Cách mạng xanh: Thành công ở châu á, tại sao không ở châu Phi.

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CACH MANG XANH:

THANH CONG Q CHAU A, TAI SAO KHONG Q CHAU PHI ?

Do Due Dinh* 
Iran Thi Lan Huang**

C

ach mang Xanh lan dau tien dugc
thuc hien d mot sd qudc gia dang
phat trien chau A, sau dd nhan rdng
ra Nam My trong thap ky 1960, dem lai mot
md hinh phat trien ndng nghiep mdi ap dung
nhiing phuang phap ky thuat trgn gdi lien quan
den sir dung cac yeu td dau vao cho ndng
nghiep nhu phan bdn, hat gidng, may mdc, he
thdng tudi tieu... khien san lugng luang thuc
tang len lien tuc, dac biet la liia gao va lua mi.
Nhirng sang kien ve cuge Cach mang Xanh
sau dd dugc ap dung tai mot sd vimg ciia chau
Phi, nhung khdng dem lai ket qua nhu d chau
A va My Latinh. Cd rat nhieu ly do khac nhau
khien Cach mang Xanh khdng dien ra tren
dien rdng d chau Phi tai thdi diem cac nude
chau A va My Latinh thu dugc thanh cdng
trong san xuat luang thuc, khien chau Phi
ngay cang lam vao tinh trang thieu ddi luang
thuc trien mien. Cau hdi dat ra la: Ly do nao
khien cac nude chau Phi khdng thanh cdng khi
thuc hien Cach mang Xanh? Trong thdi gian

Pho giao su, Tien sT, Vien truong, Vien Nghien ciiu
Chau Phi va Truns Don?

Thae sT, Vien Nghien cuu Chau Phi va Truno Don"

gan day, trudc nhiing cuge xung dot lien quan
den luang thirc xay ra tai mot loat nude chau
Phi nhu Ai Cap, Cameroon, Cdte dTvoice,
Senegan, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, the gidi
lai mot lan nira ban ve kha nang thuc hien mot
cupc Cach mang Xanh mdi nham dem lai sire
sdng mdi cho nen ndng nghiep chau Phi. De
Cach mang Xanh thuc sir dem lai hieu qua cho
chau Phi, viec hgc hdi kinh nghiem ciia cac
nude ngoai chau Phi la rat can thiet. nhat la
cac nude chau A.

1. Cach mang Xanh d chau A:

thanh tir'u va nhu'ng van de dat ra

Cho den nay, chau A dugc danh gia la vua
liia cua the gidi mot phan la nhd thuc hien
thanh cdng Cach mang Xanh. Nhieu chuyen
gia nghien cim va quan chirc chinh phii tren
the gidi da cho rang neu thieu cuge Cach mang
Xanh trong thap ky I960 va 1970, chau A co
the van phai ddi mat vdi ddi ngheo va lac hau
nhu chau Phi bay gid. Trirdc thdi gian thuc
hien Cach mang Xanh (1956-1965), san lugng

liia gao trung binh d chau A chi dat khoang 1,9
tan/ha. Ngirdi dan chau A liic dd chii yeu chi
gieo trdng luang thuc mot vu vao miia mua.

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Cach mang Xanh... Do Dire Oinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng

Khi thuc hien Cach mang Xanh, sd vu trong
nam tang len, nang suat lua gao ciing tang len.
dat 5 tan/ha. Nhd cd viec ap dung cac gidng
liia mdi, cai thien he thdng tudi tieu, ngudi dan
chau A da cd the gieo trdng, canh tac ca trong
miia khd. Nhd nhirng thay ddi dd, san lugng
luang thuc tren dau ngudi thuc te da tang gap
ddi, gap ba. Ddi sdng ciia ngudi ndng dan
ngay cang dugc cai thien.

Ba yeu td chii yeu lam nen cuge Cach mang
Xanh chau A lan thir nhat trong giai doan

1960-1990 la: +) Md rdng dien tich dk canh 
tac bang viec xay dimg va cai thien he thdng
tudi tieu; +) Sir dung phan bdn va hat gidng
mdi de tang nang suat cay trdng; +) Nha nude
dong vai trd chii dao trong viec hoach dinh cac
chinh sach phat trien ndng nghiep.

Cupc Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat da dem
lai thanh cdng cho nhieu nude chau A tren hai
phuong dien chinh: Thic nhat, do ap dung 
thanh cdng cdng nghe hien dai ve phan bdn va

hat giong, cung cap day dii lugng nude tudi
tieu nhd xay dung he thdng dap, muong mang,
kenh ngdi, nen san lugng luang thuc d cac
nude chau A' da tang tir 80-100%. Tai An Do,
nhd thuc hien Cach mang Xanh. dien tich dat
canh tac da tang tir 1,9 trieu ha nam 1960 len
15,5 trieu ha nam 1970, rdi 43 trieu ha nam
1980, va 64 trieu ha nam 1990. San lugng
luong thuc tang tir 82 trieu tan nam 1960 len
108,4 trieu tan nam 1970), rdi 129,6 trieu tSn
nam 1980, va 176,4 trieu tan nam 1990l Cuge
Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat da dua An Do
trd thanh mot trong nhirng nude san xuat ndng
nghiep ldn nhat tren the gidi trong thdi ky nay
ma khdng mot qudc gia nao thirc hien Cach
mang Xanh cd the dat dugc nhirng thanh cdng
nhu vay. Tir mot nude ludn thieu thdn luang
thuc, An Dp trd thanh nude xuat khau luong
thuc trong thdi ky nay. Ciing vdi An Dp.
ngudi ndng dan d nhieu nude chau A khac
cung dugc hudng nhung vu miia cho nang suat

cao ket hgp vdi viec cai tien ky nang quan ly
tren dong rudng ciia minh. Hau bet ndng dan
cac nude Dong Nam A da hpc dugc ky nang
gieo hat, cay trdng den ky nang quan ly tudi
tieu. Hg ciing hgc dugc each tir cai tien hat
gidng sao cho hieu qua ban tren ddng rudng
ciia minh. Vi vay, nang suat lao ddng va san
lugng cay trdng tang rat cao. Thic hai. Cach

mang Xanh dem den mot xa hdi hoan loan
kliac cho hau bet cac lang mac viing ndng
thon. Ngudi dan da chuyen tir phuong phap
canh tac truyen thdng sang phuang phap canh
tac hien dai. Cupc Cach mang Xanh la nguyen
nhan thiic day cai each rudng dat. dem lai
quyen sd hiru dat dai cho mpi ngudi dan. nang
cao thu nhap, giam ngheo, lam tha\' ddi bd mat
ndng thdn. Hon nira. cupc Cach mang Xanh da
dem lai nliihig tac ddng kinh te rat kha quan.
Do Cach mang Xanh ddi hdi phai cd nhieu
nude tudi tieu. nhieu phan bdn. boa chat, cho
nen da keo theo nhu cau xay dirng nhieu con
dap mdi, phat trien he thdng thuy dien, lam
biing nd mpl sd nganh cdng nghiep dia phuong.
tao ca hdi phat trien viec lam. nang cao thu
nhap va cai thien ddi sdng ciia ndng dan, gdp
phan tang nhanh tdc dp tang truong GDP.
Cung nhd Cach mang Xanh, .An Dp da tra
dugc nhiing khoan ng tir Ngan hang The gidi.

Tuy nhien, Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat a
chau A da vap phai mot sd van de. Thir nhat, 
Cach mang Xanh a chau A thanh cdng la nhd
vao viec sir dung nhieu phan bdn va chi dugc
ap dung trong nhiing viing dat dugc tudi tieu
day dii, do vay chi cd the ap dung ddi vdi cac
loai cay trdng nhu lua gao va liia mi. Khi nude
tudi tieu khdng day dii. nhiing thanh qua cua
cuge Cach mang Xanh bi anh hudng nghiem

trgng. Tai An Do. cuge Cach mang Xanh da
khdng dem lai nhirng thanh cdng lau dai.
Trong giai doan 1979-1987. An Dp phai hiing
chiu nhirng dgl han ban ga>- gat. thach ihirc
nhirng thanh qua lau dai cua cuge Cach mang

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Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng Cach mang Xanh..

Xanh. Nam 1998, An Do da phai nliap khiu
luang thirc. Mot vai nam sau dd. An Do phai
nhap khSu dudng. Tai Indonesia, san lugng
luang thuc chi tang nhanh dat mirc 3,52%/naiii
trong giai doan 10 nam tir 1979 den 1989, sau
dd giam cdn 1,04%/nam trong nhung nam tiep
theo\ Ngu nhu trong thap ky 1980, Indonesia
cam kit vdi Td chirc Ndng luang Lien hiep
qudc (FAO) la da dam bao tu tuc luang thuc
trong nude, thi tir nam 1994 Indonesia da lam
vao tinh trang phai nhap khau luang thuc. Nhu
vay, Cach mang Xanh d chau A do khdng ap
dung dugc tren nhiing vimg dat khd can va
khdng ap dung cho nhieu loai cay trdng khac
nhau nen da khdng ben viing. Thic hai, Cach 
mang Xanh lan thii nhat d chau A da tieu tdn
mot khoan chi phi rat ldn do sir dung nhieu
phan bdn va hoa chat khac cho ndng nghiep.
Tai Indonesia, lugng phan bdn sii' diing cho
cay liia da tang tir 25 kg/ha len 150 kg/ha trong
giai doan 1975-1990. Tai Thai Lan, san lugng
luang thuc tang khoang 6,5%, trong khi dd

lugng phan bdn sir dung tang khoang 24%, tdc
do tang nhanh ban gan 6 lan; va lugng thude
trir sau tang tdi 53%, gap gan 10 lan. Sir dung
nhieu boa chat trong ndng nghiep khdng chi
khien chi phi san xuat ddi len cao, ma cdn gay
tdn hai sire khoe ciia ngudi dan va tac ddng
xau den mdi trudng. Thic ba. md hinh Cach 
mang Xanh lan thu nhat d chau A thanh cdng
nhd vao su can thiep manh me ciia chinh phii
dudi hinh thirc trg cap phan bdn va thude trii'
sau, xay dirng ca sd ha tang, hd trg tin dung,
thu mua luong thuc, cai each rudng dat, dau tu
cho nghien ciru ndng nghiep, ban hanh he
thdng chinh sach vT md phii hgp... do vay, d
nhirng nude khdng cd chinh phii dii nang luc
hoac he thdng chinh sach ndng nghiep khdng
toan dien, thi Cach mang Xanh khdng the
thanh cdng lau dai.

Trong mot vai nam gan day, nhieu nude
chau A dang cd y dinh thirc hien cupc Cach

mang Xanh lan thu hai nham khac phuc nhimg
nhugc di£m cua Cach mang Xanh lan thu nhat.
Chang han tai An Do, muc tieu ciia cuge Cach
mang Xanh \k\ thir hai la nham tang san lugng 
luang thuc len 400 trieu tan vao nam 2020 so
vdi mirc 214 trieu tan ciia nam 2006-2007. De
thuc hien muc tieu dd, tdc do tang trudng san
\v\k ndng nghiep phai dat trung binh

5-6%/nam. N§ii nhu Cach mang Xanh lan thii
nhat dua chii yeu vao sir san cd ve hat giong.
dien, nude, cai each dat dai. phan bdn. thi cupc
Cach mang Xanh lan hai d chau A se dira chu
yku vao viec ap diing cdng nghe gen hien dai, 
\ky khu vuc tu nhan lam ddng lire chinh, md 
rdng thi trudng ndng san va da dang hoa cac
loai cay trdng. ;. ,,,,,,;; , , , j ; ;<fj-^ /,-j;

2. Cach mang Xanh va khung

hoang lu'c^ng thu'c d chau Phi

* Cach mang Xanh ldn thic nhat khdng cicu

ddi ndi chau Phi!

Trong giai doan 1960-1990, da cd 3 loai
sang kien khac nhau dugc ap dung tai chau Phi
khien ngudi ta lien tudng Cach mang Xanh da
tirng xay ra tai chau Phi. Dd la cac sang kien:
1) Cai tien cdng nghe thdng qua cac chuang
trinh nghien cim thir nghiem cdng nghe ddi vdi
mot sd loai liia gao. ngd va ngu cdc khac d
Tay Phi; 2) Cac du an cai tien tudi tieu tren
ddng rudng cac nude chau Phi thupc luu virc
sdng Nile (Ai Cap, Sudan), sdng Tana
(Kenya), lim vuc sdng Niger (Nigeria); 3)
Chuang trinh ap dung cdng nghe tien tien
trong phat trien cay ngu cdc thupc cac du an
nghien ciru qudc gia va qudc te ve nong

nghiep, ap dung cho Cdte dT voice. Uganda,
Kenya, Zimbabwe. Tuy nhien, cac sang kien
tren dudng nhu khdng dem lai hieu qua cho
phat trien ndng nghiep d chau Phi. Trong giai
doan 1980-1995, san xuk luang thuc binh 
quan dau ngudi d chau A tang 27%/nani. My
Latinh tang 12%/nani, thi d chau Phi san xuat

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Cach mang Xanh... Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan HUOng

luong thuc binh quan dau ngudi giam
8%/nam. Chau Phi la chau luc duy nhat tren
the gidi cd san xuat luang thuc binh quan dau
ngudi lien tuc giam trong hon 40 nam qua.
Tuy ndng nghiep dugc coi la xuang sdng ciia
nen kinh te, chiem 17% GDP va 11 % kim
ngach xuat khau cua chau Phi. nhung nang
suat lao ddng ndng nghiep giam lien tuc a
chau Phi va nen ndng nghiep dugc dac trung
bdi cac yeu td thieu vdn, khdng cd tinh canh
tranh va boat ddng khdng hieu qua. Theo danh
gia ciia FAO nam 2005, tai chau Phi, ty le dat
ndng nghiep cd the tudi lieu dugc la 7% (mirc
binh quan ciia the gidi la 20%), san lugng ngu
cdc san xuat tren dau ngudi la 147 kg/nam (the
gidi 349 kg/nam), nang suat ngu cdc dat 1225
kg/ha (the gidi 2067 kg/ha), san lugng gia sue
la 164 kg/ha (the gidi 193 kg/ha), mirc do sir
dung phan bdn la 22 kg/ha (the gidi 100
kg/ha). Tai vimg chau Phi can Sahara, nhirng

con sd nay cdn thap ban nhieu: ty le tudi lieu
3,8%. san lugng ngu cdc san xuat tren dau
ngudi 128 kg/nam, nang suat ngu cdc 986
kg/ha, san lugng gia sue 128 kg/ha, miic do sir
dung phan bdn 9 kg/ha. Chau Phi chi chiem cd
9% ngudn nude sach tren the gidi trong khi ty
le dan sd chiem \2% va cd tdi 2/3 cac qudc gia 
chau Phi phat trien dudi tiem nang ciia minh d
mirc 20% do thieu nude. Vi vay, mac dii la
chau luc cd dat dai rdng ldn, ngudn Igi tir rirng
va chim mudng hoang da giau cd, nhung chau
Phi van tiep tuc la chau luc phat trien lac hau,
ngheo nan, khdng dii kha nang de cung cap
luong thuc cho ngirdi dan ciia hg.

San xuat ndng nghiep dinh ddn khien mat
an ninh luang thuc va tinh trang suy dinh
dudng gia tang. Hien nay cd tdi mot nira dan
so chau Phi sdng dudi mirc 1 USD/ngay. va
khoang hon 200 trieu ngudi trong tdng sd ban
840 trieu dan chau Phi dang bi thieu an do san
lugng luang thuc tai 31 qudc gia giam. Yeu to

dja ly va su phai trien manh niiui ciia ndng
nghiep la nipt trong nhiing ngu>en nhan gay
ddi ngheo va mat an ninh luang thuc d chau
Phi. Vdi dac diem phan ldn cac nude chau Phi
nam sau trong luc dia. giao thdng kem phat
trien. khi hau khac nghiet. dat dai sa mac boa.
chau Phi rat kho co the phat trien nong nghiep

va dam bao an ninh luang thuc cho ngudi dan.
La mot chau liic song nhd vao ndng nghiep.
nhung hang nam chau Phi phai tiep nhan vien
trg luang thuc khan cap de dap irng nhu cau
luang thuc cho khoang 38 trieu ngudi. Vien
trg chinh thirc ciia the gidi danh rieng de ciru
ddi cho ngudi dan chau Phi trudc miia thu
hoach mdi nam len den den 1.4 ly USD.
Khiing hoang luong thirc lan ra loan liic dja
chau Phi. nang nhat la d cac viing mien Nam
chau Phi. vimg Simg chau Phi, vimg Hd ldn va
vimg Tay Phi. Trong nhung nam gan da\.
thieu thdn luang thirc da khien cac nude nhu
Malawi. Zimabwe, Zambia, Lesotho.
Swaziland, Mozambique. Eritrea. Ethiopia.
Angdla. Sudan... phai cdng bd dd la van nan
qudc gia va keu ggi ciru trg luong thirc khan
cap ciia the gidi. Tir mot khu vuc chuyen xual
khau hang boa nong nghiep trong thap ky

1960-1970, chau Phi da trd thanh mpl chau luc
phii thupc vao nhap khau luong thuc lir ben
ngoai va mat an ninh luang thuc hien dang tac
dong true tiep tdi 28% dan sd chau Phi. Trong
sd 38 trieu ngudi dan can ciru trg khan cap
luong thirc nam 2003, co tdi 24.000 ngudi bi
diet ddi mdi ngay. Nan doi lan rdng a chau
Phi khien the gidi dua ra nhirng danh gia bi
quan ve kha nang chau Phi tu ciru minh bang
con dudng phat trien ndng nghiep. Vdi tdc dp

tang truang dan sd nhu hien nay. den nam
2015 chau Phi chi cd kha nang cung cap luang
thirc cho dudi 50% dan sd cua minh. Trong \'ai
nam gan day, 25% luong thirc ciia chau Phi
phai nhap khau.

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Do Oifc Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng Cach mang Xanh...

Nguyen nhan ldn nhat ddi vdi tinh trang
thilu ddi luong thuc d chau Phi la do ndng
nghiep khdng phat trien, dac biet la sir that bai
ciia cuge Cach mang Xanh. Den lugt nd, cupc
Cach mang Xanh that bai d chau Phi la do
bang loat nhirng yeu td khac nhau tac ddng.
Thic nhdt. dat dai ndng nghiep ciia chau Phi 
khdng de dang gi cho viec ap dung md hinh
Cach mang Xanh kieu chau A, nai cd Igi the
ve mot he thdng dat dai san xuat lua gao tuong
ddi thuan nhat va phi nhieu, thich hgp cho viec
gieo trong cac loai gidng va ap dung cac loai
cong nghe, phan bdn, thude trir sau kha gidng
nhau. trong khi d chau Phi dat dai ndng nghiep
mang tinh da dang hon va phirc tap ban. Cuge
Cach mang Xanh ddi hdi phai dugc ap dung
tren quy md dat dai rdng ldn, trai vdi thdi quen
san xuat tieu ndng lac hau ciia da sd ndng dan
chau Phi canh tac tren nhiing manh dat rat nhd,
tu khai thae dat hoang thdng qua viec ddt rimg
lam nuong ray trong khoang tir 2 den 4 nam,
sau dd khi dat bac mau thi lai bd di tim nhirng

manh dat khac. Phuang phap canh tac kieu nay
thudng thay d nhirng viing cd mat do dan cu
thua thdt, rat khd ap dung cac ky thuat ciia
Cach mang Xanh.

Nguyen nhan thic hai la cac nude chau Phi 
da sai lam khi quy hoach he thdng dat dai ndng
nghiep truyen thdng ciia minli. Tdng dien tich
dat dai cua chau Phi can Sahara la khoang
2.455 trieu ha, trong dd cd 4 1 % dat dai dugc
phan loai la dat ndng nghiep. Tuy nhien. khu
vuc nay chiu tac ddng rat khac nghiet ciia dieu
kien thdi tiet. Nhirng viing dat sa mac khd can
chiem tdi 46,2% tdng dien tich dat dai cua
chau Phi, trong khi nhirng viing dat nira khd
can chiem 8,1%), nhirng vimg dat cd do am udt
thap chiem 11%, nhirng viing dat cd do am
trung binh chiem 20,4% va nhirng viing dat am
udt cao chiem 14,3%. Sir da dang ve he sinh
thai da dan den he qua la tiem nang phat trien
ndng nghiep ciia cac vimg dia ly ciia chau Phi

r4t khac nhau, he thdng ndng trai cung rat da
dang tuy theo tirng khu vuc. Ngudi dan chau
Phi phai canli tac nhieu vu miia va nhieu loai
cay trdng khac nhau tren cimg mot manh
rudng ciia minh chir khdng chi canh tac thuan
tuy 2-3 vu liia nhu dat dai chau A. Do vay, ap
dung nhirng ky thuat canh tac bien dai nhu d
chau A tren cac manh dat chau Phi to ra khdng

phu hgp.

Thic ba, chinh phii va ngirdi ndng dan chau 
Phi hau nhu chua thirc sir nhan thirc dugc tam
quan trpng cua klioa hpc va cdng nghe trong
viec phat trien nen ndng nghiep hien dai.
Nhieu nude khdng dii nang lire de xay dung he
thdng nghien ciiu qudc gia ve phat trien ndng
nghiep. Tai mot sd nude nhu Kenya. Malawi.
Uganda, Senegan... ngudn luc nghien ciru
khdng dii dap img cac chuang trinh cai tao
gidng cay trdng va vat nudi. Cho dii cac nha
tai trg qudc te da rat cd gang giiip chau Phi
nang cao nang luc nghien cim ndng nghiep,
nhirng nhung ket qua nghien ciru vii'a it, lai
khdng dugc ap dimg rdng rai \'ao san xuat
ndng nghiep. Ndi each khac, cupc Cach mang
Xanh da klidng dugc ap dung thanh cdng d
chau Phi, khdng giiip chau Phi giai quyet dugc
van de an ninli luang thirc, cuoi cimg nd hau
nhu da bi quen lang, chang cdn may ai nbac
tdi nd nira!

* Cach mang Xanh ldn thic hai lieu cd cicu 
ddi duac chau Phi?

Tinh hinh phat trien ndng nghiep dinh tre
va nan ddi lan rdng d chau Phi budc chinh phii
cac nude, cac nha khoa hgc, cac td chirc qudc
te phai nghien ciru, nham tim ra nguyen nhan

va giai phap khac phuc. Trong thap ky 1980,
cd rat nhieu giai phap dugc de ra nhan manh
den viec ap dung cdng nghe tien tien trong
ndng nghiep. Thang 12 nam 2002. mot hdi
nghi qudc te td chiic tai Abuja (Nigeria) da ban
ve an ninh luang thuc a chau Phi. Hdi nghi

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Cach mang Xanh... Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng

nay cd su tham du cua Td chirc Ndng nghiep
va Luang thuc The gidi (FAO), Ngan hang
Phat tri^n Chau Phi (Aft)B). Ban diSu hanh
cua Chuong trinh Ddi tac mdi vi sir phat trien
chau Phi (NEPAD). Ke hoach hanh ddng cua
Hdi nghi la nham tim giai phap khac phuc
khung hoang luang thuc cho chau Phi. Tuy
nhien. cac giai phap de ra tir hdi nghi hau nhu
chua dugc trien khai va dua vao eugc sdng
thuc tien. do dd chua mang lai hieu qua. Tinh
trang mat an ninh luang thuc van dien ra ngay
cang tram trgng d chau Phi. ., . , . •

Ngay 12 thang 9 nam 2006. Quy
Rockefeller va Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation da dua ra mot chien luge vdi ten
gpi Lien minh vi Cach mang Xanh d chau Phi
(AGRA), theo dd cam kit chi 150 ty USD ban
dau de chuyen giao cdng nghe trpn gdi cho
viec cai lien va chpn gidng hat cay trdng, cai
thien chat lugng phan bdn. quan ly ngudn

nude, cung cap cac dich vu ndng nghiep cho
chau Phi. Miic tieu ciia AGRA la phat trien
100 loai gidng mdi trong vdng 5 nam tai it
nhat 10 miia vu khac nhau, bao gdm ngd, san.
lua mien va ke. Thdng qua AGRA, 70 td chirc
til' 12 qudc gia chau Phi da giiip chau Phi
chuyen hudng phat trien nen ndng nghiep cua
minh sang he thdng phat trien ndng nghiep ddc

gidng lai ghep. Cuge Cach mang Xanh lan nay
li>' vgng se tim ra each thu'c rieng de giai quyet
nan ddi a chau Phi. Cac chuang trinh cua
AGRA deu do Chuong trinh Cach mang Xanh
d chau Phi (ProGRA) quan ly. \di long sd \dn
trg cap hang nam la 30 trieu USD cho cac
nude chpn Ipc a Ddng Phi. Nam Phi \a Ta\
Phi. Sang kien dau lien cua ProGRA la
Chuang trinh phat trien hat gidng chau Phi
(PASS) dugc ap dung cho 20 nude chau Phi.
tri gia 150 trieu USD, dir kien thuc hien trong
5 nam (trong dd 50 trieu USD la lir Quy
Rockefeller \'a 100 trieu USD lir Quy Gales).

3. Chau Phi can lam gi de thu'c hien

thanh cong Cach mang Xanh

So vdi chau A, rd rang chau Phi da that bai
trong viec thuc hien Cach mang Xanh, nhirng
nhu the khdng cd ngliTa la trong tuang lai chau
Phi khdng the khdng thuc hien Cach mang

Xanh. Tuy nhien, mudn Cach mang Xanh
thanh cdng d chau Phi. ihi dieu quan Irpng
trudc bet la can co sir so saiih va nhan thirc rd
rang ve nhimg thuan Igi, klid khan cua chau Phi
so vdi chau A ve cac yeu td ca ban dam bao
cho Cach mang Xanh dugc thuc hien ihang Igi
nhu ngudn nhan lire, phuang thirc canh lac, he
thdng dat dai, ngudn nude... de tir dd xac djnh
rd nhirng viec can lam ciia chau Phi.

lap dua vao boa chat dac biet, ddc canh hat

Bang 1: Sy khac nhau giua chau A va chau Phi ve he sinh thai trong san xuat lua gao

He sinh thai chu yeu cho
nhung viing san xuat liia gao

Dat dugc tudi tieu

Dal cao phu thupc vao lugng
mua tu nhien

Dat thap phu thugc vao lugng
mua tu nhien

Dat ngap nude
Tdng

Ch
% dien tich

55
7

12
100

au A

San lugng
(tan/ha)

5,5
1,5

2,2

2,0
3,95

% dien I

12
44

100

Chau Phi
ch San lugng

(tSn/ha)
5,5

.1 ''5

2,2

2,0

1 2,26 i

Nguon: Mahabub Hossain. International Rice Research Instiiule (IRRIj, 2002.

:;l''

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Do Dire Dinh-Tran Tbj Lan Hu'dng Cach mang Xanh..

Bang 2: Sy khac nhau giira chau A va chau Phi ve cac yeu to dau vao trong nong nghiep

Cac yeu to , : .

Dien tich dat dugc tudi tieu (%)

Chi tieu cho ndng nghiep (ty USD, 2005)

Ty le sir dung phan bdn trong ndng nghiep (kg,^a)

Chi phi van chuySn 1 tin phan bdn/1000km (2005, USD)

Mat do dudng xa (km dudng/dien tich be mat, 1999)

Chau A

40

201.63 100-200

30 (An Do) :

0,72

Chau Phi can

Xabara

3,8

8,67

9-10

100 0,13

Ngudn: ReSAKSS Working Paper No 28. 4 2009:

Nhiing sd lieu trong bang 1 va bang 2 cho
tha)-, so \di chau .A, dieu kien ban dau de chau
Phi thuc hien each mang Xanh la tuang ddi

khac, ca ve he sinh thai trong phat trien lua
nude, dien tich dat dai duac tudi tieu, ca sa ha
tang, mat dp dudng xa, ty le su dung phan bdn.
chi lieu cho ndng nghiep... Nhiing khac biet
nay khien \iec thuc hien Cach mang Xanh d
chau Phi tra nen khd khan ban so \ d i chau A.
Chau Phi co the tham khao kinh nghiem thuc
hien Cach mang Xanh trudc day d chau A,
nhung cai cot loi la phai tim ra dugc giai phap
hieu qua cho rieng minh.

Tir tbirc te Cach mang Xanh chau A. ngudi
ta nhan thay cd 5 kinh nghiem ndi bat sau day cd
the tham khao \ a ung dung thanh cdng khi trien
khai thuc hien Cach mang Xanh d chau Phi:

a. Phdt trien he thong tudi tieu: Cach mang 
Xanh chau A cd dugc sir thanh cdng nhu hdm
na)' trudc bet la do da ma rdng dugc dien tich
tudi tieu thong qua \iec xa\- dung \ a hien dai
hda he thdng kenh ngdi. muong mang, dap
thuy Igi. nhd dd tir canh tac 1 \ u \ a dua chii
>eu \ao lugng mua lu nhien. ndng nghiep
chau A da tang len 2-3 \ u cimg vdi dien tich
dat canh tac dugc md rpng dang ke. Da\- la yeu
td rat dang de chau Phi coi trpng. Hien naN.
gan 90% dien tich canh tac ndng nghiep cua
chau Phi phu thupc \ao lugng mua tu nhien.
Du linh den nam 2025 dien tich dk canh tac 
dua \ao lugng mua tu nhien \an du\- tri d mire

F.AOST.4T~2002, 2005: World Bank 2005. 2006.

88%. Nam 1995. lugng luong thuc chau Phi
san xuat dugc dua tren dien tich dat phu thugc
\ao lugng mua tu allien chiem tdi 75% tdng
san lugng luong thuc ma chau Phi san xuat; du
bao den nam 2025 t>' le dd hau nhu \ an khdng
thay ddi . Nhu vay, cd the thay tiem nang dat
dai canh tac cua chau Phi cdn rat ldn. nhung
chua dugc ban ta\ con ngudi khai thae thdng
qua tliu}' Igi hoa kenh muong. dien khi boa
ndng thdn \"a ap dung nliirng cdng nghe tudi
tieu, khai hoang dat dai hieu qua.

b. Tdng luang phdn bdn, thude trie sdu su 
dung tren moi dan vi dien tich ddt canh tdc: 
Khdng a dau khac ngoai chau Phi, do mau md
cua dat dai lai kem nhu vay. Chi cd khoang
6% dat dai chau Phi dugc danh gia la cd dp
mau md cao, cd tiem nang phat trien ndng
nghiep tot. So \'di dat dai cua khu vuc Bac
My, chau Au \ a chau A, thi hau hk dk dai cua 
chau Phi deu cd ham lugng nita thSp. thiSu hut
cac chat dinh dudng can thiet nhSt nhu phdt
pho. luu buynb. magie. kem. Phin ldn dat dai
chau Phi deu cd tang mat dat rat ndng. khdng
cd kha nang trir nude va tich tu ch^t dinh
dudng cho cay trdng. ndng do acid cao. trong
khi ham lugng chat buai ca rit th4p. Chinh \ i

the. tiem nang phat trien ndng nghiep ciia chau
Phi khdng cao nhu cac chau luc khac. Trudc
thirc te dan sd tang cao. dat trdng trgt khan
hiem. tinh trang bo dat hoang. khdng canh lac
a chau Phi nga) cang tra nen nghiem trpng.
Dieu do ddi hdi chinh phu cd sir dau tu ldn de

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Cach mang Xanh... 06 Dire Dinh-Tran Tbj Lan Hu'dng

tang do mau md cho dat. Bai hgc tir chau A
cho thay phan bdn. thude trir sau la mot trong
nhiing yeu td ca ban dan den thanh cdng ciia
cupc Cach mang Xanh lan thir nhat, tuy nhien
ddng thdi cung can cd su han che d mirc dp
can thiet de tranh nhirng tac ddng tieu cue tir
viec su dung qua nhieu phan bdn, thude trir
sau, dam bao sir ben virng ciia mdi trudng
ciing nhu siic khoe cua con ngudi.

c. Cdi tao vd sic dung cdc loai gidng mai 
cho sdn luang vd ndng sudt cao han. Hau bet 
cac loai gidng cay trdng, vat nudi hien nay cua
chau Phi deu cd siic chiu dimg tdt vdi dieu
kien thdi tiet, khi hau khac nghiet ciia chau
Phi, nhung san lugng va nang suat rat thap.
Tinh trang nay da timg dien ra d chau A trudc
khi thuc hien Cach mang Xanh, nhung chau A
da khac phuc dugc han che nay nhd cai tao cac
loai gidng cay trdng, vat nudi. Chau Phi ngay
nay ciing cd the ap dung giai phap nay, dua

cac loai gidng mdi vao de thuan hda, hoac lai
tao vdi cac loai gidng tdt ciia chau Phi de tao
ra giong vira cho nang xuat cao, vira thich nghi
tot vdi dieu kien chau Phi. .

d. Ben canh nhiing yeu td tir nhien - ky
thuat nhu nude, phan bdn. thude trii' sau, gidng
cay trdng, vat nudi, Cach mang Xanh cdn ddi 
hoi phdt trien ndng nghiep - ndng thdn mot 
cdch todn dien tren cdc mat tic kinh te den vdn 
hda, xd hoi, gido due, dai sdng, bao gdm cdc 
loai chinh sdch, bien phap nhu xay dung cdc 
td ddi cdng, hap tdc xd, cdc hdi ndng ddn. 
thanh nien, phu nic, cue ca sa khuyen ndng hd 
tra vd huang ddn ky' thuat canh tdc, cdc ngdn 
hdng xd hdi cung cap tin dung nhd, thuc hien 
xoa ddi, giam ngheo, xay dung he thdng dien, 
dudng, truang, trai, cha... Kinh nghiem chau 
A cho thay Cach mang Xanh khdng the thuc
hien thanh cdng neu chi dan thuan ap dung cac
bien phap ky thuat, ma phai cd sir ket hgp giira
cac yeu td ky thuat vdi chinh sach kinh te - xa
hdi. Do la nhirng viec nhieu nude chau A da

thirc hien thanh cdng, khdng cd ly do gi ma
cac nude chau Phi klidng the lam dugc. trir khi
hp khdng cd y chi hay khdng cd ""gan" de lam
viec dd. Mot trong nhirng vi du dien hinh cho
cac loai giai phap dd la viec dau lu co sd ha
tang ndng thdn de ha thap chi phi dau vao cho

ndng nghiep, lam gia tang san lugng ca\' trdng.
gdp phan vao sir phat trien nong thon loan
dien. Mat do dudng xa a chau Phi ngay nay
cdn thap ban d An Do nam 1960. khien chi phi
van tai tang rat cao. Chi phi van tai 1 tan san a
mien Trung chau Phi chiem tdi 60% gia ban le
hang boa nay, khien san xuat khdng phat trien.
thuong mai ndng nghiep bi dinh tre. nong dan
da ngheo cang ngheo ban. Nua the k) trudc.
Cach mang Xanh chau A gat hai dugc thanh
cdng nhd mot phan a viec chinh phu dau lu ca
sd ha tang ndng nghiep. ndng thdn. ddng thdi
vdi viec huy ddng sire ngudi, sire cua trong
dan de md rdng dudng xa, cau cdng... Ngay
nay chau Phi cung cd the tham khao va ap
dung kinh nghiem dd. Tuy nhien. vdi dieu kien
dac thii ciia chau Phi, chinh phii khong du
nang lire va tien ciia de dau tu loan bd. nhung
chinh phii co the ket hgp sir dau tu. ho trg ciia
minh vdi viec huy ddng sir ddng gdp cua cdng
ddng bao gdm cac hd ndng dan. cac td chirc xa
hdi. cac ca quan vien trg. cac cdng ty kinh
doanh tu nhan. cac nha bao tam... de phat Irien
ndng nghiep. nong thdn theo hudng phai trien
Cach mang Xanh. Van de cdn lai la chinh phu
phai minh bach, phai co du nang lire de trien
khai. danh gia va giam sat viec thuc hien
nghiem tiic cac du an. tranh tham 6. lang phi.

e. Hap tdc qudc te vd khu vice Id mot loai

gidi phdp quan trong cua Cdch mang Xanh. nd 
bd sung cho nhicng khiem khuyet a ben trong 
mdi nude, dua nUn ndng nghiep qudc gia cua 
cdc nuac ngheo vuan tai dat trinh do qudc le. 
tiep can thi trudng thi} gidi. khu vice, lir dd 
phdt trien nen ndng nghiep khdng chi de dam

bao tu cdp tic tuc a trong nuac. md cdn cd du

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(9)<div class='page_container' data-page=9>

Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng Cach mang Xanh..

khd ndng phdt trien nen nong nghiep hdng hda 
hdi nhap qudc te cao. Chinh nhd biet tranh thii 
sir hgp tac nay ma cac nude chau A da tim
kiem dugc nhirng loai gidng tdt. nhiing ky
thuat va cdng nghe canh tac tien tien, nhiing
phuang phap canh tac hieu qua, md rdng thi
trudng hang hda ndng san ra khap the gidi.
Ngay nay trong xu the toan cau hda, cdng nghe
cao va kinh te tri thirc, nhung kha nang cho
hgp tac qudc te va khu virc ngay cang nhieu va
rdng md vdi cac nude chau Phi. Han niia. cac
nude chau Phi cdn cd ca kho kinh nghiem ldn
va quy bau ciia chau A de tham khao. Day la
CO hdi ldn de cac nude chau Phi day manh hgp
tac, lien ket qudc te va khu virc, thuc hien
Cach mang Xanh trong bdi canh qudc \k mdi 
vdi nhirng dieu kien thuan Igi va kha nang
thanh cdng cao.

So vdi nua the ky trudc day khi chau A
thirc hien Cach mang Xanh, the gidi ngay nay
da cd nhieu thay ddi, md ra nhieu ca hdi,
nhirng ddng thdi cung dat ra nhieu thach thirc
ma cac nude chau Phi phai vugt qua de phat
trien ndng nghiep, dam bao an ninh luang
thuc. Ca hdi ma chau Phi cd ban chau A trudc
day la loan cau hoa, la cdng nghe sinh hgc
phat trien, la kinh nghiem thanh cdng va that
bai ciia chau A va My Latinh qua nhiki thap
ky thuc hien Cach mang Xanh. Nhung mat
khac, cai kem ciia chau Phi hien nay la xuit
phat diem thap. Neu nhu trudc day khi bit tay
vao thuc hien Cach mang Xanh. nhieu nude
chau A nhu An Do, Viet Nam, Han Qudc,
Thai Lan... da cd mot tap quan canh tac tuang
ddi kha, mot he thdng ca sd ha ting dap iing
dugc nhieu dieu kien ciia Cach mang Xanh. cd
mot mang ludi tudi tieu tuang ddi rdng. da xay
dimg dugc kha nang cdng nghe dk san xuat 
phan bdn, cd nhung loai gidng dugc nghien
ciru phii hgp vdi ddng rudng, nhd dd da nhanh
chdng ap dung Cach mang Xanh tren quy md
ldn. dua ndng nghiep "cSt canh" nhanh; thi trai

lai hien nay he thdng ndng nghiep chau Phi
van cdn le thugc rat nhieu vao dieu kien tir
nhien, phuang phap canh tac sa khai, lugng
mua it di. he thdng thiiy Igi yeu kem. cac loai
gidng chua dugc cai tao, cac phuang tien lam

dat tdi thieu nhu may cay. may xdi... hau nhu
chua san xuat dugc. phai nhap khau phan ldn
tir ben ngoai. Thuc te do ddi hdi chau Phi co
mot thdi gian de vugt qua giai doan thap kem
hien nay, chuan bi nhirng tien de can thiet de
den giai doan tiep theo bat kip vdi nhiing cai
mdi. cai hien dai, bat kip chau A va the gidi.

Thach thirc ldn nhat ddi vdi chau Phi hien
nay la chua tim ra dugc mot giai phap thich
hgp, vi vay viec dau tien cdn lam Id chinh cdc 
nuac chau Phi phdi tic nhan thicc duac tdm 
quan trong sdng cdn ciia Cach mang Xanh ddi 
vdi ho, de tic do tu xay dung cho minh mot 
chien lucre vd chuang trinh hdnh dong ro 
rdng, mot quyet tdm thuc hien bang duac ciide 
Cdch nigng Xanh tai chau Phi. Dii cho sir hgp 
tac vdi ben ngoai la can thiet den dau di niia,
nhung khdng ai cd the thay cac nude chau Phi
thirc hien tdt ban dugc nhiem vu nay.

Khi da cd mot chien luge va mot chuang
trinh hanh ddng tdt thi cac nude chau Phi co
the khac phuc dugc nhung khd khan, thach
thirc khac nhu sir khan higm cac ngudn tai
nguyen ndng nghiep, su km. len cua trai dk. 
nhiing tac ddng lieu circ ciia toan c4u boa. va
gan day nhat la khiing hoang kinh te loan ck\. 
Cach mang Xanh d chau Phi can phai dua tren
mot he thdng da dang boa vg he sinh thai, kiln

thirc ciia cdng ddng dia phuang, dac thii ciia
ca cau dan cu... Cach mang Xanh chau Phi c k
cd sir dam bao ciia mot he thdng chinh sach
ddng bd, nhat la sir cam ket chinh tri manh me
va cd djnh hudng dai ban tir phia chinh phii
trong dau tu, huy dgng ngudn luc. chinh sach
tai chinh tin dung, ddng thdi can cd sir phoi
hgp chat che giua chinh phii. doanh nghiep va
cac nha tai trg nude ngoai de hgp tac dk\ tu

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(10)<div class='page_container' data-page=10>

Cach mang Xanh. Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng

phat trien ca sd ha tang, dao tao ky nang, quan
ly dich benh. dieu chinh chinh sach vT md lien
quan den ndng nghiep. cung cap cac khoan tin
dung can thiet cho ndng dan de hg co the mua
hat gidng, phan bdn, ap dung cdng nghe tien
tien, cai tien phuang thirc canh tac va tiep can
thi trudng hang boa.

La nhirng tac gia Viet Nam thuc hien bai
viet nay, chiing tdi xin cd ddi Idi ndi ve kinh
nghiem phat trien ndng nghiep va ve mdi quan
he hgp tac giua Viet Nam vdi cac nude chau
Phi trong ITnh vuc ndng nghiep. Ve kinh
nghiem, ngirdi ndng dan Viet Nam cd cau
"'nhdt nuac, nhi phdn, tam cdn, tic gidng". Dd 
la nhiing bai hgc da dugc ndng dan Viet Nam
due ket qua hang nghin nam vdi nhieu the he
thay phien nhau canh tac tren ddng rupng.

Ngay nay, vdi Cach mang Xanh, nhirng kinh
nghiem dd khdng nhirng khdng bi thay the. ma
cdn dugc tiep tuc phat buy va nang cap thdng
qua viec ap dung nhiing ky thuat cao ban cua
Cach mang Xanh. Chinh nhd ket hgp nhirng
kinh nghiem truyen thdng vdi viec ap dung
phuang phap canh tac mdi, hien dai, ma Viet
Nam sau 20 nam Ddi Mdi tir giua thap nien
1980 den nay da dao ngugc dugc linh the lir
mpl nude thieu ddi luong thuc trd thanh nude
xuat khau gao ldn thir hai the gidi (sau Thai
Lan), mdi nam xuat khau tren 5 trieu tan gao,
vira giam nhanh ty le ngheo ddi, dam bao an
ninh luang thuc, vira tang nhanh lugng gao
xuat khau, tang thu ngudn vdn ngoai te de
phiic vu cho muc lieu tang dau tu phat trien
kinh te - xa hdi. Viet Nam va cac nude chau A
khac da lam dugc nhu vay, khdng cd ly do gi
de cac nude chau Phi khdng lam dugc? Chac
chan cac nude chau Phi cung se lam dugc,
mien la hp cd y chi, cd quyet tam chinh tri cao,
biet ket hgp viec phat huy tiem nang va truyen
thong san cd vdi tham khao va ap diing kinh
nghiem lien tien ciia cac nude da thuc hien
thanh cdng Cach mang Xanh.

Ve hgp tac ndng nghiep. den na)- Viet Nam
da cir hang chuc nghin chmen gia sang giiip
cac nude chau Phi phat trien ndng nghiep. dien
binli la tai cac nude nhu Angola. Algeria.

Libya. Congo, Namibia. Sudan. Mozambique.
Tanzania. Senegal. Benin. Madagascar... Tai
cac nude nay. chuyen gia Viet Nam da co
nhirng ddng gdp tich cue. mang lai hieu qua
thiet thuc dugc nhieu nude chau Phi danh gia
cao. Cac chuyen gia Viet Nam vdi tinh than
biixi nghi. hgp tac. cd nhieu kinh nghiem ihuc
tien. da gan giii giiip dd ndng dan mpl sd nude
chau Phi ve ky thuat trdng liia nude, chan
nudi, bao ve thuc vat. giam sat va xay dung
cac cdng trinh thuy Igi, thuc hien cac chuang
trinh hgp tac san xuat. chuyen giao cdng nghe.
ky thuat chan nuoi. iha) doi each chan nudi lu
nliien sang tham canh. su dung ngu\'en lieu dia
phuong. chan nudi tieu gia siic, phat trien thuy
Igi, cai lao gidng. cai tao dat. dam bao an ninh
luang thuc. xoa ddi giam ngheo. phoi hgp va
day manh cac boat ddng Irao doi ve xual nhap
khau hang ndng san nhu gao. ca phe. che. hat
lieu. dieu... Su hpp lac vii giiip dd cua chuNcn
gia Viet Nam da gdp phan dua nang suat trdng
liia d mpl sd nude chau Phi lir 1 tan/ha len 5-6
tan/ha. cd nai 6-7 tan/ha. gdp phan dam bao an
ninh luang thuc. Cac phuang thirc hgp tac
hieu qua da dan dan dugc mo ra. nhu hgp tac
hai ben. ba ben va nhieu ben. hgp tac thong
qua cac du an qudc te. quoc gia cua cac nude
chau Phi va Viet Nam... Day manh sir hgp lac
nay. chac chan Viet Nam va cac nude chau Phi
se tiep tuc dai dugc nhung ket qua kha quan

ban nira vi Igi ich cua nhan dan Viet Nam \a
nhan dan chau Phi, giam nhanh ddi ngheo.
dam bao an ninh luong thirc. tang cudng xual
khau. lam giau tir ddng dat que huang.

4. Giai phap thay loi ket luan

Hau bet cac nghien ciru ve each mang Xanh
deu tap trung vao khia canh ky thuat cong
nghe. Gan day, da cd iiidt sd nghien ciru xem

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Do Dire Ojnh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng Cach mang Xanh...

xet each mang Xanh bang phuong phap tiep
can toan dien ban. Trong bai viet nay. chiing
tdi ciing xem xet each mang Xanh tren quan
diem tiep can toan dien. va chiing tdi di den
ket luan la: eugc each mang Xanh chau A
thanh cdng khdng chi do nhiing nguyen nhan
thugc ve cdng nghe, ma cdn do cac nude chau
A da thuc hien ba nlidm giai phap ca ban sau:
1- Giai phap kinh te va cdng nghe: 2- Giai
phap chinh tri va xa hdi; va 3- Hgp tac khu
vuc va qudc te. Chung tdi cho rang cac nude
chau Phi cd the ap dung ba nhdm giai phap
tren de cd the tien hanh xoa ddi giam ngheo
hieu qua. Cu the la:

Gicu phdp 1: Thuc hien nhdm giai phdp 
kinh te vd cdng nghe

Nhdm giai phap nay dugc tien hanh ket hgp
giira eugc each mang Xanh lan thir nhat va
cuge each mang Xanh lan thir hai. gdm:

- Tang dau tu thuang mai tren quy md ldn
va nbo

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liia gao, liia my, hat ngu cdc va cac loai cay
trdng khac.

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day dii nude cho ndng nghiep.

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phuong phap canh tac truyen thdng.

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- Tang cudng nghien cim va thdng tin v6
nhiing ITnh vuc lien quan.

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Gicu phdp 2: Ap dung cdc hien phdp chinh 
tri vd xd hdi, ddc biet khuyen khich su tham gia 
cua ddng dao cdc thanh phdn kinh te-xd hdi.

Trong ITnh vuc nay, can phai cd su cam ket
manh me ciia chinh quyen trung uang va dia
phuang trong viec thuc hien each mang Xanh,
dac biet la phai ban hanh dugc khung chinh
sach can thiet. cac ITnh vuc uu tien dau tu. im
tien tiep can tin dung va giam thue. Ben canh
dd. can phai cd su hd trg va khuyen khich
manh me sir tham gia ciia ddng dao cac thanh
phan kinh te- xa hdi. cu the la:

- Cac vien nghien cim R&D. cac nha ndng
hpc. cac nha khoa hpc. cac hgp tac xa. ndng
dan va hd gia dinh. "^" f

-- Hiep hdi ndng dan. hdi phu nir. doan
thanh nien

- Cac nha tai trg dia phuong va qudc te nhu
cac td chirc chinli phii (GOs), cac td chirc qudc
te (IGOs) va cac td chirc phi chinh phii
(NGOs).

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Giai phdp ba: Ma rang hop tdc khu vice vd 
qudc te

- Tang cudng hgp tac ndng nghiep vdi cac
nude phuang Nam thdng qua viec dam phan
va thuc hien hieu qua cac cam ket trong vdng
dam phan Doha.

- Thiic day hgp tac Nam - Nam trong ndng
nghiep, dac biet la hgp tac ba ben giiia Viet
Nam. mot nude chau Phi va mot td chirc quoc
te nhu FAO hoac mot nude phat trien ban nhu
Nam Phi.

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Cach mang Xanh... Do Dire Dinh-Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng

- Md rdng hgp lac khu vuc trong khudn khd
Lien minh chau Phi. cac td chirc khu vuc ciia
chau Phi, hoac giira cac td chiic chau Phi \ a
cac td chirc chau A nhu ASEAN.

- Tang vien trg ODA va dau tu doi vdi phat
trien ndng nghiep cua cac nude dang phat
trien. dac biet la phat trien ndng nghiep hang

hoa.

Vdi nhirng nhdm giai phap nhu tren. h)
vpng cupc each mang Xanh se dem lai mot bd
mat mdi cho chau Phi tir na\' den giua the ky

XXI.

Chii thich:

' Cac nude chau A ap dung thanh cong each
mang Xanh lan I co the ke den la An Do.
Indonesia. Philippine. Viet Nam

'TheogoodnevNsindia.com.

Theo Hira Jhaintani. The Green Revolution in
Asia: Lessons for Africa.

^ IFPRl. 2020 Discussion Paper 41. 8/2005.

T a i lieu t h a m k h a o

1. Tran Thi Lan Huong. Cdch mang .Xanh chau 
Phi vd nhimg vdn de dot ra trong phdt trien ndng

nghiep a chau Phi. Tap chi Nghien ciiu Chau Phi 
va Trung Dong, so 8 nam 2008. ; i,.- • ;

2. Tran Thj Lan Huong. Dieu kien lir nhien vd 
thuc trgng phdt trien ndng nghiep hien nay a chau 
Phi, Tap chi Nghien cuu Chau Phi \ a Trung Dong,

so I nam 2009 , _

3. Alexander Sarris. Outlook. Opportunities and 
Constraints for African Agricultural Markets and 
Trade, FAO. 12-13/11/2007.

4. Christopher L. Delgado, .Africa's Changing 
Agricultural Development Strategies: Past and 
Present Papadigms as a Guide to the Future. 
international Food Polic) Research Institute
(IFPRl). Discussion Paper 3. 2006.

5. Lidia Cabral and Ian Scoones. Narratives of 
Agricultural Policy in .ifrica: What Role ior 
Ministries of .Agriculture.'' Future .Agricultures 
Consonium Workshop. 3/2006.

6. NEPAD. Comprehensive .ifrica .Agriculture 
Development Programme. h\\\ 2003

7. Steven Haggblade. Building on Successes in 
.African Agriculture. International Food Polic% 
Research Institute (IFPRl). Focus 12. Brief lot 10.

4/2004.

8. Enonomic Commission for Africa. Toward a 
Green Revolution in .ifrica: Harnessing Science 
and Technology for Sustainable .Modernisation of 
.Agricuture and Rural Tran.sformation

fS.XLARTAGRIj. hme 2003. ,. ,., | —-f

9. Hans llolmen. Why no Green Revolulion in 
.Africa!". Current Issue in International Ruial

Development. African Agricuture Toda\. 8/2004.

10. Keijiro Otsuka. .-i Summaiv of the 
Workshop on Green Revolulion in .-Isia ami iis 
Transferability lo .Africa. International 
Development Research Institute.

11. The Rockefeller Foundation. .Africa's Turn 
a New Green Revolution for the 21" Century. iu\\ 
2006.

12. Dnih. Do Diic (chu bien). 2006. -77;//; /;;;;/;
chinh tri - kinh le co ban cua chau Pin". NXB 
KHXH.

13. Djnh. Do Diic (chu bien). 2008. ••Nam Phi 
Con dudng tien tdi ddn chu. cdng bang vd thinh 
v;;OT;g". NXB KHXH.

14. Djnh. Do Dire. Quan he hop tac Vict Nam
-chau Phi. T/c Cong san. so 82 nam 2005.

15. Cac trang web: wvsvv.en.wikipedia.
www .capechamber.co./a. w vv\v.iicda.co./.a.
wwv',.woiidbank.orii. vvvvvv.fao.oriz;

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