TỔNG hợp, PHÂN TÍCH các DẠNG cấu TRÚC THƯỜNG gặp TRONG kỹ NĂNG VIẾT CHUYỂN đổi và nối câu – bài THI NGOẠI NGỮ

PHẦN I: MỞ ĐẦU
1. Lí do chọn chuyên đề
Trong các giai đoạn phát triển của thế giới, ngoại ngữ, đặc biệt là Tiếng Anh
đóng vai trò vô cùng quan trọng trong việc hình thành và gắn kết mối quan hệ
ngoại giao đa quốc gia. Tiếng Anh thực sự đã và đang là một ngôn ngữ không chỉ
trong lĩnh vực giao tiếp quốc tế mà còn là ngôn ngữ của nhiều ngành khoa học,
công nghệ thông tin, văn hóa xã hội, du lịch , thương mại ..... Xác định được tầm
quan trọng của ngoại ngữ này, ngành giáo dục Việt Nam chọn Tiếng Anh là môn
học giữ vai trò chủ đạo trong quá trình hội nhập và phát triển. Trong nhà trường,
Tiếng Anh còn là môn thi THPTQG xét tốt nghiệp và xét tuyển đại học. Vì vậy
mỗi học sinh khi còn học THPT cần phải có một trình độ Tiếng Anh nhất định để
chuẩn bị cho các kì thi và sau khi tốt nghiệp ít nhất các em phải có khả năng giao
tiếp, đọc và viết một số văn bản thường gặp. Để làm được việc này chúng ta không
ngừng đổi mới phương pháp dạy học cũng như chương trình học để đạt kết quả cao
cho môn Tiếng Anh nói chung và rèn được một số kỹ năng cơ bản cho học sinh.
Để việc dạy và học Tiếng Anh đạt hiệu quả thì giáo viên phải cung cấp cho
học sinh một vốn kiến thức ngữ pháp và vốn từ vựng phong phú. Trong thực tế
giảng dạy giáo viên cũng đã chú trọng dạy học sinh ngữ pháp và kỹ năng làm bài
tập. Tuy nhiên kiến thức bao quát cho từng chuyên đề luyện thi vẫn chưa có hệ
thống mà trong quá trình làm bài tập, gặp trường hợp nào thì giáo viên nhắc học
sinh ghi nhớ kiến thức của trường hợp đó. Điều này gây khó khăn cho các em tổng
hợp được toàn bộ kiến thức nền, kiến thức mảng, dẫn đến việc khi làm bài tập đa
phần học sinh vẫn không nhớ và không làm đúng các câu rất đơn giản, đặc biệt là
thiếu kỹ năng giải quyết bài tập trắc nghiệm khách quan.
Trong hai năm học gần đây, hình thức thi trung học phổ thông quốc gia thay
đổi, thời gian làm bài thi, khối lượng kiến thức cũng thay đổi. Trong quá trình công
tác giảng dạy, thông qua việc cho học trò làm bài tập, giải đề và phỏng vấn các em
tôi nhận thấy rằng hầu hết các em đều thiếu kỹ năng viết chuyển đổi câu và kết hợp
câu trong bài thi Ngoại ngữ đề thi THPTQG. Hơn nữa các dạng bài tập thực hành
vận dụng kiến thức viết chuyển đổi câu có thể dễ dàng được tìm thấy trong cấu trúc
đề thi THPTQG xét tốt nghiệp và đại học, đề thi HSG các cấp; đề thi IELTS;

TOEFL; TOEIC, v.v... Ngoài ra, trong cuộc sống hàng ngày, kỹ năng viết đóng vai
trò quan trọng trong viết văn; trong giao tiếp hằng ngày bằng tiếng Anh, người viết
bắt buộc phải sử dụng lối viết đầy đủ và chính xác. Như vậy có thể nói đây là ngữ
pháp trọng điểm trong chương trình tiếng anh THPT.
Là một giáo viên trực tiếp giảng dạy và đồng hành cùng các em lớp 12 trong
quá trình ôn thi THPTQG , tôi muốn giúp các em học sinh đặc biệt là đối tượng
học sinh thi khối D thực hiện tốt kỹ năng làm bài kỹ năng viết, đạt được số điểm
1


tối đa(1,0điểm) phần viết chuyển đổi câu và nối câu trong bài thi Ngoại ngữ. Chính
vì vậy, tôi đã tham khảo các tài liệu liên quan, thầy cô, đồng nghiệp, bạn
bè,......nghiên cứu chuyên đề “ TỔNG HỢP, PHÂN TÍCH CÁC DẠNG CẤU
TRÚC THƯỜNG GẶP TRONG KỸ NĂNG VIẾT CHUYỂN ĐỔI VÀ NỐI CÂU
– BÀI THI NGOẠI NGỮ ”
2. Tác giả chuyên đề
- Họ và tên: .................

2


PHẦN II: NỘI DUNG
Trong bài thi ngoại ngữ - kỳ thi THPT Quốc gia, dạng bài tập sử dụng kỹ
năng viết gồm có 5 câu trong đó dạng bài tập viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa gần nhất
với câu đã cho (sentence transformation) là 3 câu, dạng bài tập kết hợp câu
(sentences combination) là 2 câu. Số điểm dành cho kỹ năng viết tối đa là 1.0
điểm.
I. Kỹ năng giải quyết phần thi viết chuyển đổi và viết nối câu trong bài thi
Ngoại ngữ - đề thi THPTQG.
Học sinh hoàn toàn có thể đạt được điểm tối đa về các câu liên quan tới kỹ năng

viết câu trong đề thi THPTQG hiện nay dựa vào các kỹ thuật sau đây:
- Bước 1: Đọc cẩn thận câu đề ra, gạch chân các từ khóa, xác định cấu trúc
- Bước 2: Định hướng cấu trúc viết chuyển đổi
- Bước 3: Đọc các đáp án A, B, C, D xét nghĩa và kiểm tra cấu trúc viết chuyển
đổi lại cẩn thận,
Phân tích ví dụ minh họa: (Question 46 – Question 50)
(Đề thi minh họa THPTQG 2018 – Bộ GD &ĐT)
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 46. Harry no longer smokes a lot.
A. Harry now smokes a lot.
B. Harry used to smoke a lot.
C. Harry didn’t use to smoke a lot.
D. Harry rarely smoked a lot.
=> Phân tích:
- Bước 1: Từ khóa: no longer, smokes (hiện tại)
- Bước 2: Định hướng cấu trúc viết chuyển đổi thì => sang thì quá khứ (used to do)
- Bước 3: Đọc đáp án, kiểm tra cấu trúc viết lại ở bước 2=> đáp án: B
Question 47. “I’ll call you as soon as I arrive at the airport,” he said to me.
A. He objected to calling me as soon as he arrived at the airport.
B. He promised to call me as soon as he arrived at the airport.
C. He denied calling me as soon as he arrived at the airport.
D. He reminded me to call him as soon as he arrived at the airport.
=> Phân tích:
- Bước 1: Từ khóa: dấu ngoặc kép, I’ll call
- Bước 2: Định hướng cấu trúc “ reported speech with gerund/infinitive” , “I’ll…”
=> hứa (promised to do)
- Bước 3: Đọc đáp án, kiểm tra cấu trúc viết lại ở bước 2=> đáp án: B

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Question 48. People think that traffic congestion in the downtown area is
due to the increasing number of private cars.
A. Traffic congestion in the downtown area is blamed for the increasing number of
private cars.
B. The increasing number of private cars is thought to be responsible for traffic
congestion in the downtown area.
C. The increasing number of private cars is attributed to traffic congestion in the
downtown area.
D. Traffic congestion in the downtown area is thought to result in the increasing
number of private cars.
=> Phân tích:
- Bước 1: Từ khóa: think that + due to => nguyên nhân và kết quả
- Bước 2: Định hướng cấu trúc viết sử dụng cấu trúc ngữ pháp là bị động kép
(think) + cấu trúc từ vựng liên quan tới “nguyên nhân (the increasing number of
private cars), kết quả (traffic congestion)
- Bước 3: Đọc đáp án, kiểm tra cấu trúc viết lại ở bước 2=> đáp án: B
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that
best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.
Question 49. The young girl has great experience of nursing. She has worked as a
hospital volunteer for years.
A. Before she worked as a hospital volunteer for years, the young girl has great
experience of nursing.
B. Much as she has worked as a hospital volunteer for years, the young girl has
great experience of nursing.
C. Having worked as a hospital volunteer for years, the young girl has
great experience of nursing.
D. With great experience of nursing, the young girl has worked as a hospital
volunteer for years.

=> Phân tích:
- Bước 1: Từ khóa: clause of reason: she has worked…=> present participle
- Bước 2: Định hướng sử dụng cấu trúc ngữ pháp => present participle
- Bước 3: Đọc đáp án, kiểm tra cấu trúc viết lại ở bước 2=> đáp án: C
Question 50. Peter told us about his leaving the school. He did it on his arrival at
the meeting.
A. Only after his leaving the school did Peter inform us of his arrival at the meeting.
B. Not until Peter told us that he would leave the school did he arrive at the meeting.
C. Hardly had Peter informed us about his leaving the school when he arrived at the meeting.
D. No sooner had Peter arrived at the meeting than he told us about his leaving the school.
=> Phân tích:
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- Bước 1: Từ khóa: told us, did it on his arrival at..=> 2 hành động (trước & sau)
- Bước 2: Định hướng sử dụng cấu trúc thì: QKHT và QKĐ + Đảo ngữ “No
sooner………than …………hoặc là Hardly……………..when…………..”
- Bước 3: Đọc đáp án, kiểm tra cấu trúc viết lại ở bước 2=> đáp án: D
II. Các dạng bài tập liên quan tới viết chuyển đổi câu và nối câu thường xuất
hiện trong bài thi ngoại ngữ - Đề thi THPTQG
1. Dạng 1: Cấu trúc viết chuyển đổi của thì
a. Viết chuyển đổi của 2 thì quá khứ đơn chuyển sang hiện tại hoàn
thành/hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn hoặc ngược lại
- Minh họa:
Đề thi THPTQG 2017 – Câu 43 – Mã đề 401
- Question 43. I haven't met my grandparents for five years.
A. I often met my grandparents five years ago.
B. I last met my grandparents five years ago.
C. I have met my grandparents for five years.
D. I didn't meet my grandparents five years ago.

Question 46. He last visited London three years ago
Đề thi THPTQG 2017 – Câu 46 – Mã đề 402
- Question 46. He last visited London three years ago.
A. He has been in London for three years.
B. He hasn't visited London for three years.
C. He didn't visit London three years ago.
D. He was in London for three years.
b. Viết chuyển đổi kết hợp của thì quá khứ đơn sử dụng cấu trúc “used to
V”=> hiện tại hoặc ngược lại
-Minh họa
Đề thi minh họa THPTQG 2018 của Bộ GD&ĐT
Question 46. Harry no longer smokes a lot.
A. Harry now smokes a lot.
B. Harry used to smoke a lot.
C. Harry didn’t use to smoke a lot.
D. Harry rarely smoked a lot.
c. Cấu trúc nối câu kết hợp 2 thì quá khứ đơn với quá khứ tiếp diễn, hoặc quá
khứ đơn với quá khứ hoàn thành
-Nội dung:
Kết hợp 2 thì quá khứ đơn với quá khứ tiếp diễn: 1 hành động đang diễn ra
(quá khứ tiếp diễn), 1 hành động khác chen vào(quá khứ đơn)

5


Kết hợp 2 thì quá khứ đơn với quá khứ hoàn thành: 1 hành động xảy ra trước
(quá khứ hoàn thành), 1hành động xảy ra sau (quá khứ đơn)
2. Dạng 2: Sử dụng cấu trúc rút gọn “participle/present participle/ past
participle”(rút gọn trong câu có đồng chủ ngữ)
-Minh họa:

Example 1:
We left early because we wanted to catch the last train.(reason)
=> Wanting to catch the last train, we left early.
I switched off the light and tried to get some sleep.(time)
=> Switching off the light, I tried to get some sleep.
As he’s lived here all his life, he knows a lot about the town.
=> Having lived here all his life, he knows a lot about the town.
Example 2:
Chúng ta có thể sử dụng “a participle clause” sau “after/ before/ while/ since/
on, etc.”.Hai hành động có thể xảy ra cùng một lúc, hoặc khác thời gian.
When I met him, I didn’t like him
=> On meeting him, I didn’t like him
Example 3:
Chúng ta sử dụng “perfect participle” –“having done” khi nhấn mạnh một
hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác
I’d made a decision and I was anxious to act on it.
=> Having made a decision, I was anxious to act on it.
Example 4:
He was bored with his job so he decided toleave.
=> Bored with his job, he decided toleave.
Example 5:
Chúng ta sử dụng “being + past participle” sau “after/ before/ while/ since/
on, etc.”
After it was cleaned, the bike looked as good as new.
=> After being cleaned, the bike looked as good as new.
When I was informed, I called them.
=> On being informed, I called them.
3. Dạng 3: Cấu trúc viết lại câu liên quan câu điều kiện
a. Viết chuyển đổi sử dụng “Unless”= “If….not”: Nếu không - (The first
conditional)

If you don’t study = Unless you study
If he doesn’t study = Unless he studies
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-Minh họa:
Đề thi THPTQG 2015 của Bộ GD& ĐT
Question 1:If John does not change his working style, he will be sacked soon.
Unless ________________________________________________.
=> A. Unless John changes his working style, he will be sacked soon.
B. Unless John change his working style, he will be sacked soon.
C. Unless John changes his working style, he won’t be sacked soon.
D. Unless John changes his working style, he won’t be sacked soon.
b. Viết chuyển đổi sử dụng “In case”:Trong trường hợp- (The first
conditional)
S + will +Vinf + in case + S + V(present simple)
-Minh họa
Ex: Don’t leave training until just before the marathon because you might injure
yourself.
=> Don’t leave training until just before the marathon in case you might injure yourself
c. Viết chuyển đổi sử dụng “or else/ otherwise”:Hoặc là, nếu không thì
- Minh họa:
Ex: If you don’t hurry up, we’ll miss the train
= Hurry up or else we’ll miss the train
Ex: Take time off running every week or else your body will not have a chance to rest
= Take time off running every week; otherwise, your body will not have a
chance to rest
d. Viết chuyển đổi sử dụng “as long as/ provided/ providing..”: Miễn là/ Với
điều kiện là
- Minh họa

Ex: You can come with me as long as you pay for your own ticket
e. Viết chuyển đổi sử dụng câu điều kiện loại 2, loại 3 hoặc loại 2 +3
- Nội dung
+ Nếu câu đã cho là thì hiện tại=> Viết lại bằng câu điều kiện loại 2 và ngược nghĩa
+ Nếu câu đã cho là thì quá khứ => Viết lại bằng câu điều kiện loại 3 và ngược nghĩa
+ Nếu câu đã cho nguyên nhân là quá khứ, kết quả ở hiện tại => Viết lại bằng câu
điều kiện loại 3(mệnh đề if) + loại 2 (mệnh đề main) và ngược nghĩa
- Minh họa
Example:
You didn’t phone us so we didn’t get there in time.
=> Định hướng: => Viết lại bằng câu điều kiện loại 3 và ngược nghĩa
=>Had you phoned us, we’d have got there in time.
Đề thi THPTQG 2017 – Câu 44 – Mã đề 401
Question 44. We survived that accident because we were wearing our seat belts.
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=> Định hướng: => Viết lại bằng câu điều kiện loại 3 và ngược nghĩa
A. But for our seat belts, we would have survived that accident.
B. Had we not been wearing our seat belts, we wouldn't have survived that
accident.
C. Without our seat belts, we could have survived that accident.
D. If we weren't wearing our seat belts, we couldn't have survived that accident.
Đề thi THPTQG 2017 – Câu 47 – Mã đề 402
Question 47. They were late for the meeting because of the heavy snow.
=> Định hướng: => Viết lại bằng câu điều kiện loại 3 và ngược nghĩa
A. If it snowed heavily, they would be late for the meeting.
B. Had it not snowed heavily, they would have been late for the meeting.
C. But for the heavy snow, they wouldn't have been late for the meeting.
D. If it didn't snow heavily, they wouldn't be late for the meeting.

Example
The weather is terrible so we don’t go out today.
=> Định hướng: => Viết lại bằng câu điều kiện loại 2 và ngược nghĩa
=> If the weather were not terrible, we would go out today.
Example
I didn’t go to university so I don’t get a better job now.
=> Định hướng: => Viết lại bằng câu điều kiện loại 2 + 3 và ngược nghĩa
=> If I had gone to university, I would get a better job now.
4. Dạng 4: Cấu trúc viết lại câu sử dụng câu bị động dạng đặc biệt
a. Dạng bị động kép:
Chủ động:
S1 +believe/say/think/….that + S2 +V2 + O2
V1
Bị động:
=>It is believed/said/thought… that S 2 +V2 + O2
=>S2 +be + believed/said/thought…+ to + V 2 (khi V2 là thì hiện tại và tương lai)
=>S2 +be + believed/said/thought…+ to + have + Ved/ Pii( khi V 2 là thì quá khứ)
=>O2 + be believed/said/thought..+ to+ be +Ved/Pii( khi V2 là thì hiện tại và tương lai)
=>O2 + be believed/said/thought…+ to + have been + Ved/Pii( khi V2 là thì quá khứ)
(khi V1 và V2 đồng thì (thường là quá khứ) có thể chuyển sang “ be + believed + to V)
- Minh họa
Đề thi THPTQG 2015 của Bộ GD& ĐT
Question 3:People believe that this new teaching method is more effective than the
old one.
=> This new teaching method ____________________________________.
=>Định hướng: Viết lại câu sử dụng cấu trúc bị động kép.
=>This new teaching method is believed to be more effective than the old one
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b. Cấu trúc “Have/get sth done”
Chủ động:
Have sb do sth = get sb to do sth
Bị động
=> Have / get sth done
- Minh họa
Monica wanted Jimmy to repair the fence that fell over in the garden.
=> Monica had Jimmy repair the fence that fell over in the garden.
=> Monica had the fence that fell over in the garden repaired (by Jimmy).
5. Dạng 5: Cấu trúc viết lại câu sử dụng “Modals in the past”
can/could/should/ might/must/need/ought to..+ have done
- Minh họa
Đề minh họa THPTQG năm 2017
Question 26: I’m sure Luisa was very disappointed when she failed the exam.
A. Luisa must be very disappointed when she failed the exam.
B. Luisa must have been very disappointed when she failed the exam.
C. Luisa may be very disappointed when she failed the exam.
D. Luisa could have been very disappointed when she failed the exam.
=> Giải thích: was => Modals in the past => loại A và C
I’m sure=> must
=> must have been…
Đề thi THPTQG 2016 của Bộ GD& ĐT
Question 3:I’m sure that he didn’t attend the Conference on Wildlife Protection yesterday.
He can’t ______________________________________________________.
=> Định hướng: didn’t attend=> modals in the past=>can’t have done
=> He can’t have attended the Conference on Wildlife Protection yesterday.
6. Dạng 6: Cấu trúc viết lại câu sử dụng “Câu đảo ngữ”
- Nội dung: Các dạng đảo ngữ thường gặp trong cấu trúc viết lại câu trong bài thi
Ngoại ngữ
a. Đảo ngữ với các trạng từ mang ngĩa phủ định: Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little,

Hardly (ever),.....
Never/ Rarely/ Seldom /Little/ Hardly (ever) + auxiliary + S + V
Ex:
Never have so many people been unemployed as today.
(So many people have never been unemployed as today)
Rarely have we seen such an effective actor as he has proven himself to be.
(We have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven himself to be.)
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Seldom does class let out early.
(Class seldom lets out early.)
Little does she realize how important this meeting is.
Hardly does John remember the accident that took his sister's life.
(John hardly remembers the accident that took his sister's life.)
b.

No sooner................................ than...........................
Hardly/ Barely/ Scarcely........ when/ before …
Câu đảo ngữ dạng này thường dùng để diễn tả một hành động diễn ra ngay sau
hành động khác trong quá khứ (past perfect + past simple)
Ex:
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.
No sooner had he gone out than it began to rain.
Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-way lands.
Hardly had I left before the trouble started. (less used)
c. Đảo ngữ với ONLY
only later
only in this way
only in that way

only then
only by V_ing/ N
only with + N
only after + clause
only when + clause
only if + clause
only + adv of time/ place + clause
Ex:
Only in this way can the problem be solved.
Only then did she realize the stress he was under.
Only then did I understand the problem.
Only by practicing English every day can you speak it fluently.
d. Đảo ngữ với các cụm từ có No
At no time ( = never)
On/ Under no condition (= absolutely not)
On no account + auxiliary + S + V (& not on any account) (= for no
reason, absolutely not) (Dù bất cứ lý do gì cũng không)
Under/ in no circumstances & not under any circumstances ( = absolutely
never; not for any reason) (Dù trong bất cứ hoàn cảnh nào cũng không)
For no season
10


In no way (không sao có thể)
By no means (not at all, hoàn toàn không) & not by any means.
No longer
Negative clause……………Nor
Ex:
At no time did I ever say or suggest or even hint that she should lie about
what I was doing.

At no time was the result of match in doubt.
At no time did I say I would accept late homework.
On no condition will the company bear responsibility for lost property.
(The company will not bear responsibility for lost property on any
condition.)
On no condition shall we accept their proposal.
On no account must this switch be touched.
Under no circumstances are you allowed to disturb the pilots.
(You are not allowed to disturb the pilots under any circumstances.)
e. Đảo ngữ với Not only....... but......also.....
Not only + auxiliary + S + V but.... also..........
Eg: Not only is he good at English but he also draw very well
Eg: Not only does he sing well but he also plays musical instruments perfectly
f. Đảo ngữ với SO
So+ adj/ adv + auxiliary + S+V+ that clause
Eg: So dark is it that I can't write
Eg: So busy am I that I don't have time to look after myself
Eg: So difficult was the exam that few student pass it
g. Đảo ngữ với SUCH
Such + be + N/ NP (+ that + clause)
Such was her anger that …….
= She was so angry that……….
Such is the interest of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night.
= The play is so interesting that the theatre is likely to be full every night.)
h. Đảo ngữ với until/ till+ clause/ adv of time+ auxiliary+ S+ V
It was not until …….that S + Ved
= Not until ………….did S + Vinf
Eg: I won't come home till 10 o'clock
=Not until/ till o'clock that I will come home
= It is not until 10 o'clock that I will come home

i. Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện
a. Câu điều kiện loại 1: If clause = should + S + V
11


E.g.: If he calls, tell him I’ll ring back. ≈ If he should call, tell him I’ll ring back.
→ Should he call, tell him I’ll ring back.
If you are interested in our offer, please contact us.
→ Should you be interested in our offer, please contact us.
Should she come late she will miss the train
Should he lend me some money I will buy that house
b. Câu điều kiện loại 2: If clause = Were S + to V/ Were + S
If the guests arrived this week, there’d be no rooms available.
→ Were the guests to arrive this week, there’d be no rooms available.
If I were you I would work harder → Were I you...
If I knew her I would invite her to the party → Were I to know her...
c. Câu đk loại 3: If clause = Had + S + PII
If the bombs had gone off, at least 600 people would have died.
→ Had the bombs gone off, at least 600 people would have died.
If my parents hadn't encouraged me, I would have taken pass exam.
→ Had my parents not encouraged me, I would have taken pass exam.
- Minh họa
Đề thi minh họa THPTQG 2018 của Bộ GD & ĐT
Question 50. Peter told us about his leaving the school. He did it on his arrival at
the meeting.
=> Định hướng: Đảo ngữ với cấu trúc: No sooner………..than…………
A. Only after his leaving the school did Peter inform us of his arrival at the
meeting.
B. Not until Peter told us that he would leave the school did he arrive at the
meeting.

C. Hardly had Peter informed us about his leaving the school when he arrived at
the meeting.
D. No sooner had Peter arrived at the meeting than he told us about his leaving the
school.
Đề thi THPTQG 2015 của Bộ GD & ĐT
Question 4: He did not realize how difficult the task was until he was halfway
through it.
Not until__________________________________________________.
=> Định hướng: Sử dụng cấu trúc đảo ngữ “ Not until…..”
Not until he was halfway through the task did he realize how difficult the task was.
7. Dạng 7: Cấu trúc viết lại câu sử dụng “Reported speech with gerund and
infinitive”
- Nội dung:
12


a. Reported speech with infinitive”
Những mẫu câu quan trọng:
- told sb (not)to V = asked sb (not) to V: yêu cầu ai làm gì (không làm gì)
- advised sb (not)to V: khuyên ai làm gì
- encouraged sb (not) to V: khuyến khích ai làm gì
- promised to V: hứa làm gì
- wanted to V: muốn làm gì
- wanted sb to V: muốn ai làm gì
- reminded sb to V: gợi nhắc ai làm gì
- warned sb to V: cảnh báo ai làm gì
- invited sb to V: mời ai làm gì
- agreed to V: đồng ý làm gì
- threatened to V: de dọa lam gi
- offered to V: đề nghị giúp đỡ làm gì

- decided toV:quyết định làm gì
- refused to V: từ chối làm gì
- begged sb toV: van nài ai làm gì
- pleaded with sb not to do: nài nỉ ai làm gì
b. Reported speech with gerund
Những mẫu câu quan trọng:
- thanked sb for + doing: cảm ơn ai vì việc gì
- congratulated sb on doing sth: chúc mừng ai về việc gì
- apologised to sb for doing sth: xin lỗi về việc gì
- insisted on doing sth: khăng khăng làm gì
- accused sb of doing sth: buộc tội ai làm gì
- dreamed of doing sth: mơ ước làm gì
- warned sb against doing sth: cảnh báo ai chống lại (không nên) làm gì,
- prevented sb from doing sth = stop sb from doing sth: ngăn cản ai làm
- looked forward to doing sth: mong đợi làm gì
- denied doing sth: từ chối làm gì
- admitted doing sth: thừa nhận làm gì
- suggested doing sth: gợi ý làm gì = suggested that S +should….
- thought of doing sth: nghĩ về việc gì
- blamed sb for doing sth: đổ lỗi cho ai về việc gì
- complained to sb about sth/doing: phàn àn
- regretted doing: tiếc đã làm gì
- objected to doing: phản đối điều gì
- reproached sb for doing: chỉ trích/phê bình ai về việc gì
- complimented sb on sth: khen ai
13


-Minh họa
Đề thi THPTQG 2017 của Bộ GD & ĐT

Question 45. "No, I won't go to work at the weekend," said Sally.
=> refused + to V
A. Sally refused to go to work at the weekend.
B. Sally promised to go to work at the weekend.
C. Sally apologized for not going to work at the weekend.
D. Sally regretted not going to work at the weekend.
Đề thi minh họa THPTQG 2018 của Bộ GD & ĐT
Question 47. “I’ll call you as soon as I arrive at the airport,” he said to me.
=> promised to V
A. He objected to calling me as soon as he arrived at the airport.
B. He promised to call me as soon as he arrived at the airport.
C. He denied calling me as soon as he arrived at the airport.
D. He reminded me to call him as soon as he arrived at the airport.
8. Dạng 8: Cấu trúc viết lại câu sử dụng “cấu trúc so sánh”
- Nội dung:
a. So sánh bằng
- Tính từ : Tính từ luôn luôn đi với động từ “to be”
S1 + be1 + as + tính từ + as + S2 hoặc S2 + V2 hoặc V2 + be2
(phải có sự đồng nhất giữa be1 và be2)
- Trạng từ: Trạng từ luôn luôn đi với động từ thường
S1 + V1 + as + trạng từ + as + S2 hoặc S2 + V2 hoặc V2 + S2
b. So sánh hơn
- Tính từ hoặc trạng từ ngắn
S1 + V1 + tính từ -er/ trạng từ-er + than + S2 hoặc S2 + V2 hoặc V2 + S2
- Tính từ hoặc trạng từ dài
S1 + V1 + more + tính từ/trạng từ + than + S2 hoặc S2 + V2 hoặc V2 + S2
c. So sánh hơn nhất
a. Tính từ ngắn:
S + V + the + tính từ +est + ….(in /of/ that..)
Ex: Mary is the tallest in my class.

b. Tính từ dài:
S + V + the +most + tính từ+ ……. in/ of/ that..)
Ex: Sally is the most beautiful of all the women at the party.
d. The more…….the more……..(Càng……………càng…………): So sánh kép
The + so sánh hơn + S1 + V1, the +so sánh hơn + S2 + V2
Ex: The hotter the food is, the harder it is to eat. (Thức ăn càng nóng,
càng khó ăn)
14


Ex: The more friends you have, the happier you feel. (Càng nhiều bạn,
bạn càng vui)
- Minh họa
Đề thi minh họa THPTQG 2015
Question 66: I can’t cook as well as my mother can.
My mother ________________________________.
=> Định hướng: Viết chuyển đổi sang dạng so sánh hơn
=> My mother can cook better than I can/ me
9. Dạng 9: Cấu trúc viết lại câu sử dụng “so, such,too,enough”
- Nội dung
S + V + so + tính từ/trạng từ + that + S + V
It + be + such a/an/the/- + tính từ + danh từ + that +S + V
It + be + so + tính từ + danh từ + that + S + V
(It’s so amazing a trip that we will never forget it)
So+ tính từ + be + S + that + S + V
Such + be + danh từ + that + S + V
S + be + too + tính từ + (for sb) +to V
S + be +too + tính từ +danh từ + for sb +to V
(It’s too amazing a trip for us to forget)
S + be + tính từ + enough (for sb) +to V

S + V + + enough +danh từ + (for sb) +to V
- Minh họa
The boy was so intelligent that he could answer all the difficult questions.
=
It was such an intelligent boy that he could answer all the difficult questions.
=
It was so intelligent a boy that he could answer all the difficult questions.
=
So intelligent was a boy that he could answer all the difficult questions.
=
Such was his intelligence that the boy could answer all the difficult questions.
=
The boy was too intelligent to answer all the difficult questions.
=
He was too intelligent a boy to answer all the difficult questions.
10. Dạng 10: Cấu trúc viết lại câu sử dụng “although/ despite/ in spite of….”
-Nội dung
Although = Though = Even though + S V, ……….
In spite of = Despite +(n)/Ving,…………..
Tính từ + as/ though + S+V,………..
However+ (a)/(adv) + S +V,………….
No matter how + (a)/(adv) + S +V,………….
Regardless of + (N), S +V
15


-Minh họa
Although she was very tired, she still managed to finish her homework.
=
In spite of her tiredness, she still managed to finish her homework.

=
Despite being very tired, she still managed to finish her homework.
=
Tired as she was, she still managed to finish her homework.
=
However tired she was, she still managed to finish her homework.
=
No matter how tired she was, she still managed to finish her homework.
=
Regardless of her tiredness, she still managed to finish her homework.
11. Dạng 11:
Cấu trúc viết lại câu sử dụng “would rather/would prefer/ prefer/ had better”
- Nội dung:
Prefer (not) to do
Prefer sth to sth
Prefer doing to doing
Would prefer to do rather than do sth
Would prefer sb (not) to do = would rather sb did sth
Would rather do than do sth
Would rather sb did sth
Had better do sth
- Minh họa
Đề thi thử THPTQG Sở GD& ĐT Vĩnh Phúc
Question 1: I would prefer you not to smoke in here.
A. I'd rather you not to smoke in here.
B. I'd rather you don't smoke in here.
C. I'd rather you shouldn't smoke in here.
D. I'd rather you didn't smoke in here
12. Dạng 12: Cấu trúc viết lại câu sử dụng “fanboys” –“for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, so”

- Minh họa
Question 1: I think my hair looks fine. My mother believes it needs a little more
brushing.
A. Not only do I think my hair looks fine, but my mother also believes it needs a
little more brushing.
B. I think my hair looks fine, but my mother believes it needs a little more
brushing.
C. I think my hair looks so fine that my mother believes it needs a little more
brushing.

16


D. Either my mother believes it needs a little more brushing or I think my hair
looks fine.
13. Dạng 13: Cấu trúc viết lại câu sử dụng “ wish/ if only”
Wish + S+ Ved (ước ở hiện tại)
Wish + S + had +Ved/P2(ước ở quá khứ)
Wish +S + would(not) + Vinf:
Wish + S + could +Vinf( talk about sth we are unable to do)
-Minh họa:
Ex: I wish I didn’t have to work. (But I have to)
= If only I didn’t have to work.
Ex: I wish I had known you were coming. (But I didn’tknow)
= If only I had known you were coming.
Ex: I wish my parents wouldn’t treat me like a child. (But they do and I
can’t change them)
Ex: I wish I could remember his name. (But I can’t)
Chú ý: Dạng thường gặp “reget + Ving”=> wish (ở quá khứ)
14. Dạng 14: Cấu trúc viết lại câu sử dụng “relative clauses”

- Nội dung:
Chú ý dạng:
+ “which” thay thế cho một mệnh đề trước dấu phảy
+ THAT + S1 + V1 ….+ V(chia ngôi số ít)
S
V
15. Dạng 15: Tổng hợp các cấu trúc từ vựng hay gặp trong kỹ năng viết nối
câu và chuyển câu
a. “It’s no use + Ving…..”
It’s no use + Ving
There’s no point in + Ving
It’s not worth + Ving
b. rather than
rather than +Ving
instead of + Ving
c.
find it + tính từ + to V
make it impossible (tính từ ) + to V
d. so that
so that = in order that + S + V
in order (not) to V = (not) to V
= so as (not) to V
17


e. not only ………..but also………..: không những………mà còn
f. It’s (high) time sb did sth: Đã đến lúc ai đó phải làm gì
III. BÀI TẬP LIÊN QUAN ĐẾN “SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION” +
“SENTENCE COMBINATION” TRONG BÀI THI NGOẠI NGỮ
Dạng 1: Bài tập biến đổi thì

Exercise 1:
Question 1. Harry no longer smokes a lot. (Đề thi minh họa THPTQG 2018)
A. Harry now smokes a lot.
B. Harry used to smoke a lot.
C. Harry didn’t use to smoke a lot.
D. Harry rarely smoked a lot.
Question 2. This is my first visit to Paris. (Đề thi minh họa THPTQG 2017)
A. I have never visited Paris before.
B. I am used to visiting Paris.
C. I used to visit Paris.
D. I have visited Paris many times before.
Question 3. I haven't met my grandparents for five years. (Đề thi THPTQG 2017)
A. I often met my grandparents five years ago.
B. I last met my grandparents five years ago.
C. I have met my grandparents for five years.
D. I didn't meet my grandparents five years ago.
Question 4. He last visited London three years ago. (Đề thi THPTQG 2017)
A. He has been in London for three years.
B. He hasn't visited London for three years.
C. He didn't visit London three years ago.
D. He was in London for three years.
Question 5. I haven't visited my hometown for a few years. (Đề thi THPTQG 2017)
A. I have been in my hometown for a few years.
B. I last visited my hometown a few years ago.
C. I didn't visit my hometown a few years ago.
D. I was in my hometown for a few years
Question 6. I haven't heard from Susan for several months.
(Đề thi THPTQG 2017)
A. I last heard from Susan several months ago.
B. Susan didn't hear from me several months ago.

C. Susan heard from me several months ago.
D. I didn't hear from Susan several months ago
18


Question 7. I have not met her for three years.
(Đề thi thử THPTQG sở GD&ĐT Vĩnh Phúc 2017)
A. I did not meet her three years ago.
B. During three years, I met her once.
C. It is three years when I will meet her.
D. The last time I met her was three years ago.
Question 8. The last time I went to the zoo was a year ago.
( Đề thi thử THPTQG sở GD&ĐT Vĩnh Phúc 2017)
A. A year ago, I often went to the zoo.
B. I have not been to the zoo for a year.
C. At last I went to the museum after a year.
D. I have not gone to the zoo for a year.
Question 9. This is the first time I have attended such an enjoyable wedding party.
( Đề thi thử THPTQG sở GD&ĐT Vĩnh Phúc 2017)
A. The first wedding party I attended was enjoyable.
B. My attendance at the first wedding party was enjoyable.
C. I have never attended such an enjoyable wedding party before.
D. I had the first enjoyable wedding party.
Question 10. This pasta is a new experience for me.
( Đề thi thử THPTQG sở GD&ĐT Vĩnh Phúc 2017)
A. It is the first time I have eaten pasta.
B. I am used to eating pasta.
C. I used to eat a lot of pasta.
D. I have ever eaten pasta many times before.
Question 11: I haven’t written this kind of letter before.

A. Never before I have written this kind of letter.
B. Write this kind of letter is not my habit.
C. This is the first time I have written this kind of letter.
D. I am not used to write this kind of letter.
Question 12: Eight years ago we started writing to each other.
A. We have rarely written to each other for eight years.
B. Eight years is a long time for us to write to each other.
C. We wrote to each other eight years ago.
D. We have been writing to each other for eight years.
Question 13: My father hasn’t smoked cigarettes for a month.
A. It’s a month since my father last smoked cigarettes.
B. It’s a month ago that my father smoked cigarettes.
C. It’s a month that my father hasn’t smoked cigarettes.
D. It’s a cigarette that my father smoked a month ago.
19


Question 14: Having finished their work, the workers expected to be paid.
A. The workers expected to be paid because they had finished their work.
B. Having their work finished, the workers expected to be paid.
C. Having expected to be paid, the workers finished their work.
D. Having been finished their work, the workers expected to be paid.
Question 15: Mr. Brown bought this car five years ago.
A. Mr. Brown started to buy this car five years.
B. It has been five years ago, Mr. Brown bought this car
C. Mr. Brown has had this car for five years .
D. It is five years ago since Mr. Brown bought this car.
Question 16: I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for years.
A. It’s years since I enjoyed myself so much.
B. It’s years since I have enjoyed myself so much.

C. It was years since I had enjoyed myself so much.
D. It has been years since I have enjoyed myself so much.
Question 17: John used to write home once a week when he was abroad.
A. John doesn’t now write home once a week any longer.
B. John enjoyed writing home every week when he was abroad.
C. John never forgot to write a weekly letter home when he was abroad.
D. When he was abroad he remembered to write home every week.
Question 18: The famous actor was last seen in 2000.
A. The famous actor has not been able to see since 2000.
B. No one has seen the famous actor since 2000.
C. The famous actor didn’t see anyone in 2000.
D. No one saw the famous actor until 2000.
Question 19: I came to live here three months ago.
A. It was three months since I lived here.
B. I’ve been living here for three months.
C. I lived here for three months.
D. I didn’t live here for three months.
Question 20: We started working here three years ago.
A. We worked here for three years.
B. We have no longer worked here for three years.
C. We have worked here for three years.
D. We will work here in three years.
Question 21: It’s a long time since we last went to the cinema.
A. We have been to the cinema for a long time.
B. We haven’t been to the cinema for a long time.
C. We don’t go to the cinema as we used to.
20


D. We wish we went to the cinema now.

Question 22: He used to jog every morning.
A. He enjoys jogging every morning.
B. He never fails to jog every morning.
C. He doesn’t now jog every morning.
D. He intended to jog every morning.
Question 23: James was the last to know about the change of schedule.
A. Everyone had heard about the changeof schedule before James did.
B. Among the last people informed of the change of schedule was James.
C. The last thing James knew was the change of schedule.
D. At last James was able to know about the change of schedule.
Question 24: When I arrived, they were having dinner.
A. I came to their invitation to dinner.
B. They ate their dinner as soon as I arrived.
C. I came in the middle of their dinner.
D. When they started having their dinner, I arrived
Question 25: This is the first time I have attended such an enjoyable wedding party.
A. The first wedding party I attended was enjoyable.
B. My attendance at the first wedding party was enjoyable.
C. I have never attended such an enjoyable wedding party before.
D. I had the first enjoyable wedding party.
Exercise 2:
1. It’s weeks since we last saw one another. SEEN
=> We haven’t …………………………………………………….
2. They haven’t seen their parents for 2 weeks. SINCE
=> It’s two weeks……………………………………………………..
3. I’m tired because the last time I slept was 2 days ago.
=> I’m tired because I…………………………………………………………
4. When Owen left his job, he began to feel more relaxed.
=> Since Owen left his job, ………………………………………………………
5. When did you get married ? BEEN

=> How long………………………………………………………………….
6. I started working as a waiter and quit a month later. SINCE
=> I ………………………………………………………………………
7. It’s many years since they visited their grandparents FOR
=> They……………………………………………………………….
8. How long have Belinda and Roderick been married? GET
=> When…………………………………………………………..

21


9. She met them when she was a child. KNOWN
=> She…………………………………………………..
10. They’re angry because the last time they got paid was 2 months ago. BEEN
=> They’re angry because they……………………………………………………
11. How long have you lived in this house? MOVE
=> When ……………………………………………………………………
12. I started cooking an hour ago. BEEN
=> I……………………………………………………………………
13. I haven’t seen Vasily for a few days. SINCE
=> It’s a few days……………………………………………………………………
14. They started working this morning and they are still working. BEEN
=> They……………………………………………………………………
15. When did you meet your wife? KNOWN
=> How long…………………………………………………………….
2. Dạng 2:
Đề minh họa THPTQG 2018
Question 1: The young girl has great experience of nursing. She has worked as a
hospital volunteer for years.
A. Before she worked as a hospital volunteer for years, the young girl has great

experience of nursing.
B. Much as she has worked as a hospital volunteer for years, the young girl has
great experience of nursing.
C. Having worked as a hospital volunteer for years, the young girl has great
experience of nursing.
D. With great experience of nursing, the young girl has worked as a hospital
volunteer for years.
Đề minh họa THPTQG 2017
Question 2: Henry tasted the pleasures of modern city life. Then he found life in
his village hard and unattractive.
A. Having tasted the pleasures of modern city life, Henry found life in his
village hard and unattractive.
B. After Henry found life in his village hard and unattractive, he tasted the pleasures
of modern city life.
C. If Henry had tasted the pleasures of modern city life, he would have found life in
his village hard and unattractive.
D. Although Henry tasted the pleasures of modern city life, he found life in his
village hard and unattractive.
Đề thi tuyển sinh ĐH2014
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Question 3: :Nam defeated the former champion in three sets. He finally won the
inter-school table tennis championship.
A. Being defeated by the former champion, Nam lost the chance to play the final
game of inter-school table tennis championship.
B. Having defeated the former champion in the inter-school table tennis, Nam did
not hold the title of champion.
C. Having defeated the former champion in three sets, Nam won the inter-school
table tennis championship.

D. Although Nam defeated the former champion in three sets, he did not win the title
of inter-school table tennis champion.
Đề thi tuyển sinh ĐH2013
Question 4: Having traveled to different parts of our country, ______.
A. we have learned a lot about interesting lifestyles and customs
B. we are seeing a lot of interestinglifestyles and customs
C. many interesting lifestyles and customs have been learned by us
D. much has been learned about interesting lifestyles and customs
Đề thi tuyển sinh ĐH2012
Question 5: Martin missed his flight because he had not been informed of the
change in flight schedule.
A. Not having been informed of the change in flight schedule, Martin missed his
flight.
B. Not having missed his flight, Martin was informed of the change in flight
schedule.
C. Martin missed his flight, though he had been informed of the change in flight
schedule.
D. Martin had been informed of his flight delay, which was due to the change in
flight schedule.
Đề thi tuyển sinh ĐH2011
Question 6: He cannot lend me the book now. He has not finished reading it yet.
A. Having finished reading the book, he cannot lend it to me.
B. He cannot lend me the book until he has finished reading it.
C. As long as he cannot finish reading the book, he will lend it to me.
D. Not having finished reading the book, he will lend it to me.
Đề thi tuyển sinh ĐH2008
Question 7: Having been delayed by heavy traffic, ______.
A. it was difficult for her to arrive on time
B. her being late was intolerable
C. it was impossible for her to arrive on time

D. she was unable to arrive on time
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Đề thi thử THPTQG sở GD&ĐT Vĩnh Phúc năm học 2017 - 2018
Question 8: Human beings have destroyed the environment for a long time. They
are now paying a high price for this.
A. Because having destroyed the environment for a long time, human beings are now
paying a high price for this.
B. Having destroyed the environment for a long time, human beings are now
paying a high price for this.
C. On destroying the environment for a long time, they are now paying a high price for this.
D. After being destroyed for a long time, the environment is now paying a high price.
Đề thi thử THPTQG sở GD&ĐT Vĩnh Phúc năm học 2017 - 2018
Question 9: We chose to find a place for the night. We found the bad weather very
inconvenient.
A. Because the climate was severe, we were worried about what we’d do at night.
B. Seeing that the bad weather had set in, we decided to find somewhere to spend
the night.
C. Bad weather was approaching, so we started to look for a place to stay.
D. The bad weather prevented us from driving any further.
Đề thi thử THPTQG sở GD&ĐT Vĩnh Phúc năm học 2017 - 2018
Question 10: My uncle was elected as the mayor of the city in 2004. He remained
in office until 2014.
A. Elected as the mayor of the city in 2004, my uncle held the post for 10 years.
B. My uncle was elected as the mayor of the city twice: 2004 and 2014.
C. Although elected as the mayor of the city, my uncle took office in 2014.
D. Ten years after serving as the mayor of the city, my uncle resigned in 2004.
Đề thi thử THPTQG sở GD&ĐT Vĩnh Phúc năm học 2017 - 2018
Question 11: I made sure there was no reason to be afraid. Then I went ahead.

A. I went ahead and was sure that there was nothing to be afraid.
B. So as not to be afraid of anything, I went ahead.
C. Having satisfied myself that there was nothing to fear, I went ahead.
D. I was sure that I had nothing to fear but I went ahead.
Đề thi thử THPTQG sở GD&ĐT Vĩnh Phúc năm học 2016 - 2017
Question 12: He had saved a lot of money. He travelled to Australia.
A. Travelling to Australia needs a lot of money.
B. Having saved a lot of money, he travelled to Australia.
C. To save a lot of money, he travelled to Australia.
D. Travelling to Australia costs him a lot of money.
Question 13: Because she was irritated by her husband’s lack of punctuality, she left him.
A. Irritating with her husband’s lack of punctuality, she left him.
B. Being irritating by her husband’s lack of punctuality, she left him.
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C. She left her husband because of her irritation with his lack of punctuality.
D. Irritated by her husband, she punctually left him.
Question 14: The boy was not allowed to have any friends, so he felt lonely.
A. Having no friends, the boy felt so lonely.
B. Not having friends, they made the boy feel lonely.
C. Having a lot of friends, the boy felt lonely.
D. Deprived of friends, the boy felt lonely.
Question 15: I picked up my book. I found that the cover had been torn.
A. On picking up my book, I saw that the cover had been torn.
B. Picked up, the book was torn.
C. The cover had been torn when my book picked up.
D. When picking up my book, the cover had been torn.
Question 16: He did not remember the meeting. He went out for a coffee with his
friends then.

A. Not remember the meeting, he went out for a coffee with his friends.
B. Not to remember the meeting, he went out for a coffee with his friends.
C. Not remembered the meeting, he went out for a coffee with his friends.
D. Not remembering the meeting, he went out for a coffee with his friends.
3. Dạng 3: Cấu trúc viết lại câu liên quan câu điều kiện
Question 1: Without her teacher‘s advice, she would never have written such a
good essay. (Đề thi minh họa THPTQG 2017)
A. Her teacher advised him and she didn‘t write a good essay.
B. Her teacher didn‘t advise her and she didn‘t write a good essay.
C. She wrote a good essay as her teacher gave her some advice.
D. If her teacher didn‘t advise her, she wouldn‘t write such a good essay.
(Đề thi minh họa THPTQG 2017)
Question 2. Without my tutor’s help, I couldn’t have made such a good speech.
A. Had my tutor not helped me, I couldn’t make such a good speech.
B. If my tutor didn’t help me, I couldn’t make such a good speech.
C. If it hadn’t been for my tutor’s help, I couldn’t have made such a good speech.
D. If my tutor hadn’t helped me, I could have made such a good speech.
(Đề thi minh họa THPTQG 2017)
Question 3: The candidate was offered the job because of his excellent answers.
A. The job was offered to the candidate although he couldn’t answer the questions.
B. If it hadn’t been for the candidate’s excellent answers, he couldn’t have got the job.
C. The candidate answered the questions so excellently that he might get the job.
D. Because it was such a good job, the candidate tried to answer the questions
excellently.
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