Training - ADC KRONE - Introduction to Fiber Optical

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Introduction to Optical Fiber
Anton Indrawata
Technical Manager Enterprise S.E. Asia
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Properties and Applications of Optical Fibre
Introduction
• Optical fibre uses light waves
• LED or Laser - ON or OFF simulates digital “Ones &
Zeros”
• Fibre comprised of high purity silica glass
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• Electrical signals in copper are compatible with
terminal equipment
• Fibre transmission uses light, which are not
compatible with terminal equipment which uses
electrical signals
• Requires to convert light to electrical - cost penalty
Properties and Applications of Optical Fibre
Electrical to Optical Conversion
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Properties and Applications of Optical Fibre
Advantages
• Virtual total immunity to electrical noise
• Supports extremely high data rates
• Inherently safe from hazardous voltages if non-metallic
• Low transmission loss at very high data rates
• Doesn't radiate EMI
• Light weight
• Increase in distance
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Properties and Applications of Optical Fibre
Disadvantages
• Cost of electrical to optical conversion
• Termination more costly and time consuming
• Jointing/Splicing more costly and time consuming compared
to Direct Termination
• Care in fibre handling during installation - bending and
tension
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Properties and Applications of Optical Fibre
Fibre vs Copper
• Loss increases with high frequency transmission in copper
• Loss stays the same with high frequency transmission in
fibre
• Copper have NINETEEN (19) test parameter
• Fibre have ONE (1) test parameter (Multimode)
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Properties and Applications Optical Fibre
Electrical Power Separations
• Copper requires installation practice for
separation/segregation from power
• Fibre does not require separation/segregation unless fibre
cable has a electrically conductive elements
• Thermal load of power cable should be considered
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Optical Fibre Applications
Customer Premises
• Inter-LAN links within & between buildings
• In 1980’s: Backbone for FDDI, Token Ring
• Delivery of multimedia such as pay TV, video conferencing,

video imaging
• Carrier services such as Broadband ISDN, B-ISDN,
multimedia high speed data, ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre
Channels etc.
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Optical Fibre Applications
Wavelength Division Multiplexing - WDM
• Transmitting data/video on different light wavelengths
• Combining them using diffraction grating (coupler) ,
transmission over fibre
• Separating individual wavelengths at receiver -
coupler/splitter
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Optical Fibre Applications
Wavelength Division Multiplexing - WDM
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Fibre Cable Types
• Tightly Buffered, Heavy Duty
• Indoor application
• 900 μm OD for each fibre
• Made around central strength member
• Kevlar strands for tensile loads
• Overall polyethylene jacket
• Maybe direct terminated
• Robust cable and termination
• Greater O/D than light duty
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Fibre Cable Types
• Loose Tube
• Single or groups of 250 μm fibres enclosed in tubes

• Tubes made around central strength member
• Gel filled to exclude moisture
• Overall polyethylene jacket
• Used in U/G, Aerial environment
• More time consuming
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Fibre Cable Types
Outer sheath 0.9 mm
Silicon layer 400µm
Core+Cladding+Primary coating = 250 µm
Gel
Loose
tube
Tight
Buffer
Core+Cladding+Primary coating = 250 µm
Outer sheath 1.4 mm
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Fibre Cable Types - Tight Buffered
Optical Fibre
Tight Buffer
Aramid yarn
Single unit jacket
Outer jacket
Single fibre
Duplex fibre
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Breakout
Duplex
Simplex

FDDI
Fibre Cable Types -Tight Buffered
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Fibre Cable Types – Tight Buffered
Indoor Distribution
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Fibre Cable Types – Tight Buffered
Indoor/ Outdoor, LSZH Jacket
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Fibre Cable Types – Loose Tube
Central strength member
Optical fibres
Loose buffer tube, gel filled
Core binding tape
Inner jacket
Corrugated steel armour
Outer jacket
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PE sheath
Fibre Cable Types - Loose Tube
Outdoor All Dielectric Non Armoured
Aramid yarn
Tube, each with up to 12 fibres
Central support element
Empty tube as filler
Gel
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Steel Tape Armoured Type
Optical Fibres
Filling Compound

Loose Buffer Tubes
PE Filler (if necessary)
Filling Compound
Metallic CSM
CSM Over-Coat
PET Film Laminated Water Swellable Tape
Corrugated Steel Tape
Outer PE Jacket
Fibre Cable Types - Loose Tube
Outdoor Steel Tape Armored
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Suspension Wire
Web
Optical Fibres
Filling Compound
Loose Buffer Tubes
Filler (if necessary)
Dielectric CSM
PET Film Laminated Water
Swellable Tape
Corrugated Steel Tape
Ripcord
Outer PE Jacket
Fig 8 Type
Fibre Cable Types - Loose Tube
Outdoor Aerial
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Comparison
Tight Buffered vs Loose Tube
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Single Fibre Construction
• When we talk about fibres being 50/125µ, 62.5/125µ or 9/125µm,
we are referring to the relationship between core and cladding
diameters.
– The core and cladding are part of the same glass or plastic rod, but
have different optical properties.
250 µm
Buffer or
Primary Coating
9 µm
50 µm
62.5 µm
Core
Core/Cladding Interface
Cladding
125 µm
Secondary
Coating
900 µm
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Single Fibre Construction
Primary & Secondary Coating
• UV cured acrylate 250μm Outer Diameter
• Tight buffering with primary & secondary coating
900μm Outer Diameter
• Use appropriate stripping tool for removal of coating to
avoid damage to fibre
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• Multimode fibres 50/125um and 62.5/125um
operate at 850nm & 1300nm wavelengths

• Singlemode fibre 9/125um operates at 1310nm &
1550nm are just out of the visible light spectrum
• These wavelengths are just in the infra-red region
• Cautions: Active fibre can be emitting “DARK” light,
potential health hazard
• Never look into the end of a fibre or fibre patch lead
Light Propagation in Optical Fibre