(Luận văn thạc sĩ) khảo sát thành ngữ tiếng hán có yếu tố chỉ con số trong sự đối chiếu với thành ngữ tiếng việt có yếu tố là con số

DAI HOC QUOC OIA HA STOI

TRI/6NG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA H O I

VA NHAN VAN

0«0

GIANG THI TAM

KHRO SflT THANH NGUTTICNG HflN CO V€U TO CHI
CON SO TRONG SU* DOI CHIC'U V6l THRNH NGir
TICNG VICT CO Vfu TO Lfl CON SO

CHUYEN N G A N H : LY LUAN NGON NGlT
MA SO
: 50408

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC NGU" VAN

NGUOI HUONG DAN KHOA HOC
PGS.TS

NGUY£N VAN KHANG
} t > : I ' C C O w C ' • .,:!A 'n : ^ ' J i j

|Tkl!NG]^M'n:OKGTlN.TMLrv;rN

j ZriifbS^
HANOITHANG12

f^

L6I CAM DOAN
Toi xin cam doan day la cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia rieng toi. Cac so

lieu va ket qua neu trong luan van la trung thirc va chua tirng dugc cong bd a
bat ky cong trinh nao khac.

Tac gia luan van

GIANG THI TAM


Khao sat thank ngU tieng Han coyeu to cfii con so trong su doi chieu vdi thanh ngU tiengViet co ye'u to Id con so

MUC LUC

MCJDAU
O.l.Tinh cap thiet cua detdi

3

0.2.Doi tugng vdphqm vi nghien citu

4

0,3Muc dich va noi dung nghien citu

4

OA.Phuang phdp vd tulieu nghien cAu

5

0.5.Y nghia li luan vd thuc tiin

6

0.6.Cdu true cua luan van

6

CHirONG I: CO S6 LI LUAN
1 .Dqc diem cua thanh ngU tieng Han

7

1 .l.Dqc diem chung ciia thanh ngU.

7

1.2.Dgc diem chung cua thanh ngit tieng Han

15

l.Dqc trung van hod trong thanh ngu tieng Han

20

2.1 .Dqc trung van hod trong thanh ngu noi chung

20

22. Dqc trung van hod trong thanh ngU tieng Han

24

3.Mo tdbitc tranh chung ve thanh ngUcoyeu to la con so.
3.1 .Su ra ddi cua sotU vd the giai quan cua con ngudi

26
26

3.2. Khdi qudt ve thanh ngitco yeu to chi con so trong tieng Han

28

3.3.Cac so tu: trong tieng Han vd khd ndng ket hap tqo nen thanh ngu cua
chiing

29

Tieu ket

39

CHUONG II: DAC DIEM CAU TAO T H A N H

NGLTCO

YEU TO LA CON

s6
l.Ddc diem cdu tqo cua thanh ngit Han

40


Khao sat thanh ngQ tieng Han coyeu to chi con so trong su doi chieu vcfi thanh ngd tieng Viet coyeu to la con so

1.1.Thanh ngUduac chia thanh hai bo phdn theo quan he ngU nghia, dang
lap, doi ling, tiep noi, muc dich hoqc nhdn qua

40

12. Thanh ngitduacphdn

45

loqi theo quan he cdu true ngQphdp

2. Dqc diem cdu tqo cua thanh ngif tieng Han co yeu to chi con so trong
moi quan he vai tieng Viet

50

2.LDqng thanh ngu cdu tqo SBCD

53

2.2.Dqng thanh nguco cdu tqoSBSD

54

2.3.Dqng thanh ngUco cdu tqo ABSB

54

2.4.dqng thanh nguco cdu tqo ASBS

55

2.5.Dqng thdnh nguco cdu trucASCD, ABCS, ABSS,SSCS, SSSS

55

Tieu ket

55

CHUONG III: DAC DIEM VE NOI DUNG NGU* NGHIA CUA THANH
NGU" CO YEU TO CHI CON SO
3.1 .Thanh nguTiehg Han coyeu to chi con sdmang nghia gdc con so.

57

3.2. Thdnh ngQTiengHdn c6 yeu to chi con sdmang nghia bieu trUng

60

3.3. Thdnh ngu Tieng Han c6 yeu to' chi con so trong ddi song ngon ngit
cUng nhu ddi song vat chdt, tinh than cua ngudi Trung Hoa

77

3.4 Thdnh ngS Tieng Han c6 yeu to chi con so trong sU ddi chieu vai tieng
Viet vd cdc bien the cua no

85

Tieu kit

90

KET LUAN

91

T A I LIEU THAM KHAO

93

PHU LUC 1: Danh sdch cdc thdnh ngu Han co yeu to chi con so (ddi chieu
vai tieng Viet)

97

PHU LUC 2: Danh sdch cdc thdnh ngit Viet co yeu tdchi con so (ddi chieu
vai tieng Han)

140
2


Khao sal thanh ngCt tiehg Han co yen to'chi con so trong su ddi chieu vai thanh ngQ tieng Viet co yen to Id con so

M6DAU
O.l.Tinh cap thiet cua de tai
Ngon ngiJ la san pham quy gia ciia xa hoi loai ngudi. V6i tu each la
cong cu giao tiep, la phuang tien chuyen tai tu duy ciia con ngudi va gan
chat vdi moi trudng xa hoi - con ngudi, ngon ngU cua m6i dan toe luon
mang dau an ve lich su phat trien, net van hoa, loi tu duy, phong tuc tap
quan ciia dan toe do.
Trong von tu* vung ciia m6i mot ngon ngiJ, thanh ngu, tuc ngiJ co the
coi la kho bau mang tinh dac thii ciia m6i dan toe. Han d dau het, net van
hoa, nhan sinh quan, phong tuc tap quan, va ca dau an ciia su giao luu van
hoa giua cac dan toe duac phan anh rat ro net trong thanh ngu, tuc ngiJ.
Viet Nam - Trung Hoa la hai dan toe lang gieng, co nhieu tiep xiic ve
cac linh vuc, trong do co tiep xiic ve ngon ngiJ - van hoa. Phai noi r^ng,
ngon ngu va van hoa Trung Hoa da co nhiing anh hudng khong nho tdi
ngon ngfl va van hoa dan toe Viet. Thong ke budc dau cho thay, trong tieng
Viet CO tdi 800 thanh ngiJ gdc Han duac su dung thudng xuyen trong ddi
song hang ngay nhu: kinh Ida ddc thg, dT thuc vi tien, dong cam cong kho,
an cu Iqc nghiep, muon hinh vqn trqng, thien nien van dqi, thdp todn thdp
my.
Cho den nay, da cd nhieu cong trinh nghien ciiu vi thanh ngO tieng
Viet, dac biet la thanh ngii gdc Han. O Viet Nam cd cac tac gia nhu Hoang
Van Hanh, Nguyen Thien Giap, Nguy6n Van H^ng, Truang Dong San,
v.v...). Nghien cuii ve thanh ngir Han cd cac tac gia Trung Qudc nhu Ma

Qudc Pham, Vuang Hieu Banh, Thudng Kinh ViJ, v. v...Song, chua cd mot
cong trinh nghien cun mot each he thong ve loi sir dung con so trong thanh
ngu ciia tieng Viet cung nhu tieng Han.


Khao sat thanh ngU tieng Han coyeu to chi con so trong su doi chieu v&i thanh ngU tieng Viet co yeu td la con so

Con SO khong the thieu trong ddi song con ngudi. No cang quan
trong ddi vdi nhung nganh khoa hoc chinh xac va dac biet la trong tin hoc
ngay nay. Nhong dieu ly thii han ca la nhiJng con so duac sir dung nhu mot
chat lieu ngon ngfl tao nen nhung dan vi ngon ngu dac biet va mang nhung
y nghia ham an, lien tudng khong con y nghia dan thuan ciia con so nfla.
Ddi vdi ngudi Trung Hoa, con so nhu cd ma luc, mang theo nhflng
dieu ky dieu va ton tai mot each v6 hinh trong ddi song vat cha't, tinh than
cung nhu ddi song ngon ngu ciia ho.
02.D6i tirong va pham vi nghien cihi
Khao sat nhflng thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con so tieng Han trong sir
ddi chieu vdi thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con so ciia tieng Viet nham di sau tim
hieu Idi tu duy phong phii, dc sang tao va kha nang lien hoi ciia hai dan toe.
Chiing tdi hy vong van de ma luan van d6 cap se gdp phan vao nghien cflu
dac trung ngon ngfl - van hoa ciia thanh ngfl ndi chung va thanh ngfl cd yeu
td la con so ndi rieng; Gdp phan giai quyet nhflng "to so" v6 loi tu duy con
so ciia ngudi Trung Hoa cung nhu ngudi Viet trong ngon ngfl, dac biet
trong thanh ngfl , nhflng y nghia nam sau, ben canh con so da duac con
ngudi sijf dung nd ban tang. Day chinh la tang y nghia ma neu chi nhin vao
cau triic ban than ngon ngfl , be mat con chfl thi khong thay duac.
0.3.MUC dich va noi dung cua luan van
Muc dich ciia luan van la de tim ra nhung diem tuang ddng va khac
biet gifla viec sir dung yeu td con so d6 cau tao thanh ngfl trong tieng Han
va trong tieng Viet, phat hien ra nhflng dac diem chung va dac diem mang

tinh dac thij ciia mdi loai. Thong qua dd, gdp phan tim hieu van hoa loi tu
duy dan toe, vi ngon ngfl mang nhflng dau an cung nhu anh hudng (tiep thu,
vay muan) ciia su giao luii ngon ngfl - van hoa giua hai dan toe.
Trong khuon kho ciia luan van thac si, chiing toi chi khao sat nhflng
thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con so tieng Han cd lien he vdi tieng Viet. Nhu :


Khao sat thanh ngit tieng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thanh ngd tieng Viet co yeu td la con so

"3.3.^0^"

"tam tarn luong luang" "rzim nam turn bd" "yLyL'M—"

"cuu Clin quy nhat" "Quanh di quan Iqi' "#^—.£-^"
tam" ''hoc mot biet mudi'

"—>t^^"

"Cu nhat phan

"nhat thanh nhi sd"

"rdt ro

rdng""
Luan van di sau phan tich y nghia thuc tai ciia loai thanh ngfl cd yeu
td chi con sd (y nghia duac su dung trong giao tiep), so sanh ddi chieu vdi y
nghia khai nguyen (Nguyin Xuan Hoa 1997), lam sang td van di ngon ngfl
trong qua trinh su dung, nd da giau len ve trudng nghia do thdi quen tam If
xa hoi, kinh nghiem song, phong tuc tap quan kha nang tu duy, each nhin

nhan ve the gidi, ve cuoc song con ngudi, va ddi khi ngay tai ban than ngon
ngfl (If do ngfl am, chfl viet). Dd chfnh la yeu td van hoa trong ngon ngfl ma
mdi cong ddng ndi ngon ngfl dd cd duac.
D^ cd the khao sat cau true ngfl nghia ciia thanh ngfl, luan van khong
the khong tim hieu cau triic ciia thanh ngfl ndi chung va thanh ngfl cd yeu
td chi con sd ndi rieng. Chinh nhflng quan he chSng cheo, tang bac, tinh phi
cii phap da lap day y nghia ciia thanh ngfl. Dieu nay da lam cho thanh ngfl
mang dac trung rieng.
0.4.Phuang phap va tu" lieu nghien ciru
De mo ta, phan tfch, tien tdi quy nap, tim ra quy luat vi ca cau tao
nghia cua thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con sd trong tieng Han, cd lien he vdi
tieng Viet, luan van cd sii* dung phuang phap ddi chieu tuang phan, va lay
tieng Han lam ngon ngfl ngudn, tieng Viet lam ngon ngfl phuang tien.
Ve tien de If luan,luan van da tiep thu thanh qua nghien cflu cua cac
nha ngon ngfl trong va ngoai nude. Tai lieu tieng Viet gdm: Ti^ vitng hoc
tieng Viet, Tir vd nhan dien tit tieng Viet cua tac gia Nguyin Thien Giap
(1996), Ca sd ngii nghia hoc tit vUng, Cdc binh dien ciia tit vd tit tieng Viet
ciia tac gia Nguy6n Hun Chau (1998), Ngon ngu hoc xd hoi nhung vdn de


Khao sat thanh ngu" tieng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu v&i thanh ngif tie'ng Viet coyeu tdldcon sd

ca bdn ciia tac gia Nguyin Van Khang (1999), Ngu dung hoc tac gia
Nguyin Dflc Dan (1998), Vdn hod Viet Nam trong bdi canh Dong Nam A
ciia tac gia Pham Dflc Duong (2000), Ddi chieu thdnh ngu Nga - Viet tren
binh dien giao tiep ciia tac gia Nguyin Xuan Hoa. Tai lieu tieng Trung
Qudc gdm:
;'Ai^-^mJl^^^"

(1997) " l i ^ J L 6 ^ + I i i L J t - i B . % > l j , I S ^ | t ^ ^ ^

" (2000) "}SLi^^^^t^m-^h^&^^

^ ^ ^ " (1999) ";3ii#>ni#-^ i^t.-

t - ^ t ? ^.S;|^"(1995)
Tu lieu thong ke thanh ngfl tieng Han ddi chieu vdi tieng Viet chu
yeu dua vao " t H Ai^ ;^>T ^ - i . ;^^ it }ik:^-i^ li /j^" va 'Tfl dien giai thich
thanh ngfl tieng Viet - Nguyin Nhu Y chii bien, nam 1997 ".
0.5. Nghia li luan va thirc tien
Luan van gdp phan giiip cho cong tac bien, phien dich, hoc tap,
nghien cflu va giang day bo mon tieng Han nhu mot ngon ngfl thfl hai cho
ngudi Viet Nam ve phuang phap giai thfch nghia cua nhflng thanh ngfl cd
yeu td chi con sd trong mdi quan he gifla hai ngon ngu Han - Viet.

^

0.6. Cau triic cua luan van
Luan van ngoai phan md dau, ket luan va phu luc gdm ba chuang:
- Chuang I: Ca sd ly luan
- Chuang II: Dac diem cau tao thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con sd
- Chuang III: Dac diem ve noi dung ngfl nghia ciia thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi
con sd


Khao sat thanh ngS tieng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong sU ddi chieu vai thanh ngi7 tieng Viet co yeu td la con sd

CHUONGI
CO S6 LI LUAN
1 .OAC DIEM CUA THANH NGQ TIENG HAN

l.l.Dac diem chung cua thanh ngu*
1.1.1,Khdi qudt ve thdnh ngU
Xet tfl binh dien ngon ngfl, thanh ngfl la phuang tien cd gia tri diln
dat rat doc dao. Nd tham gia vao viec tao ra cac phat ngon ,cac van ban sue
tfch ,sinh dong, giau hinh tuang, cd tinh ggi ta. Do dd thanh ngfl luon cd
sflc hap dSn va cd sflc thuyet phuc manh me, rat ddc dung trong van phong
nghe thuat, van phong chinh luan va trong giao tiep hoi thoai thudng ngay.
(NhuY- 1992)
Thdnh ngu Id nhung cum ti^cddinh vita co tinh hodn chinh ve nghia,
vita CO tinh bieu trung-gai cdm (Nguyen Thien Giap - 1998)
Theo dinh nghia nay, thanh ngfl la mot dan vi ngon ngfl vfla cd dinh
ve cau true va vfla hoan chinh ve nghia, song dieu ma lam cho thanh ngfl cd
gia tri trong giao tiep dd la tinh gai cam. Thdnh ngu Id tap hap tit cd dinh
dd quen dimg md nghia thudng khong the gidi thich duac mot cdch dan
gidn cdc tit tqo nen no. (Tu dien Tieng Viet - 2000). Vi vay, viec dijng
dung, dung hay cac thanh ngfl bao gid cung tao nen nhflng hieu qua cao
trong cac canh hudng giao tiep. Vi du Trong "Ngudi dai vang" ciia Ly Bien
Cuang cd viet "Dat nude dang ddi than, than chd nay lai nhieu, khong le
cam treo meo phdi nhin ". Cd le khong can ndi gi nhieu han, chi mot thanh
ngfl dd thoi da du cho doc gia cam nhan dugfc tinh hudng va ca nhu'ng tam
trang ma tac gia mudn gui gdm: dd la su thoi thuc, cap bach, can thiet phai
khai thac than de phuc vu cho d^'t nude, ddng thdi cung mudn len dieu bat
hap If trong viec sir dung ngudn tai nguyen ciia thdi hien tai va ndi day dflt


Khao sat thanh ngii tieng Han co yeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thanh ngO' tie'ng Viet co yeu tdla con sd

tfl nai sau tham day Idng cua tac gia- mot ndi ban khoan, mot tinh yeu nude
ndng nan.
Y nghia ciia thanh ngfl la su hoa hop chung due ciia nghia tflng yeu

td tao nen nd va nhu vay y nghia ciia thanh ngfl khong phai la phep cong
dan gian nghia ciia cac yeu td trong dd. Nghia ciia thanh ngfl la thuoc tang
nghia thfl hai, tang nghia nay tao nen tinh bieu trung cua thanh ngfl. Cac
yeu td trong thanh ngfl cd vai trd khac nhau trong viec tao nghia.
"Khi ndi den ban sdc dan toe hay dac trung van hoa dan toe duac the
hien trong Idp tfl vung cua mot ngon ngfl thi khong the khong ndi den thanh
ngfl, tuc ngfl. Bdi d dd cac kho bau ciia dan toc-chfla dung ca mot chieu sau
tu duy, kinh nghiem song va lam viec, tap tuc, II giao, quan diem tham my,
II giao lam ngudi, each ddi nhan xu the va biet bao dilu khac nfla ciia con
ngudi thuoc tflng dan toe. Nhung noi dung ay lai khong the hien len tren bl
mat cau true ciia ngon ngfl ma an sau trong ca tang ngfl nghia, nhu khoang
san dudi Idng dat. Thanh ngfl ciia mdi dan toe cd ngudn gdc sau xa tfl ca
mot nin van hoa ciia dan toe dd. Hieu thanh ngfl khong the chi cd yeu td
ngon ngfl ma phai la su ket hap ciia hai yeu td ngon ngfl - van hoa (Nguyin
Van Khang-1998).
l.I.2.Phdn biet thdnh ngU vdi cum tiitudo
Viec phan dinh thanh ngfl vdi cum tfl tu do trong cac ngon ngfl thudng
la khong dan gian, bdi le thanh ngfl vdn bat ngudn tfl nhflng each ndi thong
thudng, tfl nhflng cum tfl tu do. Cd the ndi, mac du cd nhflng budc tien
trong nghien cflu, song cho den nay vdn la cong viec kha phflc tap.
De phan biet thanh ngfl vdi cum tfl tu do ? Theo tac gia Nguyin Thien
Giap cho rdng thanh ngfl khac vdi cum tfl tu do trudc het d tinh hoan chinh
ve nghia va tfnh phi cu phap ve cau true. Thanh ngfl bieu thi mot khai niem
ton tai ben ngoai chudi Idi ndi. Thanh ngfl cd the duac dung d nhieu bien thi
8


Khao sat thanh ngU tie'ng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vai thanh ngu tie'ng Viet co yeu tdla con sd

khac nhau, nhung can cfl vao y nghia hoan chinh vdn cd ciia nd, ngudi ta

vSn cd the quy cac bien the dd ve mot dang chung.Vf du :
"Ngudi lam lung vat va, chilu hom sdm mai, mot ndng hai suang quanh
nam chang cd phut nghi ngai ma khong bao gid du tien nop lai."
(Nam Cao - Truyen ngdn)
"Han nam muai tuoi dau, sudt ddi lam an hai suang mot ndng.''
(Chu Van _ Dat man)
Ddi vdi tie'ng Han, thi viec khu biet nay cang trd nen khd khan vi cd su
trung nhau ve hinh thflc cau tao gifla cac cum tfl cd dinh bdn am tiet vdi
thanh ngfl bdn am tiet. Bdi theo thdng ke, tren 95 % thanh ngfl tieng Han cd
hinh thflc cau tao bdn am tiet. Cho den nay, cac nha Han ngfl cflng da ph^n
loai cum tfl bdn am tiet ciia tieng Han thanh ba loai.
Loai thfl nhat : Cum tfl bdn am tiet cd dinh ve cau true va hoan chinh
vi nghia, duac dung tuang duang nhu tfl va thudng la thanh ngfl . Vi du nhu
" J L 4 ^ S ^ ^ " Nghia la lod mat vi tien, hay " ^ 1 3 4$ 11" nghia la mudn mdu
sdc sd.
Loai thfl hai : Cum tfl bdn am tiet ban cd dinh, trong hoan canh ngon
ngfl cu the vSn cd nhung bien dang. Vi du "i'>X^#iC" nghia la niia cudi
nUa khong hoac "^i -f- ^ # P " nghia la chdn tay vung ve.
Loai thfl ba : Cum tfl bdn am tiet tu do, su dung linh boat duac coi la
cum tfl tu do . Vf du " ^ 4 ' # ' ^ ^ ^ " nghia la nghien cdu khoa hoc hay
" ; f i ^ X ^ t " nghia la cong tdc xd hoi.
Qua each phan loai theo mflc do cd dinh cua cum tfl nhu tren cho thay
thanh ngfl phan biet vdi cum tfl tu do d ba diem. Mot la : y nghia ciia cum tfl
tu do vl ca ban do y nghia cua cac thanh td quyet dinh, vi vay, nghia ciia
chiing ve ca ban cd nghia cua cac tfl tren hap lai. Nhung y nghia cua thanh
ngfl thi khong phai la phep cong gian dan cua cac yeu td tao nen , ma la
9


Khao sat thanh ngi^ tie'ng Han co yeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu v&i thanh ngU tie'ng Viet co yeu tdla con sd

nghia bieu trung da duac trim tuang hoa, khai quat hoa, va cung vi the ma
khong the dl dang nhan biet tfl cac yeu td tao nen thanh ngfl. Hai la : cau
true ciia cum tfl tu do Idng, cac thanh td trong cum tfl tu do deu dl bi thay
the.Vi du : Nghien cdu khoa hoc, Thdo luan khoa hoc, Hoi nghi khoa hoc,
Bdo cdo khoa hoc . Thanh ngfl lai khong nhu vay, do tfnh phi cu phap ma
mot sd thanh ngfl cd the cd nhilu bien the, nhung nhin chung thi thanh ngfl
luon cd dinh ve cau true, khong dl dang them bdt hoac thay the.Vf du ndi
Dd dau vdo Ida thi khong the tuy tien thay the b^ng Do xdng vdo lua. Ba la :
quan he ngfl phap ciia cum tfl tu do thudng dan gian, ft tang bac, cdn quan
he ngfl phap ciia thanh ngfl thudng phflc tap, ch^ng cheo va nhieu tang. Vf
du:
Cum tfl tu do
Khoa hoc tU nhien

IJJ.Phdn

Thanh ngfl
Khep nep nhu ddu mdi ve nha chon^

biet thdnh ngit vdi tuc ngii:

Tuc ngfl la nhflng cau ng^n gon, thudng cd van dieu, due ket tri thuc,
kinh nghiem sdng va thuc tiln ciia nhan dan. {Tfl dien tieng Viet 1994}.Tuc ngfl la dan vi gan vdi thanh ngfl ,cung cd dinh ve cau true va
hoan chinh ve y nghia, song la dan vi Idn han tfl va ngfl. Vf du nhu doi cho
sqch rdch cho tham, con trdu Id ddu ca nghiep , anh em nhu the chdn tay
V.V..Cflng nhu thanh ngfl, tuc ngfl mang tfnh lich su, tfnh dan toe va phan
anh phong tuc tap quan, Idi tu duy ciia cong ddng. Doi luc cung la tu duy vl
mot hien tugng nhung d dan toe nay la thanh ngfl, d dan toe khac lai la tuc
ngfl. Vf du thanh ngfl tieng Han " ^ t ^ S ' -Ife —%" nghia la Di mot ngdy

10


Khao sat thanh ngit tie'ng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong sU ddi chieu vai thanh ngu tieng Viet co yeu td la con so

ddng, hoc sdng khon (Tuc ngu tieng Viet) . Tuc ngfl tieng Han " ^ i ^ pf
nghia la Dd sdng da chet (thanh ngfl tieng Viet).
Khd cd the khu biet mot each rach rdi gifla thanh ngfl va tuc ngfl, tuy
nhien qua nghien cflu ciia cac nha ngon ngfl hoc cho thay vl dai the thanh
ngfl tuang duang vdi dan vi tfl, cdn tuc ngfl thudng la gan vdi dan vi cau.
Bdi the ma cd le thanh ngfl phan biet vdi tuc ngfl cung chii yeu d y nghia.
Thanh ngfl mang nhilu nghia so sanh, loi ndi an du, td thai do binh gia,
bieu cam va thudng cd ngudn gdc tfl dien tfch, dien cd, cau truyen dan gian
hoac truyin thuyet, vi the ma khd If giai han, khd su dung han, cdn tuc ngfl
la nhflng cau ndi luu truyin trong dan gian mang tfnh chat due ket tri thflc,
kinh nghiem sdng ciia nhan dan, bdi the nen nhflng cau tuc ngu thudng rat
gian di dl hieu. Thf du, a bau thi trdn a dng thi ddi, kheo an thi no kheo co
thi dm, chap dong nhay nhdy gd gdy thi mUa, rugng sdu trdu ndi khong
bang con gdi ddu Idng.
1,1.4. Ngudn gdc cua thdnh ngU
Thanh ngfl la "kho bau" ciia mdi dan toe, cd each diln dat rat doc
dao, y nghia thudng an sau trong ngon ngfl "y tai ngon ngoai", chfl ft nghia'
nhilu, tang kha nang bieu cam, lam phong phu tu duy va dat hieu qua cao
trong giao tiep. Vay thanh ngfl cd tfl bao gid? va dugc hinh thanh nhu the
nao?
Ngon ngfl la san pham ciia nhan loai. Con ngudi sang tao ra ngon
ngfl, va ngon ngfl da trd lai phuc vu con ngudi, nd la dng cu ciia giao tiep va
phuang tien chuyen tai tu duy. Trong qua trinh su dung ngon ngfl de giao
tiep, loai ngudi khong ngflng phat buy trf tue cua minh de hoan thien va
hien dai hoa ngon ngfl, lam cho ngon ngfl ngay cang phong phu va cd hieu

qua trong diln dat tu duy. Va nhflng each ndi ng^n gon, sue tfch lai cd the
diln dat dugc nhutig y nghia phflc tap mot each chfnh xac, ro rang va sinh
11


Khao sat thanh ngU tie'ng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngi7 tie'ng Viet co yeu tdla con so

dong dugc hinh thanh. Nhflng tfl ngfl tinh gian ma y nghia s^u s^c a'y dugc
moi ngudi su dung trong ca khau ngfl va van chuang, lau ngay thanh quen,
rdi cd dinh lai thanh nhflng dan vi ngon ngfl giau nghia bieu trung ma ta
goi la thanh ngfl .
Xet tfl gdc do tfl nguyen, neu nhu phan Idn thanh ngfl Tieng Viet diu
ddi hdi luan giai b^ng tri thflc dan gian, tri thflc van hoa-lich su dan toe, thi
phan nhilu thanh ngu tieng Han xuat phat tfl dien cd, dien tfch trong van
hoc CO dai Trung Qudc. Vf du :
Thanh ngfl tieng Han
-bf^t

(That bo chi tai)

[The Thuyet Tan Ngfl]

-^M ^Ip

(Tam cd mao Id)

[Tam Qudc Chi]

m^}^^

(Hoa xa thiem tuc)

[Chien Qudc Sach]

'\t ^ ^Mj

(kinh cung chi dieu)

[Chien Qudc Sach]

7.7.5. Tinh cd dinh ve cdu true vd hodn chinh ve nghia cua thdnh ngii
Cd the ndi tfnh cd dinh la dac trung ciia thanh ngfl, tfnh cd dinh nay
dugc the hien d cau true va y nghia. Tfnh cd dinh ve mat y nghia ciia thanh
ngfl la do lich su dan toe, tri thflc van hoa quy dinh.
Cau thanh ngfl "lay vg dan ba, lam nha hudng nam" doc len nghe cd
phan v6 ly, vi le lay vg cha le lai lay dan dng? Song tfl nhflng phan tfch sau
xa, tan ngudn cua thanh ngfl nay thi hai chfl "dan ba" khong the thay b^ng
"hien hoa" bdi le ngudi "dan ba" mdi du do chin de lam vg lam me, cdn
"con gai" thi thudng chua dii. Vi vay ma tfl "dan ba" trong thanh ngfl tren
khong the thay b^ng tfl "hiln hoa" nhu mot sd ngudi da cd tinh thay doi.
Vl mat ca'u true ciia thanh ngfl, ndi chung la on dinh. Tuy nhien,
trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat triln ciia thanh ngfl, cau true trong thanh
ngfl cd nhflng bien ddng, vf du: "nam be bay canh" lai cd "nam be bay bdi"
hay "nam cha ba me" lai cd "nam cha bay me". Song xem ra tfnh phi cu
12


Khao sat thdnh ngii' tie'ng Han co yeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vai thdnh ngu tieng Viet co yeu td la con sd

phap cua thanh ngfl bgc Ig d tfnh ddi flng thudng cd nhflng cau true xen long

vao nhau cua cac thanh td, tao ra nhieu cap thanh ngfl khac nhau . Trong cac
thanh ngfl tren yeu td "nam, ba", "nam, bay" khong cdn quan trong nfla,
"ba" cd the thay b^ng "bay" va nguge lai. "Ba" va "bay" la sd dem khi tham
gia to hgp, chung bieu tugng khong phai la sd "ba" hay "bay" cu the ma la
sd nhilu. Cac dang thanh ngfl ddng nghia tren chi la bien the ciia nhau.
Vf du:
- Ba Idn bdy luat, ndm Idn bdy luat

(nhilu lugt)

- Ba the bdy thiep, ndm the bdy thiep (nhilu vg)
- Ba be bdy mdi

(nhilu mdi)

- Ba lo bdy lieu

(lo lieu nhilu)

Tuy nhien khi cac cau triic cua thanh ngfl da dugc tao ra theo kieu nay
hay kieu kia rdi thi khong dl thay ddi hoac ft thay ddi vf du: Khong the ddi
"ba the bay thiep" thanh "bay the ba thiep" hoac "ba lo bay lieu" thanh "bay
lo ba lieu".
1,1,6. Tinh ke thita vd phat trien cua thdnh ngit
Thanh ngfl cua mot dan tgc khong ngflng hinh thanh va phat trien, vi
v^y thanh ngfl khong the cfl hinh thanh la bat bien. Thf du, trong tieng Han
cd thanh ngfl "41. ^ ^Jj -1^" (bat mieu trg trudng) bieu thi tfnh ndng vdi mudn
ddt chay giai doan va cudi cung la (due tdc bat dat). Gan day cd nhilu ngudi
khong quen dung tfl "^^" nghia la nho ma thudng dung tfl "IS" (cung cd
nghia la nho) de thay the. Hien tugng tren lieu cd coi la viec tu y thay doi

cau true cua thanh ngfl hay khong? Cac nha ngon ngfl Trung Qudc da phu
dinh dilu nay. Vi bat ki thanh ngfl cua dan tgc nao ngoai tfnh cd dinh cdn
mang tfnh ke thfla va phat trien. Cd mot dilu khong the phii nhan dd la ngon
ngfl ra ddi cung vdi su ra ddi ciia xa hoi, phat trien cung vdi su phat trien ciia
xa hoi, ma thanh ngfl la mot bg phan trong dd, nd cflng se khong ngflng thay
13


Khao sat thanh ngit tie'ng Han co yeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngu tie'ng Viet co yeu td Id con so

doi cflng vdi lich sir xa hoi loai ngudi. Song phai ndi them r^ng, trong mot
thdi ky lich su nhat dinh thi hinh thflc cua thanh ngfl luon mang tfnh on
dinh, chuan muc. Chfnh dac diem nay lam cho thanh ngfl khac vdi cum tfl tu
do.
Cac yeu td tao nen thanh ngfl khong nhflng khong dl thay doi ma cdn
khong dl dang them bdt. Trong tieng Han cd thanh ngfl ''kinh cung chi die\r
khong the ndi thanh ''kinh cung dieu'\ "Lang bdi vi gian'' khong the ndi
thanh "lang bdi nhi vi gian". Trong tieng Viet cd thanh ngfl "ba chim bdy
ndi, sdu cdi linh denh"" nhung khong the them vao thanh ngfl "ba Idn bdy
lu0, sdu cdi lenh denh ".
1,1,7,Tinh bieu trung cua thdnh ngit.
Sd dl thanh ngfl dat hieu qua cao trong giao tiep la vi tfnh bieu trung
cua nd hay ndi mot each khac la thanh ngfl thudng dung vdi nghia an dunghia bong- y nghia cua thanh ngfl khong n^m ngay tren bl mat cua con
chfl, ma nd an sau dudi tang nghia thfl hai cua to hgp.
Cd the ndi, nghia cua thanh ngfl khong phai la phep cong dan gian y
nghia cua cac tfl trong thanh ngfl. Vf du : Tieng Han cd thanh ngfl
"^^:fc^it" nghia den cua cac tfl tao nen thanh ngfl nay la do trdi khong vd
nhung y nghia cua thanh ngfl lai khong phai nhu vay ma thanh ngfl cd nghia
la suvdt hodn hdo khong mot khiem khuyet. Trong loai thanh ngfl nay, nghia
do cac thanh td khai quat len chi mot su vat dung de so sanh tao ra nghia an

du cua thanh ngfl. 6 thanh ngfl "Cd cudng chet den dit cdn cay'' trong tieng
Viet, y nghia cua thanh ngfl dugc mugn tfl hinh anh con ca cudng de hinh
dung cho nhung ke ngoan cd.
Nghia an du cua thanh ngfl dugc khai quat hoa, trflu tugng hoa tfl y
nghia cac thanh td trong thanh ngfl so sanh theo hudng an du ma cd dugc,

14


Khao sal thdnh ngii tie'ng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vai thdnh ngil tie'ng Viet co yeu told con sd

cdn nghia bdng dugc phai sinh tfl y nghia ca ban ciia cac thanh td tao n6n
thanh ngfl. Vf du :
Thanh ngu'

Nghia bong cua thanh ngOr

Cu ngudi mdi ta

Bkng Idng vdi cai minh cd

Chia ndm se bdy

Chia nhd rdi rac, khong tap trung

Thanh ngfl sfl dung nghia an du, nghia bdng da lam phong phu y
nghia cua thanh ngfl, ddng thdi cung lam cho viec If giai thanh ngfl trd nen
khd khan han. Cung vi If do dd ma cd nhieu thanh ngfl , y nghia ciia mat chfl
trong thanh ngfl rat ro rang, nhung khong hieu thanh ngfl mudn diln dat y
nghia gi. Vi du trong tieng Han cd thanh ngu "^-jfci^^i." (tam trudng

luang doan "ba dai hai ng^n") ro rang la tflng tfl trong thanh ngfl khong cd
gi khd hieu ca, nhung ai ngd r^ng y nghia cua thanh ngfl lai la "tai bay vq
gid'.
Nhu vay, cd the ndi thanh ngfl la nhflng cum tfl vfla cd dinh vl cau
true vfla hoan chinh vl nghia, dugc dflng tuang duang nhu tfl trong nhflng
canh hudng giao tiep can cd su binh gia va bieu cam. Nghia cua thanh ngfl
mang tinh bieu trung, tfnh lich su, tfnh dan tgc va mang dam net van hoa.
1.2. Dac diem cua thanh ngfl tieng Han
7.2.7.Cdi/ true bdn dm tiet chiem uu the trong thdnh ngit tieng Han
Tieng Han la mot trong nhflng ngon ngfl ra ddi va phat trien rat sdm
tren the gidi. Theo Vuang Luc thi tieng Han cd ft nhat tren mot van nam lich
su. Kho tfl vung cua tieng Han v6 cung phong phii. Trong dd thanh ngfl
chiem mot bg phan khong nhd va quan trgng. Chang han cudn
(+ H )^i-^Jda thu thap va giai thfch 18.000 thanh ngfl.
Dac diem ndi bat cua thanh ngfl thanh ngfl tieng Han la dugc sinh ra
tfl van CO, dien tfch, dien cd, nhflng cau chuyen ngu ngon, truyen than thoai
15


Khao sat thdnh ngit tie'ng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vai thdnh ngil tie'ng Viet co yeu id la con sd

hay truyin thuyet cua ngudi Trung Hoa. Trong tieng Han cd thanh ngfl
"^l^a ^/!? " (tam cd mao Id) vdn bat ngudn tfl tfch Luu Bi ba ISn den llu cd
cua Gia Cat Lugng d Nam Duang mdi dng ra giiip minh. Sau nay dung
thanh ngu "tam cd mao 16" de bieu thi Idng thanh kinh, thanh tam khi mdi ai
do.
Mot dac diem noi bat nfla cua thanh ngfl tieng Han la dugc cau tao tfl
bdn am tiet.Theo thdng ke cua chung toi thanh ngfl bdn am tiet trong tieng
Han chiem 95%.Tieng Han cd mot sd lugng Idn cum tfl bdn am tiet, trong

dd cd mot bg phan khong nhd la thanh ngfl. Dac diem nay dugc the hien d
su c^'u true cua thanh ngfl can ddi, ro rang, mach lac, phong phu va cd tfnh
tiet ta'u cao. Phai chang chung cd ngudn gdc sau xa tfl van biln ngSu, ddi
flng, tmgt net dac trung cua van hoc Han. Vf du:
— #-1^ #

Nhat cu ludngd^c

Nhdt cd luang tien

^ ;$• W if

Thien phuang bach ke

Trdm mitii ngdn ke

_E-^_5-;i:

Tam phien ngu thfl

Ndm Idn bdy luat

' h ^ ' i " 5^

Thap toan thap my

Mudi phdn ven mitdi

Neu so sanh vdi thanh ngfl tieng Viet cd the thay, trong tieng Viet
nhflng dan vj thanh ngfl gdm bdn am tiet cung chiem dai bg phan va chung

thudng cd cau true xen long vao nhau , tao ra nhilu cap ddi flng khac nhau.
Vf du :Binh mdi ritau cu
Binh cu ruau mdi
Ke ddm ngudi xoa
Ke don ngudi dua
Ke hdu ngudi ha
Ke a ngudi di
Ke trudc ngudi sau
Ke tdn ngUdi tan
16


Khao sat thdnh tigQ tieng Han co yeu id chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vai thdnh ngu tieng Viet co yeu td Id con sd

Trong dd cd mot phan thanh ngfl gdc Han, day la ket qua tu nhien ciia
su tiep xuc ngdn ngfl, van hoa Han - Viet. Vf du :
Da mUu tuc tri
Da muii tuc ke
Khuynh gia bqi san
Tham sinh uy td
Vong dn bdi nghia
Vd Cling vd tan
Theo thdng ke cua chung toi thi ty le do dai am tiet trong thanh ngfl
tieng Han va tieng Viet nhu sau :
sd am tiet

4 am tiet

Thanh ngfl 9 5 %
tieng Han

Thanh ngfl 7 0 %
tieng Viet

5 am tiet

6 am tiet

7 am tiet

8 am tiet

0.5%

2%

0.5%

2%

9%

10%

4%

4%

Bangl: Bang thdng ke ty le do dai am tiet ciia thanh ngfl tieng Han va tieng
Viet
7.2.2. Thdnh ngU tieng Han su dung nhieu hu tit cua tieng Han cd

Theo cac sach ngfl phap tieng Han hien hanh, hu tfl trong tieng Han
hien dai gdm ba loai: gidi tit nhu "H . 5^ > ^ > ^ ^ # > /?] . ^ . ik"; lien
tit nhu "^p > 4f ^ PJfi^A. J^]"; tra tit nhu "6^ . # > i^", cac hu tfl nay dIu
la thuc tfl do hu hoa ma thanh. Trong thanh ngfl tieng Han cd su dung cac hu
tfl tieng Han hien dai, song khong dang ke', cac hu tfl dugc su dung trong
thanh ngfl tieng Han chu ye'u lai la hu tfl cua van ngdn (tieng Han c6 dai)
"-^ . -J^. :|^. -4" . Phan Idn thanh ngfl tieng Han mang tfnh dien cd, cd
ngudn gdc tfl van ngon. Cd le cung vi le dd ma thanh ngfl tieng Han mang
17

r


Khao sat thdnh ngQ tieng Han coyeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngC( tieng Viet co yeu td Id con sd

dac trung cua tieng Han cd, dd la cac yeu td trong thanh ngfl thudng la tfl
dan am. Vf du -f- R i

r^(thap phong ngu vfl), + ^ + ii(thap toan thap

my)
Trong cac hu tfl cua van ngon thi trg tfl kiem dai tfl " ^ " dugc su dung
nhieu nhat. Vf du :
^ ^ T ^

(Dai tfl)

W^^t

(Trg tfl)

W-^^lk

(Trg tfl)

'^'it^n

(Trg tfl)

X^X^

(Dai tfl)

Trg tfl "^"

trong tieng Han cd tuang duang vdi trg tfl "6^" trong

tieng Han hien dai. Trg tfl nay xuat hien rat nhilu trong thanh ngfl tieng
Han. Mot cau hdi dat ra la lieu cd bao nhieu thanh ngfl tieng Han chfla trg tfl
"iS' ? Cac nha ngdn ngfl hgc trung Qudc cho rang, day la con sd khd thdng
ke day du. Chi trong cudn "Tfl dien thanh ngu tieng Han", Nha xuat ban
giao due Thugng Hai thang 12 nam 1996 da cd 270 thanh ngfl su dung trg tfl
"•^" trong tong sd 8700 thanh ngfl , chiem han 3%. Cd the ndi, day la hu tfl
dugc su dung nhieu nhat trong cac hu tfl xuat hien d thanh ngfl tieng Han.
Ngoai "-^" cac hu tfl khac nhu "-f- > :t" > -tki"cung dugc su dung
trong thanh ngfl, tuy nhien sd lugng khong nhilu bang " ^ " . Vf du :
'S.'S.'h'k^

(-tki)

Trong khong, sqch tran

i^i'fi^^

(^)

Ke bdy trd

^ ^^ '^^ -f" (^)

Khong ddng vui hay sao ?

Su dung nhieu tfl dan am va hu tfl cua van ngdn da lam cho thanh ngfl
tieng Han tinh gian, sue tfch, dac biet la mang tfnh lich su, tfnh dan tgc va
tfnh ke thfla cao.
18


Khao sat thdnh ngU tie'ng Han co ye'u td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu v&i thdnh ngu tie'ng Viet co yeu tdla con sd

1,2,3, Thdnh ngit tieng Han it su dung luang tir (loqi tit)
Trong tieng Han hien dai, sd tfl khong true tiep tu sflc cho danh tfl ma
gifla sd tfl va danh tfl thudng phai cd luang tit (tieng Viet ggi la loqi tit). Vf
du "^^^"

" i 4 - A " " - ^ i ; ^ " , trong dd (4^. 4^ . ^

la lugng tfl .

Nhung tieng Han co dai thi lai khdng nhu vay, sd tfl thudng true tiep tu sflc

hoac ban che danh tfl. Hien tugng ngfl phap nay rat pho bien trong thanh ngfl
tieng Han cd yeu td chi con sd.Vf du:
—^•^1^

(Nhat khuu chi hac)

Cting mot giuqc

— ;fc 'f' 7jc

(Nhat y dai thuy)

Di vuat qua

M^J^i^JK, (ngu noi nhu phan)
y^ -^ i'^P #-

(luc ma nguong mat)

Rugt nhu Ida ddt
Hinh dung loqi dm nhqc hodn hdo

Sd tfl trong thanh ngfl tieng Han khdng nhflng cd the true tiep tu sflc
cho danh tfl ma cdn true tiep tu sflc, ban che dong tfl va tfnh tfl. Hien tugng
ngfl phap nay khdng cd trong tieng Han hien dai hay ndi each khac day la
tfnh phi cu phap ciia thanh ngfl tieng Han. Vf du :
^ii^-H-Jb

(Han che cho dong tfl)

Ddnh dau thiia ddy

^ ^ i ic

(Han che cho ddng tfl)

Chia ndm se bdy

yL ^ -" i

(Han che cho dong tfl)

Thdp td nhdt sinh

S-i^y^ r^

(Han che cho ddng tfl)

Tra hdi van veo

—^ ^ ^

(Tu sflc cho tinh tfl)

Ngheo ndn vd Iqc hdu

^-Ife i^^i.

(Tu sflc cho tfnh tfl)

Tai bay vq gid

^ -^ -f" ^J^
"h^r+li

(Tu sflc cho tfnh tfl)
(Tu sflc cho tfnh tfl)

mudn mdu sac sd
mudi phdn ven mudi

It dflng lugng tfl da lam cho thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con sd trong
tieng Han mang tinh phi cfl phap va trd nen doe dao thu vi. Thdng ke trong
cudn "Tfl dien thanh ngfl tieng Han - Nha xuat ban giao due Thugng Hai
thang 12 nam 1996" cua chung tdi cho thay cd 80 thanh ngfl trong tong sd
19


Khao sal thdnh ngQ tie'ng Han co yeu td chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tieng Viet co ye'u td Id con sd

910 thanh ngfl cd yeu td chi con sd la su dung lugng tfl. Qua dd chflng td
rang mot trong nhung dac diem noi bat ciia thanh ngfl tieng Han la ft dflng
lugng tfl.
2.0AC TRUNG VAN HOA TRONG THANH N G O TIENG HAN.
•

2.1. Dac trung van hoa trong thanh ngfl noi chung
2.7.7. Tinh dan tgc cua thdnh ngU
Thanh ngfl cua mot dan tgc luon bieu hien ro net van hoa rieng cua
dan tgc dd, Thanh ngfl la mot dan vi ngdn ngfl ma ca vl ndi dung va hinh

thflc deu mang dam dau an lich su, Idi tu duy, phong tuc tap quan dan tgc,
Tfnh dan tgc cua thanh ngfl ,trudc het dugc bieu hien d noi dung y
nghia ma chung chuyen tai. Thanh ngfl cd quan he chat che vdi lich su dan
tgc su dung chung. Cac su kien lich su, nhan vat lich su, cau chuyen lich su,
cac cau chuyen truyin thuyet va ca nhflng phong tuc tap quan nfla dIu dugc
phan anh trong thanh ngfl. Vi the, cd the thay mdi thdi ky lich su thudng
xuat hien mot sd thanh ngfl. Vf du, d Trung Qudc, thdi Tan Trieu tuang
tranh cd thanh ngfl "f/M'l.ilii^" (gia tri lien thanh) "hinh dung nhung tliit
quy gid""f^^/fAi"

(no phat xung quan) "vd ciing titc gian". Thdi Sd Han

giao chien cd thanh ngfl "^^i^'f-^^" (thu nhi dai chi) "Idy cdi ndy thay the
cho cdi khdc" "G/ iS ^ | t " (tfl dien sd ca) "hinh dung the thang trdn".Jxong
tie'ng Viet, mot sd thanh ngfl da dugc su dung trong truyen Kilu cua nha dai
van hao Nguyin Du, nay da trd thanh nhflng dan vi ngfl nghia quen thuoc,
dl dung, dl hieu nhung lai cd gia tri bieu cam nhu : "Ket tdc xe td", "Kin
cong cao tudng" hay "Da mdi tdc bac".
Tfnh dan tgc cua thanh ngfl cdn bieu hien d each su dung phep an du,
so sanh dugc dung pho bien trong thanh ngfl cua mdi dan tgc, chi cd dieu Idi
tu duy khac nhau, phong tuc tap quan khac nhau nen chat lieu ngon ngfl,
hinh tugng ngdn ngfl su dung trong thanh ngfl cd khac nhau.
20


Khao sal thdnh ngQ tie tig Han coyeu td chi con sd trong sU ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngu tie'ng Viet co ye'u td Id con sd

Thanh ngfl cua mdi dan tgc cung mang trong minh dau an cua cac
quan he giao luu van hoa gifla cac cong ddng. Viec so sanh, ddi chieu thanh
ngfl gifla cac dan tgc cho phep phat hien cac van dl vl lich su giao luu van

hoa gifla cac dan tgc, quy luat Ian truyin van hoa, cai pho niem va cai dac
thu trong mdi nen van hoa, va sau xa ban nfla, la kieu tu duy con ngudi d
mdi dan tdc, mdi khu vuc. Dudi day la mot sd vf du vl nhflng Idi tu duy
khac nhau gifla cac dan tdc vl cflng mot hien tugng khach quan.
Tieng Viet

Tieng Han

Giau do bim leo

# _Li;o^(Da cd tuyet lai them suang )

Ngheo rdt mdng tai

^^sLi%

Tieng Viet
Mua nhu trut nude

(ngheo khdng cd chd cam dfli)

Tieng Anh
It rains cats and dogs

Do cd su tiep xuc ngdn ngfl - van hoa ma thanh ngfl gdc Han dang
chiem mot sd lugng khdng nhd trong kho thanh ngfl tieng Viet, gdp phan
lam phong phu va giau cd cho tieng Viet. Vf du :
Tham cdn cd de

^M-MSJM

dm cdy dai thd
Vong dn bqi nghia

v^#/#^
.t-^S # . #

Bdi long tim ve

^Jl^^liii

Dqc nhdt vd nhi

# -";€ -^

Khac thuy en tim kiem

i'J^^%^^]

Thdu tinh dqt li

Hifit^M

Verdn them chdn

i^^g/^^

Nhu vay cd the ndi cac yeu td van hoa ciia mot dan tgc dugc phan anh
trong thanh ngfl rat rd net. Nghien cflu thanh ngfl cung gdp phan cho viec
xem xet lich su ngdn ngfl qua ddng dai va lich dai. Tfnh ke thfla va tinh cd

21


Khao sat thdnh ngQ tie'ng Han coyeu id chi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tie'ng Viet co yeu td Id con sd

dinh cua thanh ngfl cung giup chung ta trd vl vdi lich xu xa hoi cua mdi dan
tdc hay cong ddng sfl dung nd,
2.7.2. Tinh lich sdcua thdnh ngit
Dai bg phan thanh ngfl cua cac dan tgc dIu cd lich su ra ddi tuang ddi
lau, cung vdi lich su su ra ddi va phat trien cua dan tgc dd. Nhflng thanh ngfl
ma chung ta su dung ngay nay, phan ddng la cd ngudn gdc tfl xa xua. Mac
du cd nhung thanh ngfl ra ddi va luu truyen trong dan gian tfl rat sdm khien
chung ta khd ma tim dugc ngudn gdc, song qua viec dugc sfl dung, dugc ghi
chep trong cac tac pham cflng du de chflng minh tfnh lich su ciia nd. Dac
biet la cac thanh ngfl bat ngudn tfl nhflng cau chuyen dan gian va sau nay
dugc dung nhu "dien tfch". Vf du thanh ngfl: Oan Thi Kinh hay oan Thi
Mdw._Da la ngudi Viet Nam, ft ai lai khdng biet den va cheo cd "Quan Am
Thi Kfnh" phdng theo chuyen ndm "Quan am tan truyen". Vi the khi nghe
den thanh ngfl "oan thi Mdu" thi ai cung cam nhan ngay dugc "oan" ma
chang oan chflt nao, cdn thanh ngfl "oan Thi Kinh" lai la mot ndi oan xdt xa
e chi (cua ngudi phu nfl dudi che do cu),
Tieng Viet cd thanh ngfl "Len let nhu ran miing ndm". Theo dan gian,
ngay mung nam am lich la ngay "diet sau bg", ngudi ta lam banh trai, dd
xdi, nau che bay hoa qua cflng te de trfl "sau bg" cd hai cho cay cdi mua
mangva ddi sdng ndi chung. Tuang truyen vao ngay nay, ngudi Viet co
thudng di bat ran de giet. Vi vay nhflng con ran vao ngay nay dIu nep minh
trong hang khdng dam ngdc dau len (len let) vi sg bi giet. Sau nay thanh ngfl
"Len let nhu ran miing ndm" chi thai do va dien mao cua nhflng ngudi hay
sg set ndi chung.

"Phd hoi, thu quy ddi chgi nhau vdi thu ky, chudng ba mdi ngudi
khoanh tay dflng dua mot cot, dang dieu len let nhu ran miing ndm" [Ngd
Tat To- Tat den].
22


Khao sat ihdnh ngQ tie'ng Han co ye'u tdchi con sd trong su ddi chieu vdi thdnh ngQ tie'ng Viet co ye'u tdla con sd

Chung tdi tien hanh thdng ke cac thanh ngfl dugc sfl dung trong
"Tuyen tap Mao Trach Ddng" vdn bat ngudn cac tfch trong "Ta Truyen":
^R ^% ft U

Gian nan vat va

^ ^^&

Can tac vd uu

J^T^^

Hinh dung phai lam mot viec bat dac dl khi bi o ep

^ " 1 " r?f7.^e*

Ndi nang bat chap, chi vi Igi fch ca nhan

^ H^^'S^^

^ lb Lam dilu bat nghia at cd bao flng

trong "Lao Tu":
il ^ -^ ^^

Ke thdng minh biet tu lieu sflc minh

^ ^ ^ ^a ^i ^

Khdng hieu biet Ian nhau

trong "Tdn Tu binh phap":
^ ^^^^>

"5"iii^?o

Biet dich biet ta tram tran tram thang

^Jj^^^^

ti!^^:t

Danh dich phai nhan luc dich sohd

trong "Han Phi Tfl":
^^^:^J^

Ndi mot dang, lam mot neo

^^•iHi^

Danh tran phai dung muu

^$J^-^ ^

Hinh thflc phai phu hgp vdi ndi dung

Lay tfl "Sfl ky"
^J^ JiiiAl:J^

Ly thuyet sudng

ik^^^i:

Ai nhanh ngudi ay thang

^ ^ fi^ ^

Sg set run ray

Thanh ngfl xuat hien, dugc tfch luy va phat trien qua cac thdi ky cua
lich sfl, cho nen mang dau an cua lich sfl.
Khdng cd ngdn ngfl ngoai xa hdi, Vi vay mudn tim hieu mot ngdn
ngfl cflng vdi quy luat phat trien cua nd, thi chi cd the gan lien vdi viec
nghien cflu lich sfl phat trien xa hoi, lich su cua dan tgc da sang tao va su
dung ngdn ngfl dd. ( Xft-Ta-Lin, Chu nghia Mac va van d l ngdn ngfl).
23