Hướng dẫn ôn tập và luyện thi THPT Quốc gia môn Ngữ văn: Phần 1

807

H561D

JANG HUNG (Chu bien) - PHAM THI THU HIEN - TRjNH THI LAN

fc.

HUONG DflN ON LUV6N
THITOUNGHOC PHO IHONG
QUOC Gil)


LE QUANG HUNG (Chu bi§n)
PHAM THI THU HIEN -TRINH THI LAN

HUONG DAN ON LUYEN
THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA

MONNGOVAN
:—

NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC SU PHAM


U N I V E R S I T Y

OF

E D U C A T I O N

P U B L I S H I N G

H O U S E

H U O N G D A N O N LUYEN T H I TRUNG HOC P H 6 T H O N G Q U 6 C G I A M O N N G Q V A N
Le Quang Hang (Chu bien) - Pham Thi Thu HIen - Trjnh Thj Lan
Sach duoc xuat bSn phuc vu viec o n luyen t h i t r u n g hoc pho t h o n g quoc gia tCf nann 2015.
Ma sach t i e u c h u ^ n quoc te: ISBN 9 7 8 - 6 0 4 - 5 4 - 2 2 4 0 - 3

;

BSn q u y e n xuat ban t h u g c ve Nha xuat ban Bai hoc Su p h a m .
Mpl h l n h t h i l c sao chep t o a n bo hay m o t phan hoac cac h i n h thijfc phat h i n h
ma l^hong CO sU cho phep trudc bang van bSn
cCia Nha xuat bin Bai hoc SU pham deu la vi p h a m p h a p luat.

-

,

-

Chung tdi ludn mong muon nhdn dugc nhCtng y kien ddng gop cua quy vi ddc gia
de sdch ngdy cdng hodn thiin han. Moi gdp y vi sdch, liin hi vi bdn thdo vd dich vu bdn quyen
xin vui Idng gCri vi dia chlemail:


Ma so: 01.02.176/900 - TK 2015

MUC LUC
Trang

SI

Ldl GIOITHIEU

5

LCn NOIDAU

6

PhSn mot. DINH HlTOfNG CHUNG KI THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA
MONNGtyVAN

7

Phan hai. NOI DUNG ON LUYEN

8

A. DOC HIEU VAN BAN

8

I. Mot so van de chung
1. Quan niem ve nang lire doc hieu
2. Chuan doc hieu
3. Van ban doc hieu

II. Hu-cmg dan hoc sinh on luyen doc hieu
1. Cach doc hiSu cic loai van ban
2. He thong c^u hoi on luyen doc hieu
3. Huong dan tra 16i cau hoi doc hieu
B. LAM VAN

8
8
10
13
13
13
22
48
70

I. Nghi luan xa hoi
1. Nghi luan ve mot tu tvrong, dao li
2. Nghi luan ve mot hien tuong doi song
3. Nghi luan tong hop

70
70
79
87

II. Nghi luan van hoc
1. Yeu ciu chung
2. Yeu c4u, ki nang ca ban voi timg dang nghi luan van hoc
3. Van dung phuo^ig phdp so sdnh trong bhi nghi luan van hoc

4. KiSn thuc ca ban cua c^c van ban van hoc
5. Mot s6 dS bhi nghi luan van hoc goi y l^m bki

95
96
98
128
133
170


Phan ba. M O T SO D E T H I T H A M K H A O

180

• D ET H I M O N N G C V A N - G I A O D U GT R U N G H O CP H O T H O N G

(Ki thi tot nghiep trung hoc ph6 thong nam 2 0 1 4 )

180

195

• D ETHI T H A M K H A O S O 2

191

• D ET H I T H A M K H A O S O 1

187

• D E T H I T U Y E N S I N H D A I H O C K H O I C - M O N N G U ' V A N - N A M 2014

184

• D E T H I T U Y E N S I N H D A I HOC K H O I D - M O N N G L T V A N - N A M 2 0 1 4

.,

............^]fu\-'JNu:n:aVJQ

.A

.1?
'.i/i

ill

' -

• iCt' -


Ldl GI6I THIEU

' Thirc hien Quyet dinh s6 3538/QD-BGDDT ngay 09/9/2014 cua Bp truang Bp Giao due
va Dao tao phe duyet phuong an thi tot nghiep trung hpc pho thong va tuyen sinh dai hoc,
cao dang tir nam 2015 (gpi la ki thi trung hpc pho thong quoc gia), huong toi vice thuc
hien doi moi chuong trinh va sach giao khoa, Nha xuat ban Dai hpc Su pham to chCtc
bien soan va phat hanh bp sach Huong dan on luyen thi trung hpc pho thong quoc gia

gom 8 cuon, tuong ung voi 8 mon: Toan, NgQ van, Tieng Anh, Vat li, Hoa hpc, Sinh hpc,
*
.
si
Lich sii va Dia li.
Bp sach do cac tdc gia la giang vien uy tin cua Tnrong Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi,
gi^o vien gioi a tnrong trung hpc pho thong va mot s6 can bp ciia cac ca quan chuyen mon la
nhiing nguoi c6 nhieu kinh nghiem tham gia cong tac tuyen sinh cua Bp Giao due v^ Dao tao
bien soan, bam sat Chuong tiinh giao due trung hpc pho thong.
Cau true moi cuon sich gom ba ph§n chinh:
Phan mot: Dinh hirong chung ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia (theo tung mon)
Phan hai: Cac chu de/noi dung on luyen
CAc ehii de/npi dung on luyen dugc bien soan bam sat quy dinh ciia Bp Giao due
va Dao tao ve eau true de thi dugc doi mod theo huong danh gia nang lire, trong do c6
phan tom tat li thuyet, yeu cau ve bai tap/cau hoi van dung, cac bai tap/cau hoi mlu va
huong dan on luyen.
.. - .
Phan ba: Mot so de thi tham khao
CAc de thi CO d^p in hoac huong dan tra loi. Hpc sinh dupe nang cao kl nang ren luyen
thuc hien trpn ven mot de thi trong thai gian quy dinh, mot mat luyen kha nang giai b ^ tap,
giai quyet van de; mat khac giup he th6ng hoa cac kien thuc va ki nang ckn thi8t cho ki thi
trung hpc pho thong quoc gia.
Cung voi bp sach tren, Nha xuat ban Dai hpc Su pham tiep tuc gioi thieu v^ phat hanh
bp sach Boi dirong, on luyen thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia theo bo de gom 5 mon
(Toan, Ngii van, Tieng Anh, Vat li, Ho^ hpc) phuc vu hpc sinh on luyen thi trung hpc
pho thong qu6c gia ;iipt cdch hieu qua.
Dpi ngu giao vien pho thong c6 th§ su dung sach de huong dan hpc sinh on luyen
kien thiic, ki nang theo huong tiep can nang lire mot each c6 he th6ng de dat hieu qua cao
nhat trong ki thi trung hpc ph6 thong quoc gia, hit d§u thuc hien tu nam 2015.
Xin trdntrgng giai thieu!

NHA XUAT BAN DAI HQC SU" PHAM


LCJI NOI D A U
Cdc thay cd gido vci cdc em hoc sinh than men!
AT"!
Bat dau tu nam hoc 2014 - 2 0 1 5 , Bo Giao due va D^o tao to chiic mot ki thi chung
thay cho ki thi tot nghiep trung hoc pho thong va tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang nhu tnrdc
day, goi la ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia.
Nham dap ling nhu cSu cua hoc sinh vl tai lieu on tap, eiing e6 ki nang cho ki thi sSp tcri,
chiing toi bien soan cuon sach Huong dan on luyen thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia
mon Ngu van. Noi dung cuon sach gom ba phan:
Phan mot: Dinh huong chung ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia mon Ngu van
Phan nay nham cung cap nhung thong tin ehinh ve dinh huong ciia ki thi trung hoc
pho thong quoc gia noi chung va de thi mon Ngu van noi rieng.
Phan hai: Noi dung on luyen
• Day la phan trong tam ciia cuon sach, noi dung b^m sat vao dinh huong de thi mon
Ngu van trong ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia de huong dan hoc sinh on luyen.
Phan nay khong chi cung cap nhung kien thuc, ki nang ca ban ve doc hieu va lam van
theo mot he thong cu the, ro rang ma con dua ra nhung vi du, de bM kem theo ggi y
tuong ung vai tung dang de de hoc sinh tham khao, van dung va kiem tra, danh gid
trong qua trinh on luyen.
Phan ba: Mot so de thi tham khao
Phan nay tap hop nhung de thi tot nghiep, tuyen sinh dai hoc mon Ngu van nam 2014
va mot so de tham khao ciia ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia nam 2015. Nhimg god y,
huong dan tra Idi cau hoi trong cdc de thi se giup hoc sinh nang cao dugc nang lire
hoc tap d§ chuan bi t6t ki nang l^m bM thi.
•
t
^- its nfeO :

Chiing toi hi vong cuon sdch khong chi giiip cdc em hoc sinh hokn thien ki nang
lam bai ma con la tai lieu tham khao huu ich cho cac thay eo giao trong qua trinh huong
dan hoc sinh on tap, cung c6 kien thuc, chuan bi cho ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia
dat ket qua cao.
Chiing toi rat mong nhan dugc y kien dong gop cua cac thay c6 giao, cac em hoe
sinh va doc gia gan xa de chat lugng cuon sach ngdy cang hoan thien hon trong nhung Ian
tai ban.
Cdc gop y cho cu6n sach xin gui ve dia chi:
Phong Bien tap, Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi S6 136, Duong Xuan Thuy, Quan Cau Giay, Thanh ph6 Ha Noi.
Cac tac gia
6


Phan mot
D!NH HUdNG CHUNG
'

Kl THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA
MON

NGQVAN

Tu nam 2015, Bo Giao due va Dao tao to chiic mot ki thi quoc gia (goi la ki thi trung
hoc pho thong quoc gia) lay ket qua de xet cong nhan tot nghiep trung hoc pho thong
lam can cu tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang.
Quyet dinh s6 3538/QD-BGDDT ngay 09/9/2014 ciia Bp tnrdng Bp Giao due va Dho tao
v^ phe duyet phuang An thi tot nghiep trung hpc pho thong vk tuyen sinh dai hpc, cao
dang tir nam 2015 da chi ro:
- De dupe xet cong nhan tot nghiep trung hpc pho thong v^ xet tuyen sinh v^o cic
truong dai hpc, cao dang, thi sinh phai thi 4 mon (gpi 1^ 4 mon thi toi thieu) gom 3 mon

bat bupc 1^ Toin, Ngir van, Ngoai ngu 1 mon tu ehpn trong so cac mon: Vat li.
Hod hpc, Sinh hpc, Lich sii vh Dia If. NgoM 4 mon thi toi thieu, thi sinh eo the dang ki thi
them cic mon khdc trong s6 cdc mon tu chpn de c6 them ca hpi xet tuyen v^o dai hpc,
cao dang.
- Thi sinh da t6t nghiep trung hpc pho thong cdc nam tniac chi dang ki cac mon thi
phuc vu cho tuyen sinh dai hpc, cao dang.
Mon Ngu van thi theo hinh thuc tu luan, thoi gian thi 1^ 180 phut. De thi ddnh gid
thi sinh a 4 miic dp: nhan biet, thong hieu, van dung v^ van dung cao, dam bao phan hod
trinh dp thi sinh. De thi mon Ngir van trong ki thi trung hpc pho thong quoc gia se c6 dinh
dang tuong tir de thi t6t nghiep trung hpc pho thong v^ tuyen sinh dai hpc, cao dang nam
2014 nhung se tang cac cau hoi d muc dp van dvmg, cdc cau hoi mo theo dinh huong
danh gid nang luc ciia thi sinh.
Npi dung de thi nkm trong chuong tiinh trung hpc pho thong hien hanh, chu yeu la
chuomg trinh lop 12.


Phan hai
Npl DUNG ON LUYEN

r ur'
A. DOC HIEU VAN BAN
I.

MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG

1. Quan niem ve nang lye doc hieu
Nang lire doe hieu dugc hku het eae quoe gia tren the giai hien nay coi 1^ nang lire
ehung cot loi can trang bi cho hoc sinh pho thong. Do cung 1^ mot trong nhung nang lire
can CO cua mot ngudi cong dan de ton tai va phat trien trong xa hoi. Vi th6, doc hiSu da
tro thanh mot noi dung trong tam cua chuong trinh mon Ngon ngu va Van hoe a trudng

pho thong cua hku het cAc qu6c gia tren the gidi tu tM ki XX den nay. Cung vdi sir tiSn
bo ciia khoa hoc giao due noi ehung va khoa hoe ve day hoc mon hoc n^y noi rieng, noi
dung doc hieu da dugc doi mdi, phat trien theo thdi gian. Khi chucmg tnnh giao due pho
thong dugc bien soan theo hudng tap trung vao noi dung, doc hieu dugc coi la mot ki
nang then chot trong noi dung chucmg trinh mon hoc tieng vdi tu each la mon hoc ngon
ngu me de hoac vdi tu each la mon hoc ngoai ngu. Gan day, tu nhung thap nien 80 v^ 90
cua the ki XX, vdi xu hudng bien soan chuong trinh giao due dira tren nang lire dSu ra,
doc hieu dugc coi la mot nang lire ehung cot loi thuge nang lire sir dung ngon ngii trong
chuong trinh giao due pho thong cua nhieu nude tren the gidi. Trong khoang g§n hai chue
nam trd lai day, doe hieu da trd thanh mot noi dung ciia nhieu chuong trinh danh gia kk
qua giao due mang tinh toan e§u nhu TIMSS, PIRLS, PISA...
Da CO nhieu quan niem khae nhau ve nang lire doe hieu.
Tren the gidi, theo PISA', "nang lire doe hieu dugc hilu 1^ kha nang bilt doc, c6
trinh dp doc hieu", "la sir hieu Met, su dung v^ phdn hoi lai trudc mot b^i doc viet, nham
dat dugc muc dieh, ph^t trien tri thuc vk tiem nang ciing nhu viec tham gia hoat dpng ciia
mot ai do trong xa hoi"'. Theo do, dinh nghia ve dge va doe hieu eo sir thay d6i theo thdi
gian va dieu kien kinh te, van hoa, xa hpi. Day la quan niem ma horn 70 nude tham gia
PISA - trong do c6 Viet Nam - dong tinh va lam theo yeu cau cua Chucmg trinh danh gia
hge sinh quoe te nay. Mae du quan niem cua PISA ve dgc hiSu khong dua vao cac yeu
cau cua chuong trinh mon Ngii van trong nha trudng pho thong cua mot nude eu the nao
m^ xuat phat tir yeu cau ciia xa hpi doi vdi he thong giao due, nhirng ki nang eSn thiet cho
cupe song tuong lai ciia hpc sinh... nhung nhirng yeu c2u cua PISA c6 hen quan mat thiet
vdi viec day hoc Ngu van trong nha trudng pho thong ciia nhieu nude tren the gidi.
' Chuong trinh danh gid hoc sinh quoe ti do T6 chuc Hop tac

Phat triSn Kinh tg (OECD)

de xuat nam 1997. Tinh den nam nay da c6 han 70 quoe gia tham gia PISA.

- Bp Giao due vk Dko tao, s6 toy PISA, 2011.

Dieu nay dugc the Men a ch6 ngay ckng c6 nhieu nuac tham gia PISA trong do c6 Viet Nam.
Tir ket qua danh gia ciia PISA ve trinh do doc hieu ciia hoc sinh nuac minh, Viet Nam
cung nhu cac nuac deu c6 sir dieu chinh nhat djnh de viec day hoc doc hieu trong nha
tnrang pho thong phii hop vai thirc tiln va bat kip xu the quoc te.
Theo GS.TS. Nguyin Thanh Hiing: "Doc - hieu la khai niem bao trum c6 noi dung
quan trong trong qua trinh day hoc van"; "Doc - hieu la mot khai niem khoa hoc chi ra
miic do cao nhdt cua hoat dong doc; doc - hieu dong thai cung chi ra nang lire van cua
nguai doc"'. "Doc hieu la pham tru khoa hoc trong nghien cuu va giang day van hoe.
Ban than no la khai niem c6 quan he vai nang lire doc, hoat dong doc, k i nang doe de
nam vung y nghia cua van ban nghe thuat ngon tir. Doc chinh xae thi hieu diing. Doc k i ,
doc phan tich thi hieu sau. Doe trai nghiem tham mi thi hieu dugc ve dep nhan tinh.
Doc sau, dgc sang tao thi hieu dugc cai mod"". Tac gia da di vao l i giai ngi ham cua "hieu":
"Hieu la phat hien va nam vung moi lien he cua cac sir vat, hien tugng, doi tugng nao do
va y nghla ciia cac moi quan he do. Hieu la bao quat het ngi dung v^ c6 the van dung
\ko doi song. Hieu tue la phai tra loi dugc cac cau hoi:
gi?, Nhu the nao?, V i sao?.
Lam nhu the nao?. Do la biet va lam trong dgc hieu... Hieu la qua tiinh nhan thue van
ban toan ven"^. Tir do, tac gia neu len nhung ngi dung can "hieu" trong tac pham van hge
vai cac tieu chi cu the:
" 1 . Kham pha y nghia ngi dung ehiia dung trong van ban. Y nghia n^y do tac gia bay
to, bieu 16 trong van ban.
2. Hieu moi quan he y nghia cua van ban do tdc gia xay dung v^ to chuc nen.
3. Khang dinh muc dich, y do, ngi dung thuc hien, tien gia dinh.
4. Danh gia tu tuang ciia tac gia.
5. Sap nhap, hoa dong thong tin va tu tuang ciia tac gia vai tri thuc va kinh nghiem
phu hgp cua nguai dgc""*.
GS.TS. T r i n Dinh Su da chi ra mot s6 ngi dung quan trgng ve dgc hieu: "Mot, dgc Ik
qui trinh tiep nhan y nghia tir van ban, t§t phai hieu ngon ngu ciia van ban (ngon ngii dan

toe, ngon ngii nghe thuat, ngon ngii t h i loai ciia van ban"; phai dua vao tinh tich cue cua
ehu t h i (hung thii, nhu eSu, nang lue) va tac dong qua lai giua chii the va van ban. Hai,
dgc la qua trinh giao tiep va doi thoai vai nguai tao ra van ban (tac gia, xa hgi, van hoa).
Ba, dgc la qua trinh tieu dung van hoa van ban (huong thu, giai tri, hgc tap). Bon, dgc la
qua trinh tao ra cac nang lire nguai (nang lue hieu minh, hieu van hoa va hieu the giai).
Nhu the dgc la mot hoat dong van hoa co tam nhan loai va y nghia giao due sau sac"^.
Tac gia eon neu len suy nghi cua minh ve "hieu" trong "dgc hieu". Theo ong, "hieu" co

'• '"Nguyen Thanh Hung, Kinang doc hiiu Van, NXB Dai hoc Su pham, 2014, tr. 34 - 35.
" Nguyin Thanh Hung, Nuoi duomg va xa Idnh y nghia cua tam ngir hoc trong doc hieu van chuang.
Tap chi Khoa hoc Giao due, s6 80, 2012, tr. 26.
' Tran Dinh Su, Van ban van hoc va doc hieu van ban, in trong Tai lieu tap hudn giao vien truang
c/iuy^n - A/on A'gi? van. Bo Giio dye
D^o tao, 2011.


noi hkm rat rong: "1) Cam thu (ti^p nhan) ki hieu vat ch§t (m^u sSc, con chu,...)2) Nhan ra ki hieu quen hay la, hieu y nghia cua no dugc lap lai trong ngon ngir.
3) Hieu y nghia ciia no trong ngir canh. 4) D6i thoai v6i y nghia do (tan th^nh, phan
doi), trong nhan thirc bao gom ca sir danh gid ve chieu sau va chieu rong. Ban chit
tam li cua sir hieu la bien cai cua ngudi khac thanh c ^ vira cua minh, vira ciia nguoi khac.
Hieu bao gid ciing la tir hieu, nghia la bien cii dugc hieu th^nh kien thiic, quan dikm,
niem tin cua minh."'
PGS.TS. Nguyen Thi Hanh, dira tren co so ngon ngir hoc, khang dinh doc hi6u
"la mot boat dpng giao tiep d do nguoi doc linh hoi loi noi da dugc viet thanh van ban
nham lam thay doi nhirng hieu biet, tinh cam hoac hanh vi ciia chinh minh, doc hilu Ik
boat dpng doc cho minh (nguoi doc)."'
Nhu vay, trong moi quan niem tren day, dii dung 6 goc dp nho cQng thSy "dpc" dugc
coi mot qu^ trinh long hgp, doi hoi sir dung nhi^u ki nang; "hi6u" la muc di'ch cua
"dpc"; de dpc hieu, nguoi dpc phai ti'ch cue, chu dpng kham pha van ban.
Trong nhirng nam qua, o nha tnrong pho thong cua Viet Nam, dpc hieu tro Xhhnh

npi dung chinh, quan trpng vao bac nhat trong Chuang trinh gido due pho thong mon
Ngu vdn^ (gpi tat la chuang trinh Ngu van). S6 lugng bai dpc hieu chi6m ti le Ion hon
cdc bai hpc ve Tieng Viet va Lam van, nhat la 6 nhirng lop/cSp hpc cao hon. Day hpc
va kiem tra, danh gid ve dpc hieu cung chiem nhieu thoi gian hon trong phan ph6i
chuang trinh Ngir van.

2. Chuan doc hieu

Chuong trinh cua moi quoc gia deu neu len nhiing chuan kien thuc, ki nang/ket qua
dau ra ma hpc sinh phai dat dugc khi dpc hi^u van ban. Chang han, Chuang trinh Tieng Anh
nam 2010"* cua Singapore neu 5 ket qua d§u ra (LO) - dugc coi Ik nhiing chu§n chung,
khdi qudt nhu sau:
- LOJ: Sir dung cdc kindng nhan biet de nhan dien tir ngir.
- L02: Doc hieu cdc van ban c6 noi dung phii hap v&i trinh do, lira tuoi.
- L03: Ap dung viec doc vd quan sdt co tinh phe phdn bang cdch tap trung vdo
nhirng nghia ham an, nhiing cdu triic tuduy, susuy nghivd ddnh gid cao hem.
- L04: Van dung cdc cdch doc vd quan sdt phii hap, co tinh phe phdn doi v&i mot
loat cdc tuyen chon van ban van hoc hoac van ban thong tin khdc nhau, tir van ban in den
' Tran Dinh Sur, Van ban van hoc va doc hieu van ban, Sdd.
- Nguyen Thi Hanh, Day hoc doc hiiu a Tiiu hoc, NXB Dai hoc Qu6c gia H^ Noi, 2002, tr. 26.
^ NXB Giao due, 2006.
" Curriculum Planning and Development Division, Ministry of Education, Singapore (2010),
English language syllabus 2010, Primary & Secondary {Express/ Normal [Academic]) (nguon:
).

10


nhung ngudn khong in an, phuc vu cho viec hoc tap cdc linh vuc not dung vd hieu xem tir
vimg vd cdc van de ngir phdp dd duac su dung trong cdc van cdnh nhu the nao.

- L05a: Doc quan sat ma rong de gidi tri, phdt trien cd nhdn vd the hien khd nang
doc doc lap Cling nhu phuc vu cho viec hoc van hoc/hay cdc linh vuc not dung khdc (cho
Tieu hoc).
L05b: Duy tri viec doc vd quan sat rong rdi de gidi tri, phdt trien cd nhdn ciing nhu
hoc van hoc hay cdc noi dung khdc (cho Trung hoc).
,
; v;
Tucmg ling vai L O l la nhung ki nang, chien luge, thai do va hanh vi bat dau doc; voi
L02 la nhung ki nang, chien luge, thai do va hanh vi doc dung; vai L 0 3 la nhung k l
nang, chien luge, thai do va hanh vi doc c6 su danh gia, phe binh; vai L 0 4 la nhung ki
nang, chien luge, t h ^ do va hanh vi doe van ban van hoc v^ van ban thong tin; vai L05
la nhung ki nang, chien luge, thai do va hhnh vi doe rong rai. Cac chuan nhy mang tinh
chat ciia chuan the hien, dugc sap xep thanh cac ket qua dau ra, theo su tang dan ciia do
kho, phiic tap ciia ki nang, chien luge, thai do va h^nh vi ciia nguoi dgc'. Trong Cdc
chuan chung cot loi cua bang doi v&i mon Tieng Anh, trinh do doc viet trong cdc mon
Lich sir/Nghien cicu xd hoi, Khoa hoc vd Ki thudt ddnh cho cdc tru&ng cong lap ciia bang
California tir lap mdu gido lati den lap 12, cac nha gido due ciia MT yeu cau hoc sinh can
dat duge 10 chuan cu the, cac chuan nay dugc xep vao bon nhom nhu sau:
Cdc y turnig quan trong vd chi tiet
1. Doc mot cdch ki ludng de xdc dinh xem van ban noi mot each ro rang ve cdi gi vd
dua ra cdc suy lugn phu hap tir no, trich dan cdc dan chung nguyen van, cu the khi viet
hogc noi de ho tra cho cdc ket lugn riit ra tir van bdn.
2. Xdc dinh cdc y tuang hogc cdc chit de chinh cua mot van bdn vd phdn tich su phdt
trien cua chung, tong ket cdc chi tiet vd cdc y tuang minh hog chinh.
3. Phdn tich cdch vd li do tgi sao cdc nhdn vat, cdc su kien vd cdc y tucmg phdt trien
vd tuang tdc vai nhau thong qua dien bien cua mot van bdn.
Tha phdp nghe thuat vd bo cue
4. Dien gidi cdc tir vd cdc cum tir duac sic dung trong mot van bdn, bao gom viec xdc
dinh ro tinh hinh tuang, nghia den vd nghia bong, phdn tich cdch lira chon tic ngic cu the
(ve nghia hogc van phong).

5. Phdn tich cau true cua cdc van bdn, bao gom cdch cdc mdu edu cu the, cdc dogn
van vd nhicng phdn Ian hem cua van bdn (vi du: mot chuong, mot cdnh hogc mot dogn
tha) CO lien quan den nhau vd den todn bo van bdn. . ,
6. Ddnh gid cdch md mot quan diem hogc mot muc tieu lam nen noi dung vd phong
cdch cua mot van bdn.

' California State Board of Education (2013), Common Core State Standards for English Language
Arts, Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects for California Public
Schools Kindergarten Through Grade Twelve (nguon: , thang 8/2010).

m


Tich hap cdc kien thitc va chu de

rf'

v

;

^

;5

7. Tich hap va ddnh gid noi dung duac the hien theo nhieu hinh thicc vd phuong tien
truyen thong khdc nhau bang hinh dnh, bang lai noi vd bhng so lieu.
8. Mo td vd ddnh gid sir tranh luan vd cdc lai tuyen bo cu the trong mot van ban bao gom
chung cic vQng chdc cua cdc suy luan cung nhu suphu hop, su day du cua cdc dan chung.
9. Phan tich each md hai hay nhieu van ban de cap den cUng mot chu de hodc de

tdi nhdm de xdy dung kien thuc hoac de so sdnh cdc phuang phdp tiep can md cdc tdc
gid sir dung.
Pham vi ve kinang doc vd mire dpphuc tap ciia van ban
10. Doc vd hieu thdu ddo cdc van ban van hoc vd cdc van ban thong tin c6 do phirc
tap cao mot cdch doc lap vd thdnh thao.
6 Viet Nam, chircmg trinh Ngu van khong c6 phSn neu rieng chuan kien thuc, k l
nang doc hieu chung/khai quat ma chi neu chuan kien thiic, k i nang doc hieu cua timg
khoi lop, vai tung van ban cu the, chii yeu la van ban van hoc. Ke thua nhung yeu cau
ciia chuong trinh hien hanh, ket hop voi xu th^ qu6c te v8 chuSn doc hi^u, chiing toi cho
rang, nang lire doc hieu ciia hoc sinh, nhin chung duac th^ hien o ba khi'a canh vdi nhung
chuan kien thiic, ki nang ca ban sau day:
a) Co tri thuc ve van ban
- Hieu y nghia ciia cac tir ngu trong van ban.
- Hieu cau true cua timg loai van ban.
- Hieu the loai cua van ban.

•

- Hieu phuang thuc bieu dat ciia van ban.
- Hieu de tai ciia van ban.
b) Co kl nang thuc hien cdc hanh dong, thao tdc doc hieu noi chung vd vai timg loai
vdnbdncuthe
i Jn v
- Doc luat d l tim chii de hoac cdc y chi'nh.

. yu

1

- Doc kl de tim chi tiet/thong tin.

- Nhan biet va ghi nha thong tin/chi tiet/hinh anh...
- Giai ttuch, cat nghia, phan tich, phan loai, ket n6i, so sanh... thong tin/chi tiet/
hinh anh de nam dugc noi dung chinh ciia van ban, hieu m6i quan he giixa cac thong tin/
chi tiet/hinh anh trong van ban.
- Riit ra dugc y nghia ham an cua van ban tu cac chi tiet/hinh anh/thong tin tu van
ban; dung thong tin trong van ban de thuc hanh giai quyet v§n de dan gian tuang tu nhu
van de neu trong van ban.
- Phan hoi van ban bang each lien kSt thong tin trong van ban vai kinh nghiem, vdi
nhiing dieu ca nhan quan tam; danh gia \k noi dung, hinh thiic, y nghia cua van ban va
phong each ciia tac gia mot each khach quan.

12


c) Van dung nhiing tri thirc, kinang c6 lien quan hodc can den doc hieu de thyrc Men
cdc nhiem vu hoc tap va cdc hoat dong dai song
- Doc cac van ban mai dira tren nhiing kinh nghiem da tich luy dirge tu vice doc hiiu
cac van ban dugc day hoc trong nha trirong.
- Noi, vi§t ve mot v§n &k van hoc hoac dai song dira tren nhiing ket qua doc hieu
van ban.
- Trinh bay giai phap de giai quygt mot vin d^ cu th§ (la mot nhiem vu trong hoc tap,
trong doi song) tir sir van dung ngi dung cua van ban da doc.
3. Van ban doc hieu
Chuong trinh Ngu van ciia Viet Nam neu hai loai van ban de day hoc doc hieu, do 1^:
van ban van hoc v^ van ban nhqt dung. Trong do, cic van ban van hoc dugc xep theo
cum the loai va tien trinh lich su, chiera da so cac van ban dugc day hoc; cac van ban nhat
dung chiem ti le rat nho va khong da dang ve hinh thuc nhu van ban van hoc.
Theo PISA, doi tugng ciia doc hieu khong chi la kieu van ban "truyen thong" m^ con
la nhung van ban ma "ngon ngu" cua no dugc su dung a dang do hoa, in ki thuat so, bao
gom ca van ban thong tin va van ban van hoc, la nhung hien thi hinh anh nhu so do, ban do,

bang bieu, do thi va truyen tranh... voi nhung chii thich bang ngon ngu. Nhung van ban
nay c6 the ton tai hoac la doc lap hoac c6 the dugc nam trong cac van ban Ion hon.
Nhu vay, xu the quoe te hien nay cho thay su ma rong ve van ban dgc hieu noi chung,
van ban doc hieu trong nha truong pho thong noi rieng. Co bao nhieu loai van ban trong
cuoc song thi c6 bay nhieu loai dugc day dgc hieu trong nha truong pho thong. Viec day
hoc doe hieu a nha truong pho thong phai dam bao giiip hoc sinh hinh thanh va phat trien
nang lire dgc, van dung dugc vao thuc te dm song cua ban than. Tren thuc te, tu nam hgc
2013 - 2014, Bg Giio due v^ Dho tao da thuc hien d6i mai kiem tra, d ^ h gi^ nang lire ciia
hgc sinh trong mon Ngu van, trong do c6 doi mod kiem tra, danh gid dgc hieu van ban, dua
van ban thong tin vko dh thi mon Ngir van a ki thi t6t nghiep trung hgc pho thong cua nam
hgc nay va se tiep tuc doi mod sau hon d nhirng nam hgc tiep theo. Viec lam nay c6 tac
dong r4t u'ch cue den qua trinh day hgc va kiSm tra, danh gia ket qua dgc hieu van ban d
nha truong trung hgc pho thong.
II.

HUONG DAN HOC SINH ON LUYEN DOC

HIEU

1. Cach doc hieu cac loai van ban
1.1. Van ban van hoc
a) Dgc diem cua van ban van hoc
Co nhieu quan niem ve van ban van hoc (con ggi 1^ van ban nghe thuat, van ban van
chuong). Song, c6 thk hiku mot each chung nhSt, van ban van hgc la "san pham ciia tien
Uinh lich su... Theo nghia rgng, van ban van hgc la tat ca cae van ban sir dung ngon tu
mot each nghe thuat. Theo nghia nay, khong ehi van ban tha, truyen, kich, ma ca cae

m

van ban hich, c^o, chieu, bieu, sur ki ciia thai trung dai hoac ki, tap van ciia thai hien dai,...
deu CO the coi la van ban van hoc. Theo nghia hep, van ban van hoc chi bao gom cac sang
tac CO hinh tugng nghe thuat dirge xay dimg bang hu ciu (tuc la tao ra nhiing hinh tugng
bang tuong tugng) nhu su thi, truyen thuyet, truyen c6 tich, truyen ngin, tieu thuy^t, kich,
tha, phii..."'.
Theo do, van ban van hoc c6 nhOng dac dikm rieng sau day:
- Dgc diem ve ngon tit: Ngon tu van hoc c6 tinh nghe thuat vh. tham mi; diing de s^g
tao hinh tugng, tuc la noi tai mot the gioi tuong tugng; c6 tinh bieu tugng va da nghia.
- Dac diem ve hinh tuong: Hinh tugng van hoe la the gidi ddi song do ngon tu ggi
len trong tam tri nguai dgc, la mot phuong tien giao tiep dac biet vi no vua bieu hien mot
hien tugng doi song, vua ham chua cac y nghia khai qu^t do t^c gia gui gam m^ nguai
dgc can phai "dgc" ra.
- Dac diem ve y nghia: Y nghia cua van ban chinh la y nghia ciia hien tugng ddi
song dugc nha van nam bat v^ ggi len qua hinh tugng. Tat ca nhung gi hinh tugng van
hoc ggi len cho ngudi dgc deu 1^ y nghia cua no. Y nghia ciia van ban van hoc con the
hien qua nhan vat, su kien, chi tiet, qua su sap xep, ket cau cua c^c bg phan van ban v^
qua each sii dung ngon tii. Y nghia ciia van ban van hoc dugc chia thanh eSc lap: de iHi,
chu de, cam hung, tinh ch§t tham mi, trilt li nhan sinh.
- Dac diem ve cd tinh sang tao cua nha van: Van ban van hoc n^o cung do tac gia
viet ra vk it nhieu deu de lai dSu §n cua ngudi sang tao. Dac d i l m do I k n cho cdc van ban
van hoc phong phii, mdi me, khong lap lai.^
b) Yeu cau ciia doc hieu van ban van hoc
GS.TS. Tran Dinh Su cho rang: "Khdi diem ciia mon Ngu van Yk day hoc sinh dgc
hieu true tiep van ban van hgc cua nha van, nha tha, nhk chinh luan; tu dgc hieu ede van
ban ay mk hgc sinh se dugc rung dgng ve nghe thuat, thudng thuc gi^ tri tham ml, tiep
nhan tu tudng, tinh cam, trudng th^nh ve nhan cdch, hinh th^nh c^c ki nang van hgc nhu
dgc, viet, quan s^t, tu duy, tudng tugng sdng tao vk ca sdng t^e ngon tu nua"^. V i the,
trong dgc hieu van ban van hgc, yeu to "van ban" c6 vai tro rat quan trgng. "Van ban Ik
ton tai duy nhat cua tac pham ciia nha van, la yeu to mang chd toan bg ngi dung, y nghia,
tinh cam, m l cam ma nha van gui gam; ngudi dgc chi c6 the tu minh dgc de kham pha vk

thudng thuc, khong c6 con dudng nao khac. Khong ai c6 the thudng thiic thay ngudi
dgc""*; hoac "neu hgc sinh khong true tiep dgc cac van ban ay, khong hieu dugc van ban,
thi coi nhu mgi yeu cau, muc tieu cao dep ciia mon Van deu chi la noi suong."^

' SGKNgif van 10 Nang cao. Tap mot, NXB Gido dye Viet Nam, 2012, tr. 45.
^ Luge trich theo SGK Ngir van 10 Nang cao, Tap mot, NXB Giao due Viet Nam, 2012, tr. 45 - 48,
58-60.
^'' Tran Dinh Su, Van ban van hoc va doc hieu van ban, Sdd, tr. 10 - 22.
" Tran Dinh Su, Con ducmg doi mai ca ban phicomg phdp day hoc Van, Bao Van nghe, s6 10, 2009.

14


De on tap cho ki thi trung hoc pho thong quoc gia, hoc sinh can nam vung kien thuc
vk ki nang doc hieu cac van ban van hoc cua chuong trinh va sach gi^o khoa lop 12. Tuy
nhien, can mo rong pham vi on tap doi voi cac van ban van hoc dirge hgc d nhiing khoi
lap dudd va nhung van ban mdi, c6 cung de tai va the loai voi cac van ban da hgc theo
chucmg trinh v^ sach giao khoa lop 12.
Sau day la mot so luu y khi dgc hieu cac van ban van hgc thuong gap:
'
* Ve doc hieu van ban van hoc trung dai Viet Nam:
- Dgc hieu van ban van hgc trung dai Viet Nam truoc het phai chu y den ngon ngil
cua van ban. Ngon ngir ciia van ban van hgc trung dai dugc vi6t bang chu Hdn v^ chu
Nom. Voi van ban chu Han, khi dgc, can b ^ sat vao ban phien am (de nam dugc dac
diem the loai, bo cue, van, nhip, bien phap tu tir...) va dich nghia (de hieu nghia ciia tir
ngu, hinh anh, chi tiet...), phSn dich tho chi nen dgc de tham khao. Van ban Han, Nom
lai thuong dung nhieu dien tich, dien c6, tir c6. Khi dgc, can phai hieu v^ khai th^c dugc
y nghia ciia clc dien tich, dien c6 v^ sac th^i bieu cam ciia cac tir ngii.
- Dgc hieu van ban van hgc trung dai Viet Nam phai th§y dugc cdc iic gia it de cap
den cdc hien tugng doi song ma chu yeu thien ve bieu hien tdm, chi ciia ngucri viet. Vi

vay, hinh tugng nghe thuat trong van ban thuong mang tinh tugng trung, uoc le. Do do,
can thay dugc y nghia tugng trung, uoc le ciia hinh tugng nghe thuat cung nhu tdm, chi
ciia nhk van, nhk tho gui gim trong tdc phSm.
- Dgc hieu van ban van hgc trung dai Viet Nam phai chii y den tmh quy pham chat
che cua van ban: thien v6 xay dung nhiing kien tnic ngon tu vung chai, doi xung, h^i ho^
nhu tho luat, van bien ngau; su dung dien c6, dien tich, lod it y nhieu... Do do, can khai
thac dugc nhung phuong dien nay de thay dugc ve dep ciia cac tac pham.
* Ve doc hieu tieu thuyet vd truyen ngdn Viet Nam hien dai:
- Dgc hieu ti§u thuyet wk truyen ngSn Viet Nam hien dai chu yeu 1^ dgc hieu nhan vat.
Nhan vat Ih. yeu to quan trong h^g dau cua c^c the loai n^y. Nh^ van s^ng tao nhan vat de
giii gam tu tuong, tinh cam va quan niem ciia minh ve cugc doi. Vi the, khi dgc hieu tieu
thuyet va truyen ngan, dau tien, can phai chii y den nhan vat voi nhung bieu hien ngoai
hinh, ngi tam, hanh dgng, cii chi, ngon ngu... ; cac moi quan he cua cac nhan vat v^ giua
nhan vat voi h o ^ canh xung quanh d^ th§y dugc dia vi, tinh each v^ so phan ciia nhan vat.
- Dgc hieu tieu thuyet va truyen ng§n Viet Nam hien dai phai tim v& phan tich cot
truyen v^ chi tiet. Cot truyen la he thdng sir kien^i^n c6 xay ra trong doi song cua nhan
vat, giiip bgc 16 U'nh cdch, s6 phan nhan vat. Chi tiet la nhiing bieu hien cu the cho thay
a'nh c^ch nhan vat va dien bien quan he cua chiing, dong thoi the hien sir quan sat va nghe
thuat ke chuyen ciia nh^ van. Do do, c§n chii y phSn tich, cat nghia, binh luan chi tiet de
thay dugc sue hap dan, thii vi cua chiing.
- Dgc hieu tieu thuyet va truyen ngan Viet Nam hien dai phai thay dugc su mieu ta dac
diem, hoan canh ciia nhan vat. Hoan canh la toan bg cac quan he xa hoi, dieu kien song
15


tao thanh "moi trucmg" song ciia nhan vat. Phan tich, h' giai hoan canh s6ng ciia nhan vat
giiip nguoi doc hieu dugc dia vi, tam tinh cua nhan vat.
- Doc hieu tieu thuyet va truyen ngan Viet Nam hien dai can chu y cat nghia, If giai
ket cau ciia tac pham. Do la each nha van to chuc tac pham. Thong thuong, phan ma dau
va ket thuc ciia truyen thuong c6 sir phoi hgp vai nhau de tao ra y nghia ciia tac pham; sir

lira chon va sap xep cac chi tiet theo mot trinh tu nao do c6 tac dung lam noi bat y nghia
ciia tac pham; sir sap xep thii tu cac chuomg, phan, doan c6 hieu qua tao sir to mo, gay
hung thii cho nguod doc. Do do, can khai thac each to chiic t^c pham de thay dugc dung y
nghe thuat cua nha van.
- Doe hieu tieu thuyet v^ truyen ngSn Viet Nam hien dai khong thS khong ehii y lai
ke chuyen. Lai ke chuyen trong tieu thuyet, truyen ngSn cho thay diem nhin, c^ tinh,
giong dieu ciia nguai ke chuyen. Can phan tich lai ke chuyen de thSy quan diSm nghe
thuat, khuynh huang tham mi va phong each doe dao cua nha van.
* Ve doc hieu kick ban van hoc:

- Doc kich ban van hoe chu yeu la doc lod thoai cua e^c nhan vat. Do la nhirng lai
noi huang den nguai nghe, nguai xem, mang tinh h^nh dong. Can cSt nghia, If giai, binh
luan... cac lai thoai de nhan ra tam tu, tinh cam, sac thai, dpng ca ben trong va bieu hien
ben ngoai ciia cac nhan vat, nhk la nhan vat ehfnh. Tu do, nhan ra tfnh cdch ciia tung
nhan vat.
- Doe kich ban van hoe phai nhan ra v^ phan tfeh dugc cac hanh dong kich va xung dot
kich. Hanh dong kich the hien tfnh each va y chi ciia nhan vat chinh, gay xung dot vai hoan
canh xung quanh. Xung dot kich la xung dot ve tu tuang, nhan each dugc nay sinh, phat trien
va giai quyet trong pham vi kich ban. Can nam bat dugc xu the phat trien ciia xung dot, phat
hien xung dot chu yeu dang dan nhan vat den cho ket thiic dau buon hoac vui ve.
* Ve doc hieu tha Viet Nam hien dai:

- Doc hieu tha noi chung, tha Viet Nam hien dai noi rieng, d§u tien c§n nkm dugc
hinh thiic to chiic cua bai tha (su sap xep ede dong/cau tha; sir hiep van, ph6i xen tieng
bang tieng trae, tieng bong tieng tram; each ngat nhip...).
- Doc hieu tha Viet Nam hien dai chii yiu la cam nhan dugc tam trang ciia nhan
vat trii tinh. Nhan vat trir tinh (con ggi la chu the trir tinh, cai toi trir tinh) la nguai true
tiep cam nhan va bay to cam xiic truac mot sir kien, doi tugng nao do dugc noi den
trong bai tha.
- Doe hieu tha Viet Nam hien dai c§n chii y dSn lai tha. Lai tha thuong dimg cac

bien phap tu tu nhu an du, so sanh, nhan hoa,... de bieu hien true tiep sir rung dong trong
tam hon cua nhan vat trii tinh; tu nhung cam xiic, tam su rieng tu, lai tha eo y nghTa khai
quat ve con nguai, xa hoi, mang tfnh tham mi va gia tri nhan van sau sic. Tuy nhien, do
ngon tir tha thuong mang tfnh ham siie, y nghTa cua van ban tha thuong khong dugc
thong bao true tiep qua lai tha nen nguai doe phai biet cam nhan, suy doan, phan tfch de
tim dugc y a ngoai lai.

m


- Doc hieu tho Viet Nam hien dai can biet van dung ngu canh (hoan canh s^ng tac)
de hieu bai tho. Ngu canh lich su, xa hoi, y d6 va tam thi ciia nha tho khi sdng tac la mot
can cu de giai thich y tho.
1.2. Van ban nhat dung va van ban thong

tin

'

a) Dgc diem ciia van ban nhgt dung va van ban thong tin
* Van ban nhat dung

Trong chuong trinh Ngu van hien hanh cua Viet Nam, van ban nhat dung "khong
phai la mot the loai van hoc hay mot kieu van ban. So di goi van ban nhat dung la xuat
phat tu noi dung de tai... va vi the nhung van ban nay c6 the thuoc bat k i the loai nao
cua van hoc hoae khong phai van ban van hoc"'. Cac van ban nay c6 npi dung de cap
den nhung van de c6 tinh thai su, quan trong, buc thiet doi vai cupc song hang ngay
cua con nguai va xa hoi hien dai nhu: thien nhien, moi truang, dan so, doi moi tu duy,
ling dung cong nghe thong tin... Cac van ban nhat dung, do do, rat da dang ve de tai va
the loai. Mot so van ban con c6 nhieu net dac sac ve nghe thuat (bo cue, ngon tu, hinh

anh, cac phep tu tir,...) vi dugc viet theo cac the loai cua van hoc. Muc dich cua viec
doc hieu cac van ban nay la de nang cao y thuc trdch nhiem cua moi ca nhan d6i vai cdc
van de ciia dai song xa hoi.
* Van ban thong tin

Trong chuang trinh giao due pho thong, mon Ngon ngu vk Van hoc ciia nhieu nuac
tren the gidi hien nay xuat hien khai niem "van ban thong tin". Khai niem n^y cung da
dugc nhieu nh^ khoa hoc giao due Ngu van trong nude quan tam va de cap den trong mot
so cong trinh nghien ciiu. Van ban thong tin khac vdi van ban van hoc, chii yeu dugc viet
de truyen dat thong tin hoae kien thiic. "Ve ca ban, chiing ta doc loai van ban nay de
chuyen hoa cac thong tin hoae kien thiic trong van ban thanh tri thuc ciia minh vdi muc
dich su dung luon trong hgc tap vk ddi song hoae l^m tu heu cho mai sau", "ngudi doc se
CO hai tu tudng khi doc van ban thong tin, mot 1^ de trai nghiem; hai de dinh vi v^ ghi
nhd thong tin. Do do, vdi hau het c^c van ban thong tin, su chii y cua ngudi doc se tap
trung chu yeu vao nhirng dieu hp se thu dugc tu viec doc - tuc la thong tin chiia dung
trong van ban."'
Co the thay, van ban thong tin bao gid cung trinh bay thong tin mot each khdeh quan,
cung cap thong tin ve doi tugng mot each chi tiet, giiip ngudi doc, ngudi nghe hieu nhilng
gi dugc mo ta bang each to chuc hoae phan loai thong tin. Trong van ban, tdc gia su dung
nhung each thuc hoae phuang tien/tinh nang de ho trg ngudi dgc trong viec tim kiem
thong tin mot each nhanh chong va c6 hieu qua. Do c6 the la mot bang ngi dung, mot chi so,
chu in dam hoae in nghieng, chu giai cho von tu vung chuyen nganh, dinh nghia tu vung

' B 6 Giao due
D a c tac, S G V Ngit van 6, Tap mot, N X B Giao due, 2005, tr. 16.
" Michael R. Graves, Teaching Reading in the 21" century: Motivating AULearmii.

(5* Edition),

17

chuyen nganh, minh hoa cho hinh anh, ghi chii, chu thich d6 thi v& bieu d6... Nhimg tinh
nang nay ciia van ban thong tin giiip nguai doc de dang hon trong viec dieu huong thong
tin de hieu noi dung ciia no.
Van ban thong tin thuang xuat hien trong sach gido khoa c^c mon hoc, cdc tM heu
quang cao, c^c bao hoac trang web..., dugc viet theo cac phong each ngon ngu nhu sinh
boat, bao chi, chinh luan, khoa hoc, hanh chinh. Chung c6 th8 la van ban duac in tren
giay theo kieu truyen thong hoac la nhimg van ban ki thuat s6. Day la loai van ban rk
pho bien v^ hSu dung trong hoc tap va doi song sinh boat ciia moi ca nhan. Vi vay, hoc
sinh rat can duoc day hoc doc hieu loai van ban nay trong nh^ trucmg de ung dung vao
thirc tiln.
Sau day Ik dac diem cua mot so phong cich ngon ngu mk van ban thong tin thuang
su dung:
- Phong each ngon ngii sinh boat: Ik kieu dien dat duac su dung trong giao tiep hkng
ngay, mang tinh chat tu nhien, thoai mai va sinh dong, giau cam xiic, it trau chu6t. Phong
each ngon ngu sinh boat ton tai a ca dang noi va vilt. 6 dang noi, do \k nhitng Ion trd
chuyen tdm tinh, tham hoi nhau, trao doi y kien ve nhimg cong viec va sic kien hang ngay,...
O dang viet, do la cac hire thu tic ca. nhan, nhimg dong nhan tin, lini niem, nhat ki,...
Dac trung ciia phong each ngon ngu: sinh boat: tinh ca thk; tinh sinh dong, cu thk; tinh
cam xilc.
- Phong each ngon ngu bdo ehi: la kieu dien dat duac su dung trong ckc van ban
thuoc linh vuc truyen thong dai chiing, nhu van ban dung trong bdo in, d^ ph^t thanh, dM
truyen hinh, bao tien tii,... Phong each ngon ngu bao chi dugc sii dung trong nhung loai
van ban chinh nhu tin ticc, phong su, quang cao. Dac trung ciia phong ckch. ngon ngu b^o
chi: tinh thong tin sir kien; tinh ngan gon; tinh hSp dan.
- Phong cdeh ngon ngii chinh luan: \k kieu dien dat dugc sii dung trong c^c van
ban true tiep b^y to tu tuang, lap truang, thdi do d6i vai nhung v§n de thiet thuc, nong
bong cua doi song, dac biet trong cdc linh vuc chinh tri, xa hoi. C^e van ban n^y t6n tai
a ca hai dang: viet v^ noi. d dang vilt la cac van ban tuyen ngon, bao cao chinh tri, xd

hoi, binh luan chinh tri... (3 dang noi la cac hk\ thuyet, phdt bieu trong mit tinh,
phdt bieu trong nghi thuc ngogi giao... Chiic nang ca ban cua van ban chinh luan \k
tuyen truyen, c6 dong, giao due, thuyet phuc nguai doc, nguai nghe d^ ho eo nhan thiic
va hanh dong diing. Dac trung cua phong edeh ngon ngu chinh luan: tinh cong khai ve
quan diem, tu tuang, lap trucmg chinh tri, xa hoi; tinh chat che trong lap luan; tinh
truyen cam manh me.
- Phong each ngon ngu khoa hoe: la kieu dien dat dugc sii dvmg trong ckc van ban
thuge linh vuc khoa hoc - cong nghe. Cac van ban nay t6n tai a ca hai dang: vik vk noi.
Ci dang viet, do la cac van ban khoa hoe dang tai trong s^ch, hko. 6 dang noi, do 1^ ckc
lai giang bai trong nha truang, lai thuyet tiinh, b^o cdo trong hoi thao khoa hoc... Dii a
dang nao, van ban khoa hoc cQng thuang eo ba loai: van ban khoa hoc chuyen sau


(cong trinh nghien cim, chuyen lugn, ludn an,...), van ban khoa hoc giao khoa {sdch gido
khoa, gido trinh,...) va van ban khoa hoc pho cap {pho Men kien thuc khoa hoc pho
thong,...). Dac trimg ciia phong each ngon ngu khoa hoc: tinh khai quat, trim tirgng; tinh
li tri, logic; tinh khach quan, phi ca the.
- Phong each ngon ngii hanh chinh: la kieu dien dat dugc sii dung trong cac van ban
thuoc linh vuc giao dep dieu hanh va quan If xa hoi. Van ban hanh chinh chii yeu ton tai
dudd dang viet, bao gom: van ban quy pham phap luat {hien phdp, cdc van ban luat, cdc
van ban duai luat,...); van ban hoi nghi (bien ban, bdo cdo, de dn, nghi quy it,...); van ban
thii tuc hanh chfnh {cong van, don tit, hap dong, van bang, hod don,...). Dac trung cua
phong each ngon ngu hanh chinh: tinh khuon mau; tinh minh xac; tinh cong vu.
b) Yeu cdu cua doc hieu van ban nhdt dung vd vdn bdn thong tin
De on tap cho ki thi trung'hoc pho thong quoc gia, hoc sinh ckn huy dong nhung
hieu biet ciia minh ve cac van de c6 tinh thai sir, quan trong, biic thiet doi vdi cuoc
song hang ngay ciia con nguai v^ xa hoi hien dai nhu: thien nhien, moi trudng, dan
so, doi moi tu duy, ung dung cong nghe thong tin...; nam vung cac phong each ngon
ngir sinh boat, bao chi, chinh luan, khoa hoc, hanh chinh de doc hieu nhiing van ban
nhat dung, van ban thong tin c6 npi dung va hinh thuc phu hop vdi trinh do ciia hoc

sinh Idp 12.
Khi doc hieu cac van ban nhat dung va van ban thong tin, ngudi doc can phai quan tam den viee nam duac vin de/thong tin chinh v^ y nghla xa hoi, giao due, thdi su, tu
tudng... cua hai loai van ban nay. Tir do, ung dung nhung dieu da doc dugc v^o hoc tap
V2i cuoc song. Vdi hai loai van ban nay, nhSt la van ban nhat dimg, thudng han chi dat ra
van de tim hieu hinh thuc nghe thuat trong quA trinh doe.
Co the tham khao quan niem ciia PISA trong viee d§ ra cac nhiem vu/noi dung doc
hieu bdi c^c nhiem vu/noi dung doc hieu m^ PISA dua ra rat phii hop vdi loai van ban
n^y. PISA 2012 cho rang khi doc hieu, ngudi doc phai h o ^ t h ^ nam nhiem vu doc,
cung 1^ nam budc trong qud trinh doc hieu nhu sau:
- Lay thong tin tir van ban.
- Tao nen su hieu biet chung vg van ban.
- Giai thieh v6 van ban.
- Phan anh va danh gia ve npi dung cua van ban.
,x ^
- Phan anh va danh gia ve hinh thuc ciia van ban.
Nam nhiem vu tren dugc to chuc thanh ba khia canh chinh: truy cap vd lay thong tin;
tich hap vd gidi thich; phdn dnh vd ddnh gid. PISA 2012 con dua ra so do the hien moi
quan he giua khung doc va cac khia canh cua doc' nhu sau:
PISA 2012 Assessment and Analytical Framework Mathematics, Reading. Science,
solving and Financial literacy (nguon: ).

Problem

19


Khd ndng doc
Sir dung kien thicc
tic trong van ban
Truy cap vd lay thong tin

Sir dung kien thicc
tic ben ngodi van ban

Tick hap vd gidi thich

Phdn dnh vd ddnh gid

Tao nen hieu biet
Gidi thich
Noidung
Hinh thicc
Lay thong tin
ve vdn ban ciia vdn bdn cua vdn bdn
ve van ban
Voi hai loai van ban nay, c6 the ap dung sau miic do ma PISA da neu d^ tiSn h ^ h
doc hieu. Cu the la:
- Miic do 6: Nguoi doc tao ra dugc nhieu suy luan, so sanh va phan bac mot each chi
tiet v^ cu the. Yeu cau nguai doc phai the hien/trinh bay mot each day dii v^ ti mi hieu
biet cua minh ve mot hoac nhieu van ban va c6 the tich hop thong tin tir nhieu van ban.
Nhiem vu nay cung c6 the yeu cau nguoi doc boc 16 suy nghi ciia minh v8 nhiing chii de
mdi hoac khac nhau bang viec neu ra nhung y tuong/thong tin noi bat, mang tinh khai
quat ciia van ban. Phdn dnh vd ddnh gid c6 the yeu cau nguoi doc dua ra gia thuylt hoac
phe binh ve mot van ban c6 u'nh long hop/da dang ve chii de va hinh thiic thi hien, d6ng
thai van dung sir hieu biet sau sac ve van ban. Mot di§u kien quan trong d6i voi phdn dnh
vd ddnh gid o cap do nky la do chinh x^c ciia phan tich v^ sir quan tam den tung chi tiet
nho trong van ban.
- Muc do 5: Lien quan den viec ISy thong tin, nguai doc x^c dinh vi tri v^ t6
chiic mot so mang thong tin lien quan den cac y nam sau trong van ban. Cac nhiem vu
phdn dnh de cap den viec nguai doc dua ra danh gia hoac gia thuyet dua tren ki^n

thuc chuyen sau/chuyen nganh. Ca hai nhiem vu dien gidi va phdn dnh deu doi hoi
mot sir hieu biet day dii va chi tiet ve mot van ban c6 noi dung hoac hinh thiic mai
(khong dugc in trong sach giao khoa - chiing toi nhan manh). Doi vai tSt ca cac khia
canh cua doc, nhiem vu a cap do nay thuong lien quan den viec xu li cac van dS trai
vai suy nghi thong thuang.
- Miic do 4: Bao gom viec lay thong tin, nguai doc xac dinh vi tri va t6 chuc mot s6
thong tin lay tir trong van ban. Mot so nhiem vu a cap do nay yeu c§u gidi thich y nghia
sac thai cua ngon ngii trong mot doan van bing each dat no vao chinh the ciia van ban.
Cac nhiem vu dien gidi khac doi hoi sir hieu biet va ap dung vao mot ngu canh mai. Cac
nhiem vu phdn dnh a cap dp nay yeu cau doc gia su dung cac kien thiic ca ban v^ pho
thong de dua ra gia thuyet hoac phe binh danh gia mot van ban. Nguai doe phai the hien
20


mot sir hieu biet chinh xac ve mot van ban dai hoac phuc tap vdd npi dung hoac hinh thuc
CO the khong quen thuoc.
v,
J
•
- Muc do 3: Doi hoi nguoi doc xdc dinh vj tri, v^ trong mot s6 truong hop nhan
ra cac moi quan he giua mot so thong tin. Cac nhiem vu gidi thick a cap do nay doi
hoi nguoi doc tich hgp mot so phSn cua mot van ban de xac djnh noi dung chinh, hieu
mot moi quan he hoac giai thich y nghia cua mot tu hoac cum tu. Nguoi doc can phai
dua ra dugc nhung bieu hien cu the trong khi so sanh, doi lap hoac phan loai. Cac
thong tin dua ra thuong khong phai la noi bat hoac c6 nhieu thong tin canh
tranh/nhieu, hoac c6 nhung tro ngai khac tu van ban, chang han nhu cac y tuong (cua
nguai viet) trai vai ki vpng/suy nghi thong thuong hoac c6 nhung cdch dien dat tieu
circ. Nhung nhiem vu phdn dnh a muc nay c6 the yeu cau ket noi, so sanh vh giai
thi'ch hoac c6 the yeu cau -nguoi doc danh gia mot dac diem ciia van ban. Mot so
nhiem vu phdn dnh yeu cau doc gia chiing minh mot y hay cua van ban lien quan den

tri thiic hang ngay. Cac nhiem vu khac khong yeu cau hieu chi tiet van ban, nhung
yeu cau nguai doc riit ra kien thiic it pho bien han.
- Miic do 2: Doi hoi nguoi doc xac dinh vi tri ciia mot hoac nhieu mau thong tin c6
the can phai dugc suy ra va c6 the gap trong mot so hoan canh nhat dinh. Nhung yeu
cau khac nhu nhan ra noi dung chinh cua mot van ban, hieu cac moi quan he hoac giai
thich y nghia cua mot phkn trong van ban dugc giai han khi thong tin 1^ khong noi bat
va nguoi doc phai dua ra dugc suy luan o mire do th§p. Cac nhiem vu a cap do nay c6
the hen quan den viec so sanh hoac tuong phan dua tren mot dac diem nko do cua van
ban. Cac nhiem vu phan anh tieu bieu a cSp do nay yeu cau doc gia so sdnh hoac tao ra
su ket noi giua cac van ban va kien thuc ben ngoai, bang c^ch dua tren kinh nghiem va
thai do cua cd nhan.
-Muc dpi:
+ Muc dp la: Doi hoi nguoi dpc xic dinh vi tri cua mot hoac nhieu phan thong tin de
nhan ra chu de chinh hay muc dich ciia t^c gia trong mot van ban ve mot de tid quen
thuoc, hoac de tao ra mot ket n6i dan gian giua cdc thong tin trong c^c van ban vh kien
thuc thong thuong hang ngay. Thong thuong, cac thong tin can thiet trong van ban la noi
bat va CO rat it tinh canh tranh/nhieu. Nguai dpc dugc dinh huong mot each ro rang de
xem xet cac yeu to lien quan trong nhiem vu va trong van ban.
+ Muc dp lb: Doi hoi nguai dpc xac dinh vi tri cua mot mau thong tin duy nhat dugc
quy dinh ro rang a mot vi tri noi bat trong mot van ban dan gian ve cii phap, ngan va
quen thuoc v^ chii dh va the loai, ch§ng han nhu mot van ban tu sir hay mot ban danh
sach dan gian. Cac van ban thong thuong cung eSp cho nguai dpc c^c dau hieu, chang
han nhu sir lap di lap lai cic thong tin, hinh anh hoac bieu tugng quen thuoc vdri rat it cac
thong tin canh tranh/nhieu. Trong cac nhiem vu giai thich, nguai dgc c6 the can phai thuc
hien cic ket noi dan gian giira cac thong tin gan ke nhau.
Nhu vay, theo each dien giai cua PISA, miic dp 6, 5, 4 bao gom viec hieu van ban
dugc hpc, van dung v^o dpc van ban moi; cac muc dp con lai ap dung vai nhiing van ban
dugc hpc hoac quen thuoc vai nguoi dpc.
21

2.

He thong cau hoi on luyen doc hieu

De danh gii diing nang lire doc hieu van ban cua hoc sinh, can xay dung he thong
cau hoi lien quan den nhung van ban mdi nhung c6 ciing de tai, chu de hoac the loai voi
cic van ban hoc sinh da hoc trong chuong trinh, sdch giao khoa.
Cac cau hoi, bai tap ddnh gia ki nang doc hieu va cam thu nen dugc thiet ke theo
c^ch lam cua PISA, bao gom: cau hoi, bai tap ma yeu cku tra loi ngSn; cau hoi, bai tap
ma yeu cau tra loi dai; cau hoi, bai tap dong yeu cau tra loi dua tren nhiing tra loi c6 sin;
cau hoi trac nghiem khach quan nhilu lira chon; cau hoi cd - khong, dung - sai phuc hofp.
Truoc mat, theo yeu cau ciia Bo Giao due va Dao tao, dS thi mon Ngu van chi su dung
cau hoi, bai tap tu luan. Song, trong qua trinh on luyen, nen su dung them c^c cau hoi trac
nghiem de ren luyen nang luc doc hieu cho hoc sinh.
Noi dung cdc cau hoi, bki tap doc hieu van ban tap trung v^o cdc van de sau day:
- Noi dung ciia van ban: de tai, chu de, y chinh ciia van ban/doan/cau,...
- Hinh thiic cua van ban: the loai, bo cue, phuang thuc bieu dat, phong each ngon
ngij, cac bien phdp tu tir, chi tiet, hinh anh, sir kien, thong tin...
Cac cau hoi, bai tap doc hieu van ban dugc chia 1 ^ ba mire do: nhqn biet, thong
hieu, van dung vai nhung dinh huang co ban sau day:
* Nhan biet:
- Nhan biet de tM, the loai, phuang thuc bieu dat, phong c^ch ngon ngix, cAc bien
ph^p tu tir, chi tiet, hinh anh, sir kien, thong tin...
- Nhan biet cdc thong tin dugc the hien, phan 5nh true tiep trong van ban.
- Dien dat hoac mo ta lai noi dung ciia van ban bang ngon ngii cua minh.
* Thong hieu:
- Neu chii de hoac noi dung chinh cua van ban.
- Sap xep, phan loai dugc thong tin trong van ban.
- Ket noi, doi chieu, l i giai moi quan he ciia cac thong tin de l i giai noi dung ciia

van

ban.

.

ii.K.v-

- Cat nghia, l i giai noi dung, y nghia cua cdc bien phap tu tir, chi tiet, su kien, thong
tin... CO trong van ban.
- Dira vao noi dung van ban de l i giai hoac giai quyet c^c tinh hu6ng/v2n de tuang tir
tinh huong/van de trong van ban.
* Van dung:
- Danh gia noi dung va hinh thuc cua van ban (bay to y kiSn, quan di^m, thai do ciia
ban than tren ca sa ket noi giiia noi dung, y nghia cua van ban vod thuc tien cuoc s6ng,
voi nhung quan niem, hieu biet ve the gioi xung quanh).
- Van dung y nghia hoac bai hoc rut ra tir van ban dk giai quySt nhung vSn de ciia
thuc tien (hoc tap va dai song), the hien dugc trai nghiem cua ban than.


Khi tra loi cau hoi, bM tap doc hieu, hoc sinh can viet ngan gpn, ro r^ng, day du cac
thong 4in
cau hoi, bai tap yeu cau. Khong viet qua dai; khong can viet thanh doan
hoac bai van. Tuy theo yeu cau cua cau hoi ma giao vien danh gia cau tra loi cua hoc sinh
theo hai hoac ba muc: Muc day du (tra lod dung, day dii cac yeu cau cua cau hoi, bai tap);
Mice chua day du (tra loi diing mot phan yeu cau cua cau hoi, bai tap; tra loi day du cic
yeu cau cua cau hoi, bai tap nhung noi dung cau tra loi con chung chung, so sai hoac dien
dat chua ro y), Khong dat (tra loi sai hoac khong tra loi).
Sau day Ik ckc cau hoi doc hieu:

Van b^n 1: GIANG SANG^
...Dien thuong con lam. Vut cdi, Dien thdy Dien khong the ndo di duac. Dien khong
the sung suang khi con Dien cdn kho. Chcio di! Trdng dep lam! Trang diu dang vd trong treo
va binh tinh. Nhung trong nhung cdn leu ndt ma trdng lam cho cdi be ngodi trdng cung dep,
Met bao nguai qudn quai, nice na, nhdn nhd v&i nhung dau thucmg cua kiep mink! Biet bao
tieng nghien rdng va chid rua! Biet bao cue kho vd lam than?... Khong, khong, Dien khong
the ndo ma mong duac. Cdi su that tan nhdn ludn ludn bay ra day. Su thuc giet chet nhung
uac ma long man gieo trong dau 6c Dien cdi thic van chuang cua bon nhdn roi qua. Dien
muon trdnh su thuc, nhung tron trdnh lam sao duac? Va Dien kho, con Dien kho, cha me
Dien kho. Chinh Dien ciing kho. Bao nhieu nguai nica, citng mot cdnh kho nhu Dien! Cdi
kho lam heo mot phan Ian nhicng tinh tinh tuai dep ciia nguai ta. Tieng dau kho vang doi len
manh me. Chao di! Chao di! Nghe thuat khdng cdn phdi la dnh trdng lica doi, khong nen Id
dnh trdng lira doi, nghe thuat c6 the chi Id tieng dau kho kia, thodt ra tic nhung kiep lam
than, vang doi len manh me trong long Dien. Dien chdng cdn di dau cd. Dien chdng cdn trdn
trdnh, Dien cic diing trong lao kho, ma hon ra don lay tat cd nhimg vang dong cua dai...
...Sang hdm sau, Dien ngoi viet, giica tieng con khoc, tieng va gat gong, tieng leo xeo
doi na ngodi dau x6m. Vd cd tieng chin bai cua mot nguai Idng gieng ban dem mat ga.
(Nam Cao)
Cau 1. Noi dung chinh cua van ban tren la gi?
Cau 2. Ngon ngu trong van ban tren la loi ciia ai? Viec su dung ngon ngii do c6 tac
dung gi?
Cau 3. Anh/chi cam nhan nhu the nao ve nhan vat Dien trong van ban tren? Viet cau
tra loi trong khoang 10 dong.
Cau 4. Dien quan niem: "Nghe thuat khdng cdn phdi Id dnh trdng lica doi, khdng
nen la dnh trdng lica doi, nghe thuat cd the chi la tiing dau kho kia, thodt ra tit nhimg
kiep lam than ". Anh/chj c6 d6ng y voi quan diem do hay khong? V i sao?

Dan theo Nam Cao - Truyen ngdn tuyen chon, NXB Van hoc, 2000.

'

'


Van b^n 2: N H A M E L E ^
Nhd me Le Id mot gia dlnh mot nguai me vai muai mot ngudd con. Bdc Le Id mot
nguai dan bd que chdc chdn vd thdp be, da mat vd chdn tay dan deo nhu mot qua tram
kho. Khi bdc moi den pho, ai ai cung chii y den ddm con ciia bdc: muai mot dua, md dira
nhan moi cd muai bdy tudi, dica be nhdt hdy con phdi be tren tay.
Me con bdc ta a mot can nhd cudi pho, mot can nhd cung lup xup nhu nhung can
nhd khdc. Chimg ay nguai chen chuc trong mot khodng rong do bdng hai chiec chieu,
CO moi mot chiec giuang nan dd gdy ndt. Miia ret thi rdi 6 ram day nhd, me con cung
nam ngu tren do, trong nhu mot cdi 6 cho, cho me vd cho con luc nhuc. D6i vai
nhung nguai ngheo nhu bdc, mot cho a nhu the cUng tuam tat lam rdi. Nhung con
each kiem an. Bdc Le chat vat, kho khan sudt ngdy cung khong du nudi chimg dy dira
con. Tic budi sdng tinh suang, miia nuc cUng nhu mua ret, bdc ta dd phdi tra day de
di Idm muan cho nhitng nguai c6 ruong trong Idng. Nhitng ngdy cd nguai muan dy,
tuy bdc phdi Idm vdt vd, nhung chdc chdn budi toi dugc may bat gao vd mdy dong xu
vi nudi lU con doi dai a nhd. Do Id nhung ngdy sung suang. Nhung den miia ret, khi
cdc ruong liiadd gdt rdi, cdnh dong chi con tra cudng rg dual gid bdc Ignh nhu luai
dao sac khia vdo da, bdc Le lo sa, vi khong ai muan bdc Idm viec gi nira. The Id cd
nhd nhin doi. Mdy dira nhd nhdt, con Ty, con Phiin, thdng Hi md con chi no be, chung
no khdc Id di md khong cd cdi dn. Dual manh do rdch ndt, thit chung no thdm tim Igi
vi ret, nhu thit con trdu chet. Bdc Le 6m dp lay con trong 6 ram de mong lay cdi hai
dm cica minh dp u cho no.
(Thach Lam)
Cau 1. Van ban txen c6 sir kit hop giua c^c phucmg thiic bi§u dat n^o? Tac dung ciia
viec ket hop do 1^ gi?
Cau 2. Neu noi dung chinh ciia van ban tren.
Cau 3. Nlian vat chinli trong van ban tren la ai? Anh/chi cam nhan nhu the nao ve

nhan vat do?
Cau 4. Tim va phan tich tac dung ciia mot bien phdp tu tir bat ki duac t^c gia su dung
trong van ban tren.
Cau 5. Theo anh/chi, nha van da the hien tinh cam gi d6i vdi nhan vat? Anh/chi hay
nhan xet v6 tinh cam do.

' Dan theo Thgch Lam - Van vd dai, NXB Ha Npi, 1999.
24