CCNA Cisco Certified Network Associate_ Study Guide

CCNA

Cisco Certified
Network Associate

Study Guide
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA
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San Francisco • Paris • Düsseldorf • Soest • London

CCNA

™

Cisco

®

Certified
Network Associate

Study Guide

Second Edition

Todd Lammle
www.sybex.com
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA

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This study guide and/or material is not sponsored by, endorsed by or affiliated with Cisco Systems, Inc. Catalyst®, Cisco®,
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Acknowledgments

C

reating the Acknowledgments is the most difficult part of the book-
writing process. Without the help and support of many different individuals,
this book, or any other book for that matter, would never be written. So,
how can someone actually take a few paragraphs and thank and acknowl-
edge everyone involved? I will give it a try anyway.
The person I want to thank and acknowledge first is Linda Lee. She is an
incredible developmental editor and really helped me develop this book’s
outline. I am very happy that she was involved in the process. She worked

hard on this book, and the reader now gets to reap the rewards of her labor.
Neil Edde is always a shoo-in for appearing in the acknowledgments of
all my books. Without Neil, I would not have written the first CCNA book,
or even my first Sybex book. He was my first developmental editor, and
Linda needs to thank him for working out most of my kinks before he
pushed me over to her.
Susan Berge and Lisa Duran did a great job of keeping up with the sched-
ule and worked very hard with me to get this book shipped on time. For that,
I thank them. Kudos to Patrick Ramseier and Eric Gunnett, who did a fab-
ulous job of reviewing each chapter for technical accuracy. Thanks also to
Sally Engelfried, Marilyn Smith, and Rebecca Rider for assisting with the
editing of the chapters, and to Molly Glover, Jennifer Campbell, Laurie
O’Connell, and Camera Obscura for proofreading the book. In addition,
Maureen Forys deserves a thank you for putting the finishing touches on the
book. And I don’t want to forget Tony Jonick. He is the artist who had to put
up with my changing the figures in this book over and over again. He is very
patient and does a fantastic job.
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA
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Introduction

W

elcome to the exciting world of Cisco certification! You have
picked up this book because you want something better; namely, a better job
with more satisfaction. Rest assured that you have made a good decision.
Cisco certification can help you get your first networking job, or more
money and a promotion if you are already in the field.
Cisco certification can also improve your understanding of the internet-

working of more than just Cisco products: You will develop a complete
understanding of networking and how different network topologies work
together to form a network. This is beneficial to every networking job and is
the reason Cisco certification is in such high demand, even at companies with
few Cisco devices.
Cisco is the king of routing and switching, the Microsoft of the internet-
working world. The new Cisco certifications reach beyond the popular
certifications, such as the MCSE and CNE, to provide you with an indispens-
able factor in understanding today’s network—insight into the Cisco world
of internetworking. By deciding that you want to become Cisco certified,
you are saying that you want to be the best—the best at routing and the best
at switching. This book can lead you in that direction.

Cisco—A Brief History

A lot of readers may already be familiar with Cisco and what they do. How-
ever, those of you who are new to the field, just coming in fresh from your
MCSE, and those of you who maybe have 10 or more years in the field but
wish to brush up on the new technology may appreciate a little background
on Cisco.
In the early 1980s, Len and Sandy Bosack, a married couple who worked
in different computer departments at Stanford University, were having
trouble getting their individual systems to communicate (like many married
people). So in their living room they created a gateway server that made it
easier for their disparate computers in two different departments to commu-
nicate using the IP protocol. In 1984, they founded cisco Systems (notice the
small

c

) with a small commercial gateway server product that changed net-
working forever. Some people think the name was intended to be San Fran-
cisco Systems but the paper got ripped on the way to the incorporation
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xxiv

Introduction

lawyers—who knows? In 1992, the company name was changed to Cisco
Systems, Inc.
The first product the company marketed was called the Advanced Gate-
way Server (AGS). Then came the Mid-Range Gateway Server (MGS), the
Compact Gateway Server (CGS), the Integrated Gateway Server (IGS), and
the AGS+. Cisco calls these “the old alphabet soup products.”
In 1993, Cisco came out with the amazing 4000 router and then created
the even more amazing 7000, 2000, and 3000 series routers. These are still
around and evolving (almost daily, it seems).
Cisco has since become an unrivaled worldwide leader in networking for
the Internet. Its networking solutions can easily connect users who work
from diverse devices on disparate networks. Cisco products make it simple
for people to access and transfer information without regard to differences
in time, place, or platform.
In the big picture, Cisco provides end-to-end networking solutions that
customers can use to build an efficient, unified information infrastructure
of their own or to connect to someone else’s. This is an important piece in
the Internet/networking–industry puzzle because a common architecture
that delivers consistent network services to all users is now a functional
imperative. Because Cisco Systems offers such a broad range of networking

and Internet services and capabilities, users needing regular access to their
local network or the Internet can do so unhindered, making Cisco’s wares
indispensable.
Cisco answers this need with a wide range of hardware products that
form information networks using the Cisco Internetwork Operating System
(IOS) software. This software provides network services, paving the way for
networked technical support and professional services to maintain and opti-
mize all network operations.
Along with the Cisco IOS, one of the services Cisco created to help sup-
port the vast amount of hardware it has engineered is the Cisco Certified
Internetwork Expert (CCIE) program, which was designed specifically to
equip people to effectively manage the vast quantity of installed Cisco net-
works. The business plan is simple: If you want to sell more Cisco equipment
and have more Cisco networks installed, ensure that the networks you install
run properly.
However, having a fabulous product line isn’t all it takes to guarantee the
huge success that Cisco enjoys—lots of companies with great products are
now defunct. If you have complicated products designed to solve compli-
cated problems, you need knowledgeable people who are fully capable of
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA
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Introduction

xxv

installing, managing, and troubleshooting them. That part isn’t easy, so
Cisco began the CCIE program to equip people to support these complicated
networks. This program, known colloquially as the Doctorate of Network-
ing, has also been very successful, primarily due to its extreme difficulty.

Cisco continuously monitors the program, changing it as it sees fit, to make
sure that it remains pertinent and accurately reflects the demands of today’s
internetworking business environments.
Building upon the highly successful CCIE program, Cisco Career Certifi-
cations permit you to become certified at various levels of technical profi-
ciency, spanning the disciplines of network design and support. So, whether
you’re beginning a career, changing careers, securing your present position,
or seeking to refine and promote your position, this is the book for you!

Cisco’s Network Support Certifications

Cisco has created new certifications that will help you get the coveted CCIE,
as well as aid prospective employers in measuring skill levels. Before these
new certifications, you took only one test and were then faced with the lab,
which made it difficult to succeed. With these new certifications, which add
a better approach to preparing for that almighty lab, Cisco has opened doors
that few were allowed through before. So, what are these new certifications
and how do they help you get your CCIE?

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) 2

The CCNA certification is the first in the new line of Cisco certifications, and
it is a precursor to all current Cisco certifications. With the new certification
programs, Cisco has created a type of stepping-stone approach to CCIE cer-
tification. Now, you can become a Cisco Certified Network Associate for the
meager cost of this



book

,

plus $100 for the test. And you don’t have to stop
there—you can choose to continue with your studies and achieve a higher
certification, called the Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP).
Someone with a CCNP has all the skills and knowledge he or she needs to
attempt the CCIE lab. However, because no textbook can take the place of
practical experience, we’ll discuss what else you need to be ready for the
CCIE lab shortly.
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xxvi

Introduction

Why Become a CCNA?

Cisco, not unlike Microsoft or Novell, has created the certification process
to give administrators a set of skills and to equip prospective employers with
a way to measure skills or match certain criteria. Becoming a CCNA can be
the initial step of a successful journey toward a new, highly rewarding, and
sustainable career.
The CCNA program was created to provide a solid introduction not only
to the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) and Cisco hardware, but
also to internetworking in general, making it helpful to you in areas that are
not exclusively Cisco’s. At this point in the certification process, it’s not
unrealistic to imagine that future network managers—even those without
Cisco equipment—could easily require Cisco certifications for their job

applicants.
If you make it through the CCNA and are still interested in Cisco and
internetworking, you’re headed down a path to certain success.

What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCNA?

To meet the CCNA certification skill level, you must be able to understand
or do the following:


Install, configure, and operate simple-routed LAN, routed WAN, and
switched LAN and LANE networks.


Understand and be able to configure IP, IGRP, IPX, serial, AppleTalk,
Frame Relay, IP RIP, VLANs, IPX RIP, Ethernet, and access lists.


Install and/or configure a network.


Optimize WAN through Internet-access solutions that reduce band-
width and WAN costs, using features such as filtering with access lists,
bandwidth on demand (BOD), and dial-on-demand routing (DDR).


Provide remote access by integrating dial-up connectivity with tradi-
tional, remote LAN-to-LAN access, as well as supporting the higher
levels of performance required for new applications such as Internet
commerce, multimedia, etc.

How Do You Become a CCNA?

The first step to becoming a CCNA is to pass one little test and—poof!—
you’re a CCNA. (Don’t you wish it were that easy?) True, it’s just one test,
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA
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Introduction

xxvii

but you still have to possess enough knowledge to understand (and read
between the lines—trust me) what the test writers are saying.
I can’t stress this enough—it’s critical that you have some hands-on expe-
rience with Cisco routers. If you can get ahold of some 2500 routers, you’re
set. But if you can’t, we’ve worked hard to provide hundreds of configura-
tion examples throughout this book to help network administrators (or peo-
ple who want to become network administrators) learn what they need to
know to pass the CCNA exam.
One way to get the hands-on router experience you’ll need in the real
world is to attend one of the seminars offered by Globalnet Training Solu-
tions, Inc., which is owned and run by me. The seminars are six days long
and will teach you everything you need to become a CCNA and even a
CCNP. Each student gets hands-on experience by configuring at least two
routers and a switch. See

www.lammle.com

for more information.

In addition, Cyberstate University provides hands-on Cisco router
courses over the Internet using the Sybex Cisco Certification series books.
Go to

www.cyberstateu.com

for more information. And Keystone Learn-
ing Systems (

www.klscorp.com

) offers the popular Cisco video certification
series featuring me.
If you are new to networking, you should take a look at

CCNA JumpStart

by Patrick Ciccarelli and Christina Faulkner (Sybex, 1999). This book will
give you the background necessary before jumping into more advanced net-
working with Cisco routers.
Check out this book’s CD for a demo of the Sybex

CCNA Virtual Lab e-
trainer

, which can give you hands-on experience working with both routers
and switches. You can also check out

www.routersim.com

for another
router simulator.

In addition to this book, there are other useful ways to supplement your stud-
ies for the CCNA exam. CiscoTests (



)
offers an online study guide with sample questions and information about the

most current release of the CCNA, CCNP, and CCIE exams.

For the best practice Cisco exam questions on the market, try

www.boson.com

.
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xxviii

Introduction

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP)

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP), Cisco’s new certification, has
opened up many opportunities for those individuals wishing to become
Cisco-certified but lacking the training, the expertise, or the bucks to pass the

notorious and often failed two-day Cisco torture lab. The new Cisco certifi-
cations will truly provide exciting new opportunities for the CNE and MCSE
who are unsure of how to advance to a higher level.
So, you’re thinking, “Great, what do I do after passing the CCNA exam?”
Well, if you want to become a CCIE in Routing and Switching (the most pop-
ular certification), understand that there’s more than one path to that much-
coveted CCIE certification. The first way is to continue studying and become
a Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP), which means four more
tests, in addition to the CCNA certification.
The CCNP program will prepare you to understand and comprehensively
tackle the internetworking issues of today and beyond—and it is not limited
to the Cisco world. You will undergo an immense metamorphosis, vastly
increasing your knowledge and skills through the process of obtaining these
certifications.
While you don’t need to be a CCNP or even a CCNA to take the CCIE
lab, it’s extremely helpful if you already have these certifications.

What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCNP?

Cisco demands a certain level of proficiency for its CCNP certification. In
addition to mastering the skills required for the CCNA, you should have the
following skills for the CCNP:


Installing, configuring, operating, and troubleshooting complex
routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN networks, along with
dial-access services


Understanding complex networks, such as IP, IGRP, IPX, async rout-

ing, AppleTalk, extended access lists, IP RIP, route redistribution, IPX
RIP, route summarization, OSPF, VLSM, BGP, serial, IGRP, Frame
Relay, ISDN, ISL, X.25, DDR, PSTN, PPP, VLANs, Ethernet, ATM
LANE–emulation, access lists, 802.10, FDDI, and transparent and
translational bridging
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Introduction

xxix

To meet the CCNP requirements, you must be able to perform the
following:


Install and/or configure a network to increase bandwidth, quicken
network response times, and improve reliability and quality of service.


Maximize performance through campus LANs, routed WANs, and
remote access.


Improve network security.


Create a global intranet.


Provide access security to campus switches and routers.


Provide increased switching and routing bandwidth—end-to-end
resiliency services.


Provide custom queuing and routed priority services.

How Do You Become a CCNP?

After becoming a CCNA, the four exams you must take to get your CCNP
are as follows:

Exam 640-503: Routing

This exam continues to build on the funda-
mentals learned in the CCNA course. It focuses on large multiprotocol
internetworks and how to manage them with access lists, queuing, tun-
neling, route distribution, route maps, BGP, EIGRP, OSPF, and route
summarization.

Exam 640-504: Switching

This exam tests your knowledge of the 1900
and 5000 series of Catalyst switches. The

CCNP: Switching Study Guide

(Sybex, summer 2000) covers all the objectives you need to understand to
pass the Switching exam.

Exam 640-506: Support

This tests you on the Cisco troubleshooting
skills needed for Ethernet and Token Ring LANs, IP, IPX, and AppleTalk
networks, as well as ISDN, PPP, and Frame Relay networks.

Exam 640-505: Remote Access

This exam tests your knowledge of
installing, configuring, monitoring, and troubleshooting Cisco ISDN and
dial-up access products. You must understand PPP, ISDN, Frame Relay,
and authentication. The

CCNP: Remote Access Study Guide

(Sybex,
summer 2000) covers all the exam objectives.
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA
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xxx

Introduction

If you hate tests, you can take fewer of them by signing up for the CCNA exam
and the Support exam and then taking just one more long exam called the
Foundation R/S exam (640-509). Doing this also gives you your CCNP—but

beware; it’s a really long test that fuses all the material listed previously into
one exam. Good luck! However, by taking this exam, you get three tests for
the price of two, which saves you $100 (if you pass). Some people think it’s
easier to take the Foundation R/S exam because you can leverage the areas

that you would score higher in against the areas in which you wouldn’t.

Remember that test objectives and tests can change at any time without
notice. Always check the Cisco Web site for the most up-to-date information

(

www.cisco.com

).

Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE)

You’ve become a CCNP, and now you fix your sights on getting your Cisco
Certified Internetwork Expert CCIE in Routing and Switching—what do
you do next? Cisco recommends that before you take the lab, you take test
640-025: Cisco Internetwork Design (CID) and the Cisco-authorized course
called Installing and Maintaining Cisco Routers (IMCR). By the way, no
Prometric test for IMCR exists at the time of this writing, and Cisco recom-
mends a

minimum

of two years of on-the-job experience before taking the
CCIE lab. After jumping those hurdles, you then have to pass the CCIE-R/S

Exam Qualification (exam 350-001) before taking the actual lab.

How Do You Become a CCIE?

To become a CCIE, Cisco recommends you do the following:

1.

Attend all the recommended courses at an authorized Cisco training
center and pony up around $15,000–$20,000, depending on your cor-
porate discount.

2.

Pass the Drake/Prometric exam ($200 per exam—so hopefully, you’ll
pass it the first time).

3.

Pass the two-day, hands-on lab at Cisco. This costs $1,000 per lab,
which many people fail two or more times. (Some never make it
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Introduction

xxxi

through!) Also, because you can take the exam only in San Jose, Cal-
ifornia; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Sydney, Australia;

Halifax, Nova Scotia; Tokyo, Japan; or Brussels, Belgium, you might
just need to add travel costs to that $1,000. Cisco has added new sites
lately for the CCIE lab; it is best to check the Cisco Web site for the
most current information.

What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCIE?

The CCIE Routing and Switching exam includes the advanced technical skills
that are required to maintain optimum network performance and reliability,
as well as advanced skills in supporting diverse networks that use disparate
technologies. CCIEs just don’t have problems getting jobs; these experts are
basically inundated with offers to work for six-figure salaries. But that’s
because it isn’t easy to attain the level of capability that is mandatory for
Cisco’s CCIE. For example, a CCIE has the following skills down pat:


Installing, configuring, operating, and troubleshooting complex
routed LAN, routed WAN, switched LAN, and ATM LANE
networks, and dial-access services


Diagnosing and resolving network faults


Using packet/frame analysis and Cisco debugging tools


Documenting and reporting the problem-solving processes used


Having general LAN/WAN knowledge, including data encapsulation
and layering; windowing and flow control, and their relation to delay;
error detection and recovery; link-state, distance vector, and switching
algorithms; management, monitoring, and fault isolation


Having knowledge of a variety of corporate technologies—including
major services provided by Desktop, WAN, and Internet groups—as
well as the functions; addressing structures; and routing, switching,
and bridging implications of each of their protocols


Having knowledge of Cisco-specific technologies, including router/
switch platforms, architectures, and applications; communication
servers; protocol translation and applications; configuration com-
mands and system/network impact; and LAN/WAN interfaces, capa-
bilities, and applications


Designing, configuring, installing, and verifying voice-over-IP and
voice-over-ATM networks
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xxxii

Introduction

Cisco’s Network Design Certifications

In addition to the network support certifications, Cisco has created another
certification track for network designers. The two certifications within this
track are the Cisco Certified Design Associate and Cisco Certified Design
Professional certifications. If you’re reaching for the CCIE stars, we highly
recommend the CCNP and CCDP certifications before attempting the lab
(or attempting to advance your career).
This certification will give you the knowledge to design routed LAN,
routed WAN, and switched LAN and ATM LANE networks.

Cisco Certified Design Associate (CCDA)

To become a CCDA, you must pass the DCN (Designing Cisco Networks)
exam (640-441). To pass this test, you must understand how to do the
following:


Design simple routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN and
ATM LANE networks.


Use Network-layer addressing.


Filter with access lists.


Use and propagate VLAN.


Size networks.

The Sybex

CCDA: Cisco Certified Design Associate Study Guide

(1999) is the

most cost-effective way to study for and pass your CCDA exam.

Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP)

If you’re already a CCNP and want to get your CCDP, you can simply take
the CID 640-025 test. If you’re not yet a CCNP, however, you must take the
CCDA, CCNA, Routing, Switching, Remote Access, and CID exams.
CCDP certification skills include the following:


Designing complex routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN
and ATM LANE networks


Building upon the base level of the CCDA technical knowledge
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Introduction

xxxiii

CCDPs must also demonstrate proficiency in the following:



Network-layer addressing in a hierarchical environment


Traffic management with access lists


Hierarchical network design


VLAN use and propagation


Performance considerations: required hardware and software; switch-
ing engines; memory, cost, and minimization

What Does This Book Cover?

This book covers everything you need to know in order to become CCNA
certified. However, taking the time to study and practice with routers or a
router simulator is the real key to success.
The information you will learn in this book, and need to know for the
CCNA exam, is listed in the following bullet points:


Chapter 1 introduces you to internetworking. You will learn the
basics of the Open Systems Interconnection the way Cisco wants you
to learn it. Also, the Cisco three-layer hierarchical model will be dis-
cussed, along with how to choose Cisco equipment based on this

model. Ethernet networking and standards are discussed in detail in
this chapter as well.


Chapter 2 gives you a background on layer-2 switching and how
switches perform address learning and make forwarding and filtering
decisions. Network loops and how to avoid them with the Spanning-
Tree Protocol (STP) will be discussed, as well as the different LAN
switch types used by Cisco switches.

Chapter 3 provides you with the background necessary for success
on the exam as well as in the real world by discussing TCP/IP. This
in-depth chapter covers the very beginnings of the Internet Protocol
stack and then goes all the way to IP addressing and subnetting. If you
read this chapter carefully, you will be able to subnet a network in
your head!

Chapter 4 introduces you to the Cisco Internetwork Operating System
(IOS). In this chapter you will learn how to turn on a router and
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xxxiv Introduction
configure the basics of the IOS, including setting passwords, banners,
and more. IP configuration will be discussed and a hands-on lab will
help you gain a firm grasp of the concepts taught in the chapter.

Chapter 5 teaches you about IP routing. This is a fun chapter, because
you will begin to build your network, add IP addresses, and route data
between routers. You will also learn about static, default, and
dynamic routing in this chapter. Written and hands-on labs will help

you understand IP routing to the fullest.

Chapter 6 covers Virtual LANs and how you can use them in your
internetwork. This chapter also covers the nitty-gritty of VLANs and
the different concepts and protocols used with VLANs. Written labs
and review questions will reinforce the VLAN material.

Chapter 7 provides you with the management skills needed to run a
Cisco ISO network. Backing up and restoring the IOS, as well as
router configuration, is covered, as are troubleshooting tools neces-
sary to keep a network up and running.

Chapter 8 introduces you to the wonderful world of Novell IPX. Since
IPX is still around, Cisco thinks it is important to understand IPX
routing. Actually, after IP routing, IPX is a breeze. Both written and
hands-on labs, along with review questions, will give you the under-
standing of IPX you need to pass the CCNA exam.

Chapter 9 covers access lists, which are created on routers to filter the
network. Both IP and IPX access lists are covered in detail. Written
and hands-on labs, along with review questions, will help you study
for the access-list portion of the CCNA exam.

Chapter 10 concentrates on Cisco Wide Area Network protocols. This
chapter covers HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and ISDN in depth. You must
be proficient in all these protocols to be successful on the CCNA exam.

Appendix A is a practice exam. If you think you are ready for the
CCNA exam, see if you can get by my practice exam. A second prac-
tice exam is located on the CD as well.


Appendix B discusses configuring a Catalyst 1900 switch. The CCNA
exam is mostly theory on layer-2 switching; however, reading the
appendix, working through the written and hands-on labs, and
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Introduction

xxxv

answering the review questions should prepare you well for the
CCNA exam.


Appendix C lists all the Cisco IOS commands used in this book. It is
a great reference if you need to look up what a certain command does
and is used for.


The Glossary is a handy resource for Cisco terms. This is a great tool
for understanding some of the more obscure terms used in this book.

Where Do You Take the Exams?

You may take the exams at any of the more than 800 Sylvan Prometric
Authorized Testing Centers around the world. For the location of a testing
center near you, call (800) 755-3926. Outside the United States and Canada,
contact your local Sylvan Prometric Registration Center.
To register for a Cisco Certified Network Professional exam:

1.

Determine the number of the exam you want to take. (The CCNA
exam number is 640-507.)

2.

Register with the nearest Sylvan Prometric Registration Center. At this
point, you will be asked to pay in advance for the exam. At the time
of this writing, the exams are $100 each and must be taken within one
year of payment. You can schedule exams up to six weeks in advance
or as soon as one working day prior to the day you wish to take it. If
something comes up and you need to cancel or reschedule your exam
appointment, contact Sylvan Prometric at least 24 hours in advance.
Same-day registration isn’t available for the Cisco tests.

3.

When you schedule the exam, you’ll get instructions regarding all
appointment and cancellation procedures, the ID requirements, and
information about the testing-center location.

Tips for Taking Your CCNA Exam

The CCNA test contains about 70 questions to be completed in 90 minutes.
You must schedule a test at least 24 hours in advance (unlike the Novell or
Microsoft exams), and you aren’t allowed to take more than one Cisco exam
per day.
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA

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xxxvi Introduction
Many questions on the exam have answer choices that at first glance look
identical—especially the syntax questions! Remember to read through the
choices carefully because close doesn’t cut it. If you get commands in the
wrong order or forget one measly character, you’ll get the question wrong.
So, to practice, do the hands-on exercises at the end of the chapters over and
over again until they feel natural to you.
Unlike Microsoft or Novell tests, the exam has answer choices that are
syntactically similar—though some syntax is dead wrong, it is usually just
subtly wrong. Some other choices may be syntactically correct, but they’re
shown in the wrong order. Cisco does split hairs, and they’re not at all averse
to giving you classic trick questions. Here’s an example:
access-list 101 deny ip any eq 23 denies Telnet access to all systems.
This question looks correct because most people refer to the port number (23) and
think, “Yes, that’s the port used for Telnet.” The catch is that you can’t filter
IP on port numbers (only TCP and UDP).
Also, never forget that the right answer is the Cisco answer. In many
cases, more than one appropriate answer is presented, but the correct answer
is the one that Cisco recommends.
Here are some general tips for exam success:

Arrive early at the exam center, so you can relax and review your
study materials.

Read the questions carefully. Don’t jump to conclusions. Make sure
you’re clear about exactly what each question asks.

When answering multiple-choice questions that you’re not sure about,
use the process of elimination to get rid of the obviously incorrect

answers first. Doing this greatly improves your odds if you need to
make an educated guess.

You can no longer move forward and backward through the Cisco
exams, so double-check your answer before pressing Next since you
can’t change your mind.
After you complete an exam, you’ll get immediate, online notification
of your pass or fail status, a printed Examination Score Report that indicates
your pass or fail status, and your exam results by section. (The test admin-
istrator will give you the printed score report.) Test scores are automatically
forwarded to Cisco within five working days after you take the test, so you
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Introduction xxxvii
don’t need to send your score to them. If you pass the exam, you’ll receive
confirmation from Cisco, typically within two to four weeks.
How to Use This Book
This book can provide a solid foundation for the serious effort of preparing
for the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) exam. To best benefit
from this book, use the following study method:
1.
Take the assessment test immediately following this introduction.
(The answers are at the end of the test.) Carefully read over the expla-
nations for any question you get wrong and note which chapters the
material comes from. This information should help you plan your
study strategy.
2.
Study each chapter carefully, making sure that you fully understand
the information and the test topics listed at the beginning of each
chapter. Pay extra-close attention to any chapter where you missed

questions in the assessment test.
3.
Complete all hands-on exercises in the chapter, referring to the chap-
ter so that you understand the reason for each step you take. If you do
not have Cisco equipment available, be sure to study the examples
carefully. Also, check www.routersim.com for a router simulator.
4.
Answer the review questions related to that chapter. (The answers
appear at the end of the chapter.) Note the questions that confuse you
and study those sections of the book again.
5.
Take the practice exam in Appendix A. The answers appear at the end
of the exam.
6.
Try your hand at the bonus practice exam that is included on the CD
that comes with this book. The questions in this exam appear only on
the CD. This will give you a complete overview of what you can expect
to see on the real thing.
7.
Remember to use the products on the CD included with this book. The
electronic flashcards, the Boson Software utilities, and the EdgeTest
exam preparation software have all been specifically chosen to help
you study for and pass your exam. You can also study on the road
with the CCNA Study Guide electronic book in PDF format.
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA
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xxxviii Introduction
The electronic flashcards can be used on your Windows computer or on your
Palm device.
8.

Make sure you read the “Key Terms” and “Commands in This Chap-
ter” lists at the end of the chapters. Appendix C is a copy of all com-
mands used in the book, including explanations for each command.
To learn all the material covered in this book, you’ll have to apply your-
self regularly and with discipline. Try to set aside the same time period every
day to study, and select a comfortable and quiet place to do so. If you work
hard, you will be surprised at how quickly you learn this material. All
the best!
What’s on the CD?
We worked hard to provide some really great tools to help you with your cer-
tification process. All of the following tools should be loaded on your work-
station when studying for the test.
The EdgeTest Test Preparation Software
The test preparation software, provided by EdgeTek Learning Systems, pre-
pares you to pass the CCNA exam. In this test engine you will find all the
questions from the book, plus an additional bonus practice exam that
appears exclusively on the CD. You can take the assessment test, test your-
self by chapter, take the practice exam that appears in the book or on the
CD, or take a randomly generated exam comprising all the questions.
To find more test-simulation software for all Cisco and NT exams, look for the
exam link on www.lammle.com and www.boson.com.
Electronic Flashcards for PC and Palm Devices
To prepare for the exam, you can read this book, study the review questions
at the end of each chapter, and work through the practice exams included
in the book and on the CD. But wait, there’s more! Test yourself with
the flashcards included on the CD. If you can get through these difficult
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA
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Introduction xxxix
questions and understand the answers, you’ll know you’re ready for the

CCNA exam.
The flashcards include over 200 questions specifically written to hit you
hard and make sure you are ready for the exam. Between the review ques-
tions, practice exams, and flashcards, you’ll be more than prepared for
the exam.
CCNA Study Guide in PDF
Sybex offers the CCNA Study Guide in PDF format on the CD so you can
read the book on your PC or laptop. This will be helpful to readers who
travel and don’t want to carry a book, as well as to readers who prefer to
read from their computer. (Acrobat Reader 4 is also included on the CD.)
Dictionary of Networking in PDF
As a bonus, you get a second complete book—the Sybex Dictionary of Net-
working, by Peter Dyson—on the CD included with this book. Like the elec-
tronic version of the CCNA Study Guide, the fully searchable Dictionary of
Networking is in PDF for ease of use. You will also find Adobe Acrobat 4
with Search on the CD to access the PDF book. This dictionary will help you
understand terms found in this book or networking terms found in any book
for that matter.
Boson Software Utilities
Boson.com is an impressive company: They provide many free services to
help you, the student. Boson.com has the best Cisco exam preparation ques-
tions on the market at a very nice price. On this book’s CD, they have pro-
vided the following:

Practice exam

IP Subnetter

eeSuperPing


System-Logging

Wildcard Mask Checker
Copyright ©2000 SYBEX , Inc., Alameda, CA
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xl Introduction
CCNA Virtual Lab AVI Demo Files
The CCNA Virtual Lab e-trainer provides a router and switch simulator to
help you gain hands-on experience without having to buy expensive Cisco
gear. The AVI demo files on the CD will help you gain an understanding of
the product features and the labs that the routers and switches can perform.
Read more about the CCNA Virtual Lab e-trainer at ex
.com/cgi-bin/rd_bookpg.pl?2728back.html. You can upgrade this
product at www.routersim.com.
How to Contact the Author
You can reach Todd Lammle through Globalnet System Solutions, Inc.
(www.lammle.com)—his training and systems integration company in Colo-
rado—or e-mail him at
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Assessment Questions

xli

Assessment Questions

1.

Where would a router boot from if a configuration register was set to

0x0101?

A.

Flash

B.

ROM

C.

Boot ROM

D.

NVRAM

2.

Which of the following is a valid SAP filter 1010 placed on Ethernet 0?

A.

ip access-group 1010 in

B.

ip access-group 1010 out

C.

ipx access-group 1010 in

D.

ipx input-sap-filter 1010

E.

ipx input-sap-filter 1010 in

3.

What is a TE2 device used for in an ISDN connection?

A.

Connecting an NT2 device to a U reference point

B.

Connecting an S/T interface to a U reference point

C.

Connecting a non-ISDN terminal to ISDN through a TA

D.

Connecting to ISDN through a four-wire, twisted-pair digital link

4.

What is the correct command to set the router identification to the
name Atlanta, which an administrator would see when connecting
with Telnet or through the console?

A.

Description Atlanta Router

B.

Banner Motd $

C.

Hostname Atlanta

D.

Host name Atlanta

E.

Set prompt Atlanta
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