Đánh giá các di tích lịch sử văn hóa phục vụ phát triển du lịch bền vững tỉnh quảng trị luận văn ths khu vực học 60 22 01 13

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIERSITY, HA NOI
INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES
-----------------------------------------------------

TRAN DIEU THUY

EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS
FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
IN QUANG TRI PROVINCE

MASTER THESIS
MAJOR: VIETNAMESE STUDIES

Hanoi, 2014


VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIERSITY, HA NOI
INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES
-----------------------------------------------------

TRAN DIEU THUY

EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS
FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
IN QUANG TRI PROVINCE

MASTER THESIS
MAJOR: VIETNAMESE STUDIES

Code: 60220113
Supervisor: PhD. Tran Thanh Ha

Hanoi, 2014

i


Commitment
I declare this thesis is my own research with the guidance of PhD. Tran
Thanh Ha. The figures given in the thesis are honest and clear origin.
I bear full responsibility in front of the scientific council for the content
of this thesis.

Hanoi, August 19, 2014

Tran Dieu Thuy.

ii


Contents
List of Photos ................................................................................................. v
List of Tables ................................................................................................. v
1. Rationale of the study ............................................................................. 1
2. Literature review .................................................................................... 4
3. Object, scope and aims of the study........................................................ 6
4. Sources of information and methods of the study ................................... 6
5. Contributions of the study ...................................................................... 8
6. Outline of the study ................................................................................ 9
Chapter 1: Foundation of exploitation of cultural historic relics in service of
sustainable development............................................................................... 10

1.1. Tourism and sustainable tourism development .................................. 10
1.1.1. Tourism ...................................................................................... 10
1.1.2. Sustainable tourism development................................................ 16
1.1.3. Principle of sustainable tourism development ............................. 19
1.2. Cultural historical relic ...................................................................... 25
1.2.1 Definition .................................................................................... 25
1.2.2. Classification of historic and cultural relics ................................ 26
1.2.3. The role of historic and cultural relics in tourism activities. ........ 27
Chapter 2: The cultural and historic site system in Quang Tri province and the
current situation of site exploitation for tourism ........................................... 30
2.1. An overview of Quang Tri and its cultural and historic site system ............ 30
2.2. Typical cultural and historical relics and sites in Quang Tri Province 37
2.2.1. The cultural historical on the list of special rankings .................. 37
2.2.2. The cultural historical relics on the list of National ranking ........ 43
2.2.3. The cultural historical relics on the list of provincial ranking...... 49
2.3. The status of tourism development and exploitation of cultural
historical relics to serve tourism development in Quang Tri Province ...... 49
iii


2.3.1 The number of tourists and the revenue ....................................... 49
2.3.2. The conservations and renovations of historical relics to serve
tourism development ............................................................................ 52
2.3.3. The organization and management to exploit relics for tourism
development ......................................................................................... 55
2.3.4. The contributions of local people ................................................ 57
2.4. General assessment of the extraction activities of cultural historical
relics in Quang Tri Province for the tourism development ........................ 59
2.4.1. Some achieved results ................................................................. 59
2.4.2. Some shortages ........................................................................... 60

Chapter 3: The appropriate exploitation and utilization of cultural historical
monuments for the tourism development in Quang Tri Province ............................ 63
3.1. Assessment of cultural historical relics for the purpose of sustainable
tourism development ................................................................................ 63
3.1.1 The evaluation steps .................................................................... 63
3.1.2 Criteria of evaluation ................................................................... 64
3.1.3 Common evaluation of criteria (weight specification).................. 68
3.1.4 Aggregate evaluation ................................................................... 69
3.2. Orientations of exploiting cultural historical relics in Quang Tri
Province in tourism development ............................................................. 82
3.3. Challenges for sustainable tourism development of Quang Tri
Province ............................................................................................... 86
3.4. Solutions to raise sustainability in using historical relic for tourism in
Quang Tri Province .................................................................................. 88
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 96
REFERENCE ............................................................................................... 98

iv


List of Photos
Photo 2.1: Diagram of historical cultural monuments in Quang Trị Province........ 36
Photo 2.2: Lighting the candle to show gratefulness to partiotic martyr ................ 38
Photo 2.3: Hien Luong River was rebuilt in 2014 ................................................ 40
Photo 2.4: Tourists visit and incense at Quang Tri Ancient Citadel....................... 40
Photo 2.5: Long Hung Church at website: langvang.com.vn ................................. 43
Photo 2.6: The gate of Vinh Moc Tunnel .............................................................. 46
Photo 2.7: The American plane is put in Ta Con airport ....................................... 48
Photo 2.8: The number of tourist arrivals and tourism revenue of Quang Tri
Province from 2007 - 2013 ................................................................................... 50

Photo 2.9: The number of tourist and revenue of Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua
Thien Hue from 2007 to 2013 ............................................................................... 51
Photo 2.10: The stores serviced tourist in front of Quang Tri Ancident Citadel.... 58
Photo 3.1: Diagram of evaluation of historic cultural relics for sustainable tourism
development ......................................................................................................... 82
Photo 3.2: Diagram of orientations of destinations in Quang Tri Province3.3. ...... 86

List of Tables
Table 3.1: Evaluation score of criteria .................................................................. 67
Table 3.2: Weight of criteria ................................................................................. 68
Table 3.3: General assessment of cultural historical relics .................................... 70
Table 3.4 : Advantage levels classification of relics for tourism development ............ 80

v


Introduction
1. Rationale of the study
With the society’s development, people tend to search for historical
values. It is said that history is our future. Historical values not only reveal the
past but also orient the development in the present and future. Remained
historical vestiges, despite being the smallest, illustrate the strong cultural
vitality and touch the bottom of heart. Acknowledging this point, Communist
Party of Vietnam and the State of Vietnam focused on the purpose:” preserve,
prove values of revolutionary traditional inheritances” when stating cultural
development’s tasks in the 11th national congress. It can be said that it is an
important advance in the progress of establishing and developing Vietnamese
culture in the current period. It is also a message recommending and
encouraging the whole society to pay attention to revolutionary traditional
inheritances during the nation’s development and integration.

Cultural and historical monuments’ preservation and services’
development are difficult problems. How to develop without changing or
spoiling monuments, how to prove cultural and historical values and make the
economic development become an investment into preserving and advertising
are proposed questions, which need answers. In the other word, this is a
sustainable approach to tourism development based on inheritances’ values.
The research on cultural and historical monuments for the purpose of
developing tourism can be seen as an effective task which “partly preserves
and proves cultural values” and establishes the premise for sustainable
tourism development and great economic values. At the present, tourism is
known as a smokeless industry bringing several economic profits to countries
in the world. Tourism is defined as the leading economic branch in Vietnam,
a developing country. However, tourism has reciprocal relationships with
1


other branches; therefore, tourism development needs suitable and specific
development policies and projects so that the development has no negative
effects on the nature, culture, society and so on. In terms of cultural and
historical monuments, they possess great values of the age. However, they are
easily affected and damaged if they are accessed in an inappropriate way.
How to make tourism become a tool for information exchanges and culture
access so that people can study and explore the world and how to preserve
and develop cultural and historical monuments with their own positions are
really difficult and challenging to the current tourism in particular and the
whole society in general.
Besides plentiful natural resources such as Cua Tung, Cua Viet seaside,
the tourist attraction of DaKrong, the green tourism area of Tra Loc and so on,
Quang Tri has cultural and historical depth. It is known as “War Museum of
Vietnam” [52]. Experiencing two resistance wars against French colonialism

and American empire, Quang Tri has a large – scaled and statured system of
revolutionary monuments. They can be named the ancient rampart of Quang
Tri, the tunnels of Vinh Moc, banks of Hien Luong, Ta Con airport, Lao Bao
prison and so on. Additionally, the archaeological evidence reveals that Mon
Kho Me tribes on the West – East of Truong Son and Ma Lai – Da Dao ones
on the coastal plains settled early in this place. During its historical process,
Quang Tri witnessed a long period of nearly one thousand years belonging to
the Kingdom of Champa before joining in Dai Viet Champa residents’
establishment and struggles for existence in Quang Tri can be said to create
the premise for Quang Tri’s development and also leave vestiges of a plentiful
and typical culture. They now exist under many different forms such as
temples – towers, ramparts, water exploitation systems and graves. It can be
stated that thanks to its typical historical process and geographical location,

2


Quang Tri is a place where different cultures met, received and combined. On
the background culture consisting of Son Vi, Hoa Binh and Dong Son’s
cultural vestiges, there was an approach to the culture of Han,Champa from
the West of Dai Viet and the following West[50]. Currently, Quang Tri is a
place where many ethnic minority people such as Van Kieu, Pako lives and
develops. Their residence areas were closely connected to historical
monuments in the revolutions against French colonialism and American
Empire. All creates the historical sediment associated with Quang Tri’s
cultural flow and makes them become more plentiful and attractive from their
deep cultural sources.
Up to June, February 2014, there were 516 approved cultural and
historical monuments and tourist attractions in Quang Tri province. Among
them, there were 474 provincial leveled, 33 national leveled and specially

national leveled ones (including 42 revolutionary historical monuments).
There were 415 historical monuments, mainly revolutionary historical ones
(making up 87%) [24]. Quang Tri not only has the exceeding number of
tourist spots but also is located on many important arterial roads. It is the
point of junction among three big tourism lines, including Trans – Vietnam
route, East - West economic corridor and the central inheritance way. It can
be said that they are advantages for Quang Tri’s tourism development.
However, it can be seen from the fact that the current tourism development in
Quang Tri is inadequate to its real potential. Due to specific characteristics of
revolutionary historical monuments, natural conditions’ strong effects and
appropriate authorities’ undisciplined management, the majority of Quang
Tri’s monuments are damaged, degraded and even some are abandoned.
Additionally, the research and utilization of monuments’ values are still
unilateral, mainly emphasize their material values and ignore the immaterial

3


ones. Residents’ unawareness of their responsibilities also leads to many
difficulties in cultural and historical monuments’ preservation and sustainable
development.
The preservation and development of historical monuments’ values is
not only to preserve and respect ancestors’ intellectual contributions through
historical generations but also current generations’ sacred responsibilities and
duties to be grateful to our benefactors. From the above fact and gathered
knowledge during the Master course of Vietnamese studies, the author chose
the topic:” Assessment on cultural and historical monuments for sustainable
tourism development in Quang Tri province”.
2. Literature review
In the world, tourism is considered as one of the biggest economic

branches with great potential[25]. Thus, tourism has been paid attention and
studied by several specialists, scientists and managers. However, the concept
of sustainable tourism was mentioned for the first time in the 1990s when
tourism explosion from 1960’s negative impacts on the environment became
more and more obvious. Studies on sustainable tourism reveal that the tourism
development not only protects the environment and preserves the ecological
system but also pays attention to the possibilities of maintaining long – term
economic profits and social justice. Academic research works deal with the
concept of sustainable tourism such as “Tourism impacts, planning and
management” by Peter Mason [47], “Global Tourism” by William F.
Theoblad [49] and “Sustainable Tourism: Global Perspective” by Tony
Griffin and Peter Williams Rob Harris[48]. Recently they have been quoted
many times in the announcement related sustainable tourism.
Studies on Vietnamese tourism were mentioned in the 1990s when
tourism became increasingly developing with the opened economy and the

4


market – oriented development. Some papers are concerned with different
aspects of tourism such as “Organizing Vietnam tourism territory”, “Tourism
and tourism business” and “Capacity building for developing tourism in
Vietnam”. The concept of sustainable tourism is no longer new in Vietnam.
There are many research works, reference books and research articles about
the aspect of sustainable tourism such as “Resources and Vietnam tourism
environment” and “Status and issues for sustainable tourism development” by
Pham Trung Luong [30] [5] , “Sustainable tourism development” by Nguyen
Dinh Hoe and Vu Van Hieu [29] and “Environment of social humanities and
issue for sustainable tourism development” by Trinh Duc Anh [22]. A study
by Pham Le Thao, namely “Natural environment and development issues of

sustainable tourism in Vietnam”[7] deals with the issue of natural
environment at the microscopic aspect.
About the conservation of historic and cultural monuments, there are
many authors concerned such as: "Conversation of historical cultural
monuments"[26], "Heritage management Vietnam"[15]. Besides, there are
many studies about conservation of relics associated with sustainable
development as: "Preservation of Hue ancient capital for sustainable
development"[16], "Conversation of monuments, an important factor of
sustainable development"[19],"Preservation of historical cultural relics in Hai
Phong in the context of industrialization, modernization and integration"[18].
In terms of scope of the study, the most considerable is the paper
“Investigation and evaluation of potential territory for planning and
development ecotourism in Quang Tri Province” by Prof. Truong Quang
Hai[41]. Its approach is to generally assess resources but mainly focus on
natural tourism ones. Besides, there is one more study by Bui Thi Thu,
namely “Basic science construction serves the identification of tour in Quang

5


Tri Province”[23]. On this topic, the writers emphasize the assessment of
tourism resources for the purposes of developing tours around Quang Tri
province. In addition, some authors mention the issue of Quang Tri’s tourism
development but they only assert the great potential of developing tourism in
Quang Tri.
3. Object, scope and aims of the study
3.1 Object and scope of the study
Thesis research object is the value of tourism ( the ability to exploit
tourism) of the historical cultural monuments of Quang Tri in general, a
typical number of monuments in particular. Furthermore, the author also

illustrates some factors affecting the formation and development of cultural
and historical monuments in Quang Tri province.
The paper covers the analysis of cultural and historical value, the
current exploitation, the utilization and assessment of cultural and historical
monuments based on criteria for the sustainable tourism development.
3.2 Aims of the study
The paper aims at stablishing scientific basis for the sustainable
exploitation of historical cultural monuments for tourism development
4. Sources of information and methods of the study
4.1 Sources of information
The research is conducted based on a variety of sources of information
which can be divided into three main categories as following:
(1) Bibliographies, reports, papers, graphs, statistics and Quang Tri’s
social and economic development planning. The most important source is
reports on the current management of cultural and historical monuments in
Quang Tri province and tourism development planning.

6


(2) Documents collected during the periods of field research and
specialized interview.
(3) Published studies related to the content of the research. Among the
papers researched by the author, the most important ones belong to Truong
Quang Hai and Bui Thi Thu. Additionally, the book “Historic cultural
monuments and landscape in Quang Tri Province” by Le Duc Tho is also
significant.
4.2 Methods of the study
Based on the target object and aims of the study, the researcher applied
interdisciplinary opinions and approaches. I used methods and the research

process of many specialties such as history, geography, culture and so on to
acknowledge, assess and explain things and phenomena based on historical
depth. Among them, there are four main methods, including document
summarizing and analyzing, countryside - specialized, professional and
geographical information system.
- Document summarizing and analyzing methods: After collecting the
papers related to the content of the study, pieces of information and
documents about historical monuments, the current tourism development in
Quang Tri, the researcher used the method of summarizing sources of
information to analyze and clarify the actual exploitation and utilization of
cultural and historical monuments for the purposes of developing tourism. In
addition, the criteria of assessment were laid down and better solutions were
given.
- Countryside specialized method: with the purposes of surveying the
state of cultural and historical monuments, the preservation and potential
exploitation for tourism development, the author carried out a field trip in
Quang Tri province, interviewed some managers and residents who are well –

7


informed about the local history and culture. Skills of the countryside and
specialized methods were applied to save time, money and improve the
reliability of collected information.
- Professional method: To assess the cultural and historical
monuments, the researcher used the professional method to lay down the
frame of assessment criteria for cultural and historical monuments’ general
evaluation. Then they can be used for the sustainable tourism development
and the solution proposal. Experts are those who teach, do research and
manage in tourism.

- Geographical information system method: this method was used to
evaluate generally monuments according to the criteria based on the
advantageous degrees for tourism development. Maps are useful tools to
illustrate historical monuments’ spatial characteristics and their relationships
with natural and social factors. Furthermore, GIS’s spatial analyzing function
(space, weight number and so on) was needed for the orientation of historical
monuments’ exploitation. Based on formed core subject maps, the managers
are able to give solutions to the suitable preservation and exploitation.
Additionally, the basis geography backgrounds used were administration and
terrain maps which are digitalized with the scale 1/ 100.000.
5. Contributions of the study
- Partly improve the theoretical system of sustainable tourism
development, assess resources for sustainable tourism development and
especially for a specific place based on interdisciplinary and regional
approaches.
- Assess the current state and exploitation of cultural and historical
monuments in Quang Tri province for tourism development.

8


- Provide solutions to the appropriate exploitation and utilization of
Quang Tri’s cultural and historical monuments for tourism development.
6. Outline of the study
Apart from the introduction and conclusion, the study consists of three
chapters as following:
Chapter 1: Foundation of exploitation of cultural historic relics in
service of sustainable development
Chapter 2: The cultural and historic site system in Quang Tri province
and the current situation of site exploitation for tourism

Chapter 3: The appropriate exploitation and utilization of cultural
historical monuments for the tourism development in Quang Tri Province

9


Chapter 1: Foundation of exploitation of cultural historic relics in service
of sustainable development
1.1. Tourism and sustainable tourism development
1.1.1. Tourism
a. Definition
Tourism appeared a long time ago in the human history. Starting from
the trips enclosed with missionary activities, trading or exploration in new
land region[29], tourist activity developed quickly and became one of the
important economic sectors, brought much employment for the laborers[30].
Nowadays,

together

with

technical

scientific

achievements,

strong

development of information technology, and increased living standards,

tourism became an indispensable demand in cultural - social life of human.
Tourism became the biggest economic sector in the world, overcame the
automobile production, steel, electronics and agriculture sectors (According to
WTTC _ World Travel and Tourism Council). However, up to now, the
concept on tourism still has not had agreement, and according to the word of
Prof. Dr. Berneker “For tourism, how many research authors there are, there
will be the same number of definitions”[35].
The first concept of “tourism” was known in UK in 1811, thereby
“Tourism is well-balanced coordination between theory and practice of the
trips with entertainment purpose”.
Being known with the role of people laying the foundation for general
theory on tourism, two Swiss professors namely Hunziker and Krapf, put
forth a relatively general definition: “Tourism is the collection of relationships
and phenomena originating from the travel and temporary residence of
human, the place where they remained was not regular residence place or
workplace for earning the living”.
10


Like this, it is possible to see that tourism was attached to the place
movement of human, attached to the demand on rest, entertainment to
improve the health and labor ability of human. It is possible to say that
tourism is natural demand in the development of mankind.
Later, economic factor was considered as one of the indispensable
factors as defining about tourism. Thereby, under the eyes of the economists,
tourism was not a simple social phenomenon; it was also attached to
economic activity. However, each scholar had different judgment surrounding
this issue.
The economist Kalfiotis believed that: “Tourism is temporary
movement of individual or community from a place to another place to satisfy

the spiritual and ethical demand; therefore, it creates economic activities”
Michael M.Coltman believed that: “Tourism is mutual relationship due
to the interaction created by four groups: tourist, tourism supply agency,
government and inhabitant at the tourist place”
The tourist economists under Praha Economics University in which the
representative was Mariot considered that all activities, organizations,
techniques and economies in service of the trips and stay of human outside
the residence place with many purposes of searching for employment and
visiting the relatives were tourism.
Not only the economists, the experts researching about tourism under
different fields such as geography also knew clearly that economic factor was
indispensable in tourism concept. According to the geologist Michaud:
“Tourism is the collection of production and consumption activities in service
of travel and sleeping at least a night outside the daily residence place with
the reason of entertainment, business, health, meeting, sports or religion”.

11


In 1925, the coming out into society of IUOTO (International Union of
Travel Organization) in Netherlands marks a new development step of
tourism sector. IUOTO put forth the definition about tourism as follows:
“Tourism is understood as the activity of traveling to another place different
from their residence location not for the purpose of working; that means not
to do a career or earn money for living”.
In 1963, at the United Nation Conference on Tourism in Roma, with
the purpose of internationalization, the experts put forth the definition as
follows about tourism: Tourism is the collection of relationships, phenomena
and economic activities originating from the itineraries and stay of individuals
or communities outside their regular residence place or outside their country

with the purpose of peace. The place where they go to stay is not their
workplace.
Pirogionic put forth a relatively general definition about tourism:
“Tourism is a type of activity of inhabitants in the free time relating to the
movement and temporary stay outside the regular residence place to rest, treat
diseases, develop the material and spiritual strength, improve the awareness culture or sports knowledge in attachment to the consumption of natural,
economic and cultural values” (1985).
Up to now, although the definition about tourism has not been agreed
yet, it has been completed gradually. It is possible to see that tourism is a type
of specific activity including the participation of many components, creating a
very complex generality. Tourism activity is both natural activity and activity
having common feature of other economic, cultural and social sectors.
Together with the development of society, tourism incessantly moves and
develops.

12


In Vietnam, there are quite many definitions about tourism. In the
textbook of Tourist Statistics, Nguyen Cao Thuong and To Dang Hai believed
that tourism is a socio-economic, service sector having duty of serving the
demand on sightseeing, entertainment, rest with or without the combination of
tourist activity for medical treatment, sports, scientific research and other
demands.
Law of tourism affirmed: Tourism is the activity of human outside their
regular residence place to satisfy the demands on sightseeing, entertainment,
rest in a certain period of time [51]
Different from the viewpoint above, the scholars compiling Vietnam
encyclopedia separated two basic contents of tourism into two separate parts.
According to these experts, the first meaning of this word is a type of

convalescence, active sightseeing of human outside the residence place with
the purpose of rest, entertainment, viewing beauty spots, historic relics,
cultural, art Works,… According to the second meaning, tourism is
considered as a general business sector having high efficiency on national
culture, thereby contributing to increasing the love for country; for foreigners,
it is the friendship with their nation; in economic term, tourism is the business
field brining very big efficiency; it is possible to be the form of goods export
and tourism at site [25] [35].
b. Tourism feature
Firstly, tourism is the sector depending on tourist resource. “A
requirement having popularity for any tourist, no matter what the motive and
form of tourism are, they must have opportunity to do sightseeing, have a
good time, entertain, study, enjoy the values about nature, history, culture,
society… of the land region where they go to” [31]. According to the Law on
Tourism of Vietnam, tourist resource is defined as natural landscape, natural

13


factor, historic - cultural relics, creative labor work of human and other
human culture values which can be used to meet the tourist demand; it is basic
factor for forming tourist areas, tourist points, tourist routes and tourist cities.
Like this, it is possible to temporarily divide tourist resource into two main
types: the first one is natural resource created by the nature; and the second
one is the resource gained from historic development process of human
through many generations (Law on Tourism of Vietnam, Clause 4, Article 4).
Secondly, tourism is general business sector serving the diversified
consumption demand of tourists, includes the demands on rest, travel, food
and drink, sightseeing, entertainment, goods purchase and other increasingly
diversified services, for example it is possible to combine or not combine with

the activities of medical treatment, sports, scientific research,…
Besides, the business of tourist service also has to ensure the demand
on security, politics and social safety order for the tourists, locality and
countries receiving the tourists.
In conclusion, “tourism is a special sector with many mixed features
and natures to form a very complex generality. The operation of tourist sector
both has feature of an economic sector and has feature of a cultural - social
sector.”[31]
c. Tourism development conditions
The conditions for tourism development include: Socio-economic,
political development situation and economic relationships; Condition on
tourist

resource;

Condition

on

technical

infrastructure

and

social

infrastructure; Role of State management on tourism.
On socio-economic, political development situation and economic
relationships

14


It is possible to say that socio-economic development strategy is
important orientation for the development policies of the country, it
accompanies with forecasts, objectives, strategic viewpoints for the
development of tourist sector and it is not exclusive in such common
development strategies. Being a sector with general nature and having close
relationship with other sectors, the developed economic, cultural, social,
political factors will facilitate for the development of tourism. Besides,
tourism cannot develop as the national income of inhabitants is low, living
standards and living conditions are difficult. In other words, to develop
tourism, in addition to the development guideline and policy, the people must
be ready for tourism, i.e. they use a part of income for tourism. Furthermore,
if there is no sustainable political condition, ensured social safety, peace,
international relation, door opening, and amicableness, tourist sector cannot
be developed as well.
On tourist resource condition, including natural tourist resource and
human tourist resource
Tourist resource plays a very important role in creating the attractiveness of
tourist product. Tourist resource includes natural tourist resource and human
tourist resource in which natural tourist resource includes factors such as
topography, geomorphology, pedology, climate, vegetational cover, etc. Human
tourist resource includes object and non-object cultural values, architectural
Works, historic relics, political, economic achievements, cultural activities… It is
possible to see that characteristic feature in tourist development of regions, areas is
created from tourist resources of such region, area.
On technical infrastructure and social infrastructure conditions
Tourism is considered as a general economic - service sector; therefore,

factors on technical infrastructure and social infrastructure plays a big role in

15


the development. Technical infrastructure in service of tourist development
such as transport system, post, telecommunication, power and water supply
systems, means of transport. In addition, there are material facilities for tourist
sector such as system of hotel, restaurant, tourist route and point… Social
infrastructure can be mentioned about national education, health and health
care,

culture

and

festival

management

system,

cultural,

religious

foundations… Nowadays, factor on social infrastructure is increasingly factor
contributing to attracting tourism strongly.
On role of State management on tourism
It is possible to say that the role of State management on tourism is key

factor in tourist development. It includes: Tourist development strategy in
attachment to development strategy of the locality; Formation of legal
framework for tourist development through systems of legal normative
documents; Organization of directing, managing, checking and controlling the
activity of tourist sector. [31]
1.1.2. Sustainable tourism development
It has been a long time since development concept was considered as
the topic of many ebullient debates. This term is used in many daily
circumstances, for example the development for an individual, an
organization, a location or society as a whole. The simplest definition is that
development means change. However, it is not actually clear. Frangsmyr
pointed out that: development means many different things, but in general, it
often combines with active social changes, it means to advance forwards and
be better than present [44].
Nowadays, the development activity for improving material and
spiritual life for inhabitant community has been exhausting the natural
resources, causing the impacts of ecological environment recession. It is clear
16


that natural resources are limited while libertine, uncontrolled exploitation
will increasingly exhaust the natural resources and cause serious consequence
on environment, cause direct effect to the development process of mankind
society in the future. This awareness caused the appearance of a new concept
and this development tendency is being interested in by all countries in the
world: that is “Sustainable development” [25]
This concept was popularized widely in 1987 thanks to Brundtland
Report (or called as Our Common Future Report) of World Committee of
Environment and Development - WCED (now known as Brundtland
Committee). This report stated clearly: Sustainable development is

“development which can meet the current requirements which do not affect,
damage to the abilities to meet the demand of future generations...”[53] [44]
[28]. In other words, sustainable development must assure efficient economic
development, equal society and protected, preserved environment. To achieve
this thing, all socio-economic components, authorities, social organizations…
must join hands together to implement the purpose of harmonizing 3 main
fields: economic - social - environmental fields.
Concept on sustainable tourism development is not located outside the
general concept on socio-economic sustainable development in general. That
thing means that sustainable development “is the development which meets
the current demands without affecting the ability to meet the demand on
tourism of future generation”, therefore, during the development, it is
necessary to assure the sustainability on economy, tourist environment
resource and social culture.
Sustainability on economy in this case means “long-term sustainability
development” of tourism, creates considerable income source, contributes
actively in economic growth of society, and brings interest to the community,

17


especially local inhabitants. If they do not care about the interest of local
community, there will be no reason for them to protect what the tourists want
to enjoy from tourism. If the living standard of local people is improved due
to tourism, they will have every reason for protecting this income source by
protecting the resources and environment, protecting traditional culture values
so that the tourists will further come there. Sharing interest from tourism is
also active way in the task of hunger elimination and poverty reduction,
brings the opportunity to improve the living standard for local people, and
contributes to economic growth in difficult regions.

Sustainable development on resources and environment is shown
through “use of resources not exceeding its recovery ability in order to meet
the current development demand; however, it does not weaken the
regeneration ability in the future to meet the demand of the next generation”.
At present, environment resource in general and tourist environment
resource in particular in many countries in the world, in which there is
Vietnam, is withstanding the negative impact of socio-economic development
and it is in the process of exhaustion and recession. This is the danger
affecting to sustainability in socio-economic development, especially tourism
because tourism is the sector having clear resource orientation and having
close relationship with the environment. If natural resources become
exhausted and do not have ability to recover, cultural values are spoiled, the
environment is degraded, it is sure that tourism will no longer exist.
On culture, the sustainability is shown through “exploiting, meeting the
current tourist demands without affecting, degrading the traditional cultural
values left for the next generations”.
According to the investigation data of the World Tourism Organization,
at present, over 80% of tourists going for tourism with the purpose of

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enjoying the cultural values which are unique and different from the culture of
their nations. They are attracted by tourist points with supplementation
between natural landscape and traditional culture causing strong and unique
impression. The tourists want to view and enjoy real, lively cultural values in
the daily life of inhabitants. This thing is much more attractive than what is
regenerated in a museum, an exhibition or performance. Therefore, if cultural
values are spoiled, changed, only exist under the form of reproduction, they
will not have ability to attract the tourists and thus tourism sector will not

develop.
1.1.3. Principle of sustainable tourism development
Sustainable tourism development must base on specific principles; this
is also relatively important basis in exploiting the tourist resources in general
and revolutionary cultural, historic relics in particular for sustainable tourism
development.
Principle 1: Exploiting, using resources reasonably
Every activity of tourism development relates to the use of natural and
human culture resources. In which, there are resources which cannot be
regenerated, replaced or to regenerate them, it is necessary to experience a
long period of time. Therefore, in tourism, the exploitation, use of resources is
the leading important principle. If the resources are exploited reasonably,
preserved and used stably, ensured for the process of maintaining or
supplementing under natural or more favorable rules because the impact of
human through the investment and embellishment, the existence of such
resources will be long, meet the development demand of tourism over many
generations. This thing will make the tourism business developed in long
term. In this thesis, the mentioned tourism resource is system of revolutionary
historic relics of Quang Tri province.
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