Việt Nam cam kết cùng cộng đồng quốc tế ứng phó với biến đổi khí hậu

TRAO D6I - DliN DAN t n

Viet Nam cam ket cung cpng dong quoc te
urng pho vdi bien doi khi hau
TRAN MANH H U N G
Cue Khi tUdng thuy vdn vd Bien doi khi hdu
Bg TN&MT
Den ndm 2030, bdng nguon iiic trong niidc, Viet Nam cam ket gidm 8% Itigng phdt thdi khi
nhd icinh (KNK) so v&i kich bdn phdt trien thong thudng vd cd the gidm tiip den 25% neu nhdn
duoc ho trd quoc te. Dong thdi, Viet Nam si thiic hien nhieu hogt dgng thich vfng giup tdng
khd ndng chong chiu vdi bien doi khi hdu (BDKH) tgo dieu kiin died the ddng gdp nhieu hdn
cho gidm nhe phdt thdi KNK. Ddy Id cam ket niu trong Bdo cdo Ddng gdp dii kien do quoc gia
tli quyet dinh (INDC) duac Viit Nam gCfi cho Ban Thiiky Cdng Udc khung cda Lien hop quoc ve
BDKH (UNFCCC) vda qua.

A rrie« khai cdc gidi phdp
ve phdng chong then tai, bdo
vi ddi sSng nhdn ddn Id mgt
trong nhitng hdnh dgng Uu
tien thich Ung vdi BDKH

B

ao cio INDC cfla Viet Nam gdm hdp
phan giam nh? phit thai KNK va hpp
phan thich flng vdi biln doi khi hau
(BDKH). Hpp phan giim nhe phat thii KNK
bao gdm cic ddng gdp vd dieu kiln va ddng
gdp cd dilu kiln. Cic ddng gdp vd dilu kiln
li cic hoat dpng se ddpe thfle hiln bang ngudn
Ifle trong nfldc, trong khi dd cic ddng gdp cd

dieu kien la nhflng hoat ddng cd the dfldc thdc
hien nlu nhia ddpe ngudn ho trd tii chinh
mdi vi bd sung, chuyen giao cdng ngh|, ting
cddng nang Iflc tfl qudc te.
Hpp phan thieh flng vdi BDKH gdm cie
hoat ddng thich flng vdi BDKH hien tai dang
dflpc thdc hi|B; nhflng thieu hut so vdi nhu
cau thich dng ve thi ehe, chinh sich, tii chinh,
ngudn nhan Iflc, cdng nghl; vi cae biln phap
thich dng flu tien cho giai dogn 2021 -2030. Udc
tinh ring ngin sich quoc gia cd the ddng gdp
khoang 1/3 nh" ^^" '^' ehinh de thfle hiln cic

giai phip thichflngvdi BDKH
giai doan nay, ddng thdi se tim
Idem sd hd trp tfl cdng ddng
qudc tl va dau td td nhan ddi
vdi phan edn lgi.
1. HOP PHAN GIAM
NHE P H A T T H A I

KNK

Trong nhflng nim qua,
Viet Nam di rat nd lye dng
phd vdi BDKH, thi hiln qua
eie chinh sich qudc gia vi
cic hoat ddng cu thi da va
dang dfldc triln khai trong
sudt thip ky qua ve giim nhe

phit thii KNK va thieh flng
vcti BDKH thfle hiln ehfl yeu
tfl ngudn von ngin sach. Viet
Nam ung hd mdt thda thuan
phap ly vdi sd tham gia cua tat

ca cic Ben thinh viin Cdng
ddc khung cua Lien hdp quoc
ve BDKH (UNFCCC), gpi tat
li Cdng dde Khi hau, nham
gifl mdc ting nhilt dp khi
quyin trung binh toin eau vio
cudi thi ky d mflc dddi 2''C so
vdi thdi ky tiln cdng nghiip.
Viet Nam da ky Cdng flde Khi
hau nam 1992, phi chuan nam
1994; Nghi dinh thd Kyoto
nim 1998 va phe chuan nim
2002; va thinh lap Ban chi
dao qudc gia thdc hien Cdng
ddc Khi hau vi Nghi dinh thd
Kyoto.
Viet Nam cung di ban
hinh nhieu chinh sich ve sd
dung nang lddng tilt Idem va
hieu qui, nhfl "Chfldng trinh

s6i2/2oi5Mditnfdngl2

H TRAO D 6 I - DIEN DAN

muc tieu qudc gja ve sfl dung ning Ifldng tilt
kilm vi hieu qua" (2006), Luit "Sfl dyng ning
Iflpng tilt kilm vi hieu qua" (2010). Chinh phu
di cd cic chinh sich du tiln nhd: Phat triln
ning Idpng tii tgo phu hpp vdi tiim nang, dieu
kien quoc gia gdp phin bio dim an ninh nang
Idpng, BVMT. Cac ehinh sich nay khuyin
khich sfl dung tilt kilm vi hieu qui trong sin
xuit vi sinh hogt thong qua eac cdng nghl tiet
kilm nang Ifldng va sfl dung ning Ifldng tii tao.
Tinh din thing 6/2015, Viet Nam ed 254
dfl in Cd che phat trien sgch (CDM) ddpe
Ban chap hinh qude tl vl CDM (EB) cdng
nhin. Viet Nam xIp thd 4 trin thi gidi ve so
Iflpng dd in, vdi tong Idpng KNK tiim nang
giam khoang 137,4 trieu tan CO, tfldng dddng
(COjtd) trong thdi ky tin dung. Trong sd 254
dd an, eic dd in vl ning Idpng ehiem 87,6%,
xfl ly chat thii chilm 10,2%, trdng rdng vi tii
trdng rdng chilm 0,4% vi cic logi khic chilm
1,8%. Sd Chdng chi giim phit thai dddc ehdng
nhgn (CER) ddpe EB cap den nay Ii trin 12
tri|u, dflng thfl 11 tren thi gidi.
Viet Nam da ed nhilu no Ide trong bao vl
rflng, trdng rflng vi tii trdng rflng vi Ii mdt
trong nhdng qudc gia tham gia thdc hiln
Chddng trinh Giim phit thii KNK thdng qua
cic nd ldc hgn che mat rdng vi su\- thoii rflng,

quin ly rflng ben vflng, bio tdn va ning cao
trfl Iflpng cac-bon rdng (REDD+). Viet Nam
dang xay ddng va chuan bi thdc hiln eae hinh
dpng giim nhe phit thii KNK phu hpp vdi
dilu kiln qude gia (NAMA); ding ky thdc
hi|n dfl in tin chi cic-bon theo Tieu chuan
cac-bon dflpc tham tra (VCS) va Tieu chuan
ving (GS).
Tuy di cd nhilu nd Idc trong thdc hiln cic
hoat ddng giim nhe phat thii KNK, nhflng
hiln van edn nhieu kho khan, thach thdc ddi
vdi eie vin dl nhd: Thilt lip he thdng qudc gia
ve kiem ke KNK, he thdng Do dgc. Bio eao va
Tham dinh (MRV) eae cap; Xiy dflng va thiie
hien NAMA; Ap dyng cic cdng nghl giim
nhe phat thai KNK, dac biet la trong Iinh vdc
ndng nghiip; Tilp can ngudn tii ehinh trong
vi ngoai nddc cho cac hoat ddng giim nhe phat
thai KNK.
Trong dilu kiln phit trien kinh te - xa hpi
eua mpt ndde dang phat trien, chiu nhilu tic
dpng cua BDKH, INDC eua Viit Nara da thi
hien no Idc cao nhat cua qude gia trong gdp
phan giim nhe BDKH toin cau nham thdc hiln
myc tiiu cua Cdng dde Khi hiu vi rayc tieu gifl

22 Moi trddng 5612/2015

eho nhilt do khi quyen trung
binh toan ciu ting dddi 2"C

vio cudi thi ky 21.
Nam 2010, Idpng phit
thii KNK cua Viet Nam ehi
chilm khoing 0,5% tdng
phat thai KNK toin ciu va
mdc phit thai binh quin dau
ngddi Ii 2,84 tan CO^td. Tuy
nhien, Viet Nam di tich cdc
thfle hiln eac hoat ddng dng
phd vdi BDKH, dinh hfldng
phit triln nen kinh tl cic-bon
thap, tang trddng xanh va tang
cddng thdc hien cic phddng
an giam nhe phat thii KNK
tiim nang trong ning Iddng,
edng nghiep, giao thdng van
tai, ndng nghiip va chat thii
eung nhd ting cddng kha
ning hap thy cac-bon trong
LULUCR
De dat ddpe cic mue tilu
giam nhe phat thii KNK,
INDC di de ra cic giai phap
can ddpe tip trung thdc hiln
nhd: Tang cddng vai trd chu
dao cua Nhi ndde trong dng
phd vdi BDKH; Ning cao hieu
suit vi hiiu qui sd dyng nang
Idpng, giim mdc tieu hao
ning Idpng; Thay ddi ed ciu

nhien lieu trong cdng nghiep
va giao thdng van tai; Day
manh khai thac ed hiiu qua va
ting ty trpng eic ngudn ning
Idpng tii tao trong sin xnat
vi tilu thy nang Idpng; Giim
nhe phat thii KNK thdng
qua phit trien ndng nghiip
bin vflng, ning cao hieu qua
vi tinh canh tranh trong sin
xuat ndng nghiip; Quin Iy
vi phit triln rdng ben vflng,
tang cddng hap thu eic bon vi
dich vu mdi trddng; bio tdn
da dgng sinh hpc gin vcti phat
trien sinh ke vi nang cao thu
nhip cho cpng ddng vi ngddi
dan phy thudc vio rdng; Tang
cddng cdng tic quin Iy chat
thii; Tang cddng hpp tie qude

2. HOP PHAN
THICH tfNG VOl BDKH
Thich flng vdi BDKH
se iam giim tinh de hi ton
thddng vi bit binh ding
trong moi qudc gia va gifla
eac qude gia vdi nhau. Loi
ich cua thieh flng vdi BDKH
se vddt ra khdi phgm vi mdi

dia phfldng, mdi cpng dong
vi mdi qude gia. Chu ddng
thich flng vdi BDKH cung la
ddng gdp cua Viet Nam cunt:
edng ddng thi gidi giii quyet
van dl BDKH. Thich dng vdi
BDKH se giup ting khi ning
chdng chiu vdi BDKH vi se
cd ddng gdp nhieu hdn cho
giam nh? phit thii KNK.
Ndi dung thieh flng vdi
BDKH trong INDC bao gdm
nhflng kl hoaeh dddc xa.)
dflng phu hdp vdi boi canh
hiln tai vi dd tinh den nam
2030 va cd the ddpe dieu
ehinh, bd sung eho phu hpp
vdi dieu kien cu the cua tflng
giai doan. Vile thdc hien
cic ke hoach nay phy thuoe
nhilu vao ngudn Idc quoc
gia, dac bilt la sd ho trp qu6c
te.
Viet Nam xac dinh thich
flng vdi BDKH phii d\itJc
tiln hanh cd trong tim, trong
diem; flng phd vdi nhflng tac
ddng cap bach trfldc mat va
nhflng tie ddng tiim tang
iau dai. Thieh dng vdi BDKH

phai gin lien vdi phit tnen
ben vdng, hddng tdi nen
kinh te cac bon thap va bao
dam tinh he thdng, tdng
hdp, hln nginh, lien vung,
binh dang gidi, xda ddi, giam
ngheo.
Nhilu hoat dpng cd liln
quan tdi thich dng vdi BDKH
va quan ly rui ro thiin tai da
vi dang dddc thdc hien trin
pham vi ci ndde. Tuy nhiin,
ngudn Idc qude gia dau td
cho thich flng vdi BDKH edn


TRAO DOI - DIEN D A N

ban che. Trong khi dd, chi phi khic phue
nhflng thiet hai dd kiln se tang len dang
ke dddi tie ddng cua BDKH, nddc bien
dang vi xim nhip man. Chi phi cho thich
dng vdi BDKH ddc tinh se vddt qui 3-5%
GDP vio nam 2030. Vi vay, viec da dgng
hda ngudn dau td cdng, ngudn dau td tfl
khu viic td nhan cflng nhd ho trd quoc tl
cho thieh dng vdi BDKH la can thilt.
Viet Nam dat mue tieu giam thieu
thilt hai vl ngddi vi tai san do BDKH.
Cac hinh dpng flu tiln thich flng vdi

BDKH giai doan 2021 - 2030 bao gdm cic
ndi dung:
Chu dgng i(ng pho vdi thiin tai vd
gidm sdt khi hdu: Hi|n dai hda he thdng
quan trae va cong nghl dd bio khi tddng
thuy vin bio dim dd bao vi eanh bio
sdm cac hien tdpng thdi tilt, khi hgu cdc
doan va thiin tai; xay dflng he thdng dinh
gii, giim sat BDKH vi nddc biln ding;
Quy hoach phit trien idnh te - xa hpi, quy
hoach nganh dda tren kich bin BDKH cd
chu trpng din cic nginh va vung trpng
diem; Trien khai eie phddng in vi giii
phip vl phdng chdng thien tai, bao v? ddi
sdng nhin din, bao dam quoc phdng an
ninh; Cung ed, xiy dflng cic cdng trinh
phdng ehong thien tai trpng diem, cap
bich; ting cddng nang Idc cho Idc lddng
tim kiem cflu hd, cflu ngn; Phit triln cd
sd hg ting vi quy hoaeh eie khu din ed;
di ddi, sap xep Igi cac khu din cd d nhdng
vung thddng xuyIn bi tie dong eua bao,
ndde dang do bao, lu lut, xdi Id bd sdng,
bd bien hoic cd nguy ed xay ra lu quet,
sat Id dat. Phan bd vi huy dOng nguon ldc
cho thich dng vdi BDKH va quan Iy rui
ro thiin tai dfla vao cpng ddng; ning eao
nhin thfle vi ting cddng ning Idc thich
flng vdi BDKH vi quan ly rui ro thien tai.
Ddm bdo an sinh xd hdi: Ri soit, dieu

chinh, phit trien sinh kl vi qui trinh sin
xuat phu hdp vdi dilu kiln BDKH gin vdi
xda ddi giim ngheo, cdng bang xi hpi; Xiy
dflng eie ca che, chinh sich, tang cfldng
he thdng bio hilm, ehia se rui ro khi hiu
va thiin tai; Hoan thi|n cic quy chuan,
tilu chuan ky thuit vl ca sd ha tang, cic
cdng trinh cdng cong vi dan sinh phu hdp
vdi boi cinh BDKH; Thieh flng dfla vao he
sinh thii, thdng qua phat trien dich vu he
sinh thai, bao tdn da dang sinh hoc, trong

do flu tien bao tdn nguon
gen, cic loii cd nguy eO bi
tuylt ehung va cac he sinh
thai quan trpng; Thich flng
dfla vao edng ddng, sfl dung
kien thdc ban dia, du tiln
cdng ddng dl bi tdn thfldng
nhat; Quin Iy tdng hpp tii
nguyin nfldc Idu vdc sdng;
bao dam an toan hd chda;
ting cddng hdp tac qudc te
giai quyet eac van de nddc
xuyIn biln gidi; dim bio an
ninh nguon ndde; Dam bao
an ninh lddng thfle thdng
qua bao ve, duy tri hpp ly
vi quin Iy bin vflng quy dat
cho ndng nghiip; ehuyen ddi

ed ciu ciy trdng, vgt nudi;
tao gidng mdi thieh flng vdi
BDKH; hoin thien hi thdng
kiem soit, phdng chdng dich
benh; Quan ly rdng bin
vflng; ning eao chat Iddng
rflng td nhiin nghed kiet;
trdng vi phue hdi rdng, ehu
trpng phit triln rdng trdng
gd ldn; ngan chan mat rdng
va suy thoai rdng; Bio vl,
phyc hdi, trdng mdi vi ning
cao chat idpng rflng ven bien
(bao gdm rflng ngap man),
die bilt Ii d vflng cfla sdng
va ven bien ddng bang sdng
Cflu Long vi sdng Hdng.
Ifng pho vdi nUde bien
ddng vd ngap lut do thi:
Quan ly tong hdp dai ven
bd; Quy hogch dd thi vi sd
dung dat, cd sd ha tang, khu
cdng nghiep, khu tii dinh ed
ven bien va hai dao tren cd
sd kich bin nddc biln ding;
Chdng ngap cho cac thanh
phd Idn ven biln; xiy ddng
cic CO sd ha tang do thi chdng
ehiu vdi tic ddng eua BDKH;
cflng CO vi xiy mdi cac edng

trinh cap, thoit nddc dd thi
ldn; Cflng co, ning cip vi
hoan thien cie tuyen de biln,
dl sdng xung yeu; Kiem soit
xim nhap man cic vung bi

Wn

inh hddng nang nl nhat.
Bin canh dd, cie hoat
dpng thieh flng vdi BDKH
din 2030 dfldc dinh gii theo
cie chi tilu chu yeu: Dgt it
nhat 90% eac quy hoach,
ke hoach phat trien kinh
te - xa hpi dddc Idng ghep
van dl quin ly rui ro thien
tai vi thich flng vdi BDKH;
Giim 2%/nam ty I| hd ngheo
binh quin ea ndde, rieng eac
huyen xa ngheo giam 4%/
nam; Hoin thanh 100% vile
xiy ddng eie khu neo dau
tau, thuyen tranh tru bao va
100% tau, thuyin dinh bat
xa bd cd du thilt bi thdng
tin lien lac; Nang do che phu
rdng lln 45%; ning diln tieh
rflng phdng hd ven bien Ien
380.000 ha, trong dd trdng

them rdng ngap man td
20.000 den 50.000 ha; Dgt it
nhat 90% din cd thanh thi
vi 80% din cd ndng thdn
sfl dung nfldc saeh, hpp vl
sinh. 100% sd dan dfldc tiep
can cie dich vu chim sde sde
khde. Viec theo ddi, danh gia
trien khai thdc hiln eie hogt
ddng thich flng vdi BDKH
se ddpe thi hiln trong cic
"Thdng bao quoc gia" vi
"Bio eio cap nhit hai nam
mdt lan" eua Viet Nam cho
Cdng ddc Khi hau.
Thdng qua INDC, Viet
Nam tii khang dinh ddng
gdp cua qudc gia nham flng
phd vdi BDKH, gdp phan
thfle hiln myc tieu cua Cdng
ddc Khi hiu. Viet Nam tin
ring ddng gdp niy la edng
bang, the hiln nd Ide cao
nhat, kha thi, cd the dat dflpc
vi cam ket tiep tue giai quyet
van dl BDKH dda tren cic
ngudn ldc trong ndde va
vdi sd hd trd cua cpng ddng
qudc tiB

5612/2015 Hdi trddng 12