RESEARCH PROPOSAL SOCIAL INSURANCE OF FORMAL LABOR

NATIONAL ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY
BACHELOR BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN
ENGLISH

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Topic: Determinants affecting the intent to buy social
insurance of informal labor in urban area of Vietnam – A
case study in Hanoi

Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Le Thi My Linh
Ha Noi, Oct, 2019


CONTENT

I. Rationale
As the world has become more and more developed and
innovative, there are more and more uncertain risks suddenly
popping up and causing severe consequences. It is the same
situation in Vietnam when the economy is on the rise, income
per capita compared to other countries in the region has
increased significantly. People's living standards have been
gradually improved. As a result, the need for security or
insurance has been rising significantly.
Social Insurance Law (2006) was issued and takes effect from
2007. However, the voluntary social insurance has been
applied since 2008. Social insurance is a basic policy in the
social security system (social security) of each country. In
Vietnam, the development of the social insurance system

(social insurance) and the construction of voluntary social
insurance (unemployment insurance) is one of the main
solutions to develop the social security system. This is also the
first law in Vietnam to institutionalize at a high level a very
basic demand for social security of the citizens.
According to the Vietnam Social Insurance agency, at the end
of 2015, the number of people participating in social insurance
was 12,319,866 people, an increase of 5.79% compared to


2014. In which, the obligatory social insurance participants
were 12,065,223 people, an increase of 5.35% over the same
period in 2014 and the number of people participating in social
insurance is 254,643 people, an increase of 31.71%. However,
the number of employees participating in the social insurance
as above is less than 0.4% of employees joining the social
insurance. Thus, there is still a very large part of workers not
participating in social insurance that cannot access this service.
Most of them are labor of the informal sector.
The informal economy, informal sector of the economy, or grey
economy is the part of an economy that is neither taxed nor
monitored by any form of government. Although the informal
sector makes up a significant portion of the economies in
developing countries, it is often stigmatized as troublesome
and unmanageable. However, the informal sector provides
critical economic opportunities for the poor and has been
expanding rapidly since the 1960s. Integrating the informal
economy into the formal sector is an important policy
challenge. The type of work making up the informal economy is
diverse, particularly in terms of capital invested, technology

used, and income generated. Workers in the informal sector,
even those are self-employed or wage workers, are mostly
inaccessible to secure work, benefits, welfare protection, or
representation.
According to the General Statistics Office, Vietnam currently
has more than 18 million employees doing informal jobs accounting for 57% of the total non-farm employment in
country. However, up to 97.9% of workers do not have social


insurance. This poses a great concern for the nation in terms of
social security as the social insurance coverage has not been
best improved. On implementing the Party's orientation and the
State's

law

on

ensuring

universal

social

security,

the

development of voluntary social insurance of workers in the
informal sector has been implemented in our country quite

early,

the

Social

Insurance

Law

of

2006

stipulates

implementation from 2008, amended in 2014, the Government
issued Decree No. 134 / ND-CP, dated December 29, 2015
detailing voluntary social insurance, the Ministry of Labor Invalids and Social Affairs issued Circular No. 01, dated
18/02/2016 providing detailed guidelines for implementation of
voluntary social insurance. The system of legal documents on
voluntary

social

implementation

insurance
process

still

is

quite

faces

adequate,

many

but

the

difficulties

and

shortcomings.
We believe that the development of the coverage of social
insurance can better guarantee the life standard as well as
security of the people. This goal can be obtained by focusing on
enlarging the popularity of social insurance among labor from
the informal factor. To back up our opinion, we had looked for
some literature, yet the most of them focus on the participation
of insurance, the determinants affecting the ITB of people in
general but not those in informal labor sector. Therefore, we
decide to study further about the determinants influencing the

intent to buy (ITB) for social insurance of the informal labor
sector in Vietnam’s urban areas, where most of the workers
from the sector settle down.


II. Research objectives
On conducting the research, our group aims to figure out three
following goals related to the social insurance enrolment in
informal labor sector in urban areas of Vietnam, which are, the
situation, the determinants affecting ITB, how each factor
affects these two variables, and possible proposed solutions.

III. Research questions
This research is designed to answer the following questions:
1.

What is the current status of the social insurance coverage

2.

among labor from informal sector in urban area?
What are the determinants affecting the ITB for social
insurance of the informal labor sector in Vietnam’s urban

3.
4.

areas?
What is the interaction between ITB?
What are the recommendations for social policy maker?

IV. Literature review
Following are the summaries of some typical studies related to
the interested topic in Vietnam and worldwide:
1. Domestic Researches (analyze, evaluate the situation of
•

research in the field of the topic in Vietnam).
“Factors influencing the intention to subscribe to
voluntary social insurance of farmers: A case study in Phu
Yen Province”. Hoang Thu Thuy, Bui Hoang Minh Thu
(2018). Science & Technology development journal:
Economics – Law and management, Vol 2, Issue 4, 2018.
Based on the Theory of Reasoned Actions of Ajzen and
Fishbein (1985), the study proposes the model of the links
between decisive factors and the intent to buy voluntary
social insurance of farmers in Phu Yen province. In order to
verify the factors affecting the intention to subscribe to


voluntary social insurance, the study used the primary
data collected from the survey on 325 famer households
in 4 localities in Phu Yen province. Initially employing a
model with 7 variables, the authors found out the
dependent variable – the intent to buy, is determined by 5
main factors, namely, “Awareness of voluntary social
insurance policy”, “Attitude towards subscription”, “Risk
awareness”, “Subscription procedures”, and “Moral
responsibility”. On recognizing the relation between the
key determinants and the intent to buy, the study

suggests renewing organizing quality, raising farmers’
awareness of the necessity for voluntary social insurance,
improving policy mechanisms and strengthening the
State’s management.
•

“Analyze factors affecting to attendance of health
insurance of the objects in Tra Vinh province”.Nguyen Thi
Dan Phuong. Master thesis, Tra Vinh University, 2015.
The research proposes and verifies the determinants
influencing the intent to buy health insurance. The study
was conducted based on the information compiled from
the opinions of experts in the seminar on the
implementation of universal health insurance coverage by
Universal Health Insurance Steering Committee of Tra Vinh
province that held and performed a survey to get the
opinions of experts in the field of health insurance. The
author constructed a model of 10 factors, then performed
surveys of 460 households. Consequently, after analyzing
the data, the results showed that 7 factors affects to
attendance of health insurance of the objects in Tra Vinh
province on a level from high to low, which are:
“Understanding of health insurance”; “Quality of
examination and treatment of health insurance”; “Health
status”; “The fee on health insurance”; “Procedures for
records of purchase health insurance and payment for the
costs of examination and treatment of health insurance”;
“Procedures of registration and examination and treatment
of health insurance”; “Income”, “People’s living
standards”.

•

“Some factors that have an effect on the Interest of
participating in Voluntary Social Insurance of Small traders
in Nghe An province”. Nguyen Xuan Cuong, Nguyen Xuan
Tho, Ho Huy Tuu. Vietnam National University Journal of
Science, Economics and Business, Vol 30, Issue 1 (2014)
36-45.
Aiming to discover and analyze the factors that affect the
interest of participating in voluntary social insurance by
small traders in Nghe An province. On reviewing theories
of consumer behavior such as TRA and TPB, the research
indicates seven variables that have a significant statistical
influence on the interest of participating in voluntary social
insurance, which are: “propagation of voluntary social
insurance”, “health awareness”, “knowledge of voluntary
social insurance”, “attitude”, “family expectation”, “moral
obligation” and “behavior control”. Of these factors,
results show that propagation of voluntary social
insurance plays the most important role in deciding the
intent to buy insurance.

•

“Factors affecting the participation social insurance of
informal labor”. Hoang Bich Hong, Mai Thi Huong, To Thi
Hong. Social Insurance Journal, Issue 3B, 2017.
In order to measure and evaluate the intention and

behavior of voluntary social insurance participation of
workers in the informal sector, the research team
approached, studied and applied the theory and model of
behavior such as Theory of Consumer Behavior; Attitude
theory including models of Schiffman and Kanuk - 1987,
model reasoned action theory TRA of Ajzen and Fishbein
-1987, model of theory of planned behavior - TPB of Ajzen
-1991. The study was conducted in a sample of 342 labors
of informal sector. It verified the model of 10 independent
variables including: “attitude towards participation”,
“family expectation”, “income”, “risk awareness”, “social
influence”, “health awareness”, “propaganda of social
insurance”, “moral responsibilities”, “knowledge about
social insurance”. The results of the survey and data
processing show that factors of moral responsibilities and


propaganda of social insurance are the two factors that
most influence the intention of participating in social
insurance of workers in the informal sector. In addition, low
educational levels also hinder the understanding of social
insurance policies, as well as the awareness of employees'
moral responsibilities.
2. Foreign researches:
•

•

“Determinants of enrolment in the NHIS (the National
Health Insurance Scheme) for women in Ghana – a cross

sectional study”. Anthony Kusi, Ama Fenny, Daniel Kojo
Arhinful,
Felix
Ankomah
Asante,
Divya
Parmar.
International Journal of Social Economics. Vol 45 No.9,
2018 pp. 1318-1334.
This paper was carried out on the purpose of exploring
whether dimensions of social exclusion explain the reason
for the fact that some groups of women are not benefiting
from
the
scheme.
Data
collected
from
4,050
representative households in five districts verify the
proposed model of 7 main factors deciding enrolment into
the scheme, namely, “wealth status”; “age”; “health
status”; “locality”; “perception about the quality of care at
health facilities and perception of the NHIS”. The study
provide evidence to show that certain groups of women
are systemically excluded from participating in the NHIS.
“System and neural network analysis of intent to buy and
willingness to pay insurance premium”.Sanjay Tolani and
Ananth Rao, Genanew B. Worku, Mohamed Osman.
Managerial Finance, Vol. 45 No. 1, 2019 pp. 147-168.

With the goal of analyzing significant determinants to
assess the probability of insureds’ intent to buy (ITB)
insurance and willingness to pay (WTP) quantum of dollars
for security benefits. By applying Double Hurdle Model and
Neural Network architecture to 503 insureds of a branch of
a leading insurer in the United Arab Emirates, the research
constructs a model building up with 5 key variables, which
are: “awareness of social security”; “ability to recover
from a loss”; “perceived personal control”; “behavioral
tendency”; “demographic variables”. After verifying the
model, the results suggest that marketing managers


target insureds who are aware of social security, have
ability to recover from loss, have perceived personal
control,
behave
rationally
and
have
favorable
demographic features to enhance their ITB and WTP.
•

“The influence of behavioral factors on insurance decision
– a Romanian Approach”. Cristian Buzatu. International
Economic Conference of Sibiu 2013 Post Crisis Economy:
Challenges and Opportunities, IECS 2013. Procedia
Economics and Finance 6 (2013) 31-40.
The paper presents the action of behavioral factors on the

decisions regarding the insurance against certain event.
By analyzing the elements that determine a person who
should be covered against a risk, not to buy insurance and
the reverse situation when, the author suggests a general
approach of 7 behavioral factors leading to insurance
decision: “risk perception”; “biases”; “models of decision
making”; “mental accounts”; “the influence of emotions”;
“information availability” and “social norms”.

Summary of the relevant researches – typical outcomes:
Of all researches reviewed, many factors have been
investigated to find out the links between them and the
intention to buy insurance. Although each research
analyzes different group of determinants, the majority of
them confirm the following factor: awareness of social
security or level of information available (Sanjay Tolani and
Ananth Rao, 2018; Anthony Kusi, 2017; Hoang Thu Thuy
and Bui Hoang Minh Thu, 2018), ability to recover from
loss (Sanjay Tolani and Ananth Rao, 2018), perceived
personal control (Sanjay Tolani and Ananth Rao, 2018),
behavioral tendency (Sanjay Tolani and Ananth Rao, 2018;
Anthony Kusi, 2017; Hoang Thu Thuy and Bui Hoang Minh
Thu, 2018), socio-demographic factors (Sanjay Tolani and
Ananth Rao, 2018; Anthony Kusi, 2017; Do Hoang Anh and
Pham Hong Manh, 2019), “Moral responsibility” (Hoang
Thu Thuy and Bui Hoang Minh Thu, 2018; Do Hoang Anh
and Pham Hong Manh, 2019), “Risk awareness” (Hoang
Thu Thuy and Bui Hoang Minh Thu, 2018).

However, there exists some shortcomings that need to be
tackled:
•

•

In term of the subject of the study, most of the studies
only focus on the population of a specific area, for
example a province, a country, yet less notice on the
labors of different economic sectors as well as sociodemographic area.
In term of topic, most of the studies pay much attention
on insurance in general or health insurance in particular.
However, the voluntary social insurance seems to be less
noticed.

V. Theoretical framework and research
hypotheses
1.

Theoretical framework

On considering multiple influencing variables in different
research models, our group decided to hypothesize that the set
of determinants including attitude towards social insurance
enrolment, behavioral tendency, level of information available,
risk

perception,

subjective

social

norms,

and

other

demographic factors affect ITB at the same time. The following
figure represents the theoretical framework:


Figure 1. Theoretical
framework

We have the table of variables’ origin:
Number

Feature

1

Attitude
towards
social
insurance
enrolment

2

3

Behavioral
tendency

Level of
information
available

Items
Interested when enroll
in
voluntary
social
insurance
Satisfied with social
insurance policies
satisfied
with
the
benefits brought by
social insurance
enough
ability
and
knowledge
when
participate
social

insurance
Subscribe
to
social
insurance in next week
No obstacles preventing
subcribing to social
insurance
Know
about
social
insurance through social
media
Know
about
social
insurance through those
who already take part in
social insurance
Know
about
social
insurance through staff
of insurance company

Sources
Hoang Thu Thuy, Bui Hoang Minh
Thu (2018); Nguyen Xuan Cuong,
Nguyen Xuan Tho, Ho Huy Tuu
(2014); Hoang Bich Hong, Mai Thi

Huong, To Thi Hong (2017)

Hoang Thu Thuy, Bui Hoang Minh
Thu (2018);Nguyen Xuan Cuong,
Nguyen Xuan Tho, Ho Huy Tuu
(2014); Sanjay Tolani and Ananth
Rao, Genanew B. Worku, Mohamed
Osman (2019)
Hoang Thu Thuy, Bui Hoang Minh
Thu (2018); Nguyen Xuan Cuong,
Nguyen Xuan Tho, Ho Huy Tuu
(2014); Hoang Bich Hong, Mai Thi
Huong, To Thi Hong (2017); Sanjay
Tolani and Ananth Rao, Genanew B.
Worku, Mohamed Osman (2019)


Know
about
social
insurance through local
events
Sudden events increase

4

Risk
perception

Many financial risks

when
participating
social insurance
Uncertain about
benefits brought
social insurance

5

Subjective
social norms

the
by

Hoang Thu Thuy, Bui Hoang Minh
Thu (2018); Nguyen Xuan Cuong,
Nguyen Xuan Tho, Ho Huy Tuu
(2014); Hoang Bich Hong, Mai Thi
Huong, To Thi Hong (2017); Sanjay
Tolani and Ananth Rao, Genanew B.
Worku, Mohamed Osman (2019);
Cristian Buzatu (2013)

Unwilling to live on the
money given by my
Hoang Thu Thuy, Bui Hoang Minh
children when I'm old
Need for a stable Thu (2018); Nguyen Xuan Cuong,
Nguyen Xuan Tho, Ho Huy Tuu

income at the old age
(2014); Hoang Bich Hong, Mai Thi
Social
insurance Huong, To Thi Hong (2017); Sanjay
participation as a way of Tolani and Ananth Rao, Genanew B.
showing reponsibility
Worku, Mohamed Osman (2019)
A preparation for life
after retirement
Health status

6

Demographi
c factors

Income
Age
Gender

2.

Sanjay Tolani and Ananth Rao,
Genanew B. Worku, Mohamed
Osman (2019); Anthony Kusi, Ama
Fenny, Daniel Kojo Arhinful, Felix
Ankomah Asante, Divya Parmar
(2018)

Research hypotheses

In this research, attitude towards social insurance enrolment
(ATSIE) refers to opinions about the benefits of social
insurance and their viewpoints for or against it. As the point
of view of the participants can directly affect the ITB social
insurance, we hypothesize:
H1+: Attitude towards social insurance enrolment has a
positive impact on ITB.
If one has a criminal background, it somehow shows the
insured’s attitude toward the law, which influences his ITB.
Thus, we have the below hypothesis:
H2+: Labor’s BT has a negative effect on ITB.


Level of information available means the acknowledgement
about insurance program as well as other information related
to social insurance such as its importance, its benefits.
Obviously, the more one knows about the insurance, the
more likely he will consider participating. Hence, we have:
H3+: Level of information available has a positive relation
with ITB.
It is undeniable to state that when one is unsecured or
pessimistic about his future, he has a high demand for a
social insurance program. At the same time, if the insured
feel it too risky to take part in an insurance program, he will
likely to stop enrolling. Thus, we hypothesize:
H4-: Risk perception (RP) has a negative impact on ITB.
When it comes to subjective social norms (SSN), it refers to
the belief of the labor about the responsibility for himself and
his family. If he supposes that it is obvious for children to

take care of his parents when they get old, then he will
unlikely

to

have

any

intention

of

social

insurance

participation. Hence, we have:
H5+: Subjective social norms (SSN) has a positive impact
on ITB.
Moderating variables – demographic factors (DF) and POI,
POE.
Age, gender, marital status all has definite influence on the
relation between independent variables above and Intent to
buy. For instance, it is clear that marital status of a labor
impact the

spouse’s influence on the

ITB. Thus, we

hypothesize:
H6: The labor demographics have a significant (either + or
-) effect on ITB.


VI. Research Methodology
We propose to empirically test the model in the Vietnamese
context, focus on only city Hanoi. In the current conditions of
our country, the social security system cannot cover all large
social groups in big cities, especially Hanoi - where many social
strata are concentrated. The more highly developed the
economy is, the more activities there are of informal workers.
Some people have not had access to the social welfare system
yet. In addition, this city has received a large number of
immigrants (including both short-term and long-term residents),
most of whom are rural residents pouring into urban areas to
seek employment in the process urbanization. These people are
also outside the coverage of the social security system.
Therefore, our research team decided to conduct research in
Hanoi.
1.

Population and sample

On deciding the area of the research, we looked for the
statistics of the population. The population of the study is
defined as all labor in urban areas from informal sector in
Vietnam. According to the General Statistics Office (2016), the
number of informal labors is about 18 million nationwide. In

urban areas, there are 7273.3 thousand people working in
informal labor sector, which is also the scale of the population.
And the number of informal workers in the selected area
(Hanoi) in Vietnam was 1642.4 thousand.
Based on these data, we propose that the sample size for this
study will be 400.


Study design:
•
•

Sample size: 400
Qualitative preliminary research: Using hand-to-hand and
group discussion methods to help build variables that can

•
•

affect ITB as the basis for formation original questionnaire.
Distribute the initial survey to 30 workers.
Re-form the questionnaire from the original questionnaire
in combination with the surveyed individuals so that the
questionnaire is complete and approach to the most

•

variables.
The original questionnaire will be developed in Vietnamese
and later translated into English. The versions of the

questionnaire

in

Vietnamese

and

English

will

be

guaranteed to mean the same thing.

Data collection
Data measurement:
2.

We propose to use the questionnaire for the survey. As far as
we are known, surveys will be more workable than interviews or
observations. It allows us to collect easily and get more data.
In the industry targeted, we will distribute questionnaires to all
laborer. These workers have been and will be directly involved
in social insurance - the best location for research, and they will
better understand the subject. To be specific, in each ward, 200
questionnaires will be given to the workers of informal sector
with the help of authorities.

Data collection:
•

Ask the offices of the district people's committees to
provide

places

where

many

informal

workers

concentrated (trade, repair, construction, etc.).

are


•

Conduct surveys of individuals in the locations provided in

•

districts.
To ensure the best response rate, we will give the
questionnaire in Vietnamese for each individual and guide

them to use this questionnaire in the best way.

3. Data processing techniques and methods:
Conducted through the official survey questionnaire. Data
analysis will be performed using Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software package:
•

Analyzing the reliability of concepts by Cronbach's alpha

•

coefficient.
Analyze the EFA factor for all indicators to determine
whether the indicators produce the intended number of
factors, as well as consider indicators are there big factor
weight on the intended concept, and reliability is also

•

recalculated for the final scales.
Linear regression analysis, ANOVA to test hypotheses.

VII. Scope of the study
The study will be conducted in Hanoi – a typical urban area of
Vietnam. Our group choose to focus on two representative
places in Hanoi, which are: Quynh Mai ward of Hai Ba Trung
district and O Cho Dua ward of Dong Da district. Theses two
wards consist many workers of informal sector settling down.
The study will also focus on workers who work in small

businesses, and those are freelancers, which account for
approximately 34.7% and 36.0% of total residents in two places
(Do Minh Khue, 2007).

VIII. Limitations of the research
In the process of doing research and writing the topic "
Determinants affecting the intent to buy social insurance of


informal labor in urban area of Vietnam – A case study in
Hanoi", we noticed some limitations:
Firstly, the ability to generalize is not high
The research was only conducted for the sample of workers in
the informal sector in Hanoi, so the ability to generalize is not
high. The possibility of generalization will be higher if this study
is conducted to choose sample in many other provinces and
cities of Vietnam. This is a direction for further research.
Secondly, the representativeness of the sample is not high.
The

research

(convenient

used

sampling

non-probability
method),

sampling

which

led

to

method
a

low

representative of the sample. In the next studies, if conditions
of time and ability are available, we will choose the probability
sampling

method.

It

will

be

more

representative

and

generalized.

IX. Proposed time frame
Oct.05 - Nov.05: Review literature
Nov.05 - Dec.05: Finalizing the survey instrument and conduct
surveys
Dec.05 - Mar.19: Collecting data
Mar.19 - Aug.19: Process collected data
Aug.19 - May.19: Writing report


X. References
1.

Anthony Kusi, Ama Fenny, Daniel Kojo Arhinful, Felix
Ankomah Asante, Divya Parmar (2018), “Determinants of
enrolment in the NHIS for women in Ghana – a cross
sectional

2.

“,

International

Journal

of

Social

Economics, Vol.45, No.9, 2018.
Do Hoang Anh , Dr. Pham Hong Manh (2019). “ Factors
influencing

3.

study

people's

decision

to

participate

in

life

insurance in Quang Ngai City”, Finance Journal 1/2/2019.
Do Minh Khue and partner (2007), “ Social security issues
of labor in the informal sector in urban areas ”, Institute of

4.

Sociology, Vol 1.

Hoang Thi Bich Hong, Mai Thi Huong, To Thi Hong (2017).
“Factors affecting the participation social insurance of
informal labor”, Social Insurance Journal, Issues 3B,

5.

Insurance department - University of Labour Social Affairs.
Hoang Thu Thuy, Bui Hoang Minh Thu (2018). “Factors
influencing the intention to subscribe to voluntary to social
insurance of farmers: A case study in Phu Yen province”,
Science & Technology development journal: Economics –

6.

Law and management, Vol 2, Issue 4.
Le Canh Bich Tho, Vo Van Tuan, Truong Thi Thanh Tam
(2017). “ Factors affecting the decision to buy voluntary
health insurance of the people in Can Tho city ”, Science

7.

Journal of Can Tho University , Vol 48, Issue D , 20-25 .
Nghiem Xuan Nam (2009). “ Situation and needs to
participate in health insurance of people in rural area
nowadays ”, Hanoi National University, Master thesis in
Sociology.


8.

Nguyen Duy Chinh, Nguyen Thanh Sơn, Lai Nhat Duy
(2016). “Factors affecting farmers' decision to participate
in rice insurance in Can Duoc district, Long An province ” ,
Science Journal of Ho Chi Minh City Open University, Vol 50

9.

(5).
Nguyen Thi Dan Thuong ( 2015). “ Analyze factors
affecting to attendance of health insurance of the objects

in Tra Vinh province ”, Master thesis, Tra Vinh University.
10. Nguyen Tuyet Mai (2015), “ Factors affecting the intention
to participate in voluntary social insurance of small traders
in Rach Gia city ”, Nha Trang University.
11. Nguyen Xuan Cuong, Nguyen Xuan Tho, Ho Huy Tuu.
“Some factors that have an effect on the Interest of
participating in Voluntary Social Insurance of Small traders
in Nghe An province”. Vietnam National University Journal
of Science, Economics and Business, Vol 30, Issue 1(2014),
12.

36-45.
Sanjay Tolani and Ananth Rao, Genanew B. Worku,
Mohamed Osman (2018). “System and neural network
analysis of intent to buy and willingness to pay insurance

premium “, Managerial Finance, Vol.45, No.1, 2019.
13. Sanusi Bintang, Mujibussalim Mujibussalim, Fikri Fikri
(2019).

“Decentralization

of

Indonesia

social

health

insurance “, International Journal of Law and Management,
Vol.61, No.2, 2019. Faculty of Law, Universitas Syiah Kuala,
Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
14. General Statistical Office (2016), Report of informal labor
2016, Publisher Hong Duc.