Phát triển bền vững ở Nam Phi: Mục tiêu và thách thức.

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<b>PHAT TRIEN BEN</b>

<b> VITNG</b>

<i><b> 6 NAM PHI: </b></i>

<b>MUC TIEU VA THACH</b>

<b> THLTC </b>

<i>Pham Thi Thanh Binh' </i>

<i>Le To Hoa** </i>

T

ir nam 1994, Nam Phi co sir thay
doi chinh trj, kinh te va xa hpi rat an
tuong, the hien sir cam ket ngay
cang manh cho Phdt trien ben vumg PTBV.
Hpi nghj Thugng dinh the gidi ve PTBV dugc
to chuc tai Johannesburg vao thang 9 nam
2002 da danh ddu mot moc quan trpng cua
PTBV d Nam Phi. Hpi nghj xac djnh PTBV la
sir bao dam hai hoa giira 3 mat: PTBV ve kinh
tl, PTBV vl xa hpi va PTBV ve moi tmdng.
Bai vilt dl cap muc tieu PTBV cua Nam Phi,
nhimg chinh sach ap dung cua chinh phu de dat
dugc muc tieu do va mot so nhimg diach thue
Nam Phi dang phai doi dien.

I. MyC TIEU PTBV CUA NAM PHI

Hpi nghj Thugng dinh thi gidi \ i PTBV tai
Johannesburg dat muc tieu chinh cho PTBV
cua Nam Phi la c l gdng giam ngheo doi va
phat triln can bdng trong va giira cac the he.
xay dung nen kinh tl ddn chu, dap iing dupe
moi nhu cau xa hoi co ban.

' Tien sT, Vien Kinh te v^ Chinh tri The |iai
* Tien sT, Khoa Kinh t^, Dai hpc Kinh te Quoc dan

<i>7. PItdt trien ben vimg ve kinh te nham </i>
dam bao ket hap hai hoa giira muc tieu tang
trudng kinh te % 61 phat trien van hoa - xa hpi.
can doi toe dp tang trudng kinh te vdi viec su
dung cac dieu kien nguon luc, tai nguyen thien
nhien, khoa hoc, cong nghe. dac biet chu trpng
phat trien cong nghe sach.

De tao dieu kien phat trien nen kinh te theo
hudng hien dai boa. chinh phu Nam Phi da
lien tuc tang chi deu cho R&D len tu 0.76%
GDP (2001) len 0,81% GDP (2003); 0,87%
GDP (2005) va 1%(2008).

Theo danh gia cua IMF, hien Nam Phi dang
d trong giai doan tot nhat cua PTBV vai lam
phat thap 6,3% (2007) va dir doan khoang
3-6% (2009). Nam Phi cung vdi Angeria,
Nigeria va Ai Cap chiem tai 50% long GDP
cua chau Phi va dong gop Idn cho su tang
trudng chung cua ca chau luc. Trong khi cac
nen kinh te chau A, chau Au gap kho khan vi
khan hiem gia nguyen, nhien lieu tang cao thi
Nam Phi dupe lgi vi bp xuat khau nguyen lieu
tho. Vdi nguon tai nguyen thien nhien phong
phu. tiem nang kinh te doi dao \ a khoa hpc ky

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<b>Pham Th| Thanh Binh-Le To Hoa </b> Phat then ben vting d Nam Phi...

thuat tien tien. Nam Phi la nudc xudt khdu

vang Idn nhdt the gidi (nganh cong nghiep

khai thae vang dong gop khoang 2%) ting san

pham quoc npi cua Nam Phi). Nhd c6 nguIn

<b>Bang 1: Tang truong GDP cua Nam Ph </b>

<i>Nam : 2001 : 2002 ^ 2003 ' 2004 | 2005 : 2006 </i>

<i>GDP(%) : 2,2 ; 3,0 1,9 ^ 2,9 ^"'JJ' ' 4^5^ </i>

<i>Nguon: African Economic Outlook 2008; * Dir doan </i>

PTBV ve kinh te khong chi bao gom tang

trudng kinh te nhanh va on djnh lau dai ma

con tren ca sd do nang cao chat lugng tang

trudng, tang ti le GDP/ngudi, ham lugng

khoa hpc - cong nghe cao va su dung co hieu

thu nhap ldn tir nhiing nguyen lieu tho. Nam

Phi CO them nguon von ddu tu. phuc vu cho

phat trien kinh te.

2007

5,5

2008

5,4 "

2009*

4,9

Nam

GDP (ti USD)

GDP/ddu ngudi (USD)

qua tiet kiem tai nguyen thien nhien; tung

bude thay doi mo hinh va cong nghe san xuat

("san xuat sach" "cong nghiep hoa sach"). mo

hinh tieu dung sach ban, thdn thien vdi moi

trudng ban.

<b>Bang 2: GDP theo dau ngiroi 6- Nam Phi </b>

1994 2005 2006 2007

135,8 200,5 239,4 255,5

3500 4500 5000 5390

<i>Ngudn: Ogunlate Davidson (2003), Sustainable Development and Climate Change in South </i>

<i>Africa. Energy Development Research Centre (EDRC). University of Cape Town and African </i>

<i>Economic Outlook 2007. </i>

Cac yeu to khac giup Nam Phi c6 dieu kien

thuan lgi tang trudng kinh te, do la chau luc

nay da on dinh chinh tri ban. Ngay cang co

nhieu nudc chau Phi cham dut xung dot va day

manh phat trien hoa binh. Xu hudng chu dao d

cac nudc chau Phi hien nay la tap trung thue

day tang trudng kinh te, tien bp xa hpi. Day

cung la ly do khien nhieu nudc chu trpng dau

tu vao chau Phi noi chung va Nam Phi noi

rieng.

<i><b>2. PTBV ve xa hpi la nham xdy dimg mot </b></i>

xa hpi on djnh, co nen kinh te tang trudng

nhanh, di doi vdi dan chu cong bang va tien bp

xa hpi, trong do giao due, dao tao, y te va phuc

lgi xa hpi phai dugc cham lo day du va loan

dien cho mpi doi tugng trong xa hpi.

PTBV ve xa hpi tap trung vdo nhumg van de

chinh nhu xoa doi giam ngheo, tao them cong

an viec lam, tang thu nhap cho ngudi lao dong,

ha thdp ty le tang dan so de nang cao chdt

lugng dan so; hai hoa boa qua trinh do thj hoa

va cac luong di dan, phan bo hgp ly dan cu va

lao dong theo vung lanh tho nham khai thae

hgp ly tai nguyen thien nhien va cai thien moi

trudng song nhat la d cac do thj; ndng cao dan

tri, trinh dp nghe nghiep dap ung yeu cau cua

sir nghiep cong nghiep boa, hien dai boa bdng

each ndng cao chat lugng giao due, nang cao

chdt lugng cac djch vu y te va cham soc sue

khoe nhdn dan, cai thien dieu kien lao dong va

ve sinh moi trudng song. Hang loat cac du an

nham thurc hien Chuong trinh phat triSn va tai

xay dung xa hpi nhu ke hoach xdy dung \a

phat trien nha d, ke hoach dien khi boa ddt

nudc, chuang trinh cung cap nudc \ a cai thien

dieu kien ve sinh moi trudng... Chinh phii

Nam Phi cung chu trpng tap trung vao tao \iec

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Phat trien ben vCf-ng d Nam Phi... <b>_{Pham Th| Thanh Binh-Le To Hoa}</b>

lam bang each dua ra chi tieu viec lam cho cac
ITnh vuc (nhu du Ijch) va thiSt lap cac nut giao
diem cua sir phat trien (nhu Sang kiSn phat
trien khong gian vu tru).

Chinh phu Nam Phi da chi phan Idn ngan
sach nha nudc (58% nam 2007) cho cac djch
vu xa hpi bao gom giao due, sue khoe va phuc
lgi xa hpi. Dieu nay chimg to rang, Nam Phi
dang tap trung ddu tu vao con ngudi, tap trung
dau tu cho giao due, dac biet giao due cao hpc
- dupe coi la co vai tro quan trpng nhdt hien
nay va trong tuang lai doi vdi phat trien ben
vimg d Nam Phi. Nam Phi dugc danh gia la
nhom nudc co chi so phat trien nguon nhan
luc HDI (Human Development Index) d muc

trung binh vdi HDI la 0,650 danh gia theo
muc tir 0 (muc phat trien con ngudi thap
nhat) den 1 (muc phat trien con ngudi cao

nhdt) dua tren 3 tieu chi phat tri^n. do la; tuoi
thp, tri thue va muc s6ng. Trong do, HDI cua
ngudi da trang la 0,876 (mure cao) \ a ngudi
da den la 0,462 (muc thdp). Chinh phu Nam
Phi ciing gianh khoan trg cap xa hpi cho
ngudi gia, ngudi tan tat va khoan trg cap cho
tre nho. Hang thang, chinh phu Nam Phi con
gianh khoan trg cap co dinh cho ban 3 trieu
ngudi. Day duac coi la chuang trinh tai phan
phoi Idn nhat cua Nam Phi.

Cac chinh sach PTBV ve xa hpi d Nam
Phi dugc the hien ro trong khu vuc dan cu.
ma cu the la trong xu hudng su dung chat dot
trong sinh boat. So ho gia dinh co kha nang
sir dung nguon dien chiem tdi 99% d thanh
thj va 90%) d nong thon. Su dung cac nguon
chat dot thuang mai khac (LPG va Paradin)
cung tang.

<b>Bang 3: Tieu dung nang lu-ong tinh theo dau ngiroi 6- Nam Phi </b>
<b>giai doan (2005-2025) </b>

2005 (% giam so 2015 (% giam so 2025 (% giam so
vdi mire ca ban) vdi rr.irc ca ban) vdi mire eo ban)

136.6

135.1 (-1,1)
Base ease (Mii'e ea ban) 97.6 116.8

Dau diezen sinh hpc(biodiesel) 97.7 (0,1) 116.5 (-0,3)

Khi gas (Gas) 97.7(0,1) "^ 116.1 (-0,6)

Khi hydro (Hydro) 97.7(0.1) 115.0 (-1,5)

Nang lugng nguyen tir (PBMR nuclear) 97.7(0,1) 116.6 (-0.1)

Khi mdi tao (Renewables) 97.5 (-0,1) i J ' Z i J O - ^ )

Tieu diing ho gia dinh (Residential) 97.7 (-0,2) | 116.6 (-0,2)

<i>Thu^ chat dot nhien lieu (Fuel tax) 97.4 (-0,2) ' 116.5 (-0,2) </i>

135.5 (-0,8)

134.5 (-1,5)

735.9 (-0,5)

135.9 (-0,5)

136.3 (-0,2)

136.5(0,0)

97.4 (-0,2)

<i>Ngudn: Harald Winkler (2006), Energy Policies for Sustainable Development in South Africa: </i>
<i>Options for the Future, Energy Research Centre. University of Cape Town. </i>

Trong chuang trinh PTBV ve xa hpi d Nam
Do qui mo cac bp gia dinh d Nam Phi co xu

hudng ngay cang nho nen muc giam tieu dung
nang lugng d cac bp gia dinh tuy nho, nhung
cung CO y nghia quan trpng doi vdi cac ho gia
<i>dinh ngheo. PTBV vk xa hpi khong chi la each </i>
ti^p can vdi nguon nang lugng, ma ca van de
kha nang chi tra cho viec su dung nguon nang
lugng do.

Phi, chuang trinh dien khi hoa (bat dau tir nam
1991) dugc coi la thanh cong nhat va da dem
ngudn dien cho ban 4 trieu gia dinh. Theo
danh gia cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB) nam
2001, chi CO 17%) dan s6 chau Phi dugc tiep
xuc vdi nguon dien, nhung d Nam Phi so do
chiem tdi 66%.

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<b>Pham Thi Thanh Binh-Le To Hoa </b> Phat then ben vu'ng d Nam Phi...

<i>3. PTBVve mdi trudng rdiam su dung hgp </i>

ly, hieu qua nguon tai nguyen thien nhien,

chong suy thoai chat lugng dat; su dung hgp

ly, hieu qua tai nguyen khoang san; bao ve tai

nguyen nudc, sir dung hop ly, Idu ben tdi

nguyen nudc; bao ve moi trudng va tai nguyen

bien, ven bien, hidro; su dung hgp ly va phat

trien tdi nguyen rimg; giam thieu 6 nhiem moi

trudng do thj va khu cong nghiep; quan ly, xu ly

tot chat thai ran va chat thai nguy hai; bao ton sir

da dang sinh hpc; ngan ngira va giam thieu sir

tac dong cua bien doi khi hau va thien tai.

Nam Phi la quoc gia thieu nudc nghiem

trpng vdi lugng mua trung binh hang nam la

500 mm (chi khoang 60%) muc trung binh cua

the gidi). Tir nam 1968 lugng mua trung binh

hang nam cua chau Phi giam manh do sir 6

nhiem gay ra bdi con ngudi. Chi phan nho

lanh tho dpc theo bd bien dong nam cua Nam

Phi la nhan du lugng nudc mua, trong khi do

phdn Idn lanh tho dat nudc va phan phia lay

Nam Phi luon trong tinh trang kho can hoac

gan nhu kho can. 65%) lanh tho Nam Phi nhdn

dugc it ban 500 mm nudc moi nam - muc thdp

nhdt cua nen nong nghiep ban han, trong do

21%) lanh tho dat nudc nhan dugc it ban 200

mm nudc moi nam. Theo so lieu thong ke nam

2002, 84%) ddn so Nam Phi dung dudng ong

dan nudc true tiep vao nha. Phan ldn trong so

nay khong the tiep can dugc vdi nguon nudc

sach va phai song d nhimg vimg nong thon bat

lgi. Nhumg tham hga thien nhien, dac biet la

han ban trd nen ngay cang thudng xuyen va

nghiem trpng.

Tang trudng ddn so nhanh la nguyen nhan

chinh cua su phat trien khong the kiem soat,

su chuyen doi moi trudng song, sir xoi mon

tinh da dang sinh hpc, su suy giam nguon tai

nguyen thien nhien va sir phat sinh nguon chdt

thai va 6 nhiem. Muc tieu cua Nam Phi la

giam toe dp tang trudng dan so va on djnh dan

so d muc 80 trieu ngudi vao nam 2010 (gap

doi muc hien nay). Neu muc tang trudng dan

so cham lai thi viec su dung cac nguon tai

nguyen thien nhien ben viimg va viec bao ton

tinh hieu qua tai nguyen thien nhien cho the he

tuang lai la dieu chae chan. Tuy nhien, neu

dan s6 tang theo ti le nhu hien tai va xu hudng

tieu dung ciing tang theo thi ngay lap tuc, tdt

ca nguon tai nguyen thien nhien se bj can kiet

va se khong con gi de lai cho the he tuong lai.

Hoac dan so giir d muc on djnh va mpi ngudi

su dung nguon tai nguyen mot each hgp ly, thi

khi do van co du nguon tai nguyen cho tat ca

mpi ngudi trong tuong lai.

Chuang trinh phat trien nong nghiep va tai

phan ph6i dat dai (LRAD) (Land

Redistribution for Agricultural Development

Programme) cua Nam Phi giir vai tro quan

trpng trong cong cupc cai each dat nong

nghiep va da thanh cong trong viec phan chia

dat cho nhumg ngudi nong dan bj thua thiet

-nhumg ngudi mong muon co ddt de canh tac.

Ben canh do. Nam Phi nhdn manh den viec

nang cao muc song cua ngudi dan, bao dam an

ninh luong thirc va xoa bo phan biet gidi tinh.

Nam Phi tap trung vao dieu chinh viec quan ly,

su dung nguon dat dai ben viimg dua tren 3

sang kien do la Land Restitution (boi thudng

dat dai). Land Redistribution (phan phoi lai dat

dai) va Land Tenure Reform (cai each quyen

su dung dat dai).

Nam Phi dugc coi la quoc gia dan dau

trong khoi cac nudc dang phat trien ve cac van

de nhu tinh da dang sinh hpc, bao tdn va thay

doi khi hau. Cl Nam Phi viec phan phoi cac

djch vu moi trudng cho tat ca mpi cong dan la

muc tieu co ban cua PTBV. Tuy nhien, viec

phdn phoi cac djch vu nay cung bj ton thdt mot

phdn do thieu kinh phi tai trg true tiep trong

qua trinh soan thao thiet ke cac chuang trinh

phdn phoi djch vu.

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Phat then ben vCJ-ng d Nam Phi. <b>_{Pham Thj Thanh Binh-Le To Hoa}</b>

Tac dong chat lugng moi trudng dja
phuang

Thay doi trong viec sir dung ngudn
tai nguyen thien nhien

Nhumg tac dong sinh hpc khac nhau

Tac dong kinh te vT mo

Bang 4: Danh gia tieu chuan PTBV cua Nam Phi

Tieu chuan Chi s6

Tac dong cua moi trirong

<i>- Thay doi chat lugng khong khi theo hudng vdn dk 6 </i>
nhiem dugc quan tam hang dau.

- Thay doi chat lugng nguon nudc theo hudng vdn de 6
nhiem duoc quan tam hang ddu.

- Nhumg anh hudng khac (nhu tieng 6n, su an toan. gia
tri tai san co dinh. tac dong thj giac, giao thong....)

- Thay doi trong su dung nguon nudc. nang lugng \ a
cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien khac khong the khoi
phuc lai dugc.

- NbiJmg thay doi sinh hpc khac nhau d dja phuang \a
trong khu vuc.

Tac dong kinh te

- Anh hudng tdi can can thanh toan (tang hoac giam
nguon ngoai hoi)

- Cong nghe sach ban se dugc ap dung vao cac du an
(tir nguon quoc te hoac dia phucmg)

- Ky nang cong nghe se dugc chuyen gjao va su tu tin
vao tuomg lai cua du an

- Ap dung thanh cong nhumg cong nghe truac do
- Xem xet xem cong nghe co phu hgp \ di Nam Phi hay
khong

- Du an CO sue thuyet phuc \ a kha nang ap dung thue te
khong

Tac dong xa hoi

Song song vdi nhimg uu tien phat - Danh gia long the doi vdi nhirng chinh sach va ke
trien timg vung, dja phuang va moi hoach c6 the dugc ap dung

quoc gia

- Tao them cong an viec lam (so lugng \ iec lam dugc
tao ra/ so ngudi mat \ iec. thdi gian lam \ iec. phan phoi
CO hpi \iec lam, cac dang \iec lam, nhom ngudi lam
viec theo gidi tinh va chung toe..)

- Anh hudng phat trien kinh te theo dia phuang

- Xem du an phan bo co thue su dung \ di nhu eau phat
trien dac thii khong

- Kha nang phan phoi Igi ich cua dir an

<i>Nguon: Phdt triin ben vimg vd thay doi khi hau a Nam Phi. Trung tdm Nghien ciru phdi Irien </i>
<i>ndng luang, 2002. </i>

Chuyen giao cong nghe thich hgp

Binh ddng xa hpi va giam ngheo doi

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<b>Pham Thi Thanh Binh-Le Td Hoa </b> Phat then ben vu'ng d Nam Phi

<b>4. Chinh sach thiic ddy PTBV 6- Nam Phi </b>

Nham dat muc tieu cua PTBV, Cue Du Ijch
va boat dong kinh doanh Nam Phi DEAT da
soan thao Chien luge quoc gia ve PTBV
(National Strategy for Sustainable
Development) va de xuat ra hang loat cac
cong cu, chinh sach dap umg cho muc tieu
PTBV nhu Trien vpng phat trien vu tru qu6c
gia (National Spatial Development
Perspective); Mo hinh chien luge phat triSn
trung ban (Medium-Term Strategic
Framework); Chien luge phat trien va tang
trudng vung (Provincial Growth and
Development Strategies); Cac ke hoach phat

trien hgp nhat (Integrated Development Plans)
va quan trpng nhat la Sang kien thue day tang
trudng chung cua Nam Phi - ASGISA
(Acccelerated and Shared Growth Initiative of
South Africa). Chinh phu Nam Phi da ap dung
mot so nhirng cong cu, chinh sach ca ban sau:

<i>1. Chinh sdch thue khda: Chinh phu danh </i>
thue vao cac nganh cong nghiep va nhimg
nganh phat trien khong ben viimg. Vi du. chinh
phu danh thue dau mo de ban che sir dung xe 6
to rieng va khuyen khich su dung phuang tien
cong cong nhieu ban bdi vi dung nhieu xang
se gay 6 nhiem moi trudng.

<i>2. Chinh sdch gidm thue: Chinh phu Nam </i>
Phi cat giam thue cho cac nganh cong nghiep
hoac cac cong ty tu nhan boat dong tot, ben
virng. Vi du, chinh phu giam thue cho cac
cong ty sir dung nang lugng mat trdi de tao ra
nguon nang lugng mdi.

<i>3. Chinh sdch tra cdp: Chinh phu trg cap </i>
cho cac nganh co cac du an phat trien ben
viimg. cac du an doi mdi ca sd ha tang, tao
di8u kien cho cac nganh cong nghiep ngay
cang phat trien. Vi du. chinh phu trg cap cho
nong dan de bp co the cai tao he thong tudi
tieu nham tiet kiem nguon nudc.

Ben canh do, xoa bo trg cap gia nudc va gia
nang lugng se khuyen khich ngudi tieu dung
mot each tiet kiem ban. Trudc day. gia cac mat
hang tieu dung ndy rdt re va khong co sir
khuyen khich nao de ngudi ddn biet each su
dung khon kheo, dung muc. Viec su dung
nguon tai nguyen vdn con rat lang phi va de
dat dugc hieu qua thi chi co each buoc ngudi
tieu dung phai tra tien cho viec su dung do.
Xoa bo trg cap cac loai hoa chat thuoc nong
nghiep cung ban che viec su dung tai nguyen.
ndi long mot so nhiimg ap lire ve dat dai, cac
he thong song ngoi...Thue hien mot cupc cai
each he thong thanh toan quoc gia (System of
National Accounts) nham muc dich dua nguon
tai nguyen thien nhien trd thanh nguon von
quoc gia. Dieu nay khong chi buoc mpi ngudi
hieu dugc gia trj cua nguon tai nguyen thien
nhien, ma con nhan thue dugc rang, nguon tai
nguyen do dang dugc khai thae khong hieu
qua, khong ben viimg.

<i>4. Chinh sdch dieu chinh lugt phdp nham </i>
kiem soat moi trudng va dieu chinh sir phat
trien, cac dieu luat ve viec ban che so lugng
nudc su dung va ban che 6 nhiem khong khi
gay ra bdi cac nha may lam tac dong xau den
moi trudng dat, nudc va kim ham sir phat
trien, dieu luat ve viec bao ve quyen lgi hgp
phap cho mot moi trudng trong sach, can co sir

thong nhat trong viec ra cac quyet djnh nham
bao ve moi trudng va nhirng xu hudng phat
trien ben vumg.

<i>5. Cung cdp cdc dich vu mdi trudng (dl </i>
<i>nhdt cho con ngudi, hien nay chinh phu Nam </i>
Phi thue sir chua cung cap day du \ a co hieu
qua chat lugng cac dich vu ve moi trudng
cho ngudi dan, vi du: he thdng phan phoi
nudc va dieu kien ve sinh moi trudng. he
thong su dung va thu gom rac thai, he thong
thoat nudc de ngan chan ngap ung. he thong

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Phat then ben vjj-nq d Nam Phi. <b>_{Pham Thj Thanh Binh-Le To Hoa}</b>

giao thong van tai an loan va hieu qua. cac
dieu kien ben bai...

<i>6. Gido due y thirc bdo ve mdi trudng, </i>
chinh phu Nam Phi md nhiimg ca sd dao tao
giao due cho cong chung nhumg vdn de bao ve
moi trudng, tranh nhiimg anh hudng xdu den
cong dong va dat nudc.

II. THACH THlTC DOI V 6 l PTBV O
NAM PHI

<i>1. Thach thue trong vdn dk xda bd ngheo </i>
<i>ddi. Ngheo doi la vdn dk ca ban d Nam Phi va </i>
CO tac dong manh tdi sir on djnh ddt nudc.

Hien Nam Phi dang d6i mat vdi nan thdt
nghiep va ngheo doi nghiem trpng, ti le thdt
nghiep chilm tdi 25,2%o dan s6 va 50%) so dan
song dudi ngudng ngheo kh6. Ngheo kh6 d
Nam Phi dugc xac djnh la sir khong th8 duy tri
dugc muc song toi thieu hoac khong thi dap
img dugc nhu cdu ca ban cua con ngudi. d
Nam Phi muc tieu dung 353 Rand mot thang
dugc xem nhu la song dudi muc ngheo khd.
That nghiep Ian tran d Nam Phi hien nay la
nguyen nhan lam tang so ngudi ngheo doi.

Chinh phu Nam Phi nhan thue ro dugc vdn
de nay va da ap dung nhieu su can thiep de doi
<i>pho nhu: sang kien phat trien kinh tk dja </i>
phuang nham tao ke sinh nhai cho ngudi
ngheo, van de nha d cho ngudi co thu nhap
thap, cac djch vu xa hpi cho ngudi ngheo va
cai thien chat lugng cac khu nha 6 chupt cua
ngudi ngheo. Tiep tuc thue hien cac chuang
trinh cai each ddt dai de tai phan phoi dat dai
cho ngudi ngheo va nhom ngudi gap kho khan
trong xa hpi. Du doan, nam 2015 co khoang
30% dat nong nghiep dugc tai phan phoi lai
theo each thue nay.

Chuang trinh cham soc sue khoe ca ban
dugc chinh phu Nam Phi rat chu trpng, dac
biet la chinh sach cham soc sue khoe mien phi
cho phu nii- va tre em dudi 6 tuoi. Thanh cong

<i>cua chuang trinh na\ dugc Xhk hien cu the nhu </i>
tang ti le so ngudi tranh nhiem benh, giam s6
ngudi chet do benh sdi. Chi tieu qu6c gia cho
can benh HIV/AIDS thong qua cae t6 chuc
ban nganh tang tir 30 trieu Rand (1994) len
342 trieu Rand (2002).

<i>2. Thdch thirc ve tdi nguyen - moi trirdng. </i>
Moi trudng lien quan true tilp den nhimg
<i>ngudi ngheo tren 3 khia canh sau: Thir nhdt </i>
lien quan den cupc sdng sinh nhai
(Livelihood), da so ngudi ngheo thudng s6ng
phu thuoc vao nguon tai nguyen thien nhien,
do do bp van la nhiimg ngudi dau tien chiu
<i>anh hudng khi moi trudng bi 6 nhiem; Thir </i>
<i>hai lien quan den sue khoe, nhiimg ngudi </i>
ngheo phai chiu doe hai nhilu nhdt khi nude
va khong khi bj 6 nhiem bdi \ i ngu6n nudc
va khong khi 6 nhiem thudng dat d nai gan
<i>khu dan cu ngheo; Thir ba la su ton thuang, </i>
nhirng ngudi ngheo cung thudng la nhirng
ngudi de bj dat vao tinh the nguy hiem nhdt
ciia moi trudng. va eung la nhirng ngudi it co
kha nang chong ehpi moi khi eo anh huang
moi trudng xay ra. Trong khi nhirng ngudi
giau CO du kinh phi de tra eho eae khoan dieu
tri y te do anh hudng 6 nhiem moi trudng nhu
benh hen xuyen va e6 kha nang ehuyen ra
song d ngoai vung bj 6 nhiem, nhung ngudi

ngheo thi khong the.

Hien tai Nam Phi dang phai duong dau vdi
ba nhan to chinh tae dong den moi trudng
<i>nudc sach, do la: Thir nhdt. cac dieu kien tir </i>
nhien, dac biet la dieu kien khi hau duge dae
thu bdi lugng mua hang nam rat thap va t> le
<i>bay hai nudc cao; Thu" hai. tang trudng dan so </i>
nhanh va su can thiet phat trien kinh te va dap
img da> du nhirng nhu cau ca ban eua con
ngudi. Nhirng boat dong kinh te xa hpi na\ can
su dung nguon nudc nhieu \a dan den lam
tang them sir 6 nhiem nguon tai nguyen thien
<i>nhien; Thir ba, do la chinh sach gan lien vdi </i>

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<span class='text_page_counter'>(8)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=8>

<b>Pham Thj Thanh Binh-Le To Hoa </b> Phat then ben vCJ'ng d Nam Phi..

viec quan ly nguon nudc quoc gia, giam sat tat
ca cac cap chinh quyen co kha nang cung cap
nudc sach. Nhumg chinh sach nay phai gan
lien vdi thirc te su dung ddt dai trong suot qua
trinh anh hudng den chat lugng va kha nang
cung cap nguon nudc sach.

Vdi nhiimg thach thue Nam Phi hien dang
phai duong dau, chien luge PTBV qu6c gia
(NSSD) da de xuat ra mot mo binh PTBV dac
thu, phu hgp vdi boi canh cua Nam Phi, do la
thue day tang trudng song song vdi viec sir

dung ngay cang hgp ly cac nguon nguyen
nhien lieu. Co the noi, sir cham phat trien - sir
buy hoai moi trudng - sir bung no dan so la
nhiimg cai vong luan qudn ma cac nudc dang
phat trien bj troi huge, can phai thao gd de
thoat khoi doi ngheo. PTBV phai dam bao cho
con ngudi co ddi song vat chat, tinh thdn ngay
cdng cao, trong moi trudng song lanh manh.
Sir phat trien hom nay khong lam ban che sir
phat trien cua. ngay mai ma phai tao nen tang
cho sir phat trien cua tuang lai.

Tai lieu tham lihao

<i>1. Ndulu, B. Chakraborti, L Ramachandran, V and Wolgin J(2006), Challenges of Africa growth </i>
<i>-Opportunities, constrains and strategic strategy. Helsinki: Institute of Development Studies, </i>
University of Helsinki.

<i>2. Jean Yves Martin (2007), Phdt trien ben vimg: Hoc thuyet, thue tien, ddnh gid, Nha Xuat Ban </i>
the gidi, HaNpi.

<i>3. Mboweni T, T (2008), South Africa's Economic Policy Challenges, Report at the XVI meeting </i>
of the Central Bank Governors' Club, Irkutsk, Russia.

<i>4. Harald Winkler (2006), Energy Policies for Sustainable Development in South Africa: Options </i>
<i>for the Future. Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town Press. </i>

<i>5. Tran Thi Lan Huang ( 2007), Chuyen dich ca cdu kinh te Nam Phi, Nhung van de Kinh te va </i>
Chinh trj Thi gidi, so 7 (135), 2007.

<i>6. Nhan dan (25/1/2008), Nhung ddu hieu phuc hoi vd phdt trien kinh te d chdu Phi, P4. </i>

<i>7. Nhan dan ( 5/4/2008), Bien doi khi hdu :Thdch thiic l&n doi vai sir phdt trien ben viing, P3. </i>

<i>8. Randall Spalding Fecher (2002), Energy and Sustainable Development in South Africa, HELIO, </i>
International Energy Watch Report.

9. The African Environment Outlook, and

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