Chính sách đối ngoại của Triều Nguyễn trong quan hệ với nước Anh giai đoạn 1802-1858

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<b>/ v ' </b>

<b>Cnil^H SACH B O I IVGOAI CUA TRIEU IVGUYEIV TROIVG </b>

<b>QUAN HE v e i l A l l e l e AJ^m GIAI DOAIV 1 8 0 2 - 1 8 5 8 </b>

Ths. Nguyen Thj Thanh Hoa

<i>Tneang CDSP Hdi Duang </i>

Trong lich su Viet Nam, trieu Nguyen

tdn tai khdng dai (1802-1945) nhung cd mgt

vi tri het sue dac biet. Day la trieu dai dugc

thiet lap d giai doan cudi cua thdi trung dai

va chiem trgn thdi can dai trong lich sir dan

tgc.

Tir trudc den nay, viec nghien cuu trieu

Nguyen ludn thu hut ddng dao hgc gia trong

va ngoai nudc. Hien nay da cd hang tram

cdng trinh nghien ciru, de cap den rat nhieu

van de nhu: chinh tri, kinh te - xa hdi, tdn

giao, tin ngudng, vi tri cua trieu Nguyen

trong lich sir dan tdc, chinh sach ddi ngi, ddi

ngoai cua vuang trieu Nguyen...Mdi nha

nghien cim cd each tiep can lich sir khac

nhau, do vay cd nhii'ng quan diem lich su

khdng gidng nhau, tham chi trai ngugc nhau.

Vi du, d van de chinh sach ddi ngoai cua nha

Nguyen ddi vdi cac nudc phuang Tay, mgt

so nha sir hgc cho rang, do la chinh sach doi

ngoai mu quang, thye hien "be quan tda

cang" lam cho dat nudc ngay cang suy yeu,

vua quan nha Nguyen bac nhuge, cd tu

tudng dau hang dan tdi mat nudc. Ngugc lai

vdi quan diem tren, mgt sd y kiln cho ring,

sd dT nha Nguyen thye hien nhung chinh

sach tren la do yeu td khach quan tac dgng

rat ldn. Thdi diem the ky XIX, cd rit nhilu

qudc gia d chau A bi dd hd bdi chu nghTa

thye dan, va Viet Nam la mdt vi dy. Do vay,

thye hien chinh sach ddi ngoai tren la dieu de

hieu. Cac nha su hgc cdn cho rang, nha

Nguyen khdng phai cd tu tudng dau hang

hoan toan, cung cd nhirng dng vua quyet tam

chdng giac nhu Ham Nghi, Duy Tan...

Nhu vay, danh gia khach quan chinh

sach ddi ngoai cua nha Nguyen ddi vdi

phuang Tay ciing la mdt van de khdng don

gian. Dieu quan trgng la can cd mgt phuang

phap luan sir hgc bat ngudn tu khoa hgc lich

sir macxit, coi sy that lich sir la dieu kien dau

tien cho viec xem xet, danh gia lich sir.

Mudn vay, can nhin nhan van de theo quan

diem cua chu nghTa duy vat bien chirng, chu

nghTa duy vat lich sir va tu tudng Hd Chi

Minh ve lich su.

Khi nghien cim chinh sach ddi ngoai

cua nha Nguyen vdi the gidi phuang Tay,

cac nha su hgc thudng tap trung nghien ciru

chinh sach ddi ngoai cua nha Nguyen ddi vdi

nudc Phap, bdi vi Phap cd am muu xam luge

va thye hien cudc chien tranh xam luge ddi

vdi Viet Nam. Cac mdi quan he giira nha

Nguyen vdi cac nudc phuong Tay khac nhu:

Anh, Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Ha Lan...

it dugc de cap den. Bai viet nay danh gia mat

dugc va chua dugc trong quan he cua nha

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<b>46 </b>

<b>NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5 (116).2010 </b>

ngoai cua nha Nguyen vdi nudc Anh cd

nhiing diem rieng, song ciing nam trong

chinh sach ddi ngoai cua nha Nguyen ddi vdi

cac nudc phuang Tay, bdi the can lam rd

mdi quan he cua nha Nguyen vdi cac qudc

gia nay.

<b>1. Chinh sach ngoai giao cua nha </b>

<b>Nguyen doi voi cac nuoc phuo'ng Tay </b>

Truyen giao la boat dgng duang nhien

cua bat cir mdt tdn giao nao, dac biet la mdt

tdn giao ldn nbu dao Thien Chua. Tir the ky

XV trd di, tuc la tir sau khi xay ra sy kien

phat kien dia ly, d cac nudc phuang Tay da

xuat hien sy bung nd ve truyen giao. Vao

thdi diem nay, nhu cau thudc dia cua chu

nghTa thuc dan chau Au ngay cang ldn.

Chinh vi vay, viec budn ban va truyen dao

lai mang trong minh mdt y nghTa khac

-"mang dam tinh than thye dan". Thye vay,

dang sau mdi Giao doan la quyen lye va

quyen lgi cua mdt qudc gia dang ngay cang

bi chi phdi bdi giai cap tu san dang ldn

manh.

Tir the ky XVII, cac giao sT va thuong

nhan phuang Tay da den Viet Nam de truyen

dao va budn ban. Thuang nhan Anh, Phap,

Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha da lap dugc

nhiing thuang diem cua minh d ca Dang

Ngoai va Dang Trong. Nha nudc Le - Trinh

da bien phd Hien thanh tram trung chuyen

cua thuyen budn nudc ngoai. Hgi An la

thanh phd cang ldn nhat, nai ddn tiep thuyen

budn nudc ngoai cua nha Nguyen. Ciing

trong thdi gian the ky XVII, chii Qudc ngir

ra ddi tao thuan lgi cho viec truyen dao, vi

thi cac giao sT cung boat ddng tich eye ban.

Song quan he nay yeu di vao nira sau the ky

XVIII, mac dau cac giao sT van len lut boat

ddng.

Nam 1802, nha Nguyen dugc thiet lap,

Nguyen Anh tu dat nien hieu la Gia Long.

Luc bay gid, tinh hinh xa hgi Viet Nam co

nhung bien chuyen mdi, Viet Nam trd thanh

mgt qudc gia hung manh nhat d Ddng Nam

A. Van de md cua hda nhap vdi thi trudng

the gidi de kich thich san xuat la mdt yeu cau

cap thiet va phu hgp vdi xu the thdi dai. Cac

vua Nguyen bieu rang tac dyng trd lai ciia

ndi thuang, ngoai thuang ddi vdi san xuat

ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep, dac biet la sy on

dinh xa hgi la rat ldn. Hon niia, ben canh nha

vua thdi nao cung cd kha nhieu quan lai co

nang lye, hgc van sau rdng va dugc tiep xiic

vdi van minh phuang Tay. Tuy nhien, nha

Nguyen lai gap rat nhieu trd ngai trong viec

thye thi chinh sach "md cira".

Hoan canh the gidi diu till ky XIX tac

ddng khdng nhd den chu trirong, chinh sach

cua nha Nguyen. Luc bay gid cac nudc

phuong Tay dua nhau tim kilm thi trudng,

tim kiem thugc dia. Vuang trilu Nguyen

hung manh d khu vyc, nhung ciing chi la

mdt mieng mdi ngon ddi vdi cac nudc

phuang Tay ma thdi. Thye tien cac nudc

xung quanh cung lam cho trilu dinh nha

Nguyen hit sue lo ling. Them vao do, Gia

Long (1802-1819), ngudi sang lap ra vuang

trieu Nguyen, lai chiu su ung hg va giup dd

cua ngudi Phap. Trong cuge chiln tranh vdi

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<i><b>&hinh ideh itoi nijxnii eda trieu QfLcpuijiMt. </b></i>

<b>47 </b>

(cdn ggi la Ba Da Ldc) dua hoang tir Canh

sang Phap xin vien trg quan sy. Ngay

28-11-1787, hiep udc "Lien minh tan cdng va

phdng thu" dugc ky ket d Versailles giira Ba

Da Ldc, la dai dien cua Nguyen Anh, va ba

tudc De Montmorin, la dai dien cua vua

Phap Louis XVI. Vdi Hiep udc Versailles,

ngudi Phap da lay van de thuong mai lam

dieu kien cho sy gup dd cua minh ddi vdi

Nguyen Anh. Nhung thuang mai chi la van

de nhd trong am mun ldn cua ngudi Phap.

Hiep udc edn toat len nhiing toan tinh ciia

Nguyen Anh mudn danh ddi chu quyen qudc

gia de lay dia vi thdng tri cua minh. Hiep

ude Versailles bi ngan can bdi Cach mang tu

san Phap (1787), nhung Nguyen Anh van

nhan dugc sy giup dd dang ke cua ngudi

Phap. "Dd la mgt trong nhirng tac ddng quan

trgng giup Nguyen anh thang dugc lye lugng

Tay San vao nam 1802"'.

Day chinh la ca sd de chung ta hieu rd

hon chinh sach ddi ngoai cua nha Nguyen

ddi vdi cac nudc phuang Tay. Chinh sach

ngoai giao ndi bat cua nha Nguyen vdi cac

qudc gia nay la chinh s^ch "ddng cira". Cac

vua Nguyen quan niem rang: Mudn bao ve

bd cdi thi dimg cd vdi nhiing ngudi d xa xdi

den, can phai han che viec budn ban vdi

nudc ngoai va cam truyen dao. "Cac vin dl

phiic tap tu viec budn ban va truyin dao cua

ngudi nudc ngoai lam cho tinh hinh chinh

tri, xa hdi Viet Nam cang trd nen rac rdi

them <b>n2 </b>

Gia Long chiu an cua ngudi Phap nen

budc phai giii mdi quan he tdt vdi nudc

Phap, nhung lanh nhat vdi Tay Ban Nha,

Anh. Mdt sd ngudi Phap dugc lam quan cho

nha Nguyen la Jean Baptiste Chaigneau,

Philippe Vannier, De Forsans, Despiau. Gia

Long td ra khoan dung ddi vdi dao Thien

Chua va chua thye hien chinh sach cam dao

d Viet Nam. Ddng thdi, trieu Nguyen cdn

cho Phap thiet lap tda lanh sy quan d Hue

vao nam 1805 cung vdi viec thanh lap nha

cdng quan de khoan tiep cac thuong gia

phuang Tay. Nhu vay, vua quan nha Nguyen

mang on nudc Phap nen khdng the thye hien

chinh sach "ddng cua" mdt each triet de. Va

ngay tir dau, chinh sach "ddng cira" cua nha

Nguyen da chira dyng nhiing mau thuan.

Din thdi Minh Mang (1820- 1840),

Thieu Tri (1841-1847) va sau nay la Ty Dire

(1848-1883), cac vua Nguyen td ra dut khoat

hon ddi vdi cac nudc phuang Tay, ke ca

ngudi Phap. Nam 1824, Chaigneau, Vannier

phai xin ve Phap. Nam 1825, Phap xin dat

lanh sy tai Viet Nam nhung Minh Mang tir

chdi. Nam 1830, Phap lai dat van de mgt lan

nira nhung khdng dat ket qua. Trong khoang

thdi gian tir 1822-1830, nudc Phap lien tyc

cir ngudi sang thuang thuyet vdi Viet Nam

de xin budn ban nhung khdng dugc. Bien

phap tir chdi cdn dugc ap dung ddi vdi cac

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<b>48 </b>

<b>NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5 (116).2010 </b>

thuyen budn cua Anh, My, Y, Due, Tay Ban

Nha...

Tuy nhien, chinh sach "ddng cua" cua

nha Nguyen da bi that bai bdi sy tham nhap

cua chu nghTa thye dan phuang Tay. Thirc

hien chinh sach ngoai giao can trgng nhu vay

nhung nha Nguyen khdng cam dugc cac

nudc phuang Tay den truyen dao va budn

ban. Nha nudc chang the kiem soat dugc cac

tau budn. Nha budn nude ngoai van thuc

hien budn ban let lut. Vua quan van phai

duang dau vdi nan thudc phien. Cac giao sT

dao Thien Chua van hoat ddng bi mat, khan

truong nhu mdt su thach do trieu dinh va

viec cam dao cu dai dang mai den khi nudc

Phap sang bao hg mdi thdi. Vua Minh Mang

da thuc hien viec cam dao rat quyet liet

khien cho cac giao sT Thira sai ggi dng ta la

"Neron". Dac biet, Thieu Tri va Ty Dirc thye

hien mgt each triet de chinh sach cam dao.

Vua Ty Dire da ban hanh cac chi dy cam dao

va tuyen thudng nhirng ai bat dugc cac giao

sT phuong Tay. Neu giao sT phuang Tay bi

tdi nang thi xir theo hinh phat bugc da vao cd

va virt xudng bien.

Sy phan tich tren cho thay ban than

chinh sach "ddng cua" va "md cua" cua trilu

dinh da bdc Id nhiing mau thuan khdng the

khac phuc dugc. Nha Nguyen dimg trudc

yeu cau "md cira" nhung lai thye hien chinh

sach "ddng cua" de ngan chan y do xam luge

cua Phap va cac nudc phuong Tay. Cudi

cung nha Nguyen lai bi chinh cac nudc dd

bat phai "md cira" de md rgng viec budn

ban. Hanh ddng cam dao mdt each dien

cudng cang the hien su be tac cua vua quan

trudc hoan canh.

Chinh sach ngoai giao tren da dem lai

ket qua tai hai. Dat nude rai vao hga xam

lang. "Tri hoan dugc it nhieu cudc xam luge

cd the xay ra cua cac nude phuang Tay

nhung nha Nguyen lai khdng tan dung dugc

thdi gian de tang cudng sue ty ve ciia dat

nudc" . Dudng ldi ngoai giao lanh nhat vdi

mgt sd nude phuang Tay (trong do cd nudc

Anh) lieu cd phai la mgt giai phap dung?

<b>2. Chinh sach ngoai giao ciia nha </b>

<b>Nguyen doi vdi nudc Anh </b>

Cudc phat kien dia ly dien ra vao the ky

XV-XVI da dan den sy ra ddi cua chu nghTa

thye dan. Theo dd, nudc Anh tien hanh banh

trudng thudc dia tir the ky XVI, XVII. Trong

thdi gian nay, nudc Anh thye hien viec di

dan sang Bac My va chinh phuc An Do. Din

the ky XVIII, nudc Anh chiem dugc vi tri

hang dau tren mat bien sau khi da danh bai

cae ddi thu Tay Ban Nha va Phap. He thong

thudc dia cua nude Anh dugc md rdng. 6

chau Au, nudc Anh da chilm dugc Alien,

Gibranta, khdng chi con dudng tir Dai Tay

Duang den Dia Trung Hai. Ci chau My, nudc

Anh chiem 13 thugc dia dgc bd biln Dai Tay

Duong lan rgng tdi sdng Mitxixipi, Canada

va mdt sd hdn dao vung biln Caribe. 6 Tay

Phi, nhiing vung phi nhieu cua song

Xenegan va Gambia, miln duyen hai doc

vinh Ghine deu dudi quyin thing tri ciia

ngudi Anh.

<i>" Truong Huu Quynh, Dinh Xuan Lam, Le Mau Han, </i>

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<i><b>&tinh ideJt itdi ntjxuii eda trieu Qflguijen. </b></i>

<b>49 </b>

Chinh nhung cudc xam luge dam mau d

cac thudc dia, dac biet la d An Do lam cho

nudc Anh giau cd nhanh chdng. Them vao

do, viec budn ban nd le da den day tdi ac da

lam cho giai cap tu san Anh thu dugc mdn

lai ldn, tich liiy dugc sd vdn khdng Id de phat

trien kinh te tu ban chu nghTa va day manh

hon nira viec chinh phuc cac vung dat mdi.

trong dd cd Viet Nam.

Nudc Anh thiet lap quan he vdi nha

Nguyen tir rat sdm, nhung nha Nguyen

khdng vdi nhii'ng ngudi d xa den nen nam

1803, ngudi Anh sai sii den hien phuang vat,

dang bieu xin lap phd budn ban d Tra San,

dinh Quang Nam. Nha Nguyen da tir chdi

yeu cau cua ngudi Anh vdi ly do: hai cuang

la nai quan yeu nen khdng eho ngudi ben

ngoai vao. Vua sai ngudi tra le vat va bao ve.

Mac du vay, thuyen budn cua Anh van

nhieu lan den xin budn ban. Dieu dd la

duang nhien, vi tham vgng ldn cua de qudc

khdng the bi can trd bdi mgt ldi tir chdi.

Nam 1804, nude Anh lai sai su den dang

phuang vat. dang bieu xin thdng thuang, xin

d Da Nang de budn ban. Nha Nguyin lai

khudc tir, vua ndi: "Tien vuang kinh dinh

viec nude, khdng de cho ngudi Ha lan vdi

ngudi Di, dd thye la cai y de phdng tir liic

viec cdn nhd. Ngudi Hdng-mao'' gian giao tri

tra, khdng phai ndi gidng ta, long hg hIn

khac, khdng cho d lai, ban cho uu hau ma

khien ve, khudc tir nhirng phuang vat ma hg

hien"\ Trudc thai do tir chdi dirt khoat cua

nha Nguyen, nude Anh danh ra ve. Sau sy

kien nay, ngudi Anh hai, ba lan dang thu yeu

cau ddi thdng thuang nhung nha vua deu

khdng ddng y.

Rd rang, ngay tir dau nha Nguyen da

thang than chdi bd mdi quan he ngoai giao

vdi nude Anh. Ly do ma nha Nguyen dua ra

nhu tren khdng phai la khdng cd ly. Bang

each "ddng cira"- cam thdng thuang, nha

Nguyen hy vgng cac nudc phuang Tay se di

tim nhiing vung dat mdi. Tuy nhien, sy thye

khdng phai vay. Sau khi khdng dat dugc viec

thdng thuang, ngudi Anh cd the da nghT ra

nhirng cai cd de thiet lap mdi quan he ngoai

giao ma nha Nguyen dang tim each chdi bd.

Nudc Anh, dung nhu ldi vua Nguyen da

nhan dinh, hg that khdn ngoan.

Nam 1807, thuyen budn cua ngudi Anh

den dau d Da Nang va ndi rang trudc kia hg

budn ban d Gia Dinh, da tirng ban sung dng

cho Nha nudc, nay hg "tung tien" nen xin

tang gia. Trudc tinh hinh dd, nha Vua da cap

cho ngudi Anh 24.000 ddng bac phien rdi

bao di. Nam 1812, tau ciia ngudi Anh lai dau

d vung Tra San vdi ly do nhu cii: Nam trudc

nha Vua mua sung dan cua cua trudng tau

"hay cdn thieu", xin nha Vua tra cho. Mac du

rat gian dii, cho rang ngudi Anh "tham lam

khdng chan", nhung nha Vua van bao quan

lai dua ca sd mua hang cho ngudi Anh xem.

Xem xong, ngudi Anh xau hd, sg, va di mat.

Ca hai lan tren, nha Nguyen deu xir ly rat

Honsi Mao: tire nauoi Anh.

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<b>50 </b>

<b>NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5 (116).2010 </b>

kheo, cd the mat rat nhieu tien va phai chung

minh dugc sy trong sach cua vuang trieu,

dieu dd ciing dugc, cdt sao la ngudi Anh di.

Thang 7 nam 1822, tau ciia nude Anh lai vao

Da Nang xin thdng thuang. nha Vua van

khdng cho.

Nhirng dan chirng tren cho thIy nha

Nguyen ludn cd thai do lanh nhat vdi nudc

Anh, tuy nhien cung thay trong thai do lanh

nhat ciia nha Nguyen each cu xir cd toan

tinh, vua mem mdng nhung cung het sire

cirng ran. Sau nay, khi mau thuan giira Anh

va Phap trd nen gay gat trong viec tranh chip

thudc dia d chau A, khi Anh gay sir vdi Mien

Dien thi trong mdi quan he vdi nudc Anh,

nha Nguyen can phai de chirng. Mac dii nha

Nguyen cho rang ngudi Anh la "quy quyet",

"gian tra tram khoanh", nhung khi ddi dien

vdi ngudi Anh thi phai "kheo xu tri". Chinh

vi vay, vao thang 7 nam 1826, thuyin budn

cua nudc Anh bi nan dau d Binh Thuan, Vua

sai Iran than tinh dau ngudi cap cho thuyin

gao. Nam 1934, thuyen budn eua ngudi Anh

den dd d tan sd Da Nang thudc dinh Quang

Nam, ban chin phat sung chao. Quan trilu

dinh thay sap den ngay le cung tl, khdng

dam ban sung de dap le. Viec nay tau len

Vua, Vua xir phat nhiing ngudi khdng thi

hanh le, sau dd truyen cho 2 phao dai, mdi

phao dai ban ngay 3 phat sung dl dap ll. Vua

sai ngudi den xin ldi chu thuyen cua ngudi

Anh va dan dd quan lai trieu dinh nen "cdng

binh chinh tryc" de giir qudc thi.

Sy kien tae ddng rat ldn din tinh hinh

chinh tri nha Nguyen dd la Anh khdng

ngung quay nhieu va tan cdng vung ven bien

tinh Quang Ddng, Trung Qudc vao cudi nam

1939. Nhu da biet, chinh sach ngoai giao ciia

nha Nguyen vdi the gidi ben ngoai ludn lay

quan he vdi Man Thanh lam trung tam va to

ra "than phyc" nha Thanh. Vi the, chu quyen

cua mdt vuong trieu ldn d chau A bi xam

pham khien cho vua quan khdng the khong

lo lang va bat ngd. Vua bao vdi thi than

rang: "Binh thuyen nudc Hdng-mao bat qua

may chiee. Lam Tac Tir dem quan toan tinh

danh, sao lai khdng danh ndi. Han niia, quan

Hdng-mao vugt bien ma den, trdng luong

thye vao dau ma cd the chdng vdi nha Thanh

lau dugc? Ha rang chung cd tay trong hudng

irng, cd chd trdng cay ma dam thi u?"^. Nha

Nguyen khdng tin ndi Man Thanh bi thit bai

trong tran chien ay va hit sire bit binh cho

nudc Thanh. Thang 6-1840, chinh phii Anh

chinh thuc phat ddng cudc chiln tranh vdi

Trung Qudc va sau dd md rdng hon viec

xam luge. Ciing tu day, nha Nguyen phai c6

each ddi xir than trgng vdi nude Anh han

bao gid bit, ddi khi phai tim each lly long

nudc Anh, mac du trong long nha Nguyen

coi ngudi Anh la bgn "di dich ngdng cudng".

Nam 1844, thuyin cua nudc Anh co 11

ngudi bi nan dat vao cua bien Ma Van tinh

Binh Thuan. "Vua sai diu chgn tim chd cho

thuyen do, rdi cap cho tiln gao va quin ao,

dgi khi cd thuyen cdng phai di ngoai quIc se

cho dap v l nudc"^ Su viec nay da khiSn

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<i><b>^htnh ideh itdi ngjoui eda trieu Qlgxigeu... </b></i>

<b>₅₁</b>

nude Anh bet sue cam kich, vi the nam

1845, nudc Anh cho sii den dang bieu ta an

va kinh dang le pham, bao gdm: mdt ddi cay

den hang to, mdt ldng chim ma vang va mgt

chiee ddng hd. Vua xudng chieu dac biet de

dap lai. Vua sai ngudi den de hdi tham va du

vdi bd Le rang: "Anh Cat Lgi la nudc

phuang Tay, the ma biet cam md phong hda

nha vua, dem vang nggc dang cdng, long

thanh dang xet; nen dinh khen thudng hau de

<i>f o </i>

yen ui ngudi tir phuang xa den" . Nha vua

trao qua cho qudc vuong rat hau: su tir bang

vang, ngya bang nggc trang, mdi thii mgt bg;

2 ddng kim tien hang to ket day ru xudng ed

xau tran chau va san hd; 2 chau cay cd hoa

bang nggc cac mau, 2 chiee simg te bit vang,

2 chiee nga voi...va nhieu mdn dd quy gia

khac. Nhirng ngudi den dang thu va theo hau

cua nudc Anh deu dugc nha vua thudng.

Ngoai ra, nha vua cdn khen thudng eho cac

quan lai da ddi dai tdt vdi ngudi Anh. Ciing

trong nam dd, nudc Anh lai cd ngudi d

thuyen bi nan bao trdi giat vao cira bien Da

Nang. Nha Nguyen da cho ngudi Anh d lai

nha cdng quan, rdi cap cho 200 quan tien,

100 phuong gao va cho dap theo thuyin

cdng ve nude.

Nhu vay ed the hinh dung dugc phin

nao ve chinh sach ddi ngoai cua nha Nguyen

ddi vdi nudc Anh. Ddi vdi mdt nudc tu ban

manh nhat the gidi, trilu Nguyin da bill

each tir chdi de thye hien y do "ddng cira"

cua minh. Mac du "ddng cua" nhung nha

<i>Quoc sir quan trilu Nguyen, Dgi Nam thuc luc, tap </i>

6, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi, 2005, tr.768.

Nguyen ludn td ra tdn trgng va than thien vdi

ngudi Anh. Tinh than nhan dao va giup dd

qudc te dugc nha Nguyen thye hien rat thanh

cdng. Cd le chinh each hanh xir tren cua nha

Nguyen vdi nudc Anh da tao nen sy thien

cam cua nudc nay ddi vdi dan tdc Viet Nam,

tren ca sd dd, nhiing mau thuan sau nay giira

hai nudc deu dugc hda giai.

Mua thu nam 1847, cd 2 chiee thuyen

quan cua nudc Anh den cira bien Da Nang.

Tinh than Mai Cdng Ngdn dem viec dd tau

len nha Vua. Theo lenh Vua, Sai thy Tham

tri bd Hd Tdn That Thudng den hdi ngudi

Anh cho rd su tinh. Thuyen trudng Diic Hue

Lu ndi rang: Sd dT thuyen quan Anh sang

day la vang lenh cua Qudc trudng, mudn

dugc "chiem can" kinh do sau dd mdi trinh

qude thu. Tdn That Thudng cho rang nhu the

la khdng hgp le va khdng chap nhan viec lam

tren cua ngudi Anh, cdn ngudi Anh ciing

kien tri bao ve cai ly cua minh. Ca hai ben

"tranh bien" ban 10 ngay song cudi cung da

tim ra giai phap. Nha Nguyen ban thudng le

vat va khoan dai ngudi Anh. Sau dd, thuyen

cua ngudi Anh nhd neo di. Cd le day chinh

la dgt mau thuan ldn nhat giira nha Nguyen

vdi nudc Anh. Sau sy kien nay, mdi quan he

cua nha Nguyen vdi nudc Anh trd lai binh

thudng.

Thang 3-1848, cd mdt chiee thuyin

nhieu day cua ngudi Tay duong vao cira bien

Quang Nam. Dd la chiee thuyen quan cua

ngudi Anh den tim ngudi bi nan, khdng h i

cd y dinh gay sy. Nhan ca hdi do, nha

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<b>52 </b>

<b>NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°5 (116).2010 </b>

Diet Da) ao quan tien gao, ddng vien ngudi

bi nan, rdi giao cbo thuyen quan cua nudc

Anh nhan ve. Mdt thang sau, cd mdt chiee

tau cua Anh dudi bat ten tu ngudi nudc

Thanh d bd bien hdn Khoai. Ngudi Tay

duang tdi cua sdng Nghi Giang, Ha Tien xin

them binh linh de dudi bat. Quan quan trieu

dinh khdng ddng y, lai dem 100 quan va mdt

ngudi thdng dich den nai xet bdi va xua dudi

hg. Sy viec ay den tai nha Vua. Vua ndi vdi

quan lai rang, dd la thuyen cua nudc Anh,

nen "hdi rd sy trang", "lam cho dn thda".

Dudi sy cbi dao cua nha Vua, sy viec tren

dugc dan xep, khdng lam ngudi Anh mat

ldng. Quan he giiia nha Nguyen vdi nudc

Anh khdng bi dd vd.

Nam 1849, thuyen chay may bang hai

nudc cua nudc Anh chay vao phan bien

Quang Nam dua mgt phong cdng van ndi vai

ldi ta on nha Nguyen vi nam trudc trieu dinh

da dua ngudi bi nan cua nudc Anh trd ve.

Ngudi Anh cdn ndi, sau nay neu cd ngudi

nudc hg bi nan thi mong trieu dinh giup dd.

Nhu vay, nudc Anh da khdng he nghT den

viec quan quan trieu dinh Nguyen da khdng

hgp tac vdi ngudi Anh trong viec dudi bat

mdt ngudi tu Trung Qudc. Dieu dd cd nghTa

nudc Anh ciing khdng lay bat cir mdt mau

thuan nao cua hai ben lam cai cd de can thiep

vao Viet Nam. Trai lai, trong con mat cua

ngudi Anh, vuong trieu Nguyen dang dugc

tdn trgng. Nudc Anh da nhieu lan giri thu

cam on trieu dinh da dang tay cim vdt ngudi

gap nan.

<i>Trong eudn Dai Nam thuc luc cd ghi lai: </i>

<i>Vdo ndm 1857, I huyen chgy mdy bdng hoi </i>

<i>nudc Anh ddu nhd d vung San Trd. Khdm sai </i>

<i>Id Tdn Thdt Cdp tdu len. Nhd vuu dd cic </i>

<i>ngudi theo ddi nhung khdng cd vdn de gi xdy </i>

<i>ra. </i>

Nhu vay, mdi quan he cua nha Nguyen

doi vdi nudc Anh giai doan 1802-1858 da

dugc tim hieu sa qua. Day la giai doan cac

nude dua nhau tim kiem thi trudng, vi the

nha Nguyen phai ddi mat vdi rat nhieu ddi

thu, trong dd duang nhien cd nudc Anh. The

nbung, mdi quan he giiia nha Nguyen vdi

nudc Anil van dugc duy tri binh thudng,

khdng he cd mau thuan ldn. Anh khdng co y

dinh xam luge hoac tan cdng Viet Nam.

Trong khi dd, quan he giiia vuang trieu

Nguyen ddi vdi Phap lai hoan toan ngugc lai,

mau thuan gay gat den ndi khdng the dieu

hda dugc. Cudi cung, lien quan Phap - Tay

Ban Nha da tan cdng Da Nlng vao thang

8-1858.

Chu truang cua nha Nguyen trong quan

he vdi nudc Anh la thye hien chinh sach

"ddng cua". Dl thye hien chu truang dd, nha

Nguyen khdng he dung nhiing bien phap

manh hay cd thai do xua dudi ke thu ma thi

hien dugc su kheo leo trong each cu xir va

ludn giii gin the dien cho mdt cudng quIc

ldn. Dd la each ngoai giao cua mdt nudc ylu

ddi vdi mgt nudc manh.

<i>.;• Nhung chinh sach ngoai giao lanh nhat </i>

cua nha Nguyen ddi vdi nudc Anh da khdng

dem lai ket qua tdt dep. Nudc Anh chuyin

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<i><b>&iinh itieJi itoi ngoai eAa trien QU/ugen... </b></i>

<b>53 </b>

thuong mai khdng dat dugc. Vao dau thi ky

XIX, d chau A, Anh tap trung hoat ddng d

thi trudng Trung Qudc, An Do va mdt sd

nudc d Ddng Nam A (Singapore, Malaysia,

Mianma). Anh da bd ngd thi trudng Viet

Nam va Phap mat di mdt ddi thu canh tranh.

Dieu nay khdng phai la mdt dau hieu tdt vi

Viet Nam phai duong dau vdi mgt nude tu

ban duy nhat la thye dan Phap. Phap lai cd

da tam xam luge Viet Nam tir lau va da thiet

lap dugc ca sd chinh tri, kinh te, tdn giao

viing chac d ngay trong long nha Nguyen.

Dd chinh la ly do de Phap sir dyng sire manh

quan sy bat Viet Nam phai "md cira" va tirng

budc thdn tinh Viet Nam.

Nhin sang dat nudc Thai Lan thdi gian
nay se thay chinh sach "md cira" cua vuang
trieu Rama 111. "Vdi vi tri dia ly thuan lgi,
trong thdi ky dau cua sy giao thuong vdi
phuong Tay, nhirng cuge canh tranh thuong
mai giiia cac nudc tu ban chau Au hau nhu
chua dyng cham tryc tiep den quyen lgi cua
Thai Lan"^. Chinh vi vay. Thai Lan da thi
hanh chinh sach ngoai giao binh dang vdi
cac nudc phuong Tay, md cira cho thuong
nhan nudc ngoai den budn ban. Han nira,
qudc gia nhd nay cdn lgi dyng mau thuan
giira cac nudc tu ban ldn de tim kiem hda
binh va md rdng anh hudng ra cac nudc
xung quanh. Day chinh la dudng ldi ddi
ngoai het sire khdn ngoan. DT nhien, nd trai
ngugc vdi dudng ldi ngoai giao cua vuong
trieu nha Nguyen.

<b>Tai lieu tham khao </b>

<i>1. Tran Trgng Kim, Viet Nam sie luac, </i>
Nxb Van hda Thdng tin. Ha Ndi, 1999.

<i>2. Ddng Tap Minh, Sa luac lich sic </i>

<i>Trung Qudc. Nxb Van hda Thdng tin. Ha </i>

Ngi, 2002.

<i>3. Vu Duong Ninh (chu bien). Mot sd </i>

<i>chuyen de lich sie the gidi, Nxb Dai hgc </i>

Qudc gia Ha Ndi, 2006.

4.Vii Duong Ninh - Nguyen Van Hdng,

<i>Lich sic the gidi can dgi, Nxb Giao due, Ha </i>

Ndi, 2001.

<i>5. Nhieu tac gia, Lich sic nhd Nguyen </i>

<i>mot cdch tiep can mdi, Nxb Dai hgc Su </i>

pham. Ha Ndi, 2002.

<i>6. Qudc sir quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam </i>

<i>thuc luc, tap XXI, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hdi. Ha </i>

Ndi, 1969.

<i>7. Qudc sir quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam </i>

<i>thuc luc, tap mdt, Nxb Giao dye, Ha Ndi, </i>

2004.

<i>8. Qudc sir quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi </i>

<i>Nam thuc luc, tap ba, Nxb Giao dye. Ha Ndi, </i>

2004.

<i>9. Qudc sir quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam </i>

<i>thuc luc, tap bdn, Nxb Giao dye. Ha Ndi, </i>

2005.

<i>10. Qudc sir quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi </i>

<i>Nam thuc luc, tap sau, Nxb Giao due. Ha </i>

Ndi, 2005.

<i>11. Qudc sir quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi </i>

<i>Nam thuc luc, tap bay, Nxb Giao dye. Ha </i>

Ndi, 2005.

12. Truang Huu Quynh, Dinh }Cuan
<i>Lam, Le Mau Han, Dgi cuang Lich sie Viet </i>

<i>Nam, Ha Ndi, 2002. </i>

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