Quan niệm của Hồ Chí Minh về tính tất yếu của chủ nghĩa xã hội: Nội dung và giá trị lịch sử.

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<b>SIJ NGHIEP VA TU" TU'^NG H 6 CHI MINH </b>

<b>QUAN NIEM CUA HO CHi MINH VE TJNH TAT YEU CUA CHU NGHiA XA HOI </b>

I

<i><b>NOI DUNG VA GIA TRI LICH Slf </b></i>

<b>• • • </b>

<b>PGS, TS PHAM NGOC ANH* </b>

<i>Viec ludn chdng de lua chgn con duong XHCN vd dua ddt nudc tiin ddn tic </i>
<i>che do ddn chu nhdn ddn len CNXH la mgt phdt hien thien tdi vd cdng hiin xudt sdc </i>
<i>cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh doi vdi qud trinh cdch mgng Viet Nam. Trong vdn di ndy. </i>
<i>Ho Chi Minh dd cd nhiing kien gidi vd quan niem hit sue dgc ddo, dgc sdc, ddy sue </i>
<i>thuyit phuc nhung lgi bi nhiiu logi ke thu tu tudng xuyen tgc, bop meo dem din </i>
<i>nhimg nhgn thuc khong dung, ngg nhgn, nhdt Id trong bdi cdnh CNXH thi gidi cd </i>
<i>nhiing khd khdn, lam vdo thodi trao. </i>

<i><b>I. Chu nghia xa hoi - con du-ong phat </b></i>

<b>trien tat yeu ciia Ijch sir xa hoi loai nguoi </b>

Van dung va quan triet quan didm duy vat
vd Hch sir eiia hge thuydt macxit, Hd Chi Minh
quan nidm Hch sir xa hdi loai ngudi la mdt qua
trinh tu nhien eiia sir thay thd Ian lugt cae
phuong thtic san xuat. Quy luat phd quat, tien
hda chung nay la mdt "tit ydu thep" dugc
quyet dinh bdi sir van ddng khdng ngimg ciia
luc lugng san xuat xa hdi. Tinh than ciia hgc
thuydt macxit vd hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi

dugc Hd Chi Minh didn giai mdt each gian
lugc, hdt siic dd hidu. Theo Hd Chi Minh,
"Cach san xuat va siic san xuat phat tridn va
bidn ddi mai, do dd ma tu tudng con ngudi,
chd do xa hdi v.v.. ciing phat tridn va bidn ddi.

Hgc vidn CT-HC qudc gia Hd Chi Minh

Chiing ta ddu bidt Ur xua den ddi nay, each san
xuat Ur chd dimg canh cay, bua da phat tridn
dan dan ddn may mdc, sire didn, sire nguyen
tir. Chd do xa hdi eiing phat tridn tir cdng san
nguydn thiiy ddn chd do nd Id. che do phong
kidn, ddn chd do tu ban chit nghia va ngay nay
gan mdt nira loai ngudi dang tidn Idn chd do xa
hdi chu nghia va che do cdng san chu nghTa.

Sir phat tridn va tidn bd dd khdng ai ngan
can dugc"'

Xa hdi loai ngudi phat tridn theo xu hudng
di Idn, cac xa hdi tmdc tao tien dd dd budc Idn
mdt hinh thai cao hon vd chat lugng. Ndu chd
do TBCN tit yeu ra ddi tir chd do phong kidn
thi chinh CNTB ciing se xac lap cac tidn dd
khach quan dd Ur phii dinh chinh nd. Theo Hd
Chi Minh, Idgic phat tridn xa hdi cho thay da
ddn luc CNTB md dudng eho sir ra ddi mdt
che dd xa hdi mdi - chd dd XNCN. Tidn Idn

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SU' NGHIEP VA TU TUCD'NG H 6 CHI MINH

CNXH la quy luat \'an ddng khach quan ciia
lich sir udn pham \ i toan thd gidi. Ket luan nay
cua Hd Chi Minh hoan loan hoan thii cac
ngu\dn ly phd bidn cua hgc thuydt Mac
-Lenin \e hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi. Ngudi timg
khang dinh: Khdng cd mdt lire lugng nao ngan
trd dugc mat trdi mgc; khdng ed mdt luc
lugng nao ngan trd dugc xa hdi loai ngudi tidn
len; eiing khdng cd mdt lire lugng nao ngan tro
dugc CNXH. chu nghTa cdng san phat trien.
Sdm hay mudn. cac dan tdc khac nhau tren
hanh tinh na)' chac chan se di Ien CNXH.

Hd Chi Minh - mdt ngudi xuat than tir nudc
thudc dia - da tidp nhan anh sang ciia chu
nghia Mac - Ldnin. coi dd la "chide cam nang
than ky" \ach dudng chi ldi eho each mang
Viet Nam. Ngudi hidu sau sac dac didm Hch su
\'an hda. tmyen thdng cua cac dan tdc phuong
Ddng ndi chung \a Ddng Duong ndi ridng.
ddng thdi quan triet tinh than bidn chimg ciia
chil nghia Mac. Ngudi da di ddn mdt nhan
djnh khai quat hdt sire mdi la \a tao bao: "Chd
do cdng san ed the ap dung o chau A ndi
chung \'a d Ddng Duong ndi ridng hay khdng?
Da}- la \an dd ma chung ta dang quan tam hidn
na\'... Bay gid hay xet nhimg ly do lich sir cho
phep chil nghTa cdng san tham nhap dd dang

\ ao chau A. dd dang hon la d chau Au"'.

Theo ehiing tdi. chidu sau khoa hgc cua ket
luan na\' dugc dua cac "ly do lich sir" ma Hd
Chi Minh am hidu mdt each tudng tan va chi
tiet; Tm\dn thdng tu tuong. van hda phuong
Ddng; phuong thirc san xuat chau A, dac bidt la
su tan bao. ldi thdi cua CNTB ma hinh thire xau
xa. tdi te nhat cua nd la chii nehTa thuc dan.

<i>Trong bai bao "Ddng Duong' dang Uong </i>
<i>Tgp chi cgng sdn Phdp sd 14 nam 1921, sau </i>
khi da chi ra nhiing hmh thire bde lot, dan ap
da man ciia bgn thuc dan ddi vdi ngudi ban
xir. khang dinh tinh than each mang am y,
manh liet quat cudng cua nhan dan cac nudc
Ddng Duong. Hd Chi Minh da di ddn mdt ket
luan: "Sir tan bao cua chii nghia tu ban da
chuan bi dat rdi; Chii nghTa xa hdi chi cdn phai
lam eai vide la gieo hat gidng eua cdng cudc
giai phdng niia thdi"''.

Cimg vdi luan diem trdn. theo chtong tdi.
day la mdt luan didm ly luan hdt stie quan
ugng. ma Ur tmdc tdi nay khi nghidn cim tu
tudng Hd Chi Minh chung ta it dd y tdi, nhung
nd lai ggi md nhidu van dd giup khang dinh
tinh hgp ly. hgp quy luat ciia con dudng
XHCN d Viet Nam. Trong luan didm trdn. Ho
Chi Minh khdng phai trdn eo sd phan tich sir

chin mudi ciia co sd kinh td lam xuat hidn
CNXH nhu la mdt phuong thirc can thidt de
giai quydt nhung mau thuan cua CNTB, ma
Ngudi ehu y ddn mdt phuong didn khac khdng
kem phan quan Ugng; CN^XH ra ddi ehinh tir
su tan bao ciia CNTB. Trong didu kidn mdt
nudc thude dja, nhiong hinh thirc bdc lot, nd
dich cua bgn thue dan khdng thd gidt chdt hay
kim ham sir bimg nd each mang Uong nhan
thirc. tu tudng ciia quan chimg nhan dan. lam
bde Id nhiing khuyet tat bam sinh phi nhan tinh
khdng the khac phuc dugc cua CNTB, tao ca
sd dd ngudi lao ddng y thtic, giac ngd su mang
lich sir cua minh tmdc van menh qudc gia dan
tde. chd thdi ca dd vimg day thii tidu xieng
xich thue dan, thuc hidn sir nghiep giai phdng
dan tdc \'a giai phdng chinh hg thoat khdi bat

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SI/ NGHIEP VA Tl^ TU'6'NG H 6 CHi MINH

ky mdt hinh thirc ap birc, bdc lot xa hdi nao.
Xa hdi thudc dia phong kidn ludn nay mim va
nudi dudng y thirc giac ngd dan tdc, y thirc
giac ngd giai cap va CNXH, CNCS vdi Ur
each la mdt che do xa hdi cd kha nang xda bd
<i>hoan toan mgi xidng xich, nd dieh ton tai tix </i>
tmdc tdi nay tit ydu ra ddi hi hanh ddng Ur
giac dd ciia quan chimg each mang.

Dd la nhiing Ii do Hch sir chii ydu, ma dua

vao dd, Hd Chi Minh da manh dan so sanh;
CNCS thieh img vdi cac nudc chau A de hon
vdi eac nudc chau Au. Nd hoan toan chinh xac
ca ve mat lich sir va Idgic, la chia khda dd kham
pha con dudng di Idn CNXH d Viet Nam.

<b>2. Chu nghia xa hoi - ket qua tat yeu ciia </b>
<b>quy luat van dong noi tai cua each mang </b>
<b>Viet Nam </b>

Theo Hd Chi Minh, CNXH la sir phat tridn
tat ydu khdng chi ddi vdi cac nudc da qua
CNTB ma ca ddi vdi Viet Nam. Tinh tit ydu
ciia CNXH ciia Viet Nam dugc luan chimg
trdn nhidu gdc do khae nhau, mang dang ve
vira hidn thuc, vira cu the, tmdc hdt la tir gdc
do khat vgng, nhu cau giai phdng dan tdc mdt
each hoan toan va triet dd.

Vd phuong didn ly luan, Hd Chi Minh tim
thay nhidu cau Ua ldi cho tinh thd each mang
Viet Nam Uong ly luan ciia Ldnin. dae bidt la
nhiing van dd vd dan tdc va thudc dia, vd kha
nang va tridn vgng Urong lai ciia cac dan tdc
phuong Ddng. Trong nhirng didu kidn Hch sir
mdi, Ldnin da phat tridn Ur tudng each mang
khdng ngimg cua Mac, Angghen, luan chimg
mdt each toan didn kha nang di tdi CNXH, bd
qua giai doan phat tridn TBCN ciia cae dan tde
thude dia, ed nen kinh td lac hau, kem phat trien.

Trdn ndn ly luan chung dd, Hd Chi Minh da ITnh
hdi nhiing van dd mau chot, ein thidt nhit cho
nhan dan minh, dan tdc minh.

Vd phuong didn thuc tien - Hch sir, khing
dinh ciia Hd Chi Minh ve con dudng di Idn
CNXH ciia each mang Viet Nam dugc dat trdn
mdt ndn hieu bidt sau rdng Hch sir cac cudc
each mang da Umg didn ra trdn thd gidi. Trong
<i>tac pham "Dudng Kdch minh ", Hd Chi Minh </i>
chia cae cudc each mang dd (ma Ngudi ggi la
"dan chimg each menh") thanh ba loai;

A Tu ban each menh (nhu each mgih Phap 1789)
B. Dan tdc each menh (nhu each menh Y 1859)
C. Giai cap each menh (nhu each menh Nga
1917)^

Dd danh gia vi tri lich sir va chirc nang xa
hdi ciia cac cudc each mang dan chii tu san,
dac bidt la each mang Phap 1789 va each
mang My 1776, Hd Chi Minh nhin thay va
phat hidn ra rang; Cac cudc each mang dd ddu
la each mang tu san va la nhimg cudc each
mang khdng triet dd, chang ban "My my rang
each menh thanh cdng da hon 150 nam nay,
nhung cdng ndng van cir cue khd, van cir lo
tinh each menh lan thir hai"'. Hoac nhu each
mang Phap 1789 mac dau dugc xem la mdt

cudc each mang ur san dien hinh. nhung "ciing
nhu each menh My. nghTa la each menh tu
ban. each menh khdng den noi. tidng la cdng
hda va dan chii, ky thuc trong thi nd tudc luc
cdng ndng, ngoai thi nd ap birc thudc dia. Cach
menh da 4 Ian rdi, ma nay cdng ndng Phap
hing cdn muu each menh lan nira mdi hdng
thoat khdi vdng ap bire"^.

Trong quan nidm ciia Hd Chi Minh, co sd
hang diu dd danh gia tinh triet dd ciia mdt cudc

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<i>SU' NGHIEP vA TU' lUOHG H 6 CHi MINH </i>

each mang khdng phai la nhting ly tudng. khau
hidu dugc ndu ra, ma la qui md giai phdng
quin chiing lao ddng bi ap birc. Cach mang
dan chu ur san. do ban chat cua nd, chi la sir
thay thd mdt hinh thirc ap birc. bdc lot nay
bang mdt hinh thirc ap birc. bdc lot khac. dai
bd phan ngudi lao ddng \'an sdng kidp ngua
Uau. Ldgic phat tridn khach quan ciia Hch sir
tit yeu din ddn mdt cudc each mang khae
nham xda bd su thdng tri ciia giai cap tu san.
dugc quan chung lao ddng tir dja vi lam thud
thanh ngudi chu chan chinh that su ciia xa hdi.
Do nhung nhu cau ndi tai khach quan. each
mang Viet Nam khdng va se khdng thd lap lai
nhung \'dt lan cua each mang My 1776 va each
mang Phap 1789.

Chi cd each mang Nga 1917 chi rd con
dudng di tdi ciia each mang Viet Nam. Dudi
con mat Hd Chi Minh. Cach mang thang Mudi
Nga la mdt cudc each mang giai cap. nam
trong ddng chay lien tuc ciia qua trinh giai
phdng con ngudi. Xet ve ban chat. Cach mang
thang Mudi nhu la mdt su ndi Udi. \xrgt xa va
khac han cac cudc each mang xa hdi timg dien
ra trong lich sir tmdc dd. Dimg nhu nhan dinh
ciia Hd Chi Minh : "Trong thd gidi bay gid chi
cd each mang Nga la thanh cdng va thanh
cdng den noi. nghia la dan chung dugc hudng
cai hanh phiic tu do. binh ding that, khdng
phai tir do \-a binh dang gia ddi nhu dd qudc
chil nghia Phap khoe khoang bdn An Nam.
Cach menh Nga da dudi dugc \Toa, tu ban. dia
chil rdi. lai ra sire cho cdng. ndng cac nudc \'a
dan bi ap birc cac thudc dia lam each menh dd
dap dd tat ca de qudc chii nghia \a tu ban trong
the gidi"'. Tinh chat triet de \a ndi dung nhan

dao cua Cach mang thang Mudi sau nay cdn
duge Hd Chi Minh khang dinh lai. Nhd cudc
each mang dd ma nhan dan lao ddng da lam
chil nudc nha. nhung dan tdc nhd yeu gianh
<i>dugc ddc lap. mdng dit tra xe tay ngudi cay. </i>

Tir Uong ndi dung, Cach mang thang Mudi
ddng thdi giai quyet hang loat cac mau thuan

va thuc hidn cimg mdt lite sir nghidp giai
phdng giai cap va dan tdc, giai phdng lao ddng
va eon ngudi - bidn ngudi nd Id thanh ngudi tu
do. Ndn dan chii Xd vidt vdi nhiong thidt che
ciia minh da vTnh vidn xda bd nhiing co sd
kinh td, de ra tinh Uang ap birc. bat cdng, bat
binh ding xa hdi, thii tidu chd do ngudi bdc lot
ngudi. Tir day con ngudi dugc hoan toan
khang dinh vdi tu each la chii thd sang tao thuc
sir eua lich sir, cae nhu eau, lgi ich ciia nd dugc
thda man, pham gia dugc tdn Ugng. Ly tudng
nhan dao "Vi con ngudi. cho con ngudi. do
con ngudi" dugc Cach mang thang Mudi thuc
hidn mdt each Ugn ven Uong ddi sdng thuc te
<i>xa. nang len mdt trinh do mdi; chu nghia nhan </i>
dao hidn thuc CSCN.

Sir so sanh ve mat ly luan \'a kinh nghidm
kidm chiing lich sir ciia nhidu chd do xa hgi
duong dai da tao cho sir lira chgn con dudng
phat tridn each mang Viet Nam cua Hd Chi
Minh cd sire nang thuydt phuc, dd di vao Idng
ngudi. Chinh sio so sanh nay da dan Hd Chi
Minh ddn mdt nhan thirc khdng the khac dugc;
each mang Viet Nam mudn thirc hidn mgt
each triet dd khdng cd con dudng nao khac con
dudng Cach mang thang Mudi. Chii tmong
"lam each mang tu san dan quydn va thd dja
each mang dd di tdi xa hdi cdng san. la ca mgt
<i>qua trinh nhan thire \e \y luan \'a thue tien, suy </i>

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SU" NGHIEP VA TU- TU'6'NG H 6 CHi MINH

ngam va so sanh dd rdi cuoi eiing cd mdt quydt
dinh lira chgn dirt khoat cd anh hudng ddn van
menh va Urong lai eua dan tde. Mgi lap luan
cho rang sir lira chgn con dudng XHCN d Hd
Chi Minh duge thuc hidn trdn "eo sd khdng
hidu bidt gi vd chit nghTa Mac va chii nghTa
cdng san", mdt each hoy himg, ngau nhidn, bdt
phat la hoan toan thidu can cir, cd y vu khdng
va xuydn tac. Nhu trdn da phan tich, nhiing
didu kidn lich sir, y chi, nguydn vgng va lgi ich
ciia cac lire lugng tham gia each mang, xu thd
van ddng eiia qua trinh each mang Viet Nam
khdng cho phep lira chgn con dudng kieu each
mang Phap va each mang My, bdi vi ngay Ur
trong thang lgi, cac cudc each mang nay da
bdc Id nhirng ddi khang xa hdi ddi hdi phai
tidp tuc giai quydt. Ddi vdi Viet Nam "mudn
cim nude va giai phdng dan tde khdng cdn con
dudng nao khac con dudng each mang vd
san", con dudng Cach mang thang Mudi.

Dudng ldi thuc hien each mang dan tdc dan
ehu nhan dan tidn Idn CNXH la mdt cdng hidn
ly luan quan Ugng cua Hd Chi Minh vao kho
tang tri md ciia nhan loai. Nd da dugc thuc td
Hch sir each mang Viet Nam kidm chimg va
thuc hidn Umg budc; Cach mang thang Tam

danh dd dd qudc thuc dan, phong kidn, dung
ndn nudc Viet Nam dan chii cdng hda, khang
chidn chdng thuc dan Phap thang lgi, mien
Bae dugc hoan toan giai phdng, bat dau xay
dung CNXH, lam hau phuong Idn eiia midn
Nam danh My, cudc khang chidn chdng My
toan thang, ca nudc bat tay vao "xay dung ndn
dan chil mdi" va cdng cudc ddi mdi thanh
cdng hien nay - tit ca nhiing sir kidn dd khang
dinh va xac nhan sire sdng manh Hdt con

dudng each mang ciia Hd Chi Minh; con
dudng ddc lap, Ur do, kdt hgp ddc lap dan tdc
vdi CNXH.

Con dudng dd phan anh sir phat tridn lidn
hoc. thdng qua nhidu giai doan ciia qua Uinh
each mang Viet Nam. Mdi giai doan giai quydt
nhimg nhiem vu dac thii. dat nhung muc tieu
cu the, nhung ddu thd hidn nhung cap do, nic
thang khac nhau ciia qua trinh giai phdng dan
<i>tdc va giai cap. xa hdi va con ngudi. (^ day thd </i>
hidn hai mat dan xen nhau; giai doan tmdc va
giai doan sau khdng cd su gian tidp, dirt doan,
giai doan tmdc lam tien dd cho giai doan sau.
Mdi quan he bidn chimg va sir thdng nhat dd
cua qua trinh each mang Viet Nam dugc Hd
Chi Minh xem xet trdn nhidu gdc do va thuc
hidn hdt sire thanh cdng bang phuong cham chi
dao xuydn sudt; ddc lap dan tdc gan lidn vdi

CNXH. Chinh vi vay, ngay Ur dau, Hd Chi
Minh da xac djnh rat rd mdi quan he giira van
dd giai cap va dan tdc, dat each mang giai
phdng dan tdc vao quT dao va thudc pham trii
each mang vd san; chi cd giai cap vd san thi
mdi giai phdng dugc dan tdc, ca hai cudc giai
phdng nay chi cd the la sir nghiep ciia chii
nghTa cdng san va ciia each mang thd gidi. Vdi
phuong didn nay khdng thd ndi rang qua trinh
each mang Viet Nam phai trai qua hai cudc
each mang xa hdi vd phuong didn chi'nh tri:
each mang dan tdc dan chii nhan dan va each
mang XHCN, giai phdng dan tdc (ddc lap dan
tdc) va CNXH, xet ve thuc chat, trdn mgi
phuong didn, la hai ndi dung, hai cap do ciia
each mang vd san.

Dat each mang giai phdng dan tdc nam
trong pham trii each mang vd san, gan ddc lap

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SU NGHIEP VA TU" TU-QNG H 6 CHi MINH

dan tdc \di CNXH tao cho quan didm giai
phdng dan tdc ciia Hd Chi Minh tinh toan dien
va triet dd. Dudi gdc do giai phdng. ddc lap dan
tdc mdi chi la cap do diu tien - giai phdng vd
mat chinh tri. tir ban than nd chua phai la mdt
cdng cudc giai phdng hoan toan, hay ndi each
khac. trong didu kidn Viet Nam, ddc lap dan tdc
la tien de diu tien de tien len CTNIXH, di tdi cudc

sdng am no. tu do. hanh phuc. Ldgic Hch sir tu
nhidn cua su \ an ddng phong Uao dan tdc tat
>'eu din den CNXH. do ban chat each mang
triet dd ciia minh. ddc lap dan tdc khdng phai la
muc tidu cudi cimg ciia giai cap cdng nhan. Ndu
nhu \ai Ud lanh dao each mang Viet Nam duge
Hch sir dat vao tay giai cap cdng nhan, thi xu the
di len CN'XH ciing la mdt su "hen gap lich sir"
tat ydu, khdng the dao ngugc.

Ciing \'di each tidp can CNXH tir khat vgng
giai phdng dan tdc. Hd Chi Minh cdn tidp can
CNXH tir \an hda. nhan danh cac gia tri \'an
hda \a nhan \-an de hudng tdi muc tidu ciia
chien lugc phat tridn. Didu dd khdng cd gi trai
\di chil nghTa Mac - Ldnin. ma thuc chat la bd
sung cho hgc thm'dt cua Mac bang each dua
\an hda tham nhap vao ben trong ciia chinh tri
\a kinh te. tao ndn mdt su thdng nhat bidn
chimg giiia \'an hda \-a chinh tri, kinh te, giira
cac muc tidu phat trien xa hdi. Chinh Hd Chi
Minh da Umg ndi: Van hda, nghd thuat cung
nhu mgi boat ddng khac khdng thd dimg ngoai
ma phai d trong kinh te \-a chinh tri. Dieu na}'
<i>cho tha)-. a Hd Chi Minh. CNXH. xet trong </i>
chieu sau ban chat cua nd. chinh la mdt hinh
thai phat trien cua \-an hda. mdt dinh cao ciia nen
\-an minh nhan loai. Do dd. qua trinh hinh thanh
\-a phat trien cua CNXH lai cang phai gan xdi

van hda, va ehi cd dimg udn dinh cao cua van
hda. CNXH mdi cd thd phat tridn nhu quy luat
phat tridn binh thudng phii hgp vdi tien trinh phat
trien chung ciia nhan loai.

Didu dang chii y la khi dd cao vi tri Uung
tam va vai trd didu tidt xa hdi eiia van hda, Hd
Chi Minh khdng hd ha thap vi tri ciia nhan td
kinh td Uong phat tridn ciia CHXH. Ngudi chi
mudn dua van hda vao bdn trong kinh te va
chinh tri nham tao ndn ddng lire phat trien cho
kinh td va ehinh tri vi muc tidu phat tridn con
ngudi toan didn, con ngudi dugc phat tridn het
kha nang ciia minh. CNXH la van hda, theo tu
<i>tudng Hd Chi Minh, chi xuat phat tix gdc do \-a </i>
tndt ly phat tndn dd .

Trong cac lanh tu cdng san. Hd Chi Minh la
ngudi ban nhieu den dao dire. Ngudi thudng
nhan manh: dao due each mang la gdc, la nen
tang ciia ngudi each mang. "ciing nhu sdng thi
cd ngudn mdi cd nudc. khdng cd ngudn thi
sdng can. Cay phai cd gdc, khdng cd gdc thi
cay beo. Ngudi each mang phai cd dao diic,
khdng cd dao dire thi dii tai gidi may cung
khdng lanh dao duge nhan dan"^. Cimg vdi
dao dire ciia ngudi can bd each mang, Hd Chi
Minh edn xet ddn vai trd ciia dao dire cdng
dan. trong tat ca mgi boat ddng ciia con ngudi

\'a theo ba cap do: ddi vdi minh, ddi vdi ngudi
va ddi vdi vide.

Tir mdt quan nidm toan dien vd dao dire,
Hd Chi Minh gan nd vdi quan nidm chung ve
CHXH, lam phong phu cac each thirc tidp can
\e CN'XH bang tidp can CHXH hi phuong
didn dao dire. Theo danh gia ciia nhidu nha
nghien ciru day la chidu sau trong tu duy bidn
chimg, trong nhan quan van hda, dao diic Hd

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s y NGHIEP VA Tl^ TUCyNG HC CHi MINH

Chi Minh. Ngudi nhan thiy, trong ban chit
ciia minh, Udn co sd kinh td, xa hdi ridng cd,
CNXH ddi lap, xa la vdi chu nghia ca nhan,
nhung khdng hd phii nhan ca nhan, trai lai, dd
cao, tdn trgng eac gia tri va con ngudi ca nhan,
phat tridn mgi nang lue ca nhan vi phat tridn xa

hdi va hanh phiic con ngudi. Tir phuong didn
Igi ich ca nhan, Hd Chi Minh cho ring:
"Khdng cd chd do nao tdn trgng con ngudi,
chil y xem xet nhirng Igi ich ca nhan dung din
va bao dam cho nd dugc thda man bang chd do
xa hdi chil nghTa va cdng san chii nghTa" "^.
CNXH tao mgi didu kidn cho sir phat tridn
nhan each trong quan he hai hda giira ca nhan

va xa hdi. Xa hdi tdn Ugng mgi ea nhan, ddng

thdi ca nhan bidt dd cao lgi ich xa hdi, cd thd
hy sinh lgi ich ea nhan vi Igi ich xa hdi. Day la
trinh do phat tridn cao eua CNXH. Ban chat dd
thudc ve CHXH. Nhin nhan ban chat quan Ugng
nay, Hd Chi Minh dua ra mdt quan nidm, CHXH
la Uong dd minh vi mgi ngudi va mgi ngudi vi
minh. Do dd, mdt Uong nhirng net ndi bat ciia

con ngudi XHCH la phai phat tridn eao ve dao
dire, vd nhan each, dii stie chidn thang chu nghia
ca nhan". Bdi vi; "Tu tudng xa hdi chii nghTa la
chdng tu tudng ca nhan chii nghTa"'^.

Nhu vay, tidp hoc tmydn thdng macxit, Hd
Chi Minh dac bidt chu y den vai trd cac nhan
td kinh td trong qua trinh phat sinh, hinh thanh,
phat tridn va quydt dinh ban chat ciia CNXH.
The nhung, xuat phat Ur dac didm tmydn thdng
van hda lich sir dan tde chau A, nam bat than
thai linh hdn phep bidn chimg duy vat, Ur khat

vgng giai phdng dan tdc. Hd Chi Minh cdn
xuat phat hi phuong didn van hda, dao dire dd
nhan didn tinh tit ydu va ban chat ciia CNXH,

tao ndn sir thdng nhit bien chimg giiia cac

nhan td kinh td, chinh tri. xa hdi. van hda, dao
dire. Trong sir thdng nhit dd, CNXH dugc
xem xet dudi nhidu gdc do, nhieu mat ban

chat, hi hinh thirc bd ngoai ddn ciu tnic bd sau,

<i>til don didn ddn kdt cau tdng hgp, v.v.. Chinh </i>

vi vay, Hd Chi Minh da lam phong phii each
tiep can vd CNXH, cd nhiing cong hien xuit
sac vao vide phat tridn ly luan Mac - Ldnin.

Nhung luan chimg ciia Hd Chi Minh cho
phep not ra nhidu ket luan cd gia tri tdng kdt
lich sir; Cimg vdi sir van ddng va phat tridn
ciia xa hdi loai ngudi, cae tidn de khach quan
can thiet cho sir ra ddi ciia CNXH ngay nhidu

them va rd net. Xu thd toan cau hoa mgi mat
ddi sdng xa hdi, xuat hidn kinh td tri thirc, bat
luc ciia CNTB trong khac phuc khung hoang
tai chinh toan cau... cang chimg td su diet vong
tit ydu ciia CNTB va tuong lai thudc ve
CNXH. Vi the, con dudng XHCN ma dan tdc
Viet Nam lira chgn va kidn tri di theo la hoan
toan hgp ly, hgp quy luat.

<i>I, 10, 12. Ho Chi Minh Tocm tap CTQG, H, </i>

1996, T.9,tr. 282,291,280

<i>2,3. Sdd, T.l, tr. 33-35, 27 </i>

<i>4, 5, 6, 7. Sdd, T.2, tr. 263-264, 270, 280,280 </i>

8. Xem Thanh Duy: "Ve mot triet ly phat trien
phu hgp voi Viet Nam theo tu tudng Ho Chi Minh",

<i>Tap chi Cong sdn, s6 10 (5-1999), tr. 12-13 </i>

<i>9. Hd Chi Mmh Todn tap. CTQG, H, T.5, tr 252-253 </i>

<i>II. Xem Nguyin Duy Quy (chii bien): Nhimg vdn </i>

<i>de ly ludn ve chd nghia xa hoi vd con duvng di len </i>
<i>CNXHd VietAdm, CTQG, H, 1998. tr. 59-61 </i>

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