Thực trạng và giải pháp nâng cao hiệu quả công tác bồi thường, hỗ trợ, tái định cư khi nhà nước thu hồi đất tại thành phố thái nguyên, tỉnh thái nguyên tt tiếng anh

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THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

NGUYEN THE HOAN

CURRENT SITUATION AND SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE
THE EFFICIENCY OF COMPENSATION AND
RESETTEMENT SUPPORT ON LAND ACQUISITION IN
THAI NGUYEN CITY,
THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE
Land Management
Code: 9.85.01.03
SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
AND ENVIRONMENT


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THAI NGUYEN, 2020Works completed at:
THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

Science Supervisor: 1. Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Khac Thai Son

Examiner 1:……………………………………………
Examiner 2:……………………………………………
Examiner 3:……………………………………………

The topic will be protected before the University Review
Board meeting at …………………………………………………….
At ...... hours ..... days ….. month ..… 2020.

The topic can be found at:
- National Library
- Learning Resource Center Thai Nguyen University


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- Library of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and
Forestry


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INTRODUCTION
1. Problem Statement
From 1945 to present, the policy of land compensation (BT),
support (HT), resettlement (TĐC) has significantly improved when
Vietnam government conducted the land acquisition. The 1993
Land Law stipulated that land use rights are valued in money,
making land acquisition much more complicated because of the
"compensation" of land use rights values. When the Land Law
2013 came into effective, the policy of compensation, support and
resettlement has been much improved in the setting of "specific
land prices" and additional support, contributing to the improved
land acquisition. However, there are still problems such as
conflicts in land acquisition and land lawsuits.
Thai Nguyen City is the provincial capital and the center of
the Northeastern mountainous and midland region of Vietnam.
Therefore, Many national projects have been acquiring land.
However, there are no comprehensive studies on compensation,
support and resettlement here to draw experience for the future.

For these reasons, this study chose the topic "Current situation
and solutions to improve the efficiency of compensation and
resettlement support on land acquisition in Thai Nguyen city,
Thai Nguyen province".
2. Objectives of Study
2.1. Overal Objectives and Goals
The study aimed to comprehensively assess the status of
compensation, support and resettlement in land acquisition; to
identify shortcomings, causes and propose solutions to improve
the effectiveness of this task.
2.2. Specific Objectives
- Assessing the status of compensation, support and
resettlement in Thai Nguyen city over the period from 2013-2017;
- Assessing the real life of the people after compensation,
support and resettlement in Thai Nguyen city;
- Identifying and evaluate the influencing factors and the
level of influence of each group of factors on land acquisition in
Thai Nguyen city;


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- Determining the problems and causes, and propose
potential measures to improve the efficiency of compensation,
support and resettlement work in Thai Nguyen city.
3. Research Significance
3.1. Theoretical Significance:
The result of this research has contributed to supplementing
and clarifying the scientific basis of the policy of compensation,
support and resettlement in land acquisition to further improve
the regulations and policies in the most appropriate way.

3.2. Practical Significance:
The results of the study provide highly valuable references
for Thai Nguyen province and other localities in land acquisition
and support policy makers, managers, researchers to make
informed decisions.
4. Research Contributions
- Provide comprehensive analysis and evaluation from
theory to practices on compensation, support and resettlement in
05 research projects; comparison between the Road Project Team
and the Residential Project Group and between the State Project
Group and the Private Project Group in terms of compensation,
support, resettlement and people’s life after land being acquisited.
- Only 22 out of 27 factors were identified, divided into 8
groups affecting land acquisition; The analysis of the
multivariate model ranked and showed the impact of each
group as follows: (1) compensation policy = 24.59% → (2)
support policy = 23.85% → (3) resettlement policy = 17.54% →
(4) management = 12.03% → (5) Environment of resettlement
area = 11.11% → (6) psychology = 4.53% → (7) capital and
objectives = 3.51% → (8) objectivity = 2.84%.
- Identifying 06 existing issues in compensation, support
and resettlement activities: (i) low compensation price; (ii) low
price of land allocation for resettlement; (iii) high grievance rate;
(iv) poor support for vocational and business training; (v)
unstable job rates; (vi) poor and unstandardized policies. The
research analyzes the causes and proposes 14 solutions in 03
directions: (-) Completely addressing the root of complaints and


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ensuring equity; determine compensation unit prices, allocate
resettlement land close to the market price; (-) improve the rate of
spending money on vocational training and business; ensure
stable and stable people's life; (-) completing relevant regulations
so that the interests of people whose land is recovered are
guaranteed fully and sustainably.
Chapter 1
Research Literature
1.1. Scientific bases of compensation, support and
resettlement in land acquisition
1.1.1. Theoretical bases of compensation, support and
resettlement in land acquisition
1.1.1.1. Relevant concepts of compensation, support and
resettlement in land acquisition
1.1.1.2. People’s ownership on land use rights and acquistion issues
1.1.1.3. The relationship between land rent and land price
determination for compensation
1.1.1.4. The relationship of interests between government, investors
and land users being revoked
1.1.2. Legislative basis and law policies in compensation,
support and resettlement
1.1.2.1. Legislative background in compensation, support and
resettlement
1.1.2.2. Government regulations on land acquisition
1.1.2.3. State regulations on compensation in land acquisition
1.1.2.4. State regulations on support in land acquisition
1.1.2.5. State regulations on resettlement in land acquisition
1.2. Literature review on the world compensation, support
and resettlement in land acquisition
1.2.1. China

1.2.2. Taiwan
1.2.3. Singapore


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1.2.4. Thailand
1.2.5. South Korea
1.2.6. Australia
1.2.7. France
1.2.8. Germany
1.2.9. Canada
1.2.10. India
1.2.11. Eastern European countries
1.2.12. United Nations’ organization members
1.3.
Land compensation, support and resettlement in
Vietnam
1.3.1. Characteristics and content of compensation, support
and resettlement
1.3.2. Analysis of relationship and impacts of compensation,
support and resettlement
1.3.3. Overview of compensation, support and resettlement in
Vietnam from 1945 to present
1.3.4. Remark of compensation, support and resettlement in
Vietnam
1.3.5. Procedure of land acquisition in Vietnam
1.4. Results of compensation, support and resettlement
1.4.1. Research results of compensation, support and
resettlement in the world
1.4.2. Research results of compensation, support and

resettlement in Vietnam
1.4.2.1. Results of compensation, support and resettlement in
Vietnam before implement Land Law 2013
1.4.2.2. Results of land clearance in Vietnam since the Land Law
2013 come in effective
1.5. Conclusions of research and future directions


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1.5.1. Conclusions of conpensation, support and resettlement
research
1.5.2. Directions of dissertation after overview research
Chapter 2
RESEARCH CONTENT AND METHODS
2.1. Objects, scope and study area
2.1.1. Research object: Compensation, support and resettlement
in the 5 projects as follows: Bac Son Road Project, Bac Son
Extended Road Project, Viet Bac Road Project, Residential Project
No. 5, Residential Project No. 7A+7B
2.1.2. Research scope
(-) Spatial scope: 05 wards: Dong Quang, Hoang Van Thu,
Phan Dinh Phung, Quang Trung, Tuc Duyen.
(-) Timeframe: Secondary data and information were
collected over a period of 5 years from 2013 to 2017.
(-) Content scope: (i) Compensation and support for land use
rights and assets attached to land; other types of assistance upon
land acquisition; resettlement for people whose houses or
residential land are recovered. (ii) People's life after land
acquisition is reflected by jobs, income, and accommodation
conditions. (iii) Factors affecting land acquisition.

2.1.3. Study site
The study was conducted in Thai Nguyen city and completed
at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry.
2.2. Research content
(i) Overview of the study of compensation, support and
resettlement in Thai Nguyen city over the period of 2013-2017;
(ii) Situation of compensation, support, and resettlement
work in research projects in Thai Nguyen city in the period of
2013-2017;
(iii) Assessment of people’s life after compensation, support
and resettlement in research projects in Thai Nguyen city;
(iv) Investigating factors affecting the land acquisition in
Thai Nguyen city;


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(v) Assessment of existing problems, analysis of causes and
proposing solutions to improve the effectiveness of compensation,
support and resettlement in Thai Nguyen city.
2.3. Research methods
2.3.1. Secondary data collection
2.3.2. Primary data collection
2.3.2.1. Selection of research projects: Selecting projects
representing 02 target groups (roads and residential areas) and
02 groups of investment capital sources as in Table 2.1.
2.3.2.2. Sample selection:
Sample size =
Where: N = population size; p =population confidence; e =
Margin of error (+ 8%); z = z-score.
Table 2.1. Number of survey samples in land acquisition

projects
in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2013-2017
No
1
2
3
4
5

No. of
Sample
Capital sources househol
s
ds
Bac Son Road
Hoang Van Thu Enterprise
150
76
Bac Son Extended
Quang Trung
State
299
101
Road
State
borrowed
Quang Trung +
Viet Bac Road
from
foreign

254
95
Dong Quang
countries
Residential Area No. 5 Phan Đinh Phung Enterprise
85
55
Residential Area No.
Tuc Duyen
State Investment
287
99
7A+7B
Total
1.075
426
Projects

Wards

(95% confidence interval and margen of error 8%)
2.3.2.3. Sample selection: randomly select from the list of
households whose land is recovered in the first order to the
number of samples (with the survey projects more than 50%) and
choose the odd numbers (1, 3, 5, …) from beginning to full sample
(with survey projects below 50%).
2.3.2.4. Assessment measures: Using Likert 5-level: level 1 = lowest;
level 2 = between lowest and moderate; level 3 = moderate; level 4
= between moderate and highest; level 5 = highest

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2.3.2.5. Questionnaire building
Questionnaire draft

 
Seeking supervisor’s and lecturer’s advice

 Seeking experts’ advice

Summary of comments, exchange with supervisor and experts with mixed opinions

Modify, supplement, complete the first set of questionnaire questionnaires

Trial survey (10 officials working on land acquisition, 30 people with land acquisition)

Summarizing, amending, supplementing and completing the second set of questionnaire questions tra

 Official survey
Hình 2.1. Questionnaire form procedure
2.3.2.6. How to investigate prices of land and assets attached to
land: directly ask those who have land acquisition, compensation,
support, resettlement and people who transfer real estate.
2.3.2.7. Data standardization using step-wise selection method
2.3.3. The analysis method identifies factors and groups of
factors that affect land acquisition
2.3.3.1. Research framework
2.3.3.2. Multivariate regression model
2.3.3.3. Test and assessment
2.3.4. Methods of aggregating, analyzing data and comparing

information


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Chapter 3
Research Results and Discussion
3.1. Overview of compensation, support and resettlement in
Thai Nguyen city over the period from 2013 to 2017
3.1.1. Introduction to Thai Nguyen city
3.1.2. Summary of results of compensation, support and
resettlement in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2013-2017
3.1.3. Actual situation of compensation, support and
resettlement in in Thai Nguyen city for the period of 2013-2017
3.1.4. Comments of compensation, support and resettlement in
Thai Nguyen city for the period of 2013-2017
In the period of 2013-2017, the Thai Nguyen city had 91
projects to recover 3,133,286.83 m2 of land, with the amount of
compensation, support and implementation of VND 3,602,038.95
million; 17 projects allocated 911 resettlement plots, with an area of
138,688.00 m2. In 05 research wards, there are 53 projects recovering
1,646,248.73 m2 of land, with a total amount of VND 2,289,399.84
million; There are 9 projects allocating 418 resettlement plots, with an
area of 42,086.00 m2 of land
3.2. Situation of compensation, support, and resettlement in
research projects in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 20132017
3.2.1. Actual situation of compensation work in research
projects in Thai Nguyen city period 2013-2017
Table 3.7. Situation of land acquisition in research projects in
Thai Nguyen city period 2013-2017
Farmland

acquisition
House Area (m2) House Area (m2)
1 Bac Son Road
76
67
10,771.99
23
2,237.19
2 Bac Son Extended Road
101
95
11,689.63
24
1,622.60
3 Viet Bac Road
95
52
2,106.45
46
1,242.00
4 Residential Area No. 5
55
23
4,122.15
40
23,247.37
5 Residential Area No. 7A+7B
99
2
180.00

99
31,155.80
Total
426
239
28,870.23
232 59,504.96
Source: Summary of survey form and Thai Nguyen City Land Fund Development Center

TT

Projects

Sample
s

Land acquisition

The results of the survey of 426 people in Table 3.7 revealed
that 28,870.23 m2 of residential land from 239 households were
recovered, mostly in the extended Bac Son Road Project and Bac


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Son Road Project; 59,504.96 m2 of agricultural land was recovered,
of 232 households, concentrated in 02 residential projects.
Table 3.9. Total amount of compensation in Thai Nguyen city
over periods from 2013 to 2017
T
T

Projects

1 Bac Son Road
2 Bac Son Extended Road

Land
Asset
Total
Samp compensatio compensatio
(million
les
n (million
n (million
VND)
VND)
VND)

76
101

3 Viet Bac Road
95
4 Residential Area No. 5
55
Residential
Area
No. 99
5
7A+7B

Total
426

76

45,237.63

101

57,598.07

95
55

23,140.80
32,559.68

13,901.7
2
50,218.5
5
2,988.25
6,641.78

99

20,121.92

133.00

426

178,658.1 73,883.3
0
0

Source: from survey and Thai Nguyen Land Development Fund Department
The Table 3.9 showed that the total compensation of 426
people surveyed in 05 research projects was VND 252,541.40
million. In particular, the most is in the extended Bac Son Road
Project, the total compensation of 101 households is 107,816.62
million VND, due to paving the way through many households and
recovering many residential land; at least in the Residential
Project No. 7A+7B, the total compensation of 99 households is
only VND 20,254.92 million for agricultural land acquisition.
3.2.2. Situation of supporting work at research projects in Thai
Nguyen city period 2013-2017
The table 3.10 showed that the total amount of support
money for 426 households surveyed in 5 projects was VND
18,132.73 million; The most in Residential Project No. 7A+7B, is
VND 8,726.40 million, due to the large amount of agricultural land
being recovered, people have to support a lot to change jobs; at
least in Viet Bac Road Project, equal to 604.90 million VND.


13
On average, the total amount of support money for 426
surveyed households in 05 research projects was 42.57 million
VND/ household.
Table 3.10. Total amount of support money at research

projects in Thai Nguyen city over the period from 2013 to
2017
T
T

Projects

Early
Life
Other
handTotal
House support
support
over
(million
holds (million
(million
(million
VND)
VND)
VND)
VND)

1 Bac Son Road

76

777.60

2 Bac Son Extended Road

101

518.40

3 Viet Bac Road
95
4 Residential Area No. 5
55
Residential Area No.
5
99
7A+7B

432.00
3,483.20

Total

426

8,726.40

86.15

0.00
863.75
3,325.0
541.08
4,384.48

0
172.90
0.00
604.90
70.00
0.00 3,553.20
0.00

0.00 8,726.40

13,937.6
3,325.0 18,132.7
870.13
0
0
3

Source: from survey and Thai Nguyen Land Development Fund Department
3.2.3. Total and rate of allocation using compensation and support
money for clearance projects in Thai Nguyen city in the period of
2013-2017
Table 3.12. Summary of land acquisition, compensation and
support results in clearance projects in Thai Nguyen city for the
period of 2013-2017
T
T

Projects

1 Bac Son Road

Support and
Cost of
Land compensatio compensation
Sampl
acquisitio n Amount and support per
es
n (m2)
(million
household
VND)
(million VND)

76

Bac Son Extended
101
Road
3 Viet Bac Road
95
2

4 Residential Area No. 5

55

13,009.1
60,003.10
8
13,312.2

112,201.10
3
3,348.45 26,733.95
27,369.5
42,754.66
2

789.51
1,110.90
281.41
777.36


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5

Residential
7A+7B

Area

No.

31,335.8
28,981.32
292.74
0
88,375.1
Total
426

270,674.13
635.39
9
Source: Survey and Thai Nguyen City Dept. of Land Fund Development
99

The data in Table 3.12 showed that 426 samples in 05
projects, the State spent 270,674.13 million VND to recover
88,375.19 m2 of land, an average of 635,39 million VND/
household. In particular, the largest cost is in the extended Bac Son
Road Project, spending 112,201.10 million VND to recover
13,312.23 m2 of land from 101 households, an average of 1,110.90
million VND/ household. Viet Bac Road Project, however, showed
the least spending with VND 26,733.95 million to recover 3,348.45
m2 of land from 95 households, an average of 281.41 million VND/
household.
Figure 3.10. The rate of allocation of expenses from
compensation and support at research projects in Thai
Nguyen city in the period of 2013-2017
Figure 3.10 shows that when comparing the State-funded
project group with the Enterprise-advance project group, the rate of
compensation and support payments of groups also varies greatly.
Whereas the Enterprise Project Group has 83.80% of consumer
spending, 16.20% for business expenditure, no spending for
vocational training, the State projects grants money for
consumption. 62.86%, lower than the project group Enterprise of
advance money is 21.03%; expenditure for business and
apprenticeship was 37.14%, higher than the Group of Enterprises
with advance payment of 21.03%.
3.2.4. Situation of resettlement work in clearance projects in

Thai Nguyen city period 2013-2017
The survey showed that 188 households received resettlement
land, with a total area of 22,145.15 m2, an average of 117,79 m2/
household with a mean price of 3.42 million VND/ m2. The land use
fee of 188 households for resettlement land is VND 75,733.40 million.
The unit price of land for resettlement of different projects varies
greatly, depending on the location of the resettlement site and the time


15
of implementation of the project, and allocation of resettlement land.
The highest average unit price of resettlement land in Bac Son Road
Project is 4.48 million/ m2 while the lowest rate was in the residential
project No. 7A+7B with VND 2.0 million/ m2. The average area of a
land allocated for resettlement is 98.33 m2 to 126.76 m2 depending on
each project.
3.2.5. Status of complaints and comments on the attitude of
officials working in compensation, support and resettlement
in research projects in Thai Nguyen city period 2013-2017
Table 3.18. Summary of complaints at clearance project at
Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2013-2017
TT

Projects

1 Bac Son Road
2 Bac Son Extended
Road
3 Viet Bac Road
4 Residential Area No.

5
5 Residential Area No.
7A+7B
Total

Compl
No. of aints
House
compl more
holds
aints than
one

Compl
aints
with
more
peopl
e

No.
of
com
plai
nts

Unacc Compl
epted aints Solved
compl accept (%)
aints

ed

150

13

5

0

19

18

1 100.00

299

51

10

6

62

39

23 100.00

254

45

12

8

67

49

18 100.00

85

5

3

0

8

6

2 100.00

287

7

4

0

12

12

0 100.00

100.0
0
Source: Survey and Thai Nguyen City Dept. of Land Fund Development
1,075

121

34

14 168

124

44

Table 3.18 showed that, out of 1,075 households and
individuals having land, or land-attached assets revoked in 05
research projects, there were 121 complaints, with 168 complaints

(equal to 139 complaints/ cases). In 168 complaints, there were 34
complaints (equal to 28.10% of the number of complaints), there
were 14 complaints of many people (equal to 8.33% of the number
of complaints); 124 times of complaints were wrong, unfounded
and unacceptable; 44 complaints were accepted to be solved (equal
to 26.19% of the number of complaints, equal to 4.09% of the


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number of people whose land was acquired) and all were resolved
(reaching 100.00%).
According to the survey, the attitude of people who make
compensation, support and resettlement is 5 points is an ideal,
then the average of all 5 projects, the attitude of people who do
compensation, support and resettlement is people rated 4.06
points/ 5 points (equal to 81.20% of the ideal level, of which the
highest was in Viet Bac Road Project, reached 4.22 points, the
lowest was in Bac Son Road Project, gaining 3.98 points.
3.2.6. General assessment of compensation, support and
resettlement in Thai Nguyen city in the period of 2013-2017
Table 3.20 showed:
Table 3.20. Comparison of key indicators on compensation,
support and resettlement in Thai Nguyen city in the period of
2013-2017
Rate of
support Amoun
Rate
payment
t of
of

(%)
Samp
suppor
TT
Projects
compl
les Resid
t
aints
Houses
Reset
entia Farm
Crop
Busi Train (millio
(%)
and
tlem
l land
s
ness ing n VND)
others
ent
land
1 Bac Son Road
76 24.90 32.30 66.25 35.00 37.50 16.11 0.00 11.37 8.67
2 Bac Son Extended Road
101 39.40 45.00 90.83 50.00 64.89 40.14 0.72 43.41 17.06
3 Viet Bac Road
95 29.80 30.00 60.45 50.00 50.00 19.91 0.00
6.37 17.72

4 Residential Area No. 5
55 29.80 27.40 85.17 23.33 41.38 16.12 0.00 64.60 5.88
5 Residential Area No. 7A+7B
99 35.90 29.20
- 31.00 40.00 38.19 0.43 88.15 2.44
32.2 30.9
35.8 51.7 28.8
Total/Average
426
80.29
0.35 42.57 11.26
9
9
9
5
1
6 Residential Group
154 30.29 28.68 85.17 29.39 41.27 25.04 0.17 79.74 3.23
7 Road Group
272 32.53 34.44 79.64 45.38 53.36 30.18 0.41 21.52 15.50
Road projects compared
16.0 12.0
residential projects (+,
2.24 5.76 -5.53
5.14 0.23 -58.22 12.28
0
9
-)
8 Enterprise project group
131 26.15 29.19 71.16 29.17 38.49 16.12 0.00 33.72 7.66

State-funded
project
9
295 36.00 31.66 86.43 38.13 63.93 36.59 0.56 46.49 12.26
group
State-funded
projects
25.4 20.4
compared with enterprises
9.85 2.47 14.77 8.96
0.56 12.78 4.60
3
7
(+, -)
Actual price compared to
market (%)

Source: Survey and Thai Nguyen City Dept. of Land Fund Development


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- Overall assessment of 05 research projects, aggregating
data from 426 interviewees out of 1,075 households and
individuals with recovered assets of 05 research projects found as
follows:
+ For compensation criteria group: Compensation unit price
is much lower than market price, compensation price of 3 out of 4
criteria is only about 1/3 of market price. Particularly, the criteria
of houses and other constructional works had the compensation
price closest to the market price, equal to 80.29%; This is because

houses and constructions are clearly priced, so when the
compensation price is quite close to the market price, the other 3
indicators are still inconsistent, not really objective, so the
compensation price is not close to the market.
+ With the criteria in unit price of land allocation for
resettlement: The price of land allocation for resettlement is much
lower than the market price, only 51.75%. This is to partly
compensate for the low land compensation price (equal to
32.29%).
+ For the percentage of expenses for compensation, support
for business investment and vocational training is: 28.81% for
business, 0.35% for vocational training.
+ With the criteria of support amount/ household: In
addition to the compensation, the average support amount is
42.57 million VND/ household; This is also partly to compensate
for the low compensation prices for land and properties.
+ With the target of complaint rate: On average, 1,075
people with assets recovered from 05 research projects, the
complaint rate is 11.26%.
- Compare the road project group with the Residential
projects, synthesizing data from 272 households in the Road
project group and 154 employees in the residential project group
out of 1,075 households families and individuals with recovered
assets of 05 research projects found the following:
+ For compensation price criteria group: In the road project
group, among 4 indicators on compensation price, there are 3
higher criteria and 1 lower criteria for residential project group.


18

+ With the criteria of the price of land allocation for
resettlement: The price of land for resettlement in the road
project group is equal to 53.36%, 12.09% higher than the
residential project group.
+ For the ratio of expenditure of compensation money,
support for business investment and vocational training: in the
road project group is 30.18% for business and 0.41% for
vocational training; higher than the residential project group of
5.14% and 0.23%, respectively.
+ With the target of support amount/ household: In addition
to the compensation, the support amount in the road project
group is 21.52 million VND/ household; VND 58.22 million/
household lower than the residential project group;
+ With the target of complaint rate: The complaint rate in
the road project group is 15.50%, 12.28% higher than in the
residential project group because the road project group occupied
more residential land.
- Comparing the project group funded by the State with the
project group of enterprises, synthesizing data from 295 employees
of the project group funded by the State and 131 people in the project
group of enterprises in the total number of 1,075 households and
individuals having recovered assets of 05 research projects showed
that:
+ For compensation price group: All 04 indicators on
property compensation price of the State-funded project group
are higher than those in the enterprise project group.
+ With the criteria of unit price of land allocation for
resettlement: The price of land allocation for resettlement in the
State-funded project group is 63.93%, 25.43% higher than the
project group of enterprises;

+ For the ratio of expenditure of compensation, support for
business investment and vocational training: in the State-funded
project group, the amount of money provided is 36.59% for
business and 0.56% for vocational training; higher than the
project group of enterprise is 20.47% and 0.56% respectively.


19
+ With the criteria of support amount/ household: In
addition to the compensation, the support amount in the Statefunded project group is 46.49 million VND/ household; 12.78
million VND per household higher than the project group
enterprise. This is because the State-funded projects pays more
attention to the people whose land is acquired.
+ With the rate of complaints: The rate of complaints in the
State-funded project group is 12.26%, higher than 4.60%
compared to the project group of enterprises. State projects
provide money to recover more residential land than the
respectively project.
3.3. The status of people’s life after compensation, support
and resettlement in the five projects, Thai Nguyen city.
3.3.1. The status of people’s employment after compensation,
support and resettlement in Thai Nguyen city
The data in Table 3.21 showed that, out of 426 people
surveyed in 5 research projects, there were 135 people, equaling
31.69% of new jobs. In particular, the highest rate of new job in
Residential Project No. 7A+7B, is 65.66%; the lowest rate in Bac
Son Road Project is 11.84%.
Comparison of road project group with the residential
project grou: the new job transfer rate in residential projects is
56.49%, in road projects is 17.65%; lower than the residential

project group of 38.85%. This is because the residential project
reclaims more agricultural land.
Table 3.21. A change in employment status after
compensation, support and resettlement in Thai Nguyen city
N
o
1
2
3
4
5

Projects
Bac Son Road
Bac Son Extended Road
Viet Bac Road
Residential Area 5
Residential Areas 7A+7B
Total/Average

Percentag
Samples People
e of people
(Person changin
changing
s)
g jobs
jobs (%)
76
9

11.84
101
12
11.88
95
27
28.42
55
22
40.00
99
65
65.66
426
135
31.69


20
Residential Groups (No. 5, No.
7A+7B)
Road Groups (Bac Son, Bac Son
7
Extended, Viet Bac)
Road
projects
compared
residential projects (+,-)
6

154

87

56.49

272

48

17.65
-38.85

(Source: Compiled from survey questionnaire)
Table 3.23. Level of people’s job stability after compensation,
support and resettlement in Thai Nguyen city
No

Projects

1 Bac Son Road

After
Sample
Before After compared
s
(points (Points
with
(person
)

)
before
s)
(%)

t-test

Degree
of
pfreedo value
m

143.7
9
186.8
7
187.9
6
107.9
8
185.4
1

0.00
3
0.00
1
0.37
1
0.91

6
0.25
5

76

3.54

3.14

88.70 3.049

101

3.56

3.23

90.73 3.275

3 Viet Bac Road

95

2.97

3.25 109.43 -0.897

4 Residential Area No. 5

55

3.21

3.21 100.00 0.106

5 Residential Area No. 7A+7B

99

3.25

3.27 100.62 -1.141

Total/Average
6 Residential Group
7 Road Group
Road projects compared
residential projects (+,
-)
8 Enterprise project group
State-funded
project
9
group
State-funded
projects
compared with enterprises
(+, -)

426
154
272

3.31
3.24
3.35

3.22 97.40
3.25 100.40
326.1 0.72
0.355
8
3
3.21
95.92

2 Bac Son Extended Road

-0.04
131

3.40

3.17

93.18

295

3.27

3.25

99.51

-0.706

327.9 0.48
8
1

0.08

The job stability level is aggregated from the survey questionnaire using a 5point scale: (-) None = 1 point; (-) Yes but not stable = 2 points; (-) Yes and
relatively stable = 3 points; (-) Yes and stability = 4 points; (-) Yes and very
stable = 5 points.

The data in Table 3.23 showed that the level of employment
stability before compensation, assistance and resettlement is 2.97 →
3.56 points/ 5 points, the average of 5 projects is 3.31 points/ 5


21
points. After compensation, support and resettlement is 3.14 → 3.27
points/ 5 points, the average of 5 projects is 3.22 points/ 5 points,
equal to 97.40% of the previous compensation, support assistance
and resettlement. The results of t-test statistical analysis showed
that: Bac Son road project and Bac Son extended project were
prolonged, with p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, lower than threshold values

(p =<0.05). This showed that the level of job stability after the
compensation, support, and resettlement of the two projects is
significantly different indicating the employment after compensation,
support and resettlement is unstable. The remaining three projects
have a value of "p" greater than the threshold value, there is no
difference in the level of job stability between after compared with
before compensation, support and resettlement.
3.3.2. Status of people’s income after compensation, support and
resettlement in Thai Nguyen city
Table 3.24. Status of people’s income after compensation, support
and resettlement in Thai Nguyen city
No

Projects

1
2
3
4
5

Bac Son Road
Bac Son Extended Road
Viet Bac Road
Residential Area No. 5
Residential Area No. 7A+7B
Total/Average

Samples
(persons)

76
101
95
55
99
426

Before
(points)

5.19
5.19
4.14
4.20
4.18
4.58

After
(Points)

5.09
5.09
4.50
4.76
4.60
4.81

After
compared

with before
(%)

98.07
98.07
108.70
113.33
110.05
105.02

(Source: Compiled from survey questionnaire)
The Table 3.24 showed that based on the results of 426 people
surveyed in 05 research projects, the average income of the people
before land acquisition was from 4.14 to 5.19 million VND/ month;
after land recovery from 4.50 to 5.09 million VND/ month depending
on the project. For all 05 research projects, the average income of the
people before land acquisition was 4.58 million VND/ month, and
after land acquisition was 4.81 million VND/ month, equal to
105.02% compared to before land acquisition.
The data in Table 3.25 showed that the level of income stability
before compensation, support and resettlement was 2.82 → 3.52 points/


22
5 points, the average of 05 projects is 3.15 points/ 5 points. Similarly,
after compensation, support, and resettlement is 2,90 → 3,50 points/ 5
points, the average of all 5 projects is 3.28 points/ 5 points, equal to
104.13% compared to before compensation and support, and
resettlement. The results of t-test statistical analysis showed that: Bac
Son road project, Bac Son extended road project and residential project

No. 7A+7B, p = 0.005, p = 0.003 and p = 0.009, lower than the
threshold value (p =< 0.05). This shows that the level of income
stability compared with before compensation, support and resettlement
in these 3 projects is significantly different, and income after
compensation, assistance and resettlement is less stable than before. The
other two projects had a value of "p" greater than the threshold value,
there is no difference in the level of income stability between after
compared with before compensation, support and resettlement.
Table 3.25. Level of people’s employment stability after land
acquisition in Thai Nguyen city
T
T

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

Projects

Bac Son Road
Bac Son Extended Road
Viet Bac Road
Residential Area No. 5

Residential Area No. 7A+7B
Total/Average
Residential Group
Road Group
Road projects compared
residential projects (+,
-)
Enterprise project group
State-funded
project
group
State-funded
projects
compared with enterprises
(+, -)

After
Sample
Before After compared
s
(points (Points
with
(person
)
)
before
s)
(%)

76

101
95
55
99
426
154
272

3.32
3.52
2.82
2.96
3.12
3.15
3.06
3.22

3.50
3.34
2.90
3.26
3.38
3.28
3.34
3.23

t-test

Degree
of

pfreedo value
m

105.42 -2.882 147.52 0.005
94.89 3.049 143.79 0.003
102.84 0.660 173.28 0.510
110.14 -1.509 104.05 0.134
108.33 -2.630 185.41 0.009
104.13
108.96
1.807 326.18 0.072
100.35

-0.11
131

3.17

3.40

107.27

295

3.16

3.21

101.63

3.996 276.51 0.000

-0.19

The income stability level is summarized from the questionnaire using a 5point scale: (-) None = 1 point; (-) Yes but not stable = 2 points; (-) Yes and


23
relatively stable = 3 points; (-) Yes and stability = 4 points; (-) Yes and very
stable = 5 points.

3.3.3. Status of people’s housing condition after compensation, support,
and resettlement in Thai Nguyen city
Table 3.31. Evaluation of groups of criteria on housing conditions
of people in resettlement areas in Thai Nguyen city
T
T

Criteria of people’s
housing conditions
having land recovered

Before
resettlement
areas (points)
Values

Resettlement
areas (points)

Resettlement
compared with
before (+, -)

Standar
Standard
d
Values Percent
Values
deviation
deviatio (points) (%)
n

1 Average
of
3
infrastructure
3.22
0.83
3.98 0.74
0.76 23.60
criteria
2 Average of 3 public
3.22
0.85
4.13 0.75
0.91 28.26
service criteria
3 Average of 3 living
environment

3.21
0.76
4.02
0.79
0.81 25.23
criteria
Average
of
3
housing conditions 3.22 0.81
4.04 0.76 0.82 25.47
criteria
Housing conditions are summarized from the questionnaire
using a 5-point scale: (-) Very poor = 1 point; (-) Slightly poor
= 2 points; (-) Average = 3 points; (-) Fairly good = 4 points;
(-) Very good = 5 points.

Summary of the survey results of all 3 groups, including 9 criteria in
Table 3.31 showed that the condition of the resettlement area is
much better than the place of the previous land acquisition. The
average value of all 3 groups of criteria on accommodation
conditions of resettlement area is 3.22 points, 0.82 points higher,
corresponding to 25.47% higher than before land acquisition.
Reaching 5.0 points is an ideal condition, the three criteria groups
on the conditions of housing in the resettlement area are quite
high, ranging from 3.98 to 4.13 points/ 5 points (equal to 79.60%
to 82.00%). Before land acquisition, this value was only from 3.21
to 3.22 points/ 5 points (equal to 64.20% to 64.40% of ideal).
Thus, the condition of resettlement area is much better than

24
before land acquisition, showing the resettlement policy here very
well.
The statistical results showed that the average standard
deviation of the three criteria groups on conditions of
accommodation in the resettlement area is 0.76 points, which
means that 95% of the samples have a value of 4.04 points + 0.76
points (equal to 3.28 to 4.80 points). The resettled area was 0.81
points, which means that 95% of the samples had a value of 3.22
points + 0.81 points (equal to 2.41 to 4.03 points). Thus, the
homogeneity of the criteria groups on housing conditions in
resettlement areas is higher than that in the previous land
acquisition. This is because resettlement areas are appropreately
invested.
3.4. Research of factors influencing land acquisition activities
in Thai Nguyen city
3.4.1. Determination of influential factors to land
acquisition activities in Thai Nguyen city
The results from 426 questionnaires showed that 100.00%
(including 426 votes) agreed with 27 factors (grouped into 8
groups of factors) affecting the land acquisition listed in the
questionnaire, no votes indicated any additional factors other than
these 27 factors. Therefore, in order to assess the impact of each
factor group on land acquisition, the study conducted a synthesis
and analysis of 426 survey questionnaires based on 8 groups of
factors in the questionnaire (details in appendix 2).
3.4.2. Evaluation of influential factors to land acquisition
activities in Thai Nguyen city
3.4.2.1. Constructing research model to determine influential factors

to land acquisition work
X1

X2

X3

Compensation policies

Support policies

Resettlement policies

X8

Y

X4

Objective factors

Land acquisition

Captial and project goals

X7

X6

X5

Psychological factors

Management factors

Resettlement environment factors


25

Hình 3.13. Illustration of research model on influential
factors to land acquisition work
(Designed from theoretical basis)
3.4.2.2. Choosing variables and level of influential factors to land
acquisition activities with p-value
According to the test statistics analysis, p-value of the scales
for 27 listed variables, there are 22 satisfactory variables: A1, A 2,
A4, A5; B6, B7, B8, B9, B10; C11, C12, C13, C14; D15; E17, E18,
E19, E20; F21; F23; G25; H27; 05 unsatisfactory variables are: A3,
D16, F22, G24, H26.
3.4.2.3. Analysis of regression coefficients to establish correlation
relationship of factorial groups to land acquisition
The linear regression model was established through stepwise selection process and used standardized coefficients as
follows:
Y = 0,577 + 0,304*X1 + 0,321*X2 + 0,061*X3 - 0,014*X4 +
0,093*X5 + 0,087*X6 + 0,051*X7 - 0,053*X8
The equation showed 06 positive influencing variables
included X1, X2, X3, X5, X6, X7; and 02 negative influencing variables X4,
X8.
3.4.2.4. Evaluating the influence of factor groups on land acquisition

Figure 3.14. Percentage of influencing factor groups to land
acquisition in Thai Nguyen city
X1
X2
X3
3.5. Existing problems and solutions to enhance the
CHÍNH SÁCH
BỒI THƯỜNG of compensation,
CHÍNH SÁCHsupport
HỖ TRỢ and resettlement
CHÍNH SÁCH
effectiveness
in TÁI ĐỊNH CƯ
Thai Nguyen city
3.5.1. Existing problems and causes in compensation, support
and resettlement in Thai Nguyen city
- Firstly, compensation rates
Y for land use rights and assets
onX8land were low and varied among project groups (Section 3.2.1). X4
Secondly, havingTHU
low HỒI
unit ĐẤT
price of land allocation
for
YẾU TỐ KHÁCH-QUAN
NGUỒN VỐN
VÀ MỤC TIÊU DỰ
resettlement (Section 3.2.4).

X7

X6

YẾU TỐ TÂM LÍ

YẾU TỐ QUẢN LÍ

X5

MÔI TRƯỜNG KHU TÁI ĐỊNH