Một số điều chỉnh chính sách sau khủng hoảng của Liên minh Châu Âu

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<b>MOT SO DiCu CHINH CHINH SnCH Snu KHUNG HOnNG </b>

<b>cun U€N MINH cHnu nu </b>

TS. Nguyen An Ha

<i>Vien Nghien ciiu ChduAu </i>

H a i nam da trdi qua ke tir khi can bao

khung hodng tdi chfnh toan cdu thuc sir nd ra

tai My vdo ddu thdng 8 nam 2008, khi Qui

Tfn dung nha My, mdt trong nhirng td chuc

cho vay the chap kinh doanh bdt ddng sdn

ldn nhat nudc nay, nop dan xin phd sdn. Can

bao khung hoang tai chfnh lan ndy cd cudng

do dir ddi ban, pham vi dnh hudng rdng hon,

thdi gian tac dgng lau ban nhieu lan so vdi

con bao khimg hodng tdi chfnh chdu A nam

1998. Con bao nay khdng chi tan pha dir ddi

d ngay tai tam bao Id My, md cdn tao ra

nhirng chdn ddng day chuyen ldm sup dd

hdng Ioat cdc ngdn hdng, qui tin dung, qui

ddu tu d vung phu can chdu Au rdi lan ra

todn cdu, ldm suy gidm thuang mai, dau tu,

gia tang ngheo ddi vd thdt nghiep tren todn

the gidi trong sudt thdi gian vua qua. Mac dii

khiing hodng bat ngudn tir My, nhung dudng

nhu chdu Au chiu tac ddng nang ne hon ca.

<i>Nhu nhdn dinh cua Uy ban Chdu Au khung </i>

<i>hodng tdi chinh vira qua da gdy ra nhirng tdc </i>

<i>dpng ngng ne, da quet sgch nhung thdnh tuu </i>

<i>md EU dgt duac trong thgp ki vita qua, sdn </i>

<i>lugng cong nghiep ciia EU trd lgi mice ciia </i>

<i>nhimg ndm 1990, 23 trieu ngicdi hay 10% </i>

<i>ddn so dp tuoi lao dpng bi thdt nghiep . Bdi </i>

viet se tap trung phdn tfch nhirng tdc dong

cua khiing hoang kinh te toan cau tdi Lien

minh Chdu Au, nhiing dieu chinh ngan han

cung nhu trung ban trong chien lugc cua EU

nham thoat ra khdi cugc khimg hoang hien

nay, khac phuc Miii'ng khiem khuyet, bdo

dam phdt trien ben vQ'ng trong tuong lai.

<b>1. Mot so tac dong ciia khiing hoang </b>

<b>kinh te toan cau toi EU trong 2 nam qua </b>

Xuat khau, dau tu va tieu dimg la nhiing

ddng luc chfnh thuc day kinh te EU tang

trudng. Khimg hodng tai chfnh ldm thuang

mai todn cau suy giam, dnh hudng nghiem

trgng tdi kim ngach xuat khau cua EU; Hdng

Ioat ngan hang dd be va mat kha nang cung

cap tin dung, gay dnh hudng khdng nhd den

viec ddu tu cua cac doanh nghiep, vi cd tdi

3/4 tin dung ciia cac doanh nghiep d EU Id

do he thdng ngan hang dam bdo, ddng thdi

chi tieu cua ngudi ddn ciing sut giam manh.

Theo Ngan hang Trung uang chau Au ECB,

khung hoang tdi chfnh da gdy ra thiet hai cho

khdi ngdn hang chau Au nhieu hon so vdi du

<i>' EUROPE 2020 - A strategy for smart, sustainable </i>

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<i><b>JiLdt iA itleu cl tilth eJtiith sae/t... </b></i>

<b>13 </b>

dodn, khoang han 1.000 ty EUR tdi sdn,

tuong duang 1.400 ty USD, thudc loai "cd

van de", nhung mdi 50%) dugc kilm tra vd

xdc dinh la bi Id. "Bao cdo dn dinh tdi chfnh"

cua ECB thang 12/2009 da nang du tfnh vl

khodn Id va su giam gid chiing khoan cua

cac ngdn hang thugc 16 nudc khu vuc ddng

tien chung Eurozone phai chiu do khung

hoang tir 65 ty EUR len 386 ty EUR.

Hoat ddng xudt khdu suy gidm manh,

trao ddi thuang mai cua EU27 vdi tat ca cac

ddi tac chfnh trong nam 2009 deu giam.

Trong nam 2009, xudt khau ciia EU giam

manh nhdt la sang Nga (-40%), tiep theo Id

vdi Thd NhT Ky (-27%), Brazil (-23%), Han

Qudc (-22%), va vdi Hoa Ky (-20%), xudt

khau cua EU sang Trung Qudc giam it nhat

(-1%)'.

Ddy chfnh nhirng nguyen nhdn lam cho

kinh te EU suy thoai tram trgng, trong nam

2009 kinh tl EU tut gidm tdi 4% GDP. Budc

sang nam 2010, Lien minh chau Au vdi 27

qudc gia ciing tang trudng kha khiem tdn vdi

miic 0,2% trong quy ddu nam 2010.

Di lien vdi suy gidm kinh te, xudt khau

vd sdn xuat sut gidm, la that nghiep gia tang,

tac ddng tieu cue tdi ddi sdng xa hdi. Budc

sang nam 2010, mac du da qua giai doan day

ciia khung hodng, bat dau budc vdo giai doan

hdi phuc, din thang 5/2010 ty le thdt nghiep

tai 27 nudc Lien minh Chau Au van d mire

jjgg^- • 2^urostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/lTY PUBLIC/
g . i r >)09-RP/EN/6-l 8122009-BP-EN.PDF. ngay

cao nhat trong thdp ky la 9,6% cdn trong khu

vuc Eurozone Id 10%, trong dd Ao cd ty le

thdt nghiep thap nhat Id 4%, Hd Lan 4,3%o,

cao nhat Id tai Latvia vdi 20,0% vd Tdy Ban

Nha 19,9%.

Cung vdi suy gidm kinh te, thdt nghiep

gia tang, viec dp dung cdc gdi giai cim nhu

ha lai sudt, cat giam thue, bam tien d at cho

he thdng ngan hdng tdi chinh da lam nay sinh

van de tham hut ngdn saeh vd ng cdng gia

tang d mdt Ioat cac qudc gia, vugt xa gidi

ban cho phep cua Lien minh la thdm hut

ngdn sdch khdng qua 3%) GDP, ng cdng

khdng qua 60%) GDP. Bat ddu tir nira cudi

nam 2009, khiing hoang ng cdng ciia nhdm 5

nudc PIIGS (gdm Bd Ddo Nha, Ailen, Italy,

Hy Lap, va Tay Ban Nha) tai chau Au ddn

xuat hien. Trong cugc khung hodng tdi chinh,

chfnh phu nam nudc mdt mat tirng budc

manh tay chi tien de kfeh thfch tang trudng

kinh te, mat khdc do kinh te suy giam, thu

nhdp tir thue ciing gidm theo, kit qud Id tham

hut tdi chfnh vd ng cdng cdng ngdy cdng ldn.

Mdt sd con sd ve ng cdng va tham hut ngan

sdch ciia nhdm nudc nay nam 2009 la: Bd

Ddo Nha ng cdng 76,6%) GDP, tham hut

ngdn sdch 9,4% GDP; Ailen ng cdng 65%

GDP, tham hut ngdn sdch 14,3% GDP; Italia

ng cdng 115,8% GDP, thdm hut ngan sach

5,3% GDP; Tdy Ban Nha ng cdng 55,2%

GDP, thdm hut ngdn sdch 11,2% GDP: Dac

biet la Hy Lap thdm hut ngan sach 13,5%

GDP, ng cdng 115,1%, se tang 1% tai

149,1% nam 2013. Cac nin kinli tl d k tau

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<b>14 </b>

<b>NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (119).2010 </b>

Due ng cdng 73,2%) GDP, thdm hut ngdn

sdch 3,1% GDP; Anh ng cdng 62% GDP,

thdm hut ngan sach 10,4%) GDP; Phdp ng

cdng 78,1% GDP, tham hut ngdn sach 7,5%

GDP.

Trong nira ddu nam 2010, khiing hodng

ng chau Au da trd nen nghiem trgng ban,

gay bien ddng manh me cho cdc thi trudng

tdi chi'nh toan cau, lam mat ldng tin ciia gidi

dau tu, ddng euro chiu tac ddng nang ne, sut

gidm manh so vdi ddng USD. Chi trong nira

dau thang 5/2010, ddng tien nay da gidm hon

7% so vdi ddng ddla My, vd gdn 14% trong

6 thdng ddu nam 2010, khien euro trd thanh

ddng tien ldn gidm gia nhieu nhat. Ngdy

19/5, ddng euro gidm xudng muc thdp nhdt

trong 4 nam so vdi ddng USD, ty gid Id

1,2I44USD/EUR bdi nhirng lo Mng lien

quan den khung hodng ng chdu Au .

Tdm lai, he thdng tdi chfnh cdng chiu

tdc ddng nang ne, vdi thdm hut ngdn sach

trung binh len tdi 7%o GDP vd ng cdng vugt

qua 80% GDP. Hai nam khimg hoang da xda

bd nhirng thdnh tuu dat dugc cua 20 nam gan

ket tdi chfnh tien te, da quet sach nhiing

thdnh tuu ma EU dat dugc trong thdp ki vira

qua. Tinh trang mong manh cua he thdng tdi

chinh EU dang ldm cho cdc doanh nghiep vd

ngudi tieu dimg gap nhieu khd khan trong

viec vay vdn, tieu dimg va ddu tu, ldm can

trd qua trinh hdi phuc kinh te. Khiing hodng

ldm cho nhiem vu bao dam tang trudng trong

/>euro-len-manh-khi-duc-chap-thuan-gop-184-ty-usd-n"an-khung-hoan".chn

tuong lai trd nen hit sue khd khan. Theo du

bdo do Uy ban Chdu Au (EC) dua ra ngdy

5/5, EU 27 se tang trudng kinh tl d muc 1%,

khu vuc Eurozone tang 0,9%) trong nam

2010, nam 2011, EU 27 se tang trudng d

miic 1,75%) trong khi khu vuc Eurozone se Id

1,5%.

Mac du cd mire tang trudng duong,

nhung se khdng dien ra ddng deu trong cdc

nudc thdnh vien, va tinh hinh tdi chinh ciia

EU van chiu nhieu sue ep trong giai doan tdi.

Thdm hut ngdn sach nam 2010 ciia EU se

tang d muc 7,25%) GDP vd se chi gidm nhe

trong nam 2011 d miic 6,5%). Ty le ng cdng

tang d mire 79,6%) tai khu vuc EU vd 84,7%

d khu vuc Eurozone trong nam nay va lan

lugt d muc 83,8%) vd 88,5% trong nam tdi.

<b>2. Cac bien phap chong khung hoang </b>

<b>ciia Lien minh Chau Au trong hai nam </b>

<b>qua </b>

Lien minh Chau Au va cac nudc thdnh

vien da dp dung hang Ioat cdc bien phap

chdng khimg hodng d tam khu vuc ciing nhu

d tirng qudc gia. Mdt sd gidi phdp chinh md

EU vd cac nudc thdnh vien dp dung de doi

phd vdi khung hodng tdi chfnh vd suy thodi

kinh te tir nam 2009 den nay Id :

<i>- Tdng cudng nguon von cho cdc ngdn </i>

<i>hdng, hg thdp ldi sudt ca bdn, hd trg cdc </i>

<i>doanh nghiip </i>

Giira quf II nam 2009, Uy ban Chdu Au

dua ra tuyen bd cam ket ho trg 3 ngdn ty

euro nhdm cung cd he thdng ngan hang tdi

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<i>JIlAt i^dleu Jtlitlt chiitlt sAelt. </i>

<b>15 </b>

do dam bao tdi chfnh, 300 ty cho sa dd tdi

cdp vdn vd khodng 400 ty euro cho cdc

chuang trinh cuu trg vd tdi ca cdu. Lai sudt

CO ban ddng euro dugc ha ddn tir miic 2,5%)

nam 2008 xudng 1,25% ddu nam 2009 vd

xudng 1%) tir giira thdng 5 nam 2009, miic

thdp nhdt tir trudc den nay va hien van dang

dugc duy tri.

Hdi ddng Chdu Au ciing thdng qua mdt

quy dinh nang trdn cho vay hd trg cua Lien

minh cho cdc nudc khdng thudc khu vuc

ddng euro gap khd khan ve tdi chinh, tir 25 ty

euro len 50 ty euro, giiip cdc nudc thdnh vien

ddi phd vdi khimg hoang.

<i>- Gidm thui, kich cdu tieu dung va ddu </i>

<i>tu </i>

Tir ddu thang 3 nam 2009, EU da eho

phep chfnh phii cdc nudc thdnh vien gidm

thue VAT ddi vdi cdc linh vuc dich vu can

nhieu lao ddng nham thiic day tang trudng

kinh te vd tao ra nhieu viec lam ban che gia

tang thdt nghiep. Cac qudc gia thdnh vien cd

the ap dung mire gidm linh boat tir 5-15%)

ddi vdi cae mat hang, dich vu dugc cho Id

"cd dnh hudng tfch cue nhdt" ddi vdi nin

kinh te vd thdi gian dp dung ciing do cdc

nudc quylt dinh.

<i>- Ndi long cdc hogt dpng tra cdp cua </i>

<i>nhd nudc doi vdi cdc doanh nghiip </i>

D I ddm bdo canh tranh binh dang cho

cdc doanh nghiep cua cdc nudc thdnh vien

trong thi trudng thdng nhdt, viec trg cdp, ho

tra nha nudc ludn dugc Uy ban Chdu Au

kilr;i sodt rdt git gao. Tuy nhien, trong dilu

kien khiing hodng, qui dinh ndy dugc ndi

ldng theo yeu cdu ciia cdc nudc thanh vien

nham trg giiip cac ngan hdng vd cuu cac

doanh nghiep gap khd khan. Ho trg cho moi

doanh nghiep cd the len din 500 ngdn euro

dugc cap nam 2009 vd 2010 cho nhirng

doanh nghiep thieu vdn trong dilu Men tfn

dung ngdn hang dang bi thilu

<i>hut-- Tdng cudng su linh hogt cua cdc the </i>

<i>chi </i>

Cdc the che ciia EU ciing nhu Qudc hdi

da ddng mdt vai trd ldn hon de phdn ung linh

hoat ban chdng khimg hoang, dac biet la viec

thdng qua cac ludt mdi. Lien minh dang

hudng tdi dieu phdi tdt ban d cdp do EU,

tang cudng vai trd cua Qudc hdi trong cae

vdn de kinh te vd tdi ehinh, tang cudng khd

nang phan tich vd du bdo, minh bach ban ve

mat phap ly nham dn dinh tdi chinh tranh

khiing hodng sau nay.

Ben canh cdc bien phdp hd trg d cdp do

EU, cac nudc thdnh vien trong PChdi eiing

thuc hien nhirng bien phdp rieng cua minh

nham ban che tde ddng ciia khiing hodng tai

chfnh tdi nen kinh te qudc gia. Nhin chung,

ddy Id mdt Ioat cac bien phap dugc ggi la "tu

ddng dn dinh" (tu ddng gidm thu thul vd

tang chi tieu phiic lgi cua chfnh phii trong

dieu Men suy gidm kinh tl) cimg vdi cac

boat ddng tdi khda linh boat nhu tang ddu tu

cdng, giam thue vd ho trg cho thdt ngtro.

Duong nhien, thdi gian va miic dc : ; ;o:

bien phap kfeh cdu la khdng g ;;;o; oo.^o d

cdc nudc thanh vien, theo dam; g;o coa Uy

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<b>16 </b>

<b>NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (1191.2010 </b>

trong giai doan 2009 - 2010 dugc sir dung

cho cac gidi phap nay. Khd cd the ddnh gid

chfnh xae tdc ddng ciia cac gdi kfeh cdu do

phdi sir dung vao nhieu ITnh vuc khdc nhau,

trong nhung thdi diem khdc nhau. Tuy nhien,

cd mdt nhan xet chung la cdc gidi phap nay

da dugc dieu phdi tdt, kip thdi va dung muc

tieu, dac biet Id gidi phap kfeh cdu xe hai cua

Due vd Phap giiip ngan chan da suy gidm

trong quf II nam 2009. Trong cd gdi kfeh

cdu, kfeh cdu giam thue cho tieu dung chiem

40%, gidm thue cho doanh nghiep 20%, ddu

tu cdng 20%, ddu tu ha tang 10%, hd trg thi

trudng lao ddng Id 10%.

<i>- Biin phdp doi pho vdi khung hodng ng </i>

<i>cong </i>

Tru'dc nguy ca khiing hodng ng cdng

ngdy cdng cang thang cd the gay ra hieu irng

"Domino", ddu thdng 5/2010, EU vd Quy

Tien te Qudc te (IMF) da nhat trf ddnh mdt

gdi cim trg dai ban tri gid 110 ty EUR, tuang

duang khoang 136 ty USD trong vdng 3

nam, cho Hy Lap nham giiip nudc ndy thoat

bd vuc vd ng cdng .

Ddng thdi, ngdy 10/5/2010, EU vd IMF

da nhdt tri thiet lap "Quy chdng khung

hodng" tri gia 750 ty EUR (1.000 ty USD).

Theo dd, cac nudc chdu Au dua ra 572 ty

USD (440 ty EUR) khodn vay mdi vd bom

them 78 ty USD (60 ty EUR) cho chuang

trinh cho vay dang thuc hien. IMF ciing se

ddng gdp 325 ty USD (250 ty EUR) cho gdi

cuu trg . Gdi cuu trg mdi ndy cd quy md cdn

ldn ban cd gdi cuu trg ngdn hdng ciia My hai

nam trudc day nhdm ciing cd niem tin cua thi

trudng.

De ddi ldy gdi cim trg khan cdp, chfnh

quyen Athens da chap nhan dieu kien phdi

cat gidm chi tieu, cu the luong thdng thii 13

va 14 ciing cac loai tien thudng khac cua

nhan vien nhd nudc se bi cat hodn todn trong

khi luong se khdng dugc tang trong vdng 3

nam. Luang huu trong cd hai khu vuc cdng

vd tu deu bi gidm manh, cdn thue gid tri gia

tang se tang tir 2I%-23%). Chi phf qudc

phdng vd he thdng y te qudc gia cQng se bi

cat. Ke hoach vd cimg khac nghiet ndy nham

dua muc tham hut ngdn sach cua Hy Lap

xudng dudi 3%o GDP vdo nam 2014 vd ngay

lap tuc da gdy ra ldn sdng phdn ddi .

Tay Ban Nha ciing se thuc hien cac bien

phap cat gidm 6 ty euro ddu tu cdng, cat

gidm 5% luong nhan vien nhd nude, ciing

nhu gidm luong huu vd ddu tu vdo cdc chinh

quyen vung de giam thdm hut ngdn sdch

khodng 15 ty euro trong giai doan

<i>2010-2011, dua xudng muc cdn 6% GDP vdo nam </i>

2011^

Chfnh phii Bd Ddo Nha ciing cdng bd se

<i>cat giam 5% tien luong cua cdng chuc vd </i>

18/5/2
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<i><b>JILol i/)^ttieu (Jt'utk eltiitit iddt. </b></i> <b>1 7 </b>

quan chuc nha nudc, trong do cd ca cac bd

trudng, tang 1% nhdm dua thul gia tri gia

tang len 21%). Thu tudng Bd Ddo Nha Jose

Socrates cirng cam kit se giam thdm hut

ngan sach tir 9,4%) nam 2009 xudng cdn

4,6% vdo cudi nam 2011, trong khi tang tir 1

- 1,5% mire thue thu nhap ddi vdi nhirng

ngudi cd thu Miap caộ

Mdi day, de ciing cd ban nira he thdng

ngan hdng tdi chfnh vd ciing cd niem tin ciia

cdc nhd ddu tu todn cdu, EU da tien hdnh

kiem tra "sue khde" cua 91 ngan hang trong

20 nudc thdnh vien, ket qud cd 7 ngdn hdng

kliong du tieu chudn la: Hypo Real Estate

cua Dire, Agricultural Bank of Greece SA

cua Hy Lap vd 5 ngdn hdng khdc cua Tdy

Ban Nha. Cac ngdn hdng nay can tang vdn

them 3,5 ty EUR, tuang duong 4,5 ty USD,

de duy tri ty le vdn d muc 6%.^

Ve thdi ban keo dai cdc gidi phdp cuu

trg, kich cdu, quan diem ciia Hdi ddng Chau

Au cho den thdi diem ndy la:

- Riit lui khdi cac gdi kfeh thfch ngay

khi cd sir hdi phuc d cac doanh nghiep, tuy

nhien thdi gian se la khac nhau ddi vdi cac

nudc, cdn phdi cd sir phdi hgp chat che d tdm

EU;

- Hd trg that nghiep ngan ban chi nen

thuc su dimg lai khi md su ddi chidu trong

*
/>

giam-chi-tieu-chong-khung-hoang/20105/45079.vnplus

9 http:
^•neconomy.vn/20100724084624965POC99/7-

noan-i^ang-chau-au-khong-vuot-qua-kiem-tra-suc-k l i o e iifm

tang trudng GDP dugc thuc sir xdc lap vi

viec ldm thudng cd do tre so vdi tang trudng;

- Cac sa dd hd trg cac ITnh vuc cua nen

kinh te thyc nen ket thuc sdm hon vi chiing

ddi hdi chi phf ngdn sach ldn vd thudng cd

the cd tdc ddng ldm bien dang thi trudng

thdng nhat;

- Hd trg tiep can thi trudng vdn nen

dugc duy tri cho tdi khi cd tfn hieu rd rdng Id

cac dieu kien tdi chfnh ciia cac doanh nghiep

da thuc sir quay ve trang thai binh thudng;

- Riit lui sir hd trg ITnh vuc tdi chfnh,

khdi ddng sa dd bdo lanh chfnh phii se tuy

thudc vdo tinh hinh ciia nen kinh te ndi

chung vd vdo su dn dinh cua he thdng tdi

chinh.

<b>3. Thoat khoi khung hoang: nhirng </b>

<b>budc dau tien hudng toi 2020 </b>

Nhu da trinh bay d phan tren, hang Ioat

cdc cdng cu chinh sdch dugc sir dung iing

phd vdi khung hodng rdng ldn vd quylt liet.

Chfnh sdch tai khda md rdng vd iing phd chu

ky; lai sudt dugc gidm tdi mire thdp nhdt

trong lich sir, trong khi tinh thanh khodn

dugc ddm bdo cho ITnh vuc tdi chinh dudng

nhu khdng ban che. Cac chfnh phii dua ra

nhirng img hd to ldn cho eac ngan hang bdng

each bao lanh, tai cap vdn hoac "ldm sach"

tai khoan ciia cac ngdn hdng khdi nhirng tai

san xau; nhimg ITnh vuc khac cua nin kinh t l

dugc ho trg bdi nhirng khoan trg cdp nhd

nudc trong khudn khd, hgp ly va ngdn han.

Tdt cd nhirng hanh ddng ndy da va dang to ra

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<b>18 </b>

<b>NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (119).2JlO </b>

dung mai, miic do ng cdng cao khdng the

duy tri vd ban. Rd rang la trong giai doan

hien nay, EU vd cac nudc thdnh vien vira

phdi cd nhiing chien lugc thoat ra khiing

hodng hgp ly, vira phai quan tam tdi nhii'ng

dieu chinh ca cau mang tfnh trung ban, ddng

thdi phdi cd nhirng chien lugc ddi ban nham

dam bdo phat trien ben virng.

Ngodi nhirng tac ddng true tiep ke tren,

khiing hodng kinh te toan cdu lan nay da ldm

bgc Id nhirng diem yeu, nhirng "nut that cd

chai" trong cdc tru edt cua lien ket kinh te

khu vuc.

<b>Tru cot Thj truong thong nhat </b>

Tinh hinh thuc te hien nay cho thay,

nhung boat ddng kinh doanh xuyen bien gidi

dang gap nhirng trd ngai ldn, dudng nhu

mang ludi khdng gan ket hieu qua lam cho

hieu lire cua thi trudng thdng nhdt cdn rat

kem. Ngudi dan va doanh nghiep van phdi

ddi phd vdi 27 he thdng ludt khdc biet cho

ciing mdt giao dich. Thi trudng thdng nhat

dd hinh thdnh trudc khi cd su ra ddi cua

Internet lam cho cdng nghe thdng tin trd

thanh dong lire chfnh cua tang trudng vd

trudc khi dich vu trd thdnh mdt phan thdng

tri trong kinh te EU. Hien nay, sir trdi day

cua cac ngdnh dich vu mdi (truyen thdng,

cham sdc sue khde, nang lugng thdng minh)

chimg td tiem nang to ldn, nhung chau Au

chi cd the sir dung dugc nhirng tiem nang

nay neu thi trudng khu vuc khac phuc dugc

sir gidn doan dang ban che ddng chdy cua

cdng nghe true tuyen va su tham gia rdng rai

ciia ngudi tieu diing va cac doanh nghiep.

<b>Tru cot Lien minh kinh te tien te </b>

Ddng tien chung da tac ddng nhu mdt la

chan huu hieu ddi ddi vdi nhirng nudc thanh

vien tham gia vao khu vuc ddng euro, giup

cdc nudc trdnh dugc nhirng hdn loan ve ty

gid trong giai doan vira qua. Nhung khung

hodng ciing lam bgc Id qui md phu thudc ldn

nhau giira cdc nen kinh te trong khu vuc nay,

trong cd ITnh vuc tdi chfnh va tdi khda, dien

ra theo hieu ung lan tda. Sir khdc biet trong

md hinh phdt trien dan tdi mdt sd trudng hgp

tfch tu ng cdng bat dn dinh va gay ra cang

thang cho ddng tien chung. Khiing hoang

thuc sir lam gia tang nhii'ng thach thuc ma

khu vuc ddng tien chung phdi ddi mat nhu

tfnh dn dinh cua tdi chfnh cdng vd tiem nang

phat trien, gay ra nhirng mat can ddi va lam

phdn tan khd nang canh tranh. Vugt qua

nhiing thdch thuc ndy trong khu vuc ddng

EUR Id cue ky quan trgng vd cap thiet, de cd

the bdo ddm tao ra tang trudng dn dinh ben

virng.

Ciing vdi cac nut that hien nay nhu su

phdn tan ciia thi trudng thdng nhdt, sir yeu

kem ciia he thdng tai chfnh, sir bat cap cua

lien minh kinh te tien te, khimg hodng tdi

chfnh todn cdu cdng ldm gay gat them nhiing

khiem khuyet vdn cd, da tdn tai trudc dd cua

Lien minh Chdu Au, dd la:

- Tdc do tang trudng trung binh ciia

EU thap hon so vdi cac ddi tdc chfnh, chii

ylu la do nang sudt cua EU ngay cdng tut

hdu trong mudi nam vira qua. Nguyen nhan

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<i>Jlldl MA itleu eJtuth tJiiitk iddt. </i>

<b>19 </b>

hgp ly, sir ddu tu vao nghien cuu phat trien

R&D vd ddi mdi thdp, sir dung khdng hieu

qua cdng nghe thdng tin vd vien thdng, sir

thd a trong viec thiic ddy ddi mdi, can trd su

tham nhap thi trudng vd tao ra mdi trudng

kinh doanh kem nang ddng.

- Ty le lao ddng ciia EU d rnirc 69%

ddi vdi lira tudi tir 20 - 64 Id qua thap so vdi

cdc khu vuc khdc tren the gidi. Chi cd 63%

phu nir chdu Au di lam so vdi 76% nam gidi.

Chi cd 46% ngudi ldm viec ldn tudi (55-64)

dugc sir dung so vdi mii'c 62%) d My vd Nhdt

Ban, ban nira sd gid ldm viec cua EU it hon

10% so vdi d My vd Nhat ban.

- Su gid hda dan sd dang gia tang, khi

ma the he biing nd dan sd nghi huu, sd ddn

trong do tudi nang ddng bat ddu co lai vdo

nam 2013/2014. Sd ngudi gid han 60 tudi

hien nay dang tang nhanh gap ddi so vdi

trudc nam 2007 - khodng 2 trieu ngudi moi

nam so vdi I trieu ngudi trudc day. Sir kit

hgp cua cd hai xu the khien sd ngudi ldm

viec ngdy cdng gidm di, sd ngudi vl huu

ngdy cdng tang len tao ap lire nang nl len

nhd nudc phiic lgi, chinh sdch an sinh xa hdi

cua EU.

Cung vdi nhirng thach thirc ndi tai ciia

lien minh, cdn cd MMng thach thuc ben

ngodi do qua trinh todn cau hda mang Iai ma

EU cdn tfnh den:

- Trong bdi cdnh todn cdu hda kinh t l

n^ay cang gia tang, EU mdt mat se tiep tuc

hudng lgi nhu la mdt nen MMi te md nhdt thi

oiai. mat khdc canh tranh giira cdc nudc phdt

trien va cdc nudc mdi ndi ngdy cdng gia

tang. Ngoai nhirng ddi thii truyen thdng nhu

My vd Nhdt Bdn ciing dang cd nhirng dieu

chinh nham cai thien kha nang canh tranh,

nhirng nudc nhu Trung Qudc, An Do dang

ddu tu rat manh vao nghien cuu vd cdng

nghe de thiic ddy nen cdng nghiep ciia minh

chiem vi tri cao ban trong chudi sdn xuat vd

dang cd nhirng budc nhdy vgt trong nen kinh

te todn cau. Lien minh Chdu Au ciing can

phdi ndng cao khd nang canh tranh ciia minh.

- Sau khiing hodng tdi chinh, he thdng

tdi chfnh todn cdu dang can phdi cung cd lai.

Sir de dai cho vay trong ngan ban va nhirng

ddu tu mao hiem trong thi trudng tdi chinh

todn cdu da lam gia tang nhirng boat ddng

dau ca, tao ra nhimg bong bdng phat trien vd

nhirng mat can ddi tram trgng. EU can phdi

tham gia tim kiem nhung giai phdp todn cdu

de tao nen su hieu qua vd ben virng cho he

thdng tdi chinh the gidi.

- Thach thirc ve khi hdu vd tdi nguyen

dang ddi hdi phdi cd nhirng hanh ddng quylt

liet. Sir phu thudc qua ldn vdo nhien lieu hda

thach nhu ddu lira vd viec sir dung Midng

hieu qua nguyen lieu thd da vd dang ldm cho

gia cd dot bien. Viec gia tang dan sd thi gidi

tir 6 ty len 9 ty ngudi se lam gia tang cude

canh tranh cdc ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien

vd tao ap lire Ien mdi trudng. EU cdn phai

tiep tuc keu ggi cdc nudc tren thi gid' xay

dung mdt gidi phap todn cdu cho vdn de biln

ddi khi hdu, ddng thdi thirc hien nhung cam

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<b>20 </b>

<b>NGHIEN CGU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (119).2010 </b>

mdi trudng trong toan Lien minh ciing nhu

cdc nudc thdnh vien.

<b>Trong giai doan trung han, Lien minh </b>

<b>Chau Au tap trung vao giai quyet cac nut </b>

<b>that nghen tang truo'ng nhu: </b>

- Thiic day thi trudng thdng nhat manh

hon, sau hon, md rdng ban Id van de sdng

cdn cho phdt trien va tao ra viec lam. Khung

hoang dang lam gia tang xu the bao hd kinh

te va chii nghTa dan tdc. EU dang cd nhirng

nd luc ngan chan viec chuyen dich ciia mgt

sd qudc gia theo hudng tach khdi Lien minh.

Rd rdng, ngodi nhirng dieu chinh ve chfnh

sdch kinh te, phdi cd Miirng cam ket chfnh tri

manh me tir cdc nudc thanh vien ciing nhu

todn the Lien minh de khdi ddng lai thi

trudng thdng nhat.

<i>- Ddu tic cho phdt trien: Khung hodng </i>

tdi chfnh tdc ddng het sire nang ne len khd

nang cua cac doanh nghiep vd cac chfnh phii

trong viec ddu tu tai chfnh vd cdc du an ddi

mdi. Ddng thdi vdi tang cudng cM'Mi sdch

gan ket, huy ddng ngan sdch cua EU vd cdc

td chirc tai chinh ca nhan, EU ciing can cimg

cd hodn thien mdi trudng phap Mat de dam

bdo cho thi trudng tai chfnh boat ddng vira

hieu qud vira an todn. EU can ldm mgi viec

de tap hgp dugc cdc ngudn luc tdi chfnh,

theo dudi nhirng lgi nhuan mdi bang viec sir

dung tdng hgp ca ngudn vdn cua nhd nudc

vd tu nhan, tao ra nhiing cdng cu ddi mdi de

cd ngudn tdi chfnh cho nhii'ng ddu tu can

thiet, bao gdm cd ca ehl hgp tdc nha nudc

-tu nhdn.

<i>- Khai thdc cong cu chinh sdch doi </i>

<i>ngogi: Su phdt trien cua todn cau se md ra </i>

nhii'ng ca hdi cho cac nhd xuat khdu chau Au

vd tham gia vdo canh tranh nhiing hang nhdp

khdu thiet yeu. Tat cd cac cdng cu cua chfnh

sach kinh te ddi ngoai can dugc khai thac

triet de de thuc day sir tang trudng cua EU

thdng qua sir tham gia ciia EU vdo thi trudng

md vd binh dang toan cau. Mdt trong nhirng

ddng lire tang trudng ma EU cd the tan dung

chfnh la nhu cdu den tir cdc nen kinh te mdi

ndi ciing nhu sir phat trien tdng ldp trung luu

cua nhirng nudc nay va nhu cdu nhdp khau

hang hda dich vu ma EU cd lgi the canh

tranh. EU can nang ddng trong khudn khd

WTO vd cac quan he song phuong nham bao

dam xdm nhap thi trudng tdt nhdt cho cac

doanh nghiep ciia EU, bao gdm cd cac doanh

nghiep vira va nhd, tang cudng khd nang

canh tranh vdi ben ngodi Id nhiem vu trong

tdm. Mat khac, EU se tap trung thiic day

nhirng eudc ddm phan ve Mat Ie, thi che

trong nhirng ITnh vuc mdi nhu bien ddi khf

hdu vd phat trien kinh te xanh, nai ma nhirng

Mat phdp, tieu chudn ciia EU cd khd nang md

rdng ra todn cau.

Hudng tdi phat trien ben vimg, ciing vdi

nhung bien phdp ngdn ban. Lien minh Chau

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<i><b>JliAt iA ctlexi dtliilt dtiith sddt. </b></i>

<b>21 </b>

<i><b>tieu: phdt triin thdng minh, phdt triin ben </b></i>

<i><b>vitng vdphdt trien todn dien, trong dd: </b></i>

<i>- Tdng trudng thong minh: Phat trien </i>

kinh te tren ca sd tri thirc vd ddi mdi;

<i>- Phdt trien bin vung: Sir dung nhirng </i>

ngudn luc hieu qua han, xanh hon, canh

tranh hon;

<i>- Phdt trien todn diin: Tang cudng </i>

kinh te sir dung nhieu lao ddng vd cd sir gan

ket vdi vimg vd van hda;

Hudng tdi chien luge phdt trien thdng

minh, ben virng va toan dien, nham thuc Men

cdc muc tieu dat ra, Uy ban Chdu Au dua ra

mdt sd ndi dung can trien khai:

<i>"Lien minh doi mdi": Cai thien cac </i>

dieu kien khung phap ly nham tao thudn lgi

cho ddu tu vdo nghien cuu vd ddi mdi, bdo

ddm cho cdc y tudng ve ddi mdi se bien

thdnh sdn pham vd dich vu tao ra tang trudng

vd viec ldm;

- "Nang ddng cua thanh nien": Hodn

thien he thdng giao due vd tao thudn lgi cho

thanh nien tham gia vdo thi trudng lao ddng;

<i>- 'Ky nguyin so cho chdu Au" nham </i>

tang tdc viec ung dung mang internet tdc do

cao tao ra lgi nhuan trong thi trudng sd hda

thdng nhdt cbo ngudi tieu dung vd cac doanh

nghiep;

<i>- "Chdu Au hieu qud vi tdi nguyen": </i>

Bao ddm tang trudng tiet kiem tdi nguyen,

tang cudng dich chuyen sang nen kinh te sir

dung cacbon thap, tang cudng su dung cac

ngudn nhien lieu tai tao. Men dai hda ITnh

vuc giao thdng van tdi, khuyen khich sir

dung hieu qua nang lugng;

<i>- "Chinh sdch cong nghiip cho ki </i>

<i>nguyen todn cdu hoa" nham cdi thien mdi </i>

trudng dau tu, tap trung cho cac doanh

nghiep vira vd nhd, ung hd viec phdt trien

cdc ca sd cdng nghiep manh vd ben virng cd

khd nang canh tranh todn cdu;

<i>- "Chucmg trinh ki ndng vd viic ldm </i>

<i>mdi" nham hien dai hda thi trudng lao ddng, </i>

tang cudng khd nang ciia mgi ngudi thdng

qua phat trien kT nang sudt ddi tren quan

diem tang kha nang tham gia va dap iing

cung cdu ciia thi trudng lao ddng tdt ban bao

gdm cd viec di chuyen lao ddng linh boat;

<i><b>- "Chdu Au chong doi ngheo": Bdo dam </b></i>

sir gan ket xa hdi vd vimg lanh thd sao cho

nhirng lgi ich ciia tang trudng vd viec lam

dugc phdn chia rdng rai, tao ca hdi cho

nhirng ngudi ngheo ddi, ngodi Ie cd khd nang

sdng trong mgt the thdng nhdt va nang ddng

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