công nghệ sản xuất sữa bột nguyên kem

 

Eỡ@ Dỡ@ 
AKBC Eỡ@ CÄBC ậBC ..........................................
...........................................................................................
.....................................................
.... jv 
AKBC Eỡ@ MậBL MJọV .................................................
..............................................................................................
.............................................v 
EỒ ėẨV .............................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................
............................. ; 
@CƯƧBL ;QốBL [VKB Xệ PậB WCảE PỢK MồQ BLVZÎB IFE  .................. = 
;.;  Ljộj tcjỌu vị sẠb pcẪe  ..................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................
....................... = 
;.;.; Pữk mỚt dç lä?  ........................................................................................................................ = 
;.;.=

Pữk bluyîb ife dç lä ? ...........................................................................................
........................................................................................................
............. = 

;.= 
;.0 

@ë` yîu `Ậu vị `cẦt dƷỠbl sẠb pcẪe  .....................................................................................
................................................... ................................ 1 
Qcỉ trƷổbl sữk cjỌb bky ..................................................................................................

 ........................................................................................................
...... 8 

@CƯƧBL =@Ë@ CƯƧBL DJỈV WCỡ DJỈV .............................................................;7 
=.;   Bluyîb djỌu sẠb xuẦt sữk mỚt bluyîb ife ....................................................
 .........................................................................
..................... ;7 
=.;.; Bluyîb
 Bluyîb djỌu `cåbc ..................................................................................................
............................................. ..................................................................
............. ;7 
=.= 

 Bluyîb pcỦ djỌu ................................................
.....................................................................................................
..................................................................
............. ;8 

@CƯƧBL 0[VZ Q]ÄBC PậB SVạQ su ėJọB CÄBC  ............................................. ;3 

0.;  [uy träbc sẠb xuẦt sữk mỚt bluyîb ife  ..............................................................................
................................................ .............................. ;3  
0.;.; Pƫ ěỐ quj träbc..................................................................................................................... ;3 
0.;.= Qcuyết ejbc quj träbc ....................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................
..................... ;: 

@CƯƧBL 1@Ë@ QCJẲQ MỎ Q]OBL PậB SVạQ PỢK MồQ BLVZÎB IFE ... =< 
1.;  Qcjết mỉ> ....................................................
..........................................................................................................

...........................................................................
..................... =< 
1.;.; Qcjết mỉ dy tíe> ........................................................................................................
................................................. ..................................................................
............. =< 
1.;.=  Qcjết mỉ tckbc trúbl>........................................................................................................... =3 
1.;.0 Qcjết

mỉ ěẼ`> ....................................................................................................................... =3 

1.;.1 Qcjết mỉ ěỐbl cðk> ..................................................................................................
............................................. ..................................................................
............. =: 
1.;.6 Qcjết mỉ sẦy pcub>................................................................................................................ 07 

@CƯƧBL 6 . WCƯƧBL WCËW IJọE Q]K @CạQ DƯửBL BLVZÎB DJỈV, PậB
WCảE ...................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
...........................0= 
6.;  @ë` pcƷƫbl pcëp ijỀe trk `cẦt dƷỠ bl
bl sữk ......................................................................... 0= 
6.;.; Qjếb cçbc ............................................................................................................................ 0= 
6.;.= IjỀe trk bckbc .......................................................................................................
.................................................. ..................................................................
............. 00 
jj

 

6.;.0

ởbc ljở bcje `k sk ............................................................................................... 01

6.;.1 Ije trk `ở` `ctjợu ck dừ...............................................................................................
............................................... ................................................ 06
6.;.6

Ije trk `ở` `ctjợu vj sjbc..............................................................................................
.............................................. ................................................ 17

....................................................................................................
....................................................................
................. 6=
IQ DVB.................................................

QầJ DJV QCKE ICO..............................................................................................
............................................................................................. 60

jjj



AKBC E@ CBC BC
Cọbc ;-; Qbl trbl `ở` et cỗbl tjợu aỳbl bckbc (HE@L) tcfo quừ, blub PPJ
]fsfkr`c ...................................................
....................................................................................................
.......................................................................
...................... <

Cäbc ;-= EỚt sớ sẠb pcẪe
  pcẪe sữk mỚt bluyîb ife trîb tcỉ trƷổbl ................................... : 
Cäbc =-; EỚt sớ cäbc Ạbc `Ửk sữk tƷƫj bluyîb ife ................................................... ;7 
Cäbc 1-; Qcjết mỉ dy tíe...............................................................................................
............................................................................................... =< 
  tckbc trúbl aẫbl ớbl .......................................................................
...................................................................... =3 
Cäbc 1-= Qcjết mỉ
Cäbc 1-0 CỌ tcớbl mớ` cƫj eỚt `Ầp aẫbl eçbl rƫj ....................................................
.................................................... =3 
................................................................................ =: 
Cäbc 1-1 Qcjết mỉ ěỐbl cðk = `Ầ p ................................................................................
..........................................................................................
............................................ 07 
Cäbc 1-6 Qcjết mỉ sẦy pcub ..............................................

jv

 

AKBC Eỡ@ MậBL MJọV  
MẠbl ;-; Po sëbc sữk mỚt bluyîb ife vç sữk tƷƫj bluyîb ife  ....................................... 0 
MẠbl ;-= Qcçbc pcẬb `Ửk sữk mỚt bluyîb ife  ...........................................
.................................................................
...................... 1 
MẠbl ;-0 [@XB 6-= >=7;7/MZQ @ë` `cỊ tjîu dõ cðk `Ửk sữk mỚt bluyîb ife ................ 1 
MẠbl ;-1 [@XB6-= >=7;7/MZQ EỚt sớ `cỊ tjîu vị ljộj cẫb `ë` `cẦt bcjỆe mẪb ěớj vộ
vộjj
`ë` sẠb pcẪe sữk aẫbl mỚt  ............................................................................................

..................................................................................................
...... 6  


Mbl ; 6 [@XB6 = >=7;7/MZQ @ở` `c tjợu vj sjbc vt `k `ở` sb pce sk abl mt6
Qcfo Q@XB <:<: > =7;0 `oafx stkb =7<;::: wjtc kefbaefbt =7;7 skmt
Mbl
;-8mt
vỗ
`rfke
...................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
...... 8
Mbl 6-; Mbl `c s EWB ập abl icj aỳbl : bl blcje> 0 bl vj7,;l9 7,7;l9
7,77;l( cky ed).............................................
..............................................................................................
.....................................................................
.................... 67

v





E V
Be trobl xu tc `cubl `k `ở` b` kbl pcởt trjb trợb tc ljj, bcu `u v
`ở` sb pce sk Xjt Bke bc et blub m subl ajbc abl tcjt yu cbl
blỗy, sk ` bcju ljở tr ajbc abl dỗ et cb cp mko le `ở` tcỗbc pcb
`cồbc> b`, dk`tosf, protfjb, et s `ct mờo. Bloỗj rk sk `ýb `ck et s

icở` vj cỗe dbl bc bc `ở` cp `ct `ck bjto,vjtkejb, `ct eỗu vỗ icồ.
Qrobl `ở` sb pce sk bj trợb tcọ sk mt dỗ ebl sb pce ` t` pcởt
trjb bckbc bct trobl `ở` aýbl sb pce v sk icủbl bcbl tcj ljkb mo
qub dớu eỗ skmt
mt `ýb ljỵp `ở` bcỗ
b cỗ sb xut tjt ije ` pcb db `ở` `cj


 pcå `co vjỌ` vấb `cu
`cuyỀb
yỀb  ao sẠb pcẪe `ð icớj dƷỠbl ljẠe ěj bcjịu dẬb icj tk so
sëbc vộj bluyîb djỌu sữk tƷƫj mkb ěẬ u. Cƫb tcế bữk trobl `ë` aýbl sữk mỚt tcä
sữk mỚt bluyîb ife ěkbl aẬb `cjếe Ʒu tcế mởj `ë` `cẦt ajbc aƷừbl `ko, dçe tứ
;77% sữk tƷƫj bluyîb `cẦt eç icñbl `ð tcîe mẦt iä `ë` tcçbc pcẬb pcỦ ljk
icë`, ěẠe mẠo kb toçb   vỌ sjbc vç `cẦt dƷỠbl sẠb pcẪe.  PẠb pcẪe ljữ bluyîb
ěƷỠ` tåbc `cẦt tƷƫj blob `Ửk sữk, icñbl `cỪk `cẦt mẠo quẠb, pcỦ ljk, cƷƫbl djỌu
trobl quë träbc sẠb xuẦt.   Qjîu `cuẪb `cẦt mêo trobl sữk bluyîb ife dç 0.6% vç
ljữ ěƷỠ` ěẬy ěỬ Wrotfjb, Xjtkejb vç icoëbl `cẦt vớb `ð trobl sữk tƷƫj.
Pữk mỚt bluyîb i fe icñbl bcữbl ěƷỠ` sụ aỦbl tẫj ljk ěäbc ěỀ pck `cế eç `ýb
dç bluyîb djỌu qukb trễbl trobl bcjịu blçbc `ñbl blcjỌp   icë` bcku.Xä tcế eç
`cþbl fe ěà täe  cjỀu vị>  —@ ñbl
ñbl blcỌ sẠb xuẦt sữk mỚt bluyîb ife―,
ife ―,  ěỀ Ừbl
aỦbl `ë` tåbc `cẦt `Ửk doẫj sữk mỚt bluyîb ife bçy trobl `uỚ` sớbl.

;

 

 

@CƯƧBL ;  QốBL [VKB Xệ PậB WCảE PỢK MồQ BLVZÎB IFE 
;.;  Ljộj tcjỌu vị sẠb pcẪe
;.;.; 

Pữk mỚt dç lä?

Pữk mỚt dç eỚt sẠb pcẪe sẠb xuẦt tứ sữk
ở aẫbl mỚt icñ, ěƷỠ` tcỻ` cjỌb mẻbl
`ë`c dçe mớ` cƫj sữk ěỀ icñ sku ěð
blcjịb bcỏ, tëb bcỏ tcçbc mỚt. EỚt  eỦ`
ěå`c `Ửk sữk aẫbl mỚt icñ bçy dç pcỦ`
vỦ `co vjỌ` mẠo quẠb, tå`c trữ, sụ aỦbl.


Pkmt
mt ` tcj cb s abl dớu cb cb
so vj sk b` vỗ icủbl `b pcj `
dỗe dbc, ao mb tcớb b ` e
tcp.
Et e` ồ`c icở` dỗ lje icj dbl db j vj vj` vb tj quk tjt
ije `cj pcồ. Pk mt vỗ `ở` sb pce t sk mko le `ở` tcỗbc pce bc sk
icủ bluyợb `ct, sk icủ icủbl ` `ct mờo, sk icủ sb pce
pce vỗ `ở` cb cp
sk icủ. Bcju sb pce sk xut icu pcỳ cp vj tjợu `cub t rk. Pk mt
` sabl
bl tcủbl abl bc dỗ et doj tc` pce vỗ fe dj bcju dj ồ`c `co
s` icf(ajbc abl) vỗ `bl aỳbl trobl `ủbl blc sjbc c`.
Pk bluyợb ife dỗ lọ?

;.;.=

Pk bluyợb ife dỗ doj sk ` `cjt xut tr` tjp t sk mý bluyợb `ct
trj quk quở trọbc ajt icub, doj sk bỗy lj ` ;77% cỗe dbl ajbc abl
t bcjợb tb tj trobl sk mý eỗ icủbl tcợe `ct mo qub cky s tcke ljk `k
`ở` `ct pc ljk icở`. Pk bluyợb ife ` cỗe dbl ajbc abl `ko ljỵp `
tc m subl ` bcbl abl `ct ` dj `co `tt c bc Wrotfjb, `krmocyarktf,
`kbxj, vjtkejb K, A, M8, M;=, vỗ bl tcj cỗe dbl `ct mờo ` trobl sk
dợb b 0.6% be `c yu dp vởbl sk. Pk bluyợb ife `ýb ` lj dỗ Ejdi
Hudd @rfke (trobl tjbl Kbc) cky `ýb ` lj dỗ sk tckbc trỳbl, sk tjt trỳbl.
Pk bluyợb ife tcbl ` `cjk dỗe = abl dỗ sk mt bluyợb ife vỗ sk tj
bluyợb ife. cju cb vỗ ljj ởp ` tc` e` sk mt b luyợb ife vỗ sk
=





tj bluyợb ife doj bỗo tt cb `cỵbl tk `ỳbl xfe mbl `cj tjt aj ớy.
Mbl ;-; Po sởbc sk mt bluyợb ife vỗ sk tj bluyợb ife
Po sởbc

Pk mt bluyợb ife

Pk tj bluyợb ife

` je

Dỗ doj sk ` `cjt

Dỗ doj sk ` `cjt

xut t ;77% sk

xut t ;77% sk

Qcỗbc pcb

mý

mý

tj bluyợb `ct. Doj

tj bluyợb `ct

sk

bl b``..
abl

bỗy ` tở`c

b`
Cỗe

dbl
bl

`ct

Cỗe dbl
bl `ct mờo>


 mêo >0,6%
@cẦt

0,6%-0,<% `ko cƫb

ajbc

aƷừ bl
bl

icë` >

Wrotfjb,

vộ j sữk mỚt

so

bluyîb

ife.

i ẵe,

`krmocyarktf,

`kbxj, pcotpco, ikdj,

vjtkejb K,… åt `cẦt
ajbc aƷừbl cƫb sữk
tƷƫj bluyîb ife 
Ưu ějỀe

ėà quk quë träbc ajỌt

Cçe dƷỠ bl
bl `cẦt mêo

icuẪb

`ð trobl vëbl sữk `ko

Icñbl `ð `cẦt pc Ủ ljk

bcẦt trobl `ë` doẫj sữk

cky `cẦt mẠo quẠb

Wcú cỠ  p vộ j bcjịu ěớj

Ljữ 

tƷỠ bl
bl sụ a Ủbl

`cẦt

ěƷỠ ` cçe dƷỠ bl
bl
mêo

vç

ajbc

bl tớt `co `ƫ tcỀ 
aƷừ bl
@ð të` aỦbl tĀbl `íb

QĀbl `íb bckbc ěớj
vộ j tr ẹ  suy ajbc
coẼ` bcẺ `íb. 

bl
aƷừ bl

cjỌu quẠ 

 BcƷỠ` ějỀe

Cçe dƷỠ bl
bl Wcotpco

Icñbl

vç `kbxj icë `ko

blƷổ j a ỉ Ừbl `ë` tcçbc

icñbl bîb `co trẹ  

 pcẬb sữk

pcú cỠ  p vộ j

0

 

 

aƷộ j ; tuỖj sụ a Ủbl

Icñbl mẠo quẠb ěƷỠ `

@ð tcỀ líy ěẬy cƫj, rớj

díu ao bcjỌt ěỚ  xụ  då

doẫb tjîu cðk 

icñbl `ko 

Pụ  a Ủbl bcjịu
tcứk `íb, mêo pcä 

líy

@ð tcỀ  líy tcứk `íb
coẼ` mêo pcä. 

;.=  @ë` yîu `Ậu vị `cẦt dƷỠbl sẠb pcẪe 

Pữk mỚt bluyîb ife ěƷỠ` ěëbc ljë `cẦt dƷỠbl tcfo `ë` tjîu `cuẪb `Ạe qukb, cðk 
dõ vç vj  sjbc túy tcfo doẫj sẠb pcẪe. Qcçbc pcẬb `Ửk sữk mỚt bluyîb ife (%)
bcƷ mẠbl aƷộj ěíy >


MẠbl ;-= Qcçbc pcẬb `Ửk sữk mỚt bluyîb ife 
@ë` tcçbc pcẬb 

Pữk mỚt bluyîb ife

 BƷộ` 

0.6

Wrotfjb

=6.=

@cẦt mêo 

=8.=

Dk`tosf

03.;

@cẦt icoẠbl 

<.7

MẠbl ;-0 [@XB 6-= >=7;7/MZQ @ë` `cỊ tjîu dõ cðk `Ửk sữk mỚt bluyîb ife  
Qîb `cỊ tjîu 

EỪ` quy ěỉbc 

ėỚ Ẫe,% icớj dƷỠbl, icñbl

6

dộb cƫb 
Cçe dƷỠbl protfjb sữk

01

trobl `cẦt icñ icñbl mêo
`Ửk sữk, % icớj dƷỠbl,
icñbl bcỏ cƫb 
Cçe dƷỠbl `cẦt mêo sữk,%

Qứ =8 ěếb aƷộj 1=

icớj dƷỠbl

1

 

 

MẠbl ;-1 [@XB6-= >=7;7/MZQ EỚt sớ `cỊ tjîu vị ljộj cẫ
cẫbb `ë` `cẦt bcjỆe mẪb
ěớj vộj `ë` sẠb pcẪe sữk aẫbl mỚt 
Qîb `cỊ tjîu 
;. 

@cä, el/il sẠb pcẪe ěà pck ěỀ sụ

Ljộj cẫb tớj ěk 
7,7=

aỦbl blky 
=. 

Qcjế` (ěớj vộj sẠb pcẪe ěỻbl trobl

=67

 mko mä trëbl tcjế`), el/il 
0.  Ptjmj, el/il

;,7

1.  Krsfb, el/il

7,6

6.  @kaej, el/il

;,7

8. 

7,76

QcuỼ blíb, el/il 
ėỚ` tớ vj bẦe 

;.  Khdktoxjb E;,l/il

7,6

MẠbl ;-6 [@XB6-= >=7;7/MZQ @ë` `cỊ tjîu vj sjbc vất `Ửk `ë` sẠb pcẪe sữk
aẫbl mỚt 
Qîb `cỊ tjîu 

Ljộj cẫb tớj ěk `co pcêp 

;. Fbtfromk`tfrjk`fkf
=.  Ptkpcydo`o``j

;7@HV/l

aƷƫbl

tåbc

vộj

e>;7 @HV/l

E> ;77 @HV/l

`okludksf

BỚj
0.  BỚj

ěỚ` tớ `Ửk stkpcydo`o``us

Icñbl pcët cjỌb trobl =6 l 

(Ptkpcydo`o``kd fbtfrotoxjb)
1. D. eobo`ytolfbfs (ěớj vộj sẠb pcẪe

;77 @HV/l

aúbl blky
6.  Pkdeobfddk

Icñbl pcët cjỌb trobl =6 l 

6

 

 

MẠbl ;-8 Qcfo Q@XB <:<: > =7;0 `oafx stkb =7< ‐  ;:::
 ;::: wjtc kefbaefbt
=7;7 sữk mỚt vç `rfke mỚt 
Zîu `Ậu 
;. ėỚ

kxjt `cuẪb ěỚ, sớ ejdjdjt aubl

Pữk mỚt bluyîb ife 
tớj ěk ;3,7 

aỉ`c BkOC 7,; B/;7 l `cẦt icñ
icñbl `cỪk `cẦt mêo  
=. @ë` cẫt `cëy sêe 

tớj ěk ěk M

0. @cỊ sớ cýk tkb, ed

tớj ěk ;,7 


;.0 Qc trbl sk cjb bky

Be =7=7 a mởo tbl trbl `k blỗbc sk s e` et `c s ao e` `cj
tjợu `co `ở` et cỗbl tjợu aỳbl `k blj Xjt Bke bj `cubl mt u `cbl dj
icj ởp bl `ở` bcu `u ` mb, tcky vỗo ,c `cuybskbl `cj tjợu tcfo
s tcồ`c tck eb `ở` bcu `u `ko cb.
Qcfo mởo `ởo v tc trbl sk vk ` PPJ ]fsfkr`c `ủbl m tcọ be =7;:
blỗbc bỗy `c tbl 7,6% v vb ck tc trbl, tcp cb so vj e` tbl <,<%
`k XB-Jbafx.
@ở` aokbc blcjp u blỗbc bc Xjbkejdi, bl [ubl Blj ` `co dỗ
` e` tbl trbl tcp so vj be =7;3, iờo tcfo ljở ` pcju `k bcbl b
v bỗy icủbl `ko. @ tc, ljở ` pcju XBE `c tbl 7,<=% ao tbl trbl dj
bcub be =7;: tcp, trobl icj ljở ` pcju [BP lje =7,6% ao ởp d` mởb djợb
tjp `k ` ủbl bj m.
Bcọb toỗb `bc tc
t c trbl, tcfo Bjfdsfb,
Bjfdsfb, dbl tjợu
tj ợu tc sk mt
mt u b bc
bc t
quừ =/=7;: sku 8 quừ lje djợb tjp i t quừ 1/=7;<. Q` tbl trbl dbl
tjợu tc e` aỳ e` abl bcbl tcp, t =,;-0,:% tcfo be, `c tbl
bl vj @WJ. Qrobl s `ở` et cỗbl tjợu aỳbl bckbc (HE@L), sb pce t
sk (`cje ;0% tbl sb dbl tjợu tc cỗbl HE@L) dỗ et trobl bcbl blỗbc
cỗbl ` e` tbl trbl tjợu tc iờe bct.
Bl` dj, s dju tcfo Furoeobjtor ` v ic qukb cb vj tbl quy eủ tc
trbl sk Xjt Bke be =7;: t ;=;.777 t bl, tbl 3,:%. Qcfo a dju
8

bỗy, dbl tjợu tc sk ubl vỗ sk `cuk tbl trbl vt trj (tbl :,:% vỗ
tbl ;;,8% tcfo sb dbl), trobl icj sk mt vỗ sk ` tb l trbl
bl tbl t
bc it qu `k Bjfdsfb (`c tbl =,;% vỗ =,<%). ]jợbl sk `ủbl tc` `co tr s
sjbc tr bợb ồt ` k `cubl cb ao `cjb a`c qubl mở rbl rj buủj `ob
mbl sk e. Qrobl icj , ` rt bcju dk `cb tc
tcky
ky tc `co tr db cb, bc
sktj cky `ở` doj sk ct, bl ``, `cởo tj vỗ `ở` doj icở`.


Cọbc ;-; Qbl trbl `ở` et cỗbl tjợu aỳbl bckbc (HE@L) tcfo quừ, blub
PPJ ]fsfkr`c

X it qu ijbc aokbc : tcởbl u be `k aokbc blcjp sk, XBE t
1=.7<7 t bl aokbc tcu tcub (tbl 8,1% so vj `ỳbl i =7;3) vỗ 3.037 t
bl dj bcub rýbl (tbl 6,3%). Qrobl , aokbc tcu trobl b` tbl 8,;%, icở
sởt vj ` tồbc `k mkb dbc o dỗ 6 - <% tcfo sb dbl. Quy bcjợb, it qu
bỗy tcp cb i vbl `k tc trbl. @co ` be =7;:, PPJ ]fsfkr`c ` tồbc
aokbc tcu `k XBE s t it co`c rk trobl icj dj bcub rýbl s tbl
trbl icobl 6%.
Ebl ijbc aokbc sk u bỗbc `k bl [ubl Blj ([BP) `bl lcj bcb s
tbl trbl ic qukb, t ;6% tbl trbl aokbc tcu vỗ =1% tbl trbl dj
bcub tr` tcu. Lb ớy, [BP `ủbl m it qu ijbc aokbc s m be =7;:,
vj aokbc tcu tcub vỗ dj bcub sku tcu t 3.777 t bl (lje bc 7,1%) vỗ
;.=77 t bl (lje =,:%). @ýb j vj Pk E` @cớu, aokbc tcu `k aokbc
blcjp bỗy tbl bc 1,;% sku : tcởbl.
<

PJJ ]fsfkr`c `co rbl, et s xu cbl tcky j ekbl tồbc `u trỵ` tở` bl
b blỗbc sk troblbe =7;:, mko le>
Qc bct, tbl tjợu tc sk tc` vt. Qcfo , sk u bỗbc vỗ sk dỵk e`c
` `oj dỗ dk `cb tcky tc tt bct `co sk mý, bc cỗe dbl protfjb `ko.
Qcfo Bjfdsfb,
;7

tbl ljở tr tjợu tc sk u bỗbc ` tcbl cju tbl ;0% trobl

tcởbl u vỗ tbl trbl aokbc tcu `k Xjbksoy t ;6% sku : tcởbl u

be =7;:.
Qc ckj, v pcớbpcj
pcj be =7;: `co tcy aokbc tcu quk `ở` iợbc tcbl ej
cjb j tbl trbl ckj `c s trobl bcju quừ, tuy bcjợb `c `cje ;;%


trobl tbl aokbc tcu cỗblHE@L. Mởb cỗbl tcủbl quk iợbc tcbl ej cjb j
dỗ et ebl y tcở`c tc` `co `ở` `ủbl ty sk, ao `bc trkbc lky lt vỗ rỗo
`b ljk bcp tcp.
Qc mk, ljở sk bluyợb dju vỗ ljở mởb trubl mọbc u tbl. Qcfo Ldomkd Akjry
Qrkaf, ljở sk mt ly tbl 07% so vj `ỳbl i vỗ ljở sk mt bluyợb ife tbl
1%. e mo mjợb dj bcub, bcbl `ủbl ty db bc X jbkejdi, QC Qruf Ejdi
vỗ Aut`c Dkay u tbl ljở mởb tcợe ; -6% vỗo be =7;:.
@uj `ỳbl, v xut icu, je sởbl be =7;: dỗ sku bcju be `c j, blỗbc
sk Xjt Bke ` pcờp xut icu sb pce skbl Qrubl [u`. ớy dỗ et

tc

trbl `bc trkbc `ko b cbl rt cp ab, `c `b `cje et pcb bc trobl

tc trbl 87 t VPA bỗy `bl ` tc rt ` ừ blck `co tbl trbl trobl tbl
dkj `k `ở` `ủbl ty sk Xjt Bke.
Cjb tj, aokbc blcjp trobl blỗbc sk kbl tjp t` `ko `p ck sb pce. b
`, Xjbkejdi k rk et s PIV `ko `p bc sk tj orlkbj`, sk `ủbl tc`
orlkbj`, sk K= vỗ tcuợ sb xut ljk `ủbl sk mt tj Bct Mb (sku bcp
icu tr dj Xjt Bke).
ởbc ljở v tbl trbl `k blỗbc sk trobl be =7=7, PPJ ]fsfkr`c `co rbl
tc trbl bỗy s tjp t` tbl trbl et `c s icj e` `cj tjợu `co `ở` et
cỗbl HE@L `k blj tjợu aỳbl Xjt Bke bj `cubl mt u `cbl dj icj
ởp bl `ở` bcu `u ` mb. Qcky vỗo , c tcbl `cuyb skbl `cj tjợu
tcfo s tcồ`c tck eb `ở` bcu `u `ko cb (bc dỗ b/ubl mợb bloỗj) vỗ `cj
3





tjợu `co `ở` et cỗbl icủbl tcjt yu bce e` ồ`c `cubl dỗ bớbl `ko `ct
dbl `u` sbl.
Qrobl icj bcu `u sk tc trbl tcỗbc tc abl bc mo cýk, tjợu tc tc
trbl bủbl tcủb dj mjb bl db ao tbl pc tcu` vỗo ljở et cỗbl bủbl
blcjp, tỳy vỗo e` tcu bcp ic abl tj tc trbl bỗy quyt bc e` `cj
tjợu `co `ở` sb pce HE@L.
Et

ssb pce sk mt bluyợb ifetrợb tc trbl cjb bky

bluyợbife Butjhooa
Pkmt

Afvobakdf
Pkmt


Pữk mỚ
 mỚt Ikbby

Pữk mỚt
 mỚt @ñ Lëj Cç Dkb
 Dkb  

Cäbc ;-= EỚt sớ sẠb pcẪe sữk mỚt bluyîb ife trîb tcỉ trƷổbl 

:

 

 

@CƯƧBL =  @Ë@ CƯƧBL DJỈV WCỡ DJỈV 
=.;  Bluyîb djỌu sẠb xuẦt sữ k mỚt bluyîb ife 
=.;.; 

Bluyîb djỌu `cåbc 

 Bluyîb djỌu ěỀ  sẠb xuẦt sữk mỚt bluyîb ife dç sữk tƷƫj  bluyîb ife. Pữk

bluyîb ife dç sẠb pcẪe ěƷỠ ` `cế mjếb tứ sữk tƷƫj icñbl cjỌu `cỊbc `cẦt mêo. 
PẠb pcẪe ljữ  bluyîb

ěƷỠ` tåbc `cẦt tƷƫj blob `Ửk sữk, icñbl `cỪk `cẦt mẠo

quẠb, pcỦ ljk, cƷƫbl djỌu trobl quë träbc sẠb xuẦt. Qjîu `cuẪb `cẦt mêo trobl sữk

bluyîb ife dç 0.6% vç ljữ  ěƷỠ` ěẬy ěỬ Wrotfjb, Xjtkejb vç icoëbl `cẦt vớb `ð
trobl sữk tƷƫj. 


ėỀ sẠb pcẪe `ð `cẦt dƷỠ bl
bl Ỗb ěỉbc, `ë` yîu `Ậu vị `cỊ tjîu cðk då, vj sjbc vç `Ạ e
qukb `co bluyîb djỌu `Ūbl icắ` icf bcƷ ěớj vộj bcðe `cỊ tjîu vj sjbc, tỖbl sớ tế 
 mço trobl ;d sữk trƷộ` icj `ñ ěẼ` vç sẦy icñbl vƷỠt quë 0777 -6777. ėỀ ěẫt ěƷỠ `
yîu `Ậu bçy sữk bluyîb djỌu pcẠj quk tcfo eỚt quy träbc rjîbl bcẻe dçe ljẠ e
tỖbl sớ tế mço
  mço sjbc aƷừbl vç mço tụ `ð trobl sữk.

Cäbc =-; EỚt sớ cäbc Ạbc `Ửk sữk tƷƫj bluyîb ife 
Qcfo Qjîu `cuẪ b quớ ` ljk Q@XB <176>=7;3 vị  P 
 P ữk
ữk tƷƫj bluyîb djỌu

;7

 

 

MẠbl 6.;.1.;-; @cỊ tjîu `Ạe qukb
Qîb `cỊ tjîu 
;. Eçu sắ`
=. Eúj, vỉ 
0. Qr ẫbl tcëj 

Zîu `Ậu
Qứ eçu trắbl blç ěếb eçu ife bcẫ t

Eúj, vỉ  ěẼ` trƷbl tỻ  bcjîb `Ửk sữk
tƷƫj, icñbl `ð eúj, vỉ dẫ 
Aubl a ỉ`c
ỉ`c ěỐbl bcẦt


1. Qẫ p `cẦt dẫ  bcäb

tcẦy mẻbl eắt

Icñbl ěƷỠ ` `ð 

tcƷổ bl
bl

MẠbl 6.;.1.;-= @cỊ tjîu cðk då 
Qîb `cỊ tjîu 

EỪ `

;. Cçe dƷỠ bl

bl `cẦt icñ, % icớj dƷỠbl, icñbl bcỏ  
cƫb 

;;,6

=. Cçe dƷỠ bl
bl `cẦt mêo, % icớj dƷỠbl, icñbl  bc ỏ 
cƫb 
0. Cçe dƷỠ bl
bl protfjb, % icớj dƷỠbl, icñbl bcỏ 
cƫb 

0,=

=,3

1. QỼ tr ễbl `Ửk sữk ở  =7 ·@, l/ed, icñbl bcỏ cƫb 

;,7=8

6. ėỚ kxjt `cuẪb ěỚ, ·Q 

Qứ ;8 ěếb =;

8. ėjỀe ěðbl mĀbl, ·@  

Qứ - 7,67 ěếb - 7,63

;;

 

 

MẠbl 6.;.1.;-0 @cỊ tjîu vj sjbc 
Qîb `cỊ tjîu 
;. Pớ  dƷỠ bl
bl vj icuẪb cjếu

icå

I ế coẫ`c dẦy eẩu

Ljộ j cẫb tớj ěk 

b

`

e

E

=

6.;7= 

=.;70 

0 x ;78 

tỖbl sớ ěếe ěƷỠ ` tẫj 07 ·@ 
=. Ptkpcydo`o`us kurfus 
❘ 

6

Qcçbc pcẬb `Ửk sữk
Pữk dç eỚt cỜb cỠ 
 p mko lỐe `ë` tcçbc p cẬb `cåbc> bƷộ `,
`, dk`tosf, protẺjb, eỚt sớ 


`ct mờo.

Bloỗj rk sk `ýb `ck et s icở` vj cỗe dbl
bl bc bc `ở` c
p

`ct `ck bjt

pcj protfjb, vjtkejb, coo`eob, `ct eỗu vỗ icồ. Cỗe dbl `ở`

`ct trobl sk ` tcljko bl trobl et icobl rbl.
B`
`>>

B` t ao `cje :8 :<% tbl dbl b`.B ` tc ` tở`c trobl quở
trọbc `ủ `, sy vọ icủbl ` djợb it coở c` vj `ct icủ.
củ. Icj mo qub sk mt,

b` tao xớe bcp vỗo dỗe `co s k mt mvb ``.
B` djợb it `cje e t t d bc , icobl 0 -1%. Cỗe dbl
bl b ` djợb it pc
tcu` vỗo `ở` tcỗbcpcb be trủbl cifo> protfjb, `ở` pcospcktjt, podysk`krjt.
bl
bl

dk`tosf>

Ldu`ja `k s k

dỗ dk`tozk cky `ýb lj dỗ bl
bl sk, trubl mọbc ej dồt s k `c k

67l trobl et dồt sk.

Dk`tosf dỗe t jsk``krjaf ao et pcớb t ldu`osf vỗ et

pcớb tlkdk`tosf djợb it to tcỗbc. Dk`tzk trobl sk ` ừ blck qukb trbl vọ b
a m et s vj sjbc vt

lớy dợb efb to k`ja dk`tj` vỗ `ở` s b pce icở` bc

k`ftjb, eftjb, ajk`ftjb to bợb eỳj v`k `ở` sb pce sk.
Qrobl sk bl
bl dk`tosf tb tj aj ckj abl >

A
Abl-dk`tosf eobo cyarkt @;=C==O;;.C=O
A

Abl-dk`tosf kbcyarous @;=C==O;;
Qrobl sk
tcp

bl
bl Dk`tosf abl
bl coỗ tkb vỗ dỗ bl
bl ic. blt `k dk`tosf

cb bcju so vj `ở` jsk``krjaf vỗ eobosk`rjaf icở` (iờe 07 db

;=





sk`krozk). Dk`tosf ` tcm tcu pcớb
pcớb tcỗbc ckj bl
bl eobosk`krjaf dỗ ldu`osf
vỗ lkdk`tosf ao Fbzye -lkdk`tosfaksf.


@ở` cp `ct ` `ck Bjt>
k. @ksfjb>

@ksfjb dỗ bcớb tqukb trbl bct `k protja trobl sk, dỗ tcỗbc pcb protfjb `c
yu ` trobl sk vỗ dỗ `ở` ct cọbc `u ` iồ`c tc` 17=77ảe. @cỵbl tb tj

aj abl ej`fddf. Ej ej`fddf `ck 86% b`,

`, pcb `ýb dj dỗ `ở` doj `ksfjbvỗ
icoởbl (`kbxj, ekljf, pcotpcktf, `jtrktf), `ksfjb`cj e =,<%. Dỗ protfjb ` tồbc
kxjt vọ pcớb t`k `cỵbl `ck bcju l` kxjt ldutkej` vỗ kxjt kspkrtj`.


-`ksfjb> Ao sỻ  pcíb
 pcíb mớ ějỌb tå`c vç `ë` pcẬb Ʒk mêo icñbl ěỐbl ěịu trîb pcíb tụ  

 protfjb bîb eỚt ěẬ u eẫ`c -`ksfjb tå`c ějỌb `ð tåbc Ʒk bƷộ ``,, `ýb ěẬu eẫ`c ijk `ð
tåbc iỉ bƷộ `.
`.
-`ksfjb>

`ð tåbc Ʒk bƷộ ` `ko bcẦt trobl `ë` doẫj `ksfjb ao pcíb tụ   `Ửk bð `cỪk

bcjịu bcðe pcotpcoryd vç lớ` `ktjob.
-`ksfjb> `ð tåbc Ʒk mêo `ko bcẦ t.
-`ksfjb> `cỊ `cỪk eỚt lớ` pcospcoryd, `ð tåbc dƷừ bl
bl `ỻ`. ėẬu kejbo `Ửk pcíb tụ 
 protfjb tcä Ʒk mêo `ýb ěẬu `k`moxyd, bƫj djîb iết vộj bcðe lduxjt dẫj Ʒk bƷộ ``..
-`ksfjb> vç-`ksfjb

dç bcữbl sẠb pcẪe `Ửk quë träbc tcuỼ  pcíb -`ksfjb tứ  eëu

ěỚbl vất.
 m. Wrñtîjb coç tkb> 
Kdmuejb 7,1% vç Ldumudjb 7,=% mỉ ěñbl tỦ icj ěub  bðbl sữk dîb ěếb 37o@.
-dk`toldomudjb> -dk`toldo mudjb `ð aẫbl cäbc `Ậu, åt tƷƫbl të` coẼ ` i ết cỠ 
 p vộj `ë`

 pcíb tụ i cë`,
cë`, `cjếe =,6- 1l/d.
`ð 7,3-;,6l/d, trobl eỜj pcíb tụ  `ð `cỪk eỚt bluyîb tụ  `kxj.
Qcçbc pcẬb `ë` k`ja kejb trobl pcíb tụ `Ửk bð rẦt `íb ěớj, ějỀe ěẰbl ějỌb ở  WC
 WC
-dk`tkdmuejb>

56,; icñbl mỉ ěñbl tỦ mở j efb sữk.
Wfptobf-protosf> mko lỐe bcữbl pcíb ěoẫb protfjb icë` bcku ( 7,3-;,6l/d)
Jeeuboldomudjb> trobl sữk

mý `ð mk doẫj dç JlL, JlK, JlE. Qrobl ěð JlL `ð

cçe dƷỠ bl
bl `ko bcẦt, JlK `ð `cỪ` bĀbl `cớbl bcjỆe trúbl ěƷổ bl
bl ruỚt (7,67,3l/d).
;0

 

 

Pfrue-kdmuejb>

dç protfjb `ð pcíb tụ  dƷỠ bl
bl dộb `ð bluỐb lớ` tứ  eëu rẦt eẩb

`Ạe vộ j bcjỌt ěỚ.

 Bloçj rk trobl sữk `ýb `ð protfjb eçbl, cçe dƷỠ bl

bl `Ửk `cþbl r Ầt tcẦ p.
`. Fbzye>
Fbzye ao tuyếb
`Ửk

vþ tjết rk coẼ` ao vj sjbc v ất trobl sữk tỖbl c Ỡp bîb. Pỻ `ð eẼt

`ë` fbzye dç bluyîb bcíb líy mjếb ěỖj tcçbc pcẬb coë cễ` `Ửk sữk trobl

quë träbc mẠo qu Ạb, a ẩb
ẩb ěếb dçe ljẠe `cẦt dƷỠ bl
bl coẼ` cƷ cỏbl s ữk. BcƷbl eỚt
sớ  Fbzye trobl sữk `ð vkj trý icëbl icuẪb bcƷ dk`topfroxyaksf, dysozyef.
Cçe dƷỠ bl
bl vj sjbc vất `çbl bcjịu tcä tcçbc pcẬb fbzye `çbl ěk aẫbl vç coẫt


tồbc `ỗbl `ko, ` cb 87 F bzye trobl sk.
Dk`topfroyafsf> Fbzye
`ct

bỗy xỵ` tở` pcb bl `cuyb coở oxy t C=O=b `ở`

oxy coở icở`, ` WC tj tcồ`c dỗ 8,3, cỗe dbl trubl mọbc trobl sk dỗ

07el/d, mvủ cot coở37
37 o@ trobl vỗj ljớy.

@ktkdksf> Fbzye bỗy duủb ` trobl sk ao tuyb vỵ tjt rk, b xỵ` tở` pc b bl
pcớb cu C=O=tcỗbc b` vỗ oxy t ao. Pk bcje vj sjbc vt tcbl ` cot

o

<6 @ trobl tcj
tồbc `ktkdksf rt `ko, ` WC tj tcồ`c 8,3 -<. @ktkdksf mvủ cot <6

ljkb et pcỵt, 86 83
83 o@ sku 07 pcỵt.

Djpksf> Fbzye qukb trbl bct trobl sk
ldy`oprotfjb, WC tj
`cxỵ`

tcồ`c dỗ 3.:, cỗe dbl
bl trobl sk `c icobl ;-=el/d, b

tở` tcupcớb
pcớb djợb i t fstfr trobl ` ` ct trjldy`frja a
abl
bl bc tbl tj

met tj p
sk,

` iồ cju dỗ eDWD, dỗ et

xỵ` pck ljk `c t mờo vỗ b`, dỗe tồ`cdu `ở` kxjt mờo tao trobl

quở trọbc pcớb ljj tjp tcfo `ở` kxjt mờo bỗy dỗe `co sk vỗ sb pce t

sk ` vbl, eỳj ủj icờt vỗ eỳj ije doj .

Wcospcktksf >

@cỵbl xỵ` tở` tcupcớb djợb it fstfr ljk kxjt pcospcorj` vỗ

ldy`frjb, ` ckj abl>
Wcospcktksf ije

` WC tj tcồ`c dỗ :,8 ` ic bbl tởj cot coở. Mtcupcớb
pcớb

07 o@ trobl 07 pcỵt co` 37o@ t` tcọ.
Wcospcktksf k`ja >

Fbzye bỗy ` WC tj tcồ`c dỗ 1,< vỗ dỗ fbzye mb bcjt bc t

trobl sk. vủ cot coở coỗb toỗb tk `b ljk bcjt sk b :8 o@ trobl

6 pcỵt,

mvủ cot mj BkH
;1





Qrobl sut

`cu iọ tjt sk mý, cot tồbc pcospcktksf kxjt trobl sk icở b bc,

pcospcktksf ije tbl ab vỗo `u j `cu iọ tjt sk.
Dysozye> mb vbcj
b cjt,

xỵ` tở` pcb bl tcu pcớb
pcớb djợb
d jợb iit ljk k`ja eurkej`

vỗ lduskejbf `k eu`opodysk``rjaf trobl eỗbl tmỗo
mỗo vj icub, t lớy pcớb
mỗo. Dysozye ` WC tj tcồ`c dỗ <,:, cỗe dbl trubl mọbc ;07ảl/d.
cutmỗo.
Wrotfkzk >Fbzye

bỗy xỵ` tở` pcb bl tcupcớb
pcớb protfjb. @ ckj doj protfksf>

protfkzk ije v ỗ

protfkzk k`ja. @cỵbl tcbl djợb it v j `ksfjb vỗ `bl mit

tk WC
WC 5 1.8, protfkzk kxjt ` WC tj tcồ`c
t cồ`c 1,7,
@cỵbl mvủ cot coỗb toỗb 37
37o@ sku ;7pcỵt.

3.7.
`ýb protfksf ije dỗ <.6 3.7.

➭ 

@cẦt mêo> 

@cjếe 0,<3 %, =6 -16 l/d, l Ốe

Djpjt ěƫb ljẠb `cjếe 06-16l, a Ệ  tjîu coë. Djpjt

ěƫb ljẠb lỐe `k`mob, cyaro vç oxy vç Djpjt pcỪ` tẫ p `cjếe 7,0-7,6%9 `ð
`k`mob, cyaro, oxy, pcotpco, bjtƫ, dƷu cuỰbc.
@ë` `cẦt mêo trobl sữk tcƷổbl `ð  a ẫbl
ẫbl cäbc `Ậu, ěƷổbl iåbc ako ěỚbl tứ  7.;7.=e. Qrobl ;ed sữk
sữk

`ð icoẠbl ;7-;6 tỼ cẫt `Ậu mêo. Ao ěð blƷổj tk `ð tcỀ  xfe

dç cỌ  bcŪ tƷƫbl aẬu trobl bƷộ`. @ë` eçbl bçy `ð vkj trý dçe mị b cỌ  bcŪ

tƷƫbl trobl sữk.
@ë` cẫt `Ậu mêo `ð tcçbc pcẬ b `cỬ  yếu dç ldy`frjaf, pcospcodjpjt, protfjb, kxjt
bu`dfj`, fbzye, `ë` bluyîb tớ vj dƷỠ bl,
bl, bƷộ ``..
 Bếu tk

icñbl ěỐbl coë sữk trobl tcổ j ljkb mẠo quẠb tcä `ë` cẫt `Ậu mêo `ð xu 

cƷộ bl
bl i ết cỠ 
 p dẫj vộj bcku. Icj ěð trobl sữk sẵ tỐb tẫj ckj pck të`c mjỌt> pck trîb

`úbl vộj tcçbc pcẬb `c Ử yếu dç djpjt9 pck aƷộ j vộj `ë` tcçbc pcẬb `ð tỊ  tr ễbl dộ b
dç bƷộ ` vç eỚt sớ `cẦt coç tkb trobl sữk.
➭   Icoëbl

> 

Cçe dƷỠ bl
bl `cẦt icoëbl trobl sữk ako ěỚ bl t ứ 3-;7l/d. @ë` euớj trobl sữk a ẫbl
coç tkb coẼ` aubl a ỉ`c ifo a Ệ  mỉ  pcë
 pcë vừ   mở j bcjỌt ěỚ  vç WC, `ë` euớj icoëbl
trobl sữk cẬu cết ở  a 
 a ẫbl a Ệ ěỐbl coë. 
Qrobl sớ  `ë`

bluyîb tớ  icoëbl tr obl
obl sữk, `cjếe cçe dƷỠ bl
bl `ko bcẦt dç @k, W,

El, I. Eồt pc Ậb

`cþbl tcke ljk vço `Ầu trþ` ej`fddf pcẬb `ýb dẫ j t Ốb t ẫj aƷộ j

a ẫbl euớj coç tkb trobl sữk.
;6

 

 

@ë` bluyîb tớ  icë` bcƷ> I, Bk, @d… ěðbl vkj trý `cẦt ějỌb dy. Bloçj rk trobl

sữk

`ýb `ð `ë` bluyîb tớ  icë` bcƷ ^b, Kd, J, @u, Eb, Kl… `cþbl `Ậ b tcjết `co

quë träbc ajbc aƷừ bl
bl `Ửk `ob blƷổ j.
j.
➭ 

Xjtkejb

QuỰ  tcfo icẠ 

bĀbl coç tkb trobl bƷộ ` cky trobl `cẦt mêo `cjk `ë` vjtkejb  

trobl sữk `cjk dçe ckj bcðe> 

Xjtkejb coç tkb trobl bƷộ `>
`> M;, M=,M0, M6, M8, @, C … 
Xjtkejb coç tkb trobl `cẦt mêo> K, A, F  

 Bcäb `cubl cçe dƷỠbl `ë` vjtkejb bcðe M trobl ssữk
ữk mý tcƷổ bl
bl Ỗb ěỉbc. BcƷbl


cỗe dbl
bl vjtkejb tkb trobl `ct mờo dj m bc cbl sớu s` mj tcỗbc pcb
tc` b vỗ ju ijb tcj tjt.
Coreobf

Coreobf ao `ở` tuyb bj tjt tjt rk vỗ lj vkj trý qukb trbl trobl quở trọbc
sjbc trbl
bl ` k bl v t. Qrobl sk mý ` bcju do j coreobf ` `cjk dỗe mk
bce> protfocoreobf, coreobf pfptjaf, coreobf stforjaf.


@ở` cp `ct icở`>
Qrobl sk mý `ýb `ck `ở` `ct icồ, `c yu dỗ @O=, O =vỗ B=. t bl cỗe dbl
bl
`k `cỵbl `cje 6-8% tctồ`c sk cky icobl <7ed/djt trobl 67 -<7% dỗ , 6

;7% dỗ oxy vỗ =7 07% dỗ bjt. Pk e j v t rk `ck e t dbl
bl d b icồ, sku
slje ab
b vỗ

t e` mọbc tcbl, trobl `ở` doj icồ bỗy tcọ `c` oxy dỗ bc

cbl
bl xu vọ b ` tc dỗ bluyợb bcớb pcởt trjb ` k `ở` quở trọbc oxy coở. Icj
ljk bcjt
`ct

tcọ xut cjb cjb tcbl mỗj icồ icjb `co kxjt `k sk lje. @ở`

icồ trobl
bl coỗ tkb, abl djợb it, abl
obl sk tcbl
bl tb tj mk abl> abl

pcớb tởb.P` txkbc `doropcjb, eỗu trbl ao sicuy`c tởb ởbc sởbl mj efb
protợjb.
=.= Bluyợb pcdju

Bloỗj bluyợb
blu yợb dju `cồbc dỗ sk tj `ý
`ýbb `ở` bluyợb ddj
ju pc
p c icở` bc bl,
bl,
vjtkejb, `ở` pcljk

;8





Et spcljk

ởp abl et spcljk trobl sb xut sk mt bc `ct b bc,

`ct to bc, `ct `cbl oxy coở. Euj pcospcktf ` `c` bbl iỗe b bc `u

trỵ` ct sk, `cbl oxy coở vỗ ` j tcjb coỗ tkb `k sb pce.


@ct b bc

Euj `jtrktfbktrj, `jtrktfikdj
Euj `cdorjaf `k ikdj, `kd`j
@ct b

bc (hooa stkmjdjzfr) dỗ et `c t pc ljk aỳbl trobl tc` pc e, tcbl
bl

` abl bc mt, ` e` ồ`c auy trọ s pcớb
pcớb tởb `k ckj cky bcju tcỗbc pcb
bce t o

bợb s bl bct `co sb pce, t o lfd, lj `u trỵ` tcỗbc pcb `k


tcỻ` pcẪe bcƷ mkb ěẬu trobl tcổ j ljkb díu cƫb. 
➭ 

@cẦ t t ẫo
ẫo bcŪ 

Df`jtcjb
Eobo- vç ajldy`frjafs `Ửk k`ja mêo 
@cẦt

bcŪ  cðk ěðbl vkj trý qukb trễbl trobl vjỌ` auy trä sỻ  Ỗb ěỉbc ` Ửk cỌ, trëbc

cjỌb tƷỠbl pcíb të`c dộ 
 p ljẠe ljë trỉ `Ạe qukb.
➭ 

@cẦ t `cớbl oxy cðk 

K`ja D-ks`ormj`, ks`ormktfbktrj, ks`ormyd pkdejtktf

MCK, lkddkt propyd, lkddkt dkuryd,…. 

;<

 

 

@CƯƧBL 0  [VZ Q]ÄBC PậB SVạQ su ėJọB CÄBC 
0.;  [uy träbc sẠb xuẦt sữk mỚt bluyîb ife 
0.;.; 

Pƫ ěỐ quj träbc 
Pữk bluyîb
djỌu

@cuẪb cðk 


Qckbc trúbl 
@ñ ěẼ`
ėỐbl cðk 
PẦy

Sụ dõ 

Mko mä 

Mko lðj 

Pữk mỚt

bluyîb ife 

;3

 

 

0.;.= 

Qcuyết ejbc quj träbc

 MƷộ  ` ;> @cuẪb cð k
[uë träbc `cuẪb coë sữk bcẻe cjỌu `cỊbc cçe dƷỠ bl
bl `cẦt mêo trobl
bluyîb djỌu.

Qúy vço `cỊ  tjîu `cẦt mêo trobl sẠb pc Ẫe ěỀ cj Ọu `c Ịbc cçe dƷỠ bl
bl

 mêo tcå`c cỠp `co bluyîb djỌu vç ěƷỠ ` tcỻ` cjỌb mẻbl aíy `cuyịb tỻ ěỚbl.
Pữk bluyîb djỌu ěƷỠ` mƫe vço eëy dy tí e coẫt ěỚbl tcfo bluyîb tắ` djîb
tỦ`.

@ð ckj aýbl sẠb pc Ẫe tcoët rk i cỏj tcjết m ỉ dç aýbl sữk lẬy vç aýbl bluyîb

ife. EỚt pcẬb bluyîb ife sẵ  ěƷỠ ` pcớj tr Ớb tr ở   dẫj vộj
dƷỠ bl
bl `cẦt mêo trobl cỜb cỠp ěẫt ljë trỉ yîu `Ậu.

aýbl sữk lẬy ěỀ  cçe


Pữk mỚt bluyîb

ife `ð cçe dƷỠ bl
bl `cẦt mêo =8-00%, sữk mỚt lẬy `ð cçe

dƷỠ bl
bl `cẦt mêo ;%. 
 MƷộ  ` => Qckbc trúbl  
 Bcẻe

dçe ljẠe s ớ vj sjbc vất trobl sữk ěếb e Ừ` tc Ầ p bc Ầt, ěỐbl tcổj vñ

coẫt

`ë` fbzye, ěẼ` mj Ọt dç bcðe fbzye  mịb bcjỌt djpksf, dçe tcky ěỖj tåbc `cẦt

`Ửk

prñtfjb. Qckbc trúbl tcƷổbl ěƷỠ ` tcỻ` cjỌb ở   37-367trobl vçj ljíy. [uë

träbc tckbc tr úbl sữk ěƷỠ ` tcỻ` cjỌb trîb tcjết mỉ trko ěỖj bcjỌt a ẫbl mẠbl eỏbl.

ėỀ tỖbl sớ vj icuẪb ěẫt ěƷỠ` tcfo yîu `Ậu `ë` bcç eëy `ýb sở  a 
Ủbl tcîe
 a Ủbl
 pcƷƫbl pcëp dy
d y tíe coẼ ` vj dễ` ěỀ të`c một `ë` vj sjbc vất rk icỏj sữk. [uë träbc
dy tíe ěƷỠ ` tcỻ` cjỌb ở  bcj
 bcjỌt ěỚ 66-877@. Pku dy tíe tỖbl sớ vj icuẪb mỉ doẫj `ð
icj dîb ěếb ::% so vộ j tỖbl sớ vj icuẪb mkb ěẬu `ð trobl sữ k. Pớ  dƷỠbl `ë` vj
icuẪb sjbc mço

tụ  `cỉu bcjỌt `Ūbl ljẠe ěj ěëbl iỀ   bcƷ ljớbl @dotrjajue. Quy

bcjîb tckbc trúbl icñbl tcỀ doẫj mỏ cết `ë` vj icuẪb bcðe bçy.
[uë träbc vj dễ` ěƷỠ ` tcỻ` cjỌb trîb tcjết mỉ  efemrkbf (7,=¶).  Icj ěð
vjỌ` të`c tế  mço vj icuẪb
icu Ẫb vç mço tụ `Ửk bð ljẠe ěj rẦt bcjịu .[uë träbc vj dễ` `cỊ 
tcỻ` cjỌb trîb bluyîb djỌu sữk lẬy vä `cẦt mêo trobl sữk a Ệ  mỉ  cẦ p pcỦ  trîb
efemrkbf, líy

tắ` blcẵb eçbl dễ`. WcẬb `cẦt mêo sẵ  ěƷỠ ` tjỌt trúbl rjîbl sku

ěð dçe bluỚj vç pcớj tr Ớb v ộ j s ữk lẬy ěà quk vj dễ`. WcƷƫbl pcëp bçy `co pcêp
tcu bcấb sữk bluyîb djỌu ěẫt `ë` `cỊ tjîu vj sjbc vất r Ầt tớt.

Qckbc trúbl `ýb bcẻ e eỦ` ěå`c tẫo bcjỌt ěỚ `Ậb tcjết ěỀ icj ěƷk vço bỐj
`ñ ěẼ` s ữk `ð tcỀ m ớ` cƫj blky, trëbc sỻ  `cîbc dỌ`c bcjỌt ěỚ `ko trobl bỐj `cíb
;:

 

 

icñbl. Pku tckbc trúbl `Ậb dçe bluỚj t ộ j bcjỌt ěỚ  `ñ ěẼ` 87 - <77@. Icj ěà dçe
bluỚj

ěếb bcjỌt ěỚ  bçy  blƷýj tk `ð tcỀ  ěƷk vço tcúbl trubl ljkb rỐ j tứ  ěð `co

vço bỐj ěẼ` coẼ` `ð tcỀ `co tr ỻ` tjếp vço bỐj `ñ ěẼ `.

[uë träbc tckbc trúbl tcỻ` pcẪe tcƷổ bl
bl mko lỐe mk ljkj ěoẫb>
• 

Ljk bcjỌt tĀbl bcjỌt ěỚ tcỻ` pcẪe dîb ěếb bcjỌt ěỚ tckbc trúbl

• 

Ljữ tcỻ` pcẪe ở  bcj
 bcjỌt ěỚ `Ậb tckbc trúbl trobl eỚt icoẠbl tcổ j ljkb xë` ěỉbc.

• 

Dçe bluỚj tcỻ` pcẪe vị ljë trỉ bcjỌt ěỚ tcå`c cỠ  p.

yế u t ớ  Ạbc cƷởbl ěếb quë träbc tckbc trúbl>
- CỌ XPX trobl tcỻ` pcẪe> Bếu sớ dƷỠbl vj sjbc vất `çbl dộb, ěỀ ěẫt ěƷỠ` eỪ`

❘  @ë`

CXPX trobl tc` pce> Bu s dbl
bl vj sjbc vt `ỗbl db, t ` e`

vủ trỳbl tcfo yợu `u tcọ `c xdừ bcjt pcj blcjợe blt vj bcjt `ko
cb vỗ tcj ljkb aỗj cb.
-

Qcỗbc pcb coở c` trobl tc` pce

-

@ở` tồbc `ct vt dừ `k tc` pce.

-

Wcbl pcởp vỗ tcjt mtckbc trỳbl.
M` 0> @ủ `
@ủ ` bce tở`c mt et dbl b` rk icj sk tjt ije `cj pcồ
bbl dbl `co quở trọbcsy sk tjp tcfo. Blj tk aỳbl `ủ ` `cớb icủbl. @ủ
` ởp sut tcbl
bl tcọ sb pce duủb duủb tjp xỵ` vj icủbl icồ bợb duủb
duủb m bcje mb, `ở` sjbc t vỗ `ct mờo mpcớb cu, sb pce m mjb tồbc
(` st, ` eỗu vỗbl se ). @ủ ` ởp sut `cớb icủbl tcọ tcbl
bl ic` pc `
` bcbl bc` je trợb vọ tcj ljkb `ủ ` blb vỗ bcjt tc p bợb trởbc
` `ở` tcky j sớu s ` v`u trỵ` `k sk vb x y rk ebc djt ;77
;777@, `
mjt

dỗ trởbc ` s mjb j `k bl dk`tozk ao sb pce ` `ct dbl

bl

vỗ eỗu s` tt.
Bcjt

sk trobl quở trọbc `ủ ` icủbl vt quở <87@. Qcjt m `ủ `

pcmjb bct
t=-< `p,

dỗ tcjt m `ủ ` bcju `p abl
bl eỗbl rj. P`p sabl tcbl
bl

tcbl
bl lp bct dỗ 1 `p, sku `ủ ` cỗe dbl
bl `ct icủ troblsk dỗ

16-66%.
@ở`


yu tbc cbl b quở trọbc `ủ ` mbl bcjt>
t>

@ở` yu tbc cbl b t` truyb bcjt>
=7

- P`cợbc d`c bcjt

ljk cj ljk bcjt vỗ bcjt sủj `k sk> Bu `cợbc

d`c bỗy `ỗbl db tcọ t` truyb bcjt s`ỗbl db, dỗe tbl e` `cợbc d`c

trợb tcọ tk lje bcjt sủj `k s k m bl pcbl pcởp `ủ ` trobl eủj trbl
bl
`cớb icủbl.
- Cjb tbl
bl `b mởe trợb met trko j bcjt >Qrobl quở trọbc m` cj, et s
`u ttrobl sk ` tcmmởe
mởe aồbc trợb met truyb bcjt `k tcjt m. Aj tở`
abl `k bcjt

`ko, et spcớb t protfjb s m mjb tồbc9 `ở` cp `ct m

mởe aồbc bj trợb s tbl tở` vj bcku co` m p cớb ljj. It qu
q u dỗ `cỵbl to
bợb et dp `cởy icờt vỗ dỗe lj e t` truyb bcjt


- CjỌb tƷỠbl eçbl mjîb> Dộ 
 p sữk tjếp xþ` vộ j mị eẼt truyịb bcjỌt dộp eçbl mjîb

ở   ddỻ` dộb trobl quë träbc truyị b bcjỌt.
trobl tcjết mỉ mớ` cƫj tcƷổ bl
bl tẫo rk eỚt tr ở 

-

ėỚ  bcộ t `Ửk bluyîb djỌu> bếu `ko sẵ  dçe  ljẠe `cỊ  sớ  ]íybod vç tớ` ěỚ  tuẬb

coçb `Ửk bluyîb djỌu trobl tcjết mỉ, ao ěð cỌ sớ truyịb bcjỌt ljẠe.
➭ 

@ë` yếu tớ Ạbc cƷởbl ěếb cjỌu quẠ ijbc tế `Ửk quë träbc `ñ ěẼ`>
- CjỌb

tƷỠ bl
bl tẫo mễt> AƷộj të` aỦbl `Ửk bcjỌt ěỚ  `ko vç ao sỻ  xuẦt cjỌb `ë`

 mobl mðbl
m ðbl cƫj,
c ƫj, eỚ t s ớ ` Ầu t ụ trobl sữk bcƷ protfjb `ð icẠ  bĀbl tẫo m ễt d ộ  p mễt
trobl tcjết mỉ `ñ ěẼ` sẵ dçe ljẠe tớ` ěỚ tcoët cƫj tcỪ rk icỏj sẠb pcẪe
- CjỌb

tƷỠ bl
bl tỖb tcẦt `cẦt icñ ao mỉ  dñj `uớb mởj cƫj tcỪ> Cƫj tcỪ  tcoët rk sẵ 

`uớb tcfo eỚt sớ `Ầu tụ ở  a 
 a ẫbl
ẫbl sƷƫbl eú bîb dçe tỖb tcẦt `cẦt icñ.

BlƷổ j tk sụ 

a Ủbl tcjết mỉ `ñ ěẼ` bcjịu `Ầp ěỀ cẫb `cế cjỌb tƷỠbl bçy.

 MƷộ` 1> ėỐbl coë 
Ao cçe dƷỠ bl
bl `cẦt mêo trobl sữk sku quë träbc `ñ ěẼ` icë  `ko bîb bcç
sẠb xuẦt tcỻ` cjỌb

quë träbc ěỐbl coë ěỀ  ljẠe iå`c tcƷộ ` cẫt mêo vç pcíb mớ  

ěịu `cþbl trobl sữk. Qrobl `ñbl blcỌ  `cế mj ếb sữk, quë träbc ěỐbl c oë ěƷỠ ` sụ 
a Ủbl vộ j eỦ`

ěå`c Ỗb ěỉbc cỌ  bcỬ  tƷƫbl, `cớbl dẫj sỻ  të`c pck aƷộj të` aỦbl

`Ửk tr ễbl dỻ` bîb `ýb lễj dç quë träbc bcŪ coë. 

 BcŪ tƷƫbl dç eỚt cỌ  lỐe ckj `cẦt dỏbl icñbl coç tkb bîb ěƷỠ ` ttr 
r Ớb dẩb
vộj

bcku. Icj ěð eỚt `cẦt dỏbl sẵ  tỐb tẫj aƷộ j a ẫbl cẫt (lễj dç pck icñbl djîb

tỦ`, pck pcíb tëb, pck bỚj) trobl dýbl `Ử k `cẦt dỏbl `ýb dẫj (pck icñbl pcíb tëb).

Ồ ěíy `cỊ xế p cỌ bcŪ tƷƫbl ěƫb ljẠb, a Ậu
Ậu trobl bƷộ ` coẼ` bƷộ ` trobl a Ậu.
=;

 

 

Qrobl quë träbc ěỐbl coë ěỀ ěẫt ěƷỠ ` cjỌu quẠ `ko tk tcƷổ bl
bl sụ a Ủbl `cẦt
bcŪ coë. @cẦt bcỬ coë `ð ckj `cỪ` bĀbl> Dçe ljẠ e sỪ` `Ābl mị eẼt ljữk ckj pck
qukb cỌ bc Ử  tƷƫbl
cẫt ` Ửk pck pcíb
cẫt

vç cäbc tcçbc bîb eỚt eçbl mẠ o v Ọ mko mễ` xubl qukbc `ë`

tëb, dçe `co `cþbl icñbl tcỀ  i ết c Ỡ  p v ộj bcku ěỀ t ẫo bîb `ë`

pcíb tëb eộ j `ð tcỀ  tå`c dộb cƫb. @cẦt bcŪ coë ěƷỠ ` s ụ a Ủbl trobl `cế mj ếb

sữk dç pcẠj icñbl ěỚ` cẫj, icñbl eçu, icñbl eúj, icñbl vỉ, åt mjếb ěỖj trobl quë

träbc `cế mjếb vç mẠo quẠb sữk.
I Ỻ tcu ất
ljẠe

ěỐbl coë cỌ b cŪ tƷƫbl mko lỐe `ë` pcƷƫbl pcëp> Dçe vừ, dçe

iå`c tcƷộ ` bcữbl c ẫt tcuỚ` pck pcíb tëb vç pcíb ěịu `cþbl trobl pck djîb