Một số đặc điểm về sự thành lập quân đội nhân dân Việt Nam.

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<i>A> </i>

<b>MOT SO DAC DIEM VE SU THANH LAP </b>

<b>• • • • </b>

<b>QUAN DOI NHAN DAN VIET NAM </b>

PGS, TS NGUYEN MANH H A "

L

ich suf da'u tranh each mang cua dan toe ta
tir khi Dang Cong san Viet Nam thanh
lap gan lien voi sir ra dcd, phat trien cua cac luc
luong vu trang each mang do Dang trirc tie'p to
chirc va lanh dao, trong do, sir ra doi, chien dau
va truong thanh cua Quan doi nhan dan Viet
Nam (QDNDVN) - doi quan chu lire cua Nha
nude dan chu cong hoa, co mot vi tri va y nghia
dac biet.

Bai vie't nay xin neu may dac diem ve viec
thanh lap QDNDVN.

<i>Mgi la, QDNDVN diicfc thanh lap tit rat </i>
<i>sam, hinh thanh ve mat td chi'ic td trildc khi co </i>
<i>chinh quyen trung uang va lit nhieu dpi qudn </i>
<i>tien thdn. </i>

Day la mot sang tao doc dao ciia each mang
Viet Nam. Ne'u lay ngay chinh thiic thanh lap,
tuc la lay ngay ra ddi ciia Doi Viet Nam tuyen

truyen giai phong quan (VNTTGPQ) 22 12

-1944, thi QDNDVN co tnrdc chinh quyen
(Chinh phu lam thdi nude Viet Nam dan chu
cong hoa tuyen bd ra mat qud'c dan ngay 2 - 9

* Vien Lich sir Quan sir Viet Nam

- 1945) gan mdt nam. Cdn ne'u tinh tfir ngay td
chiJc cac ddi quan tien than ciia QDNDVN thi
thdi gian thanh lap cdn sdm hon rat nhi6u, ke
tir nam 1930, khi Doi tir ve cdng ndng duoc
thanh lap.

Cac ddi quan tien than duoc td chiic trong
mot khoang thdi gian tuong dd'i dai, ra ddi va
tdi luyen tir trong da'u tranh each mang gianh
chinh quydn tai cac dia phuong, cac khu can
cii dia tren ca nude, tap trung chii ye'u d khu
vuc mien Blc. Dd la cac td chiic: Ddi tu ve
cdng ndng; Du kich BSc Son; Quan du kich
Nam Ky, Ciiu qud'c quan; Ddi Viet Nam
tuyen truyen giai phdng quan; Du kich Ba To
va du kich cac chien khu Quang Trung, Tran
Hung Dao; Viet Nam Giai phdng quan. Day
la mot di6u kha dac biet va la mam md'ng, eo
sd xay dung luc luong vu trang ba thii quan
hoan chinh trong hai cudc khang chien
chdng thuc dan Phap va de qud'c My xam
luoc sau nay.

<i>Hai la, QDNDVN thanh lap tren ca sd </i>
<i>thdng nhdt cdc to chdc, dan vi vii trang tren </i>
<i>pham vi cd mcac, nhitng co thanh phdn ca cdu </i>
<i>to chdc, vai trd, nhiem vu va hodn cdnh ihdiih </i>
<i>lap khdc nhau. </i>

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<i>Doi tif ve cong nong, ra ddi tir trong cao </i>

trao Xdviet Nghe - Tinh nam 1930 - 1931.

Day la ten goi chung, theo Nghi quyet Dai

hdi dai bieu lan thii nhat cua Dang (3 - 1935)

ve Ddi tu ve. Tai nhieu dia phuong d Nghe

An, Ha Tinh da td chiic cac Ddi tir ve cdng

ndng (cdn goi la Tu ve Dd) lam lire luong

xung ki'ch bao ve quan chung cdng nhan,

ndng dan trong cac cudc dau tranh, bieu tinh

dong thdi la cdng cu bao lire cua cac Xdviet

de duy tri trat tu xa hdi, tran ap cac luc luong

phan each mang va chd'ng dich khiing bd. Ddi

tu ve cdng ndng chinh la mam md'ng dau tien

ciia cac luc luong vii trang, la loai hinh td

chii'c cd tinh chat nira quan sir cua quan chiing

nhan dan lao ddng, trudc he't va chu ye'u la

ciia cdng nhan va ndng dan. Bien che cua Ddi

tir 5 de'n 9 ngudi, td chirc thanh mot tieu ddi.

Ba tieu ddi td chiic thanh mot trung ddi. Ba

trung ddi thanh mot dai ddi.

<i>Doi du kich Bdc Sau, ra dci tir cudc khdi nghia </i>

vti trang Bac Son nhan thdi co quan Phap rut

chay trudc viec phat xit Nhat tran vao lanh

thd nude ta. Dem 27 - 9 - 1940, duoc sir hd

tro ciia tu ve, quan chiing each mang Bac Son

da tie'n danh ddn Md Nhai, chie'm chau ly Bk

Son (Lang Son) thanh lap chinh quyen each

mang. Ngay sau dd, Trung uong Dang chi thi

phai duy tri phong trao khdi nghia d Bac Son,

td chii:c quan du kich, thanh lap chien khu

each mang. Luc luong tu ve, du kich Bac Son

liic dau chi cd 20 ngudi, da nhanh chdng phat

trien len de'n gan 200. Day la nhirng chie'n si

cd the danh du kich, cd luyen tap nhung

khdng thoat ly san xua't. Liic cd viec thi thanh

ddi du kich, khi binh thudng van sinh hoat

nhu thudng dan.

<i>lI thanh lap chinh thii'c Ddi du kich Bac Son </i>

didn ra ngay 14 - 2 - 1941 tai rimg Khudi Noi,

xa Vti Ld, huyen Bac Son. Ddi cd quan sd 32

ngudi, thudc cac dan tdc Kinh, Tay, Niing, Dao,

la hat nhan trong viec gay dung co sd chinh tri,

<i>vii trang a khu can cii Blc San - Vd Nhai. </i>

<i>Qudn du kich Nam Ky, ra ddi tit trudc, trong </i>

va sau cudc khdi nghia Nam Ky (ngay 23 11

-1940). Day la ten ggi chung cho cac td, ddi du

kich tu ve vii trang thudc cac tinh Nam Bo va

thanh phd Sai Gdn - Chg Ldn da tham gia khdi

nghia, dugc xay dung ve td chiic d cac quy md

va hinh thiic khac nhau, cd sd lugng ddng, dugc

duy tti hoat ddng va trd thanh ndng cdt cua

phong trao dau tranh each mang ciing nhu xay

<i>dung lire lugng m trang Nam Bd sau nay. </i>

<i>Cicu quoc qudn, ra ddi trong phong trao van </i>

ddng each mang tai cac dia phuang thudc Blc

Son, Vd Nhai (Lang Son) va Son Duong

(Tuyen Quang) trong nhirng nam tir 1941

-1944, dugc td chiic tren co sd cac ddi du kich,

tir ve ciiti qud'c sin cd. Ciiii qud'c quan cd ba

ddi (trung ddi), can cii theo thdi gian thanh lap

ma ggi la Ciiu qud'c quan I, II, 111. Day la

nhirng don vi vu trang tap trung, cd bien che td

chiic rd rang thanh cac tieu ddi, trung ddi,

pham vi hoat ddng rdng va cd nhieu can bd,

ddi vien dugc hgc tap kha bai ban ve chinh tri

va huan luyen quan sir d trong nude cung nhu

d nude ngoai. Can bd chi huy la cac trung ddi

trudng, chinh tri vien.

<i>Dgi Viet Nam tuyen truyen Gidi phong </i>

<i>qudn, dugc td chiic thanh lap tren ca sd lua </i>

chgn nhiing ddi vien du kich hang hai, kien

quyet each mang va diing cam, chii ye'u d cac

dia phuang thudc tinh Q o Bing - noi cd phong

trao each mang sdm phat trien va la can cd: dia

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virng chic. Day la ddi vu trang tap trung chinh
quy dugc lanh tu Hd Chi Minh true tiep chi thi
<i>thanh lap va dinh hudng \6 td chiic va hoat </i>
ddng (chi tie't de cap d dac diem sau). Ddi
VNTTGPQ phat trien rat nhanh, cd dia ban hoat
ddng rdng khIp va la dan vi cd lien tiep hai tran
danh thing ngay sau khi thanh lap.

<i>Du kich Ba Ta vd du kich cdc chien khu </i>
<i>Quang Trung, Trdn Hitng Dao, ra ddi tiJ trong </i>
cudc khdi nghia vii trang d dia phuong va trong
qua trinh xay dung cac chie'n khu each mang
thdi ky bit dau cudc khdi nghia tumg phan ciia
quan chiing, do tac ddng ciia cudc dao chinh
Nhat - Phap (ngay 9 - 3 -1945). Ddi du kich Ba
To thanh lap gan nhu ddng thdi vdi ngay nd ra
cudc khdi nghia, ben canh viec phat trien rat
nhanh ve mat td chiiic, luc lugng (quan sd cd liie
len tdi 2 dai ddi), ddi cdn cd ca co sd sira chiia,
san xuat vii khi, ra td bao rieng. Day la lire
lugng vii trang ndng cdt trong cudc Tdng khdi
nghia thang 8 - 1945 tren dia ban tinh Quang
Ngai, ddng thdi la ddi vii trang chinh quy dau
tien d Trung Bd liic bay gid.

<i>Viel Nam Gidi phong qudn, ra ddi ngay 15 </i>
-5 - 194-5 tren co sd thd'ng nhat cac don vi Ciiu

<i>qud'c quan, Ddi VNTTGPQ va cac td chirc \'u </i>
trang each mang khac trong liic tinh the each
mang, khdi nghia dang ngay cang chin mudi va
can cii' vao Nghi quye't ciia Hdi nghi quan sir
each mang Blc Ky hgp tai Blc Giang tir 15 de'n
20 - 4 - 1945. Day la ddi quan chii lire ldn nhat
ca nude luc dd, cd he thd'ng td chiic chat che
(liic mdi thanh lap cd 13 dai ddi), cd chi huy
thd'ng nha't vdi Bd tu lenh gdm ba ddng chi Vd
Nguyen Giap, Tran Dang Ninh, Chu Van Tan;
cd hang nghin \'u khi cac loai. Dac biet, trong
thanh phan cua Viet Nam Giai phdng quan cd

ca mdt don vi hdn hop Viet - My, tuy chi tdn tai
mdt thdi gian ngln nhung cd vai trd va y nghia
quan trgng.

Nhu vay, cd the tha'y ring, cac don vi tien
than ciia QDNDVN cd nhirng dac thii rieng, trai
ra tren ca ba midn Blc, Trung, Nam, nhung cd
diem chung la thanh phan tham gia chu yeu la
cdng nhan, ndng dan va mdt sd ngudi dan tdc
thieu sd cd long yeu nude, ciing chung mite dich
danh Phap, dudi Nhat, gianh lay ddc lap, tu do.

<i>Ba la, tuy co nhieu to chdc, dan vi lien thdn, </i>
<i>thdnh lap tivng nhdng thdi diem khdc nhau, </i>
<i>nhioig QDNDVN xdc dinh co nmt lo chii'c lien </i>
<i>thdn ln(c tiep Id Dgi VNTTGPQ vd ngdy thdnh </i>
<i>lap Doi duac lay ldm ngdy thdnh lap QDNDVN. </i>

Dieu nay dua vao mot sd can cii' sau:
Thii nhat, day la ddi ra trang chinh quy dau
tien do dich than lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qud'c chi
thi thanh lap, chi dao thanh lap, xac dinh
nguyen tic hoat ddng, nhiem vu va yeu eau
phai dat dugc.

Trudc khi cd Chi thi thanh lap Ddi
VNTTGPQ, trong budi gap cac ddng chi Vd
Nguyen Giap, Vii Anh (cudi 10 - 1944),
nghe bao cao ve tinh hinh phong trao each
mang va viec chuln bi khdi nghia d Cao
Bing - Blc Kan, Lang Son, tinh hinh con
dudng Nam tien nd'i vdi khu can cii' Blc Son
- Vd Nhai..., lanh tu Hd Chi Minh nhan
manh yeu cau: Bay gid nen tap hgp nhiing
can bd, chie'n si anh dung nha't, nhirng vii khi
tdt nha't, td chirc thanh ddi vu trang de hoat
ddng. Ta se diing hinh thii'c vu trang de gay
anh hudng each mang sau rdng trong quan
chiing... Chung ta se lap ddi quan giai
phdng. Ngudi da true tiep phac thao nhirng
net chinh vd ddi quan nay, lir td chirc de'n

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phuong cham hoat ddng, ve quan he giiia ddi

quan chu luc vdi luc lugng vu trang dia

phuang, vd bao dam hau can, vii khi; ve tieu

chuln can bd, ddi vien tham gia ddi va can

<i>dan: Phdi dua chac vdo ddn thi khong ke </i>

<i>dich ndo lieu diet ducic ta. </i>

Nhu vay, nhung yeu td tien de ve mdt ddi

quan giai phdng chii luc da dugc lanh tu Hd

Chi Minh phac thao va chi thi cho cac ddng

chi cua Ngudi td chiic thuc hien. Dai tudng

Vd Nguyen Giap sau nay cho ring, cho den

<i>luc nay, he tudng vi lap dgi qudn chit lite mai </i>

<i>dugfc xdc dinh ro vd trd thdnh hien ihitc. </i>

Trong mdt budi gap sau dd vdi cac ddng chi

Vd Nguyen Giap, Le Quang Ba, khi nghe bao

cao dir kien ten ggi cua ddi la Ddi Viet Nam

Giai phdng quan, lanh tu Hd Chi Minh yeu

<i>cau them vao hai chir tuyen truyen de mgi </i>

ngudi ghi nhd nhiem vu chinh tri liic nay cdn

trgng han quan su, tuyen truydn trgng hon tac

chie'n. Ngudi da trao ban Chi thi thanh lap

Ddi VNTTCPQ eho ddng chi Vd Nguyen

Giap, trong dd nhan manh: "... mudn hanh

ddng cd ket qua thi vl quan sir, nguyen tic

chinh la nguyen tie tap trung lire lugng, cho

nen, theo chi thi mdi cua Doan the, se chgn

Igc trong hang ngii nhiing du kich Cao Blc

-Lang sd can bd va ddi vien kien quyet, hang

hai nha't va se tap trung mdt phan ldn vii khi

de lap ra ddi chii lire.

Vi cudc khang chien cua ta la cudc khang

chien ciia toan dan can phai ddng vien toan

dan, vii trang toan dan, cho nen trong khi tap

trung luc lugng de lap mdt ddi quan dau tien,

can duy tri luc lugng vii trang trong cac dia

phuang cung phdi hgp hanh ddng va giiip dd

vd mgi phuang dien. Ddi quan chii luc trai lai

cd nhiem vu diu dlt can bd vii trang ciia cac

dia phuang, giiip da huan luyen, giiip da vu

khi neu cd the dugc, lam cho cac ddi nay

trudng thanh mai len"'.

Khdng chi cd the, Ngudi cdn cd nhiing chi

dan cti the vd chie'n thuat tac chien cho Ddi, ve

phuong cham hoat ddng "tuyen truyen trgng

hon tac chie'n", ve thdi gian hanh ddng va yeu

cau phai danh thing ngay tii tran dau... Ngudi

xac dinh vai trd va tien doan tuang lai cua Ddi

"la ddi quan dan anh, mong cho chdng cd

nhiing ddi dan em khac. Tuy luc dau quy md

ciia nd cdn nhd, nhung tidn dd cua nd rit ve

vang. Nd la khdi diem ciia giai phdng quan, nd

ed the di sud't tir Nam chi Blc, khIp dat nude

VietNam"l

Can cii thii hai la, ndi dung ban chi thi

thanh lap Ddi va qua trinh hoat ddng cua Ddi

VNTTGPQ sau khi thanh lap da the hien quan

diem co ban ve tu tudng quan su ciia Ngudi

va dudng ldi quan su ciia Dang ta tir rat sdm.

Dd dugc coi la Cuong llnh quan su dau tien

ciia Dang ta bdi miy diem ndi bat ma QuIn

ddi ta da tha'm nhuIn va thuc hien may chuc

nam qua:

- Dd la tu tudng ve khang chie'n toan dan,

ddng vien toan dan, vti trang toan dan, xay dung

quan ddi tir trong quan chiing nhan din.

- Dd la tu tudng vd phuang thiic hoat ddng, ve

nghe thuat tac chien, ve phdi hgp hanh ddng giiia

ba thii quan, ke't hgp quan sir vdi chinh tri...

- Dd la cac bai hgc ve sir lanh dao cua Dang

<i>"Ddi lay chi bd lam hat nhan lanh dao"; vi </i>

quye't tam "danh thing tran dau" de gay dung

niem tin va xay dung truyen thd'ng da ra quan la

danh thing; vd "dua chic vao dan, cd dan la cd

ta't ca"; v6 giao dtic y thiic giac ngd chinh tri va

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ky luat cho ddi vien (tai Id thanh lap ngay 22
-12 - 1944, ta't ca 34 can bd, ddi vien da ddng
thanh dgc 10 dieu ky luat. Sau nay, 10 dieu ky
luat dd duge bd sung, phat trien thanh 10 ldi the
ciia QDNDVN).

Su ra ddi cua Ddi VNTTGPQ da danh dau
budc phat trien nhay vgt ve hinh thiie td chiic
cua lire lugng vti trang each mang liic dd.

<i>Bdn Id, cdc td chdc, dan vi tiin thdn cm </i>
<i>QDNDVN diu do Ddng true tiep to chite, lanh </i>
<i>dao vi mgi mat. </i>

<i>Ngay trong Chdnh cuang van tat (2 - 1930), </i>
<i>Liuin cuang chinh tri (10 - 1930), Dang ta da de </i>
ra mdt trong nhitng nhiem vii ciia each mang la
"td chti:c ra ddi quan cdng ndng", "td chiic ddi
tu ve cua cdng ndng" trong thdi ky dau tranh
chinh tri va khi chuyen len khdi nghia gianh
chinh quydn thi "vd trang cho cdng ndng". Dai
hdi lan thii: nhat cua Dang (3 - 1935) cd riSng
mdt nghi quyet ve Ddi tu ve, xac dinh nhung
nguyen tic co ban trong xay dung luc lugng vii
trang each mang.

Ddi du kich Blc San duge Trung uong Dang
ra nghi quye't duy tri, phat trien va true tie'p la
cac ddng chi Tran Dang Ninh, sau dd la cae
ddng chi Trudng - Chinh, Hoang Van Thu giao
due huan luyen, giao nhiem vu.

Quan du kich Nam Ky dugc Xii uy Nam Ky
va tinh uy cae tinh true tie'p td chiic, lanh dao.

Cac ddi Ciiu qud'c quan cung vay. Ddng chi
Phiing Chi Kien, phu trach quan su ciia Dang,
sau Hdi nghi Trung uong lan thii 8 (5 - 1941),
dugc cir xudng true tiep lam Chi huy trudng

Trung ddi Ciiu qud'c quan I. Ddng chi Hoang
Qud'c Viet duge Ban Thudng vti Trung uong cir
xud'ng true tie'p ehi dao td chiic lire lugng tu ve,
du kich va ciiu qud'c quan d chau Vd Nhai, dua

den su ra ddi cua Trung ddi Ciiu quoc quan II
(15-9-1941).

Ddi VNTTGPQ ra ddi cd hat nhan lanh dao
la ehi bd Dang trong Ddi, do ddng chi Duong
Mac Thach (tii:c Xich Thing) lam Chinh tri vien
<i>kiem Bi thu, ddng chi Lam Kinh (Lam Cim </i>
Nhu), phu trach chinh tri.

Ddi du kich Ba To dat dudi su lanh dao, chi
dao true tie'p ciia Tinh uy lam thdi Quang Ngai,
do ddng chi Nguydn Ddn lam Chinh tri vien, da
vugt qua mudn van gian khd, nhanh chdng phat
trien thanh ddi quan chii luc cua dia phuong va
ciia khu vuc Trung Trung Bd.

Ban Thudng vii Trung uong Dang da td chiic
Hdi nghi Quan sir each mang Blc Ky, ra quye't
nghi cap bd Dang d cac dia phuang, cac chie'n
khu phai xay dung va true tiep lanh dao cac ddi
du kich lam ndng cdt cho phong trao cac tinh
phia Tay Nam va vilng duyen hai Blc Bd. Viet
Nam Giai phdng quan la td chiic thd'ng nhat cac
luc lugng vti trang each mang chii ye'u liic bay
gid, cung do Trung uong Dang lanh dao, tnxc

tie'p chi huy la ddng chi Vd Nguyen Giap, Uy
vien Thudng vii Trung uong.

Cae ddi quan tien than eting nhu QDNDVN
sau nay, la vdn quan su quy bau ciia Dang,
dugc Dang td chiic va lanh dao bing dudng ldi
chinh tri va dudng ldi quan sir. Sir lanh dao ciia
Dang dugc the hien tren cac mat hoat ddng xay
dung va chien dau. Nhd dd, QDNDVN da ldn
manh nhanh chdng, trd thanh cdng cu die lire
bao ve To qud'c, bao ve Dang va nhan dan,
khang chien chd'ng xam luge gianh thing lgi.

<i>1,2. Ho Chi Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2000, T.3, </i>
tr.507,507-508.

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