Khách DL

Figure 3.2: Percentage of CBT visitors to total visitors in the Northwest region
Source: Author synthesis
3.2. Research Methods
3.2.1. Research design
In order to carry out the research objectives of several factors affecting CBT
development in the Northwestern subregion, the author underwent two research stages:
qualitative research and quantitative research.
3.2.2. Research process
The research process of the thesis is presented in an overview in the figure
including 4 main steps: (1) Building a measurement; (2) Qualitative research; (3)
Preliminary quantitative research; (4) Official quantitative research.
3.2.3. Qualitative research
3.2.3.1. Qualitative research objectives and subjects
- Initially determine the suitability of the metrics used to assess the CBT
development of the Northwest subregion;
- Select and adjust the factors and variables affecting CBT development in
accordance with the characteristics and context of the Northwest subregion;

- Continue to consult experts in assessing the reasonableness of factors and
variables that the author intends to put into the official research model.
- Combined with quantitative research results to answer research questions.
3.2.3.2. Methods of implementation
The main qualitative data used in this study was collected from community
members at 8 CBT sites in 4 Northwestern provinces. The sites selected represent
different levels of development and CBT activity time.
3.2.3.3. Data analysis
The qualitative data collected from group discussions and in-depth interviews
were synthesized and classified according to each criterion and research content.
3.2.4. Quantitative research
3.2.4.1. Objectives and subjects of quantitative research
- Descriptive statistics of demographic characteristics of the survey subjects and
observed variables related to the research;

- Examine and evaluate convergence and discrimination of observed variables
through EFA discovery factor testing;
- Check and re-evaluate the reliability of the measurement of factors and
variables through Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients;
- Pearson correlation analysis, linear regression implementation of factors
affecting CBT development and testing of research hypotheses.
3.2.4.2. Methods of implementation
According to Nguyen Dinh Tho (2013), quantitative research consists of two
main methods: survey method and experiment (experimetation). Based on the
characteristics of the study and the content of the study, the author chooses the survey
method, also according to Nguyen Dinh Tho (2011), this is the most popular form of
data collection in quantitative research, especially especially, studies on economics and
business administration in underdeveloped markets, secondary data not available or
incomplete, and low reliability.
3.2.4.3. Methods of data analysis

In order to assess the factors affecting CBT product development, quantitative
research was conducted through two steps, preliminary and formal studies.
The preliminary quantitative research phase is conducted to detect errors in the
investigation and is the basis for the author to adjust the questionnaire to ensure the
comprehensiveness and consistency, consistency, in accordance with Most common
events of the survey subjects.
The official quantitative research phase is used to test the measure and the
theoretical model, through two main techniques: Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient
method (Cronbach, 1951) and EFA methodology. with the support of SPSS22 software
to eliminate observed variables of poor quality.
CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS
4.1. Qualitative research results
4.1.1. Assessment of CBT development in the Northwest subregion
After consultation with experts, twelve measures were used to assess CBT
development in the Northwest subregion used in qualitative research. The author
conducted group discussions and interviews. In-depth objects are locals and tourists:
4.1.2. Factors affecting CBT development in Northwestern region
After identifying the metrics used to evaluate CBT development in the Northwest
subregion in the study, interviews, group discussions with locals and tourists continued to be
exchanged year round. group of factors affecting CBT development in the research model.
4.1.3. Adjust the model and research hypotheses after qualitative research results
Qualitative research is the first phase, used to explore to test the theoretical model,
and to discover, adjust and supplement the observed variables used in quantitative
research. From this, there is a basis for adjusting, supplementing or confirming the


appropriateness of the research model and hypotheses from the previous review. Experts
believe that the metrics included in the study are reasonable, can measure research
concepts, and the survey subjects can give information about these issues. On that basis,
the research model was also revised after qualitative research (Figure 4.1):

Attraction of CBT destinations
Natural attractions
Cultural and historical attractions
Entertainment activities

Accessibility to CBT destinations

1b

1c

2

Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations

Infrastructure and basic services

CBT

Infrastructure and tourist

Development
in Northwest
Vietnam

accommodation services

Infrastructure and additional services

Tourism knowledge and skills of local people

Collaboration and support from outside community
Cooperation and support of local authorities
Cooperation and support of Businesses
Cooperation and support of nongovernmental organizations

Demographic Characteristics

Figure 4.1: Modified research model after qualitative research
Source: Author synthesis

4.2. Quantitative research results
4.2.1. Descriptive statistics of demographic characteristics of the survey subjects
After distributing 600 questionnaires, the author has collected a total of 534
votes, but there are many invalid votes, some mistakes such as the respondents did not
complete the necessary information; Answer an answer to questions or insufficient
answers. The author has cleaned the data, the remaining 518 votes were included in the
statistical analysis of sample description to check the suitability and representativeness
of the sample.
4.2.2. Statistics describe variables related to the study
4.2.2.1. Descriptive statistics of the Attraction of CBT destinations
The attraction factor of CBT destinations consists of 13 items, which are assessed on
three dimensions: the attraction of a natural (STT); the attraction of cultural and
historical (SVL) and the attraction of entertainment activities (SHG). Likert scale of 5
points from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), the intermediate score is 3.
4.2.2.2. Descriptive statistics variable accessibility CBT destinations
Table 3.5 presents the statistical results describing the accessibility factor of CBT
(symbol: KTC) including 4 items from KTC1 to KTC4, the total sample size is 518.
4.2.2.3. Descriptive statistics on infrastructure and service variables of CBT destinations
The statistical results describe the infrastructure and service variables of the CBT

score, including 12 items of assessment on three aspects: Infrastructure and basic
services (CHC); Infrastructure and tourist accommodation services (symbol CHL) and
Infrastructure and additional services (symbol CHB). Using the 5-point Likert scale
from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), the intermediate score is 3, with a
sample number of 518.
4.2.2.4. Descriptive statistics variable Tourism knowledge and skills of local people
Statistical results describe the tourism knowledge and skills variable of local
people (symbol: EZ) including 7 items, measured by a Likert scale of 5 points from (1)
= completely dissimilar Note (5) = strongly agree, the total number of samples is 518.
4.2.2.5. The statistics describe variables Cooperation and support from outside the community
Cooperation and support from outside the community are assessed through three
variables: cooperation and support from the government (symbol: HCQ); cooperation
and support from the business side (symbol: HDN) and cooperation and support from
the non-governmental organizations (symbol: HPC).
4.2.2.6. Descriptive statistics for CBT development variables
CBT development variables include 12 items, symbols from PTT1 to PTT12,
measured on a 5-point Likert scale, the total number of samples is 518.
4.2.3. Test the reliability of the items by Cronbach's Alpha
The results of the reliability test of the factors show that the factors measured by
the proposed measures are mostly of good reliability, the Cronbach's Alpha value is


greater than 0.6. Particularly, the attraction factor of natural attractions has a coefficient
of Cronbach's Alpha = 0.672
In the variable of infrastructure and additional services, there is a measure of
CHB4 (Souvenir products, convenient for tourists to transport home) with a variable
correlation - total (Item - Total Correlation) = 0.077 <0.3 so the author decided to
exclude this measure from CHB4, then Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of total variable
will increase from 0.720 to 0.826.
4.2.4. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)

4.2.4.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis for independent variables
The results of exploratory Factor Analysis show that the test results are relatively
good. KMO coefficient = 0.810> 0.5 so it is appropriate to use this data set for factor
analysis (Kaiser, 1974). The Bartlett's Test is used to see if the observed variables in the
factor are correlated, this value is also reached when the Sig value of the test = 0.000
<0.5, so the observed variables are related. together and qualify for factor analysis by
EFA (table 4.12).
Table 4.12: KMO and Bartlett's Test test results
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square

.810
12125.972

df

946

Sig.

.000

Source: Results of analysis of survey data of the author
The stopping point of exploratory factor analysis is based on Eigenvalue
coefficient, the maximum number of factors is selected when this factor has the smallest
value > 1 and the cumulative percentage is greater than 50%. Given these conditions,
there are 11 factors extracted at Initial Eigenvalues of 1,250 > 1, the total variance
extracted is 68,810% > 50%, showing that the 11 factors extracted in EFA reflect
68,810% of the variation of all metrics included in the model.
The final result of the factor analysis explores the measures of the independent

variables, 44 observed variables downloaded with 11 factors.
4.2.4.2. Exploratory Factor Analysis for the dependent variable
The results of the first EFA for the dependent variable, a quick look through the
Rolated Component Matrix (Appendix 4) shows that the dependent variable does not
focus on a factor. There are two factors to be extracted, including problems in PTT1
observed variables; PTT3; PTT4; PTT7; PTT12 also uploads in two groups of variables
1 and 2. At the same time, the variable PTT11 absolutely does not download the desired
factor (group of variables 1) and the observed variables in the CBT development measure.
The results of running EFA at second time after removing the PTT11 variable
showed that the test results were relatively good. KMO coefficient = 0.900 > 0.5 so it is
appropriate to use this data set for factor analysis (Kaiser, 1974). Bartlett’s Test also

passes when the Sig value of the test = 0.000 < 0.5, so the observed variables are related
to each other and eligible for factor analysis by EFA.
4.2.5. Test the average difference of demographic variables with CBT development
To examine the average difference in CBT development of the study area with
different values of demographic variables in the model, the author used two T-test and
ANOVA tests.
Summary of test results on the average difference of demographic variables with
CBT development with the number of samples 518 in the study area showed that there
are 2 variables (marital status and role of participation in CBT activities) there is an
average difference in the level of influence of each participant on CBT development.
4.2.6. Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression
4.2.6.1. Pearson correlation analysis
The remaining ten variables have Sig coefficients from 0.000 to 0.04 (less than
0.05), statistically significant in linear correlation analysis with dependent variables
(PTT), eligible to switch to analytic analysis Linear multiples.
Considering the linear correlation of each factor with the PTT variable, the HCQ
variable (cooperation and support from the government) has a linearly opposite
correlation with the PTT variable (Pearson Correlation result = -0,092). The remaining

variables have linearly correlated results with the PTT variable, in which the most
positive linear correlation value is the HVX variable (with Pearson Correlation
coefficient = 0.515) and the correlation coefficient. The least positive linear is CHC
(with Pearson Correlation coefficient = 0.090).
42.6.2. Regression analysis of factors affecting CBT development and testing of
research hypotheses
From the above results, it is possible to draw multiple linear regression equations
representing the relationship between factors affecting CBT development as follows:
PTT = 0,261*SVL + 0,136*KKT + 0,226*SHG + 0,203*CHC + 0,150*CHB +
0,124*HDN - 0,113*HCQ + 0,128*KTC + 0,140*CHL + 0,244*STT
Table 4.20: Conclusions on research hypotheses

Hypothesis

Factor/Variable

H1a
H1b
H1c
H2
H3a

Natural attractions
Cultural and historical attractions
Entertainment activities
Accessibility to CBT destinations
Infrastructure and basic services
Infrastructure and tourist accommodation
services
Infrastructure and additional services

Tourism knowledge and skills of
local people

H3b
H3c
H4

Expected
relationship

Experimental
results

Same direction
Same direction
Same direction
Same direction
Same direction

Accept the hypothesis
Accept the hypothesis
Accept the hypothesis
Accept the hypothesis
Accept the hypothesis

Same direction Accept the hypothesis
Same direction Accept the hypothesis
Same direction Accept the hypothesis

Hypothesis
H5a
H5b
H5c

Factor/Variable
Cooperation and support of local
authorities
Cooperation and support of
Businesses
Cooperation and support of nongovernmental organizations.

Expected
relationship
Same direction

Experimental
results
Not enough basis to
accept the hypothesis

Same direction Accept the hypothesis
Not enough basis to
accept the hypothesis
Source: Author's data analysis results
Same direction

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Discuss the research results
5.1.1. About assessing the development of community tourism in the Northwest subregion

The first question that the research asked was, "Based on what criteria to assess
CBT development in the Northwest subregion?".
After the quantitative study, an item (PTT11: The average number of days of stay
per head increased over time) was rejected due to the failure to satisfy the discovery
factor (EFA) condition. Thus, there are 11 items used to assess CBT development for
research in the Northwest subregion, the results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in
Table 4.13 also indicate the order of the role of the items from large to small in CBT
development.
5.1.2. Factors that significantly affect CBT development
The second question of the study is "What factors significantly affect CBT
development in the Northwest subregion?". As a result, there is 01 excluded item is
CHB4 (small souvenir products, convenient for tourists to transport home), the
remaining 44 items are considered to be statistically significant, suitable for regression
analysis, assessment of CBT development impact in the Northwest subregion.
5.1.3. Assess the influence of selected factors on CBT development in Northwestern region
The third question in the research is: "How do factors affect and the degree of
influence of factors on CBT development in the Northwestern region?".
Firstly, to evaluate how factors affect CBT subregion development in the
Northwest region, Pearson correlation analysis results and multiple linear regression
(Section 4.2.6) have shown: In 11 variables The representative was included in the
model, there are 10 variables affecting the CBT development in the Northwestern
region, of which 9 variables have a positive effect, 1 variable has an opposite effect.
Secondly, to assess the influence of each factor on CBT development in the
Northwestern region, the author focused discussion based on statistical results using
SPSS22 software, according to the level of decreasing influence of Each factor, as follows:
5.1.3.1. Attraction of CBT destinations
According to the regression results (Table 4.23), the SVL variable has the
strongest impact on PTT, Sig coefficient = 0.000 <0.05, so it has high statistical

significance; Standardized Beta coefficient = 0.261 shows that the variable has a positive

impact on CBT development.
The attractiveness of natural attractions (STT) has a second impact on CBT
development, Sig coefficient = 0.000 <0.05, so it has high statistical significance;
Standardized Beta coefficient = 0.244 shows that the variable has a positive effect on
CBT development.
The attraction of Entertainment activities (SHG) has a third impact on CBT
development, Sig coefficient = 0.000 <0.05, so it has high statistical significance;
Standardized Beta coefficient = 0.2226 shows that the variable has a positive impact on
CBT development.
5.1.3.2. Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations
The results of multiple regression analysis show that CHC has the strongest
impact on PTT, Sig coefficient = 0.000 <0.05, so it has high statistical significance;
Standardized Beta coefficient = 0,203 shows that the variable has a positive effect on
CBT development.
5.1.3.3. Factors of tourism knowledge and skills of local people
The third factor affecting CBT development is tourism knowledge and skills of
local people (symbol: KKT), Sig coefficient = 0.000 <0.05 for high statistical
significance; Standardized Beta coefficient = 0.1136 shows that the variable has a
positive impact on CBT development.
5.1.3.4. Factors of Accessibility to CBT destinations
The factor that has the fourth largest impact on CBT development in the
Northwest subregion is the accessibility to CBT points including 4 observed variables
(symbol from KTC1 to KTC4), with Sig coefficient = 0.000 <0.05 , for high statistical
significance; Standardized Beta coefficient = 0.128 shows that the variable has a positive
impact on CBT development. In particular, KTC3 variable for the highest factor load
factor (0.777), followed by KTC2 (0.761) and KTC1 (0.735). The variable KTC4 has
the lowest factor load factor (0.626).
5.1.3.5. Factors of cooperation and support from outside the community
Cooperative and support factor of enterprises (HDN) has Sig coefficient = 0.000
<0.05, giving high statistical significance; Standardized Beta coefficient = 0.112 shows

that the cooperation and support of businesses outside the community has a positive
impact on CBT development in the Northwestern region.
Cooperative and government support factor (HCQ) has a coefficient of Sig =
0.000 <0.05, giving high statistical significance, but has a standardized Beta regression
coefficient = -0,113 showing cooperation and support Government support has a
negative (opposite) impact on CBT development in the study area, and this research
result is in contrast to the results of qualitative research and many other studies.


Summary of regression analysis results shows that, in the five research proposed
factors divided into 11 groups of observed variables. In which, there is one variable that is not
statistically significant is HPC, based on that result, the research model is revised as follows:
Attraction of CBT destinations

maximum social resources to invest in CBT development, especially investment in
technical infrastructure systems, forming specialized CBT areas.
Create favorable conditions, have policies to support people to directly

H1a

Natural attractions
H1b

Cultural and historical attractions

participate and benefit from CBT business activities, improve the role of local
communities, avoid the state management agencies and Local authorities interfere too
deeply in CBT business activities of the people.
To adopt policies to attract investment in training and capacity building for local

H1c

Entertainment activities

H2

Accessibility to CBT destinations

communities, focusing on developing skills and basic knowledge about tourism and
business management.
There are policies to support local people, CBT villages in communication,

Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations
H3a

Infrastructure and basic services

Infrastructure and tourist
accommodation services

5.2. Some recommendations
5.2.1. For state management agencies
Simplify documents guiding CBT development, administrative procedures for
people to easily access and implement. Create mechanisms and policies to mobilize

H3b

H3c

CBT

Development
in Northwest
Vietnam

Infrastructure and additional services

H4

Tourism knowledge and skills of local people

Collaboration and support from outside community
H5a

Cooperation and support of local authorities
H5b

Cooperation and support of Businesses

tourism promotion, creating and improving the image of CBT in the locality.
5.2.2. For locals
Firstly, optimizing the advantages of local tourism potentials, including the
potential for natural tourism and cultural tourism, to discover and focus on exploiting a
number of tourism products that bring unique characteristics of the destination;
Second, ensure infrastructure and service CBT points
Thirdly, local people need to improve their skills and knowledge on tourism
business. Some points to be aware of during implementation include:
Fourthly, the people need to be aware of keeping the village clean, especially the
public areas, roads, and the area around the house. Do not defecate, throw garbage,
dispose of domestic water on the street, or graze cattle and poultry under the floor, near
the guest accommodation.

Fifthly, take advantage of the support of the authorities, functional agencies,
especially tourism businesses outside the community in terms of capital, experience and
advice on travel knowledge and skills. calendar. Actively deploying business activities
according to their advice and guidance to ensure the highest efficiency.
5.2.3. For business travel businesses
Firstly, acting as an adviser and support for people to build some CBT models in

Demographic Characteristics

Figure 5.1: Modified research model after quantitative research
Source: Research results of the author

the village so that people can approach and directly organize the implementation.
Secondly, tourism businesses should play a role as a bridge, supporting the
community in marketing, promoting CBT activities, creating a local image, introducing
visitors to the community to participate in activities. tourist activity.


Third, tourism business enterprises should also have investment activities to
support the community, especially programs related to education and training to
improve skills and knowledge of tourism business. From there, build an interrelated
relationship that is cohesive and sustainable.

2. Limitations and next research directions
Firstly, there are many different research schools when studying CBT, however, the
research focuses on only three schools of sustainable development theory; stakeholder
theory and expectation theory.

CONCLUSION
Summary of research contents and results shows that the Northwest subregion

Secondly, the factors included in the study only explained 55.4% of the variation
of CBT development, the remaining 44.6% were due to other factors but not mentioned
by the author in the study. Therefore, further studies should add more factors to assess

provinces have many potentials and strengths for CBT development, but those potentials
and strengths have not been effectively exploited, contributing to worthy part is the
spearhead economic sector, promoting economic and social development of the region.
Based on the theory and practice of CBT development in the Northwest subregion, the

CBT development with higher results.
Thirdly, the research methodology and thesis only reach the target of the local people
on the viewpoint that they provide CBT products, not to the tourists, at the same time. The
study was conducted in the Northwest subregion, the area with specific characteristics of

thesis was conducted with the aim of studying a number of factors affecting CBT
development in the Northwestern region based on the perspective of evaluation and
awareness of locals. To accomplish that goal, the thesis has reviewed previous studies

topography, climate and characteristics of population and ethnicity, so it is not possible to
clarify the differences in the factors affecting development. on CBT and its contents.
Therefore, future studies should expand the scope of the study for better results.

related to CBT development, identifying gaps for research; synthesize theoretical issues
on CBT development and factors affecting CBT development; synthesize and select the
theory for research, according to which the three theories used by the author for the
study are sustainable development theory; Stakeholders and theory of expectations.
Based on that, the thesis has focused on analyzing and assessing the status of CBT
development in the Northwestern region to answer four related research questions. Two
qualitative and quantitative research methods are used in the study, identifying factors

affecting CBT development, building models, scales and hypotheses. The contributions
of the thesis and future research directions are detailed as follows.
1. The contribution of the thesis
1.1. Theoretically
- The study has built a set of measures to evaluate CBT development in the
Northwestern region to ensure systematic and consistent with CBT development of the
Northwest subregion.
- Identify five groups of factors that are considered to have significant effects on
CBT development of the study area. At the same time, adjust variables and measures to
suit the research context based on qualitative research results.
1.2. On the practical side
- The study has identified groups of factors and variables that affect CBT
development in the Northwest subregion.
- From the research results, suggesting some implicit recommendations to the
stakeholders related to CBT development in the Northwestern region.