Basic grammar points

Basic
grammar
points

Teacher :
TrươngChí Nhân
1
REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
A/ ADVERBIAL CLAUSES :
I/ Clause Of Concession: Though, Although, Even Though, Even If………
+ But , Despite , In Spite Of ( Adj + Noun , V-Ing , Possessive + Noun, The + Noun)
+ Whatever ( Adj/ Object, Subject), However, Adj + As + S + V.
a/ S
1
+ V …………But + S
2
+ V……………
-> S
1
+ V +……….., S
2
+ V ……………..
Ex: They live in poverty but they don’t feel unhappy. ( although)
-> They live in poverty, they don’t feel unhappy.
b/ Although +S
1
+ V ………… + S
2
+ V…………… ( S
1
= S

2
)
-> In spite of + Ving +……….., S
2
+ V ……………..
Ex: Although Bill took a taxi, he still came late for the meeting. ( although)
-> In spite of taking a taxi, Bill still came late for the meeting.
c/ Although +NOUN + BE+ ADJ ………… + S
2
+ V…………… ( “Noun” chỉ vật)
-> In spite of + ADJ + NOUN +……….., S
2
+ V ……………..
Ex: Although the weather was bad, the flight wasn’t cancelled. ( although)
-> In spite of the bad weather, the flight wasn’t cancelled.
c/ Although +S + BE+ ADJ ………… + S
2
+ V…………… ( “S” chỉ người)
-> In spite of + Possessive adj / possessive case + NOUN +……….., S
2
+ V …………
Ex: Although he was ill, he still went to work. ( although)
-> In spite of his illness, he still went to work.
d/ Although +IT + BE+ ADJ ………… + S
2
+ V……………
-> In spite of + THE + NOUN +……….., S
2
+ V …………( “Noun”chị thời tiết )
* Noun + Y = Adj ( fog, rain, storm, sun, cloud, snow, wind, )

Ex: Although it was foggy, the flight was not delayed. ( although)
-> In spite of the fog, the flight was not delayed.
e/ Although + S + V + NOUN …..= Whatever + NOUN + S + V,
Ex: We must study well though we have any kinds of difficulties. ( whatever)
-> Whatever ( kinds of ) difficulties we have, we must study well .
f/ Whatever + NOUN + S + V = No Matter What + NOUN + S + V,
Ex: No matter what experience he has , he can’t repair that machine.
-> Whatever experience he has , he can’t repair that machine.
II/ Clause Of Reason (Cause): Because , As , Since…
+ Because Of + Noun Phrase = Because + Clause( giống như “Although & in spite of”)
+ So, So ………That, If, To Inf…
+ S + Stop / Prevent + O + From + V-ing = Because of
Ex: The teacher is sick, so we have no class tomorrow. (because)
-> Because the teacher is sick. We have no class tomorrow.
Ex: That restaurant is so dirty that nobody wants to eat there. (because)
-> Because that restaurant is dirty, nobody wants to eat there.
Ex: She went to the post office to send a letter.
-> Because she wanted to send a letter, she went to the post office.
Ex: The fog prevented us from going out.
-> Because of the fog, we didn’t / couldn’t go out.
III/ Adverb Of Result : So / Such …………That……
+ Because, Too, Enough……
1/ S + V + So + Adj / Adv + That ………………
+ Uses of Adj & Adv ( Verb followed by adj )
+ The ending letters of adjective.(-ful/ tive/ ous )
2
+ Use of “ So many & so much”
Ex: He has so much work to do that he can’t go to the cinema with us.
2/ S + V + Such + (a/ an) + Adj + Noun + That ………………
+ Use of “a / an”.

Ex: It is such a difficult lesson that we can’t understand it.
Ex: Mary is too young to get married.-> Mary isn’t old enough to get married.
IV/ Clauses Of Condition: If, As/So Long As, Provided That, On Condition That, In Case, Suppose/
Supposing, Even If
+ Unless, Or, Or Else, Otherwise, And.
+ Because, As, Since, So, Therefore, That’s Why.
1/ If ………not = Unless
Ex: If he doesn’t phone her immediately, he won’t get any information.
-> Unless he phones her immediately, he won’t get any information.
* Notes: Nếu trong câu có “nothing, no one, nobody” -> “ something, someone, somebody”
“No -> Many, Seldom, Rarely -> Always”
Ex: He will die if nobody sends him for a doctor.
-> He will die unless somebody sends him for a doctor.
2/ V1 ………………………….Or / or else / Otherwise + S + Will + V1
-> Unless + S + Verb in the present tense, S + Will + V1
Ex: Do those exercises carefully or you‘ll fail the exams. (You)
-> You‘ll fail the exams unless you do( if you don’t do) those exercises carefully.
Ex: Hurry up …………………you will be late for school.
a. unless b. or c. because d. if
3/ a/ Because / As / Since + S1 + Verb…………………., S2 + Verb……………………
- If + S1 + Verb ……………………….., S2 + Verb ………………………….
b/ S1 + Verb …………………………….., So / Therefore/ That’s why + S2 + Verb
………………….
- If + S1 + Verb ……………………….., S2 + Verb ………………………….
+ Tense in present – Type II
+ Tense in past - Type III
+ Use the Verb in opposite form ( Negative -> Affirmative )
Ex: Mai can’t get the job because she doesn’t speak English well.
-> Mai spoke English well, she could get the job.
Ex: I was very busy so I couldn’t go to the meeting.

-> If I hadn’t been busy, I could have gone to the meeting.
4/ Without + V-Ing / Noun = Unless + S + Verb / There + Be + Noun
Ex: Without taking the taxi, we will be late.
-> Unless we take a taxi, we will be late.
Ex: Without rain, we couldn’t stop the forest fire completely.
-> If there were no rain, we couldn’t stop the forest fire completely.
5/ But for + Noun = If it were not for/ hadn’t been for + Noun
Ex: But for the storm, we would have had a good crop.
-> If it hadn’t been for the storm, we would have had a good crop.
* Notes:
Ex: He gave me a lift to the station, otherwise I might have missed the train.
-> If he hadn’t given me a lift to the station, I might have missed the train.
Ex: But for your help, I couldn’t have finished the work.
-> If you hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have finished the work.
V/ Clause Of Comparison: As….As, Not So/As……As, More/ less ……Than, The Most……..
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1/ Positive degree:
a/ Equality: S + V + ………..+ As + Adj / Adv + As + S + Va.
Ex: She works as hard as her friend does. ( Câu cho sẳn có “Too”)
Ex: This table is one meters long. That one is two meters long.
-> That table is twice as long as this one.
b/ Unequality: S + Verb + Not + As / So + Adj / Adv + As + S + Va.
-> S + Verb + Less + Adj / Adv + Than + S + Va.
Ex: The market is less crowded than usual today.
-> The market is not so / as crowded as usual today.
2/ Comparative degree:
a/ S + Verb + More + Long-Adj / Adv + Than + S + Va.
+ Short-Adj/ Adv+ ER + Than + S + Va.
Ex: Mr.Phan doesn’t drive as carefully as he used to.
-> Mr. Phan drives more carelessly than he used to.

Ex: Hung is not good at Chemistry as Minh.
-> Minh is better at Chemistry than Hung.
b/ S + Verb + The most + Long-Adj / Adv + ( Noun) + Place
+ Short-Adj/ Adv+ EST
Ex: No restaurant in this city is as good as that one.
-> That is the best restaurant in this city.
c/ The + Adj / Adv ( SSH) + S + V, The + Adj / Adv ( SSH) + S + V.
Ex: The older she gets, the more beautiful she is.
d/ More and More + Long Adj / Adv ( Short Adj / Adv + ER)
Ex: The lesson is more and more difficult.
Ex: It is hotter and hotter.
* Notes :
- Short Adjective: young, hot cold, cheap, late…
+ Two syllables ending in “y, le, et, ow, er” : happy, easy, early, pretty, busy, simple,
gentle, quiet, narrow, mellow, clever, bitter.
- Long Adjective : More than two syllables and “Adj + ly”
- How to add “Er / Est”
+ nice – nicer, big – bigger ( ending in “y, w, x”-> without double), happy – happier
+ Irregular Adjective “good, far, many, bad, little”
* Adjective order:
- articles (a, an, the) , P.adj ( my, his, her), determiners (this, that , these , those)
- ordinal numbers ( first, second….)
- cardinal numbers ( one, two, some, several..)
- adverb degree ( too, very, extremely)
- quality ( lovely, beautiful, difficult, interesting, good…)
- size ( small, big, huge, little)
- age ( new, old, young)
- length ( long, short, tall)
- shape ( round, square)
- colors ( black, white, blue..)

- nationality ( Vietnamese, Italian, Chinese..)
- purposes /metal ( reading, walking, steel, nylon, cotton…)
- head noun( book, car…)
* Question with “HOW”
- how old: ( số + tuổi / at the age of + số)
- how tall / high : ( số + tall / high , the height of)
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- how far : ( số + mile / kilometer )
- how fast : (số + mile / kilometer + per hour)
- how deep ( số + deep, the depth of )
- how long ( số + meter/ mile long , the length of, for + số + tgian)
- how wide ( số + wide, in width)
- how often ( once/ twice + a + time)
- how many / much + noun : ( số + noun)
- how much : ( số + money, số + pound )
VI/ Clause Of Time:
When, As, ( On + Ving), While, As Soon As, Before, After, Since, Until, By The Time.
1/ Time in the sentence is in the past ( yesterday, last , ago, in pat time) or verb in past tenses
a/ After / as soon as + S + Had + V
3
, S + V
2
-> After + V-Ing = After + S + Had + V
3
Ex: After finishing our work ,we went home.
-> After we had finished our work ,we went home.
b/ Before / by the time + S + V
2
, S + Had + V
3

-> Before + V-Ing = Before + S + V
2
Ex: I made sure I had the car keys before locking the door.
-> Before I locked the door, I made sure I had had the car keys.
c/ While + S + Verbs in past continuous , S + Verb in simple past or past continuous
- On + V-Ing = while + S + Verbs in past continuous
Ex: On walking to school, I saw my teacher.
-> While I was walking to school, I saw my teacher.
* Các động từ diễn đạt các hành động ngắn luôn ở thì quá khứ đơn : “ see, hear, meet, go,
come, get, arrive, start, begin, enter”
d/ When / As + S + V, S + V ………………..
+ QKĐ : hành đông ngắn hay sự việc xảy ra sau
+ QKTD : hành động dài hay sự việc vẫn còn tiếp diễn khi hành động thứ nhất xảy ra.
d1/ On + V-Ing = when + S + Verbs in past continuous or simple past.
Ex: On driving home from office , I saw an accident.
-> When I was driving home from office , I saw an accident.
d2/ When / While + S + be……., S + V …………… ( hai động từ đều dùng ờ thì QKĐ)
Ex: When he was at school, he studied very well.
d3/ When + S + V in simple past ……….., S + V in past perfect ( “Already / So + S + V”)
Ex: When I got to the station, the train had already left.
Ex : When we arrived at his house , he had gone to work, so we didn’t meet him.
d4/ S + Had + No Sooner + V
3
……………..Than + S + Verb in simple past
S + Had + Hardly / Scarely + V
3
……………..When + S + Verb in simple past
Ex: We had no sooner left home than it started to rain.
Ex: No sooner had we left home than it started to rain.
e/ S + verb in present perfect …………..+ Since + S + verb in simple past.

e1/ S + Verb in simple past …………………………….+ Time + Ago.
-> It is / was + Time + since + S + Verb in simple past …………………………….
Ex: He lost his job three months ago.
-> It is three months since he lost his job.
e2/ S + Have / has Not + V3 ……………………+ For + Time.
-> It is + Time + Since + S +( Last) + Verb in simple past.
-> The last time ( when)+ S + Verbs in simple past ………..+ Was + Time + Ago.
Ex: We haven’t seen Minh for two years.
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-> It is / has been two years since I last saw Minh.
-> The last time we saw Minh was two years ago.
e3/ Uses of “For” and “Since”.
f/ S + Verb in simple past + Not …………………….Until + Clause in simple past / Phrase of time
-> It was not until + Clause / Phrase + That+ S + Verb in simple past.( mãi cho đến khi)
Ex: Tom didn’t begin to read until he was ten.
-> It was not until Tom was ten that he began to read.
Ex: The noise next door did not stop until midnight.
-> It was not until midnight that the noise next door stopped.
2/ Time in the sentence is in the future ( tomorrow, next ) or verb in the future
S + Verb in the future ………………+ Conj + S + Verb in the present.
Ex : When I meet him tomorrow, I will give him your letter.
Ex: You will fell better after you have something to eat.
Ex: You will have something to eat. You will feel better.
-> After you have something to eat, you will feel better.
3/ Notes on tenses
a/ The simple past tense:
+ Formula: S + V2 – Did not + V1 – Did + S + V1?
+ Usage: “yesterday , last , ago, in + time in the past”
: From …………to …………. ( from 1990 to 1995)
Ex: Jane ……………………just a few minutes ago.

a. leaves b. has left c. had left d. left
Ex: My uncle lived in Hanoi since 1990 to 1998, but he is now living in Hue.
A B C D
Ex: Nobody was hurt in the accident , …………………..?
a. was he b. did he c. were they d. did they.
* Tag- question:
S + Verb in affirmative …………………, Va + Not + S?
S + Verb in negative ………………………, Va + S?
+ Va ( Auxiliary verbs : be, have, do, can, may, must, shall , will)
+ Subject in the tag question must be pronouns “I, we, you , they , he, she, it”
- Some/ Any/ No/ Every + One / Body = They
- Some/ Any/ No/ Every + Thing = It
- “No” : Không dùng “Not” trong phần câu hỏi đuôi.
b/ The simple present:
+ Formula: S + V1 / Vs - Do / Does + Not + V1 – Do / Does + S + V1?
+ Usage : “Sometimes, often, usually, always, seldom, rarely, never”
“ Every + Time ( day, week, month ……..) ”
“ Once / Twice / Three times + A + Time (day, week, month ……..)”
Ex: My father seldom ………… tea after meal.
a. drink b. drank c. drink d. is drinking
Ex: They go to this club ……………………
a. a once week b. once a week c. a week once d. once week
c/ The simple future:
+ Formula: S + will / Shall + V1
+ Usage : tomorrow, next + Time , In + Hour / day …… ( trong …..nữa)
If / When + S + verb in the simple present , S + verb in the simple future
Ex: They say the train ……………………..in ten minutes.
a. arrive b. will arrive c. arrived d. is arriving
Ex: If we go to London, we …………………….Hyde Park.
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