Sự ủng hộ và giúp đỡ của Trung Quốc đối với Việt Nam trong giai đoạn 1955-1975

<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=1>

<b>su UNG HO VA GIUP D 6 </b>

<b>• • </b>

<b>CUA TRUNG QUOC OOI V6l VIET NAM </b>

<b>• </b>

<b>TRONG GIAI DOAN 1955-1975 </b>

<b>NGUYEN PHUONG HOA* </b>

V

di chien thdng Dien Bien Phu va
viec ky ket Hiep dinh Gidnevd,
cudc khang chien chd'ng Phap 9 nam gian
khd da ket thuc. Hoa binh dUdc lap lai d
mien Bac nhung muc tieu thdng nhat da't
nudc chUa thUc hien dUdc trpn ven. Nhan
dan ta phai tiep tuc hai nhiem vu each
mang, dd la each mang xay dUng CNXH d
mien Bdc va dau tranh giai phdng d mien
Nam, thdng nha't dat nUdc. Cong cuoc
khdi phuc, xay dUng kinh te d raien Bac va
cdng CUOC khang chien chd'ng My d mien
Nam cua Viet Nam tfl nam 1955-1975 da
dien ra treng bd'i canh quo'c te bet sflc
phflc tap, trong tinh hinh da't nfldc cd
nhieu khd khan. Tuy nhien, sau 20 nam,
chung ta da giai phdng hoan toan raien
<i>Nam, thdng nha't dat nUdc. Day \a ket qua </i>
ciia rat nhieu nhan to' nhUng trong dd
khdng the khdng nhae den sU ung hp va
giup dd cua cac nUdc tren the gidi, trdng

dd cd nudc lang gieng anh em Trung Qud'c.

<b>1. Ung ho ve chinh tri ngoai giao </b>

Ngay sau khi Hiep djnb Gidnevd dUdc

ky ket. My da hpc 16 y dd can thiep va xam
lUdc Viet Nam. La mpt nUdc thara du Hpi
nghj Gidnevd ve Viet Nam va la nUdc lang
gieng gan gui, Trung Que'c luon quan tara
den viec thuc hien Hiep djnh, phan ddi
raanh rae viec My pha hoai Hiep djnh. De
img bd viec thi hanh hiep djnh Gidnevd,
Nhan dan nhat bao, cd quan ngdn luan
ciia DCS Trung Qud'c da dang nhieu bai
ung hp viec thi hdnh hiep djnh, chi trich
chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diera tfl chdi hpp
hpi nghj hiep thfldng, tien hanh tdng
tuyen cil; te cao de qud'c My; keu gpi cac
nfldc dfl Hdi nghj Gidnevd lara bet trach
nhiera cua minh, iing he Viet Nam. Dai
phat thanh Bdc Kinh cflng phat nhieu bai
ve npi dung nay. Ngay 28-9-1963 khi tiep
doan dai bieu Mat tran dan tpc giai phdng
mien Nam Viet Nam dang d tham Bac
Kinh, Mao Trach Ddng da dpc "Ban tuyen
bd' phan dd'i be lu My - Diera xara lUdc
raien Nara Viet Nam va tan sat nhan dan
mien Nam Viet Nam".

Sau sU kien Vjnh Bac Bp thang 8-1964,
dac biet la sau thang 2-1965, chien tranh

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=2>

46 <i>Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 2/2010 </i>

lan rdng ra mien Bac, Trung Qud'c cdng
the hien ro sU img hp ddi vdi cuoc khang

chien chd'ng My cua nhan dan Viet Nam.
TrUdc mdi hanh dpng rad rdng chien tranh
cua My, Chinh phu va nhan dan Trung
Qud'c deu c6 phan flng kip thdi, len an de
qud'c My, the hien quyet tam iing hp nhan
dan Viet Nara khang chien den cung. Su
ung hp nay da lam cho ke thfl thay chflng
khong the hanh ddng, tuy tien theo y

muon, ddng thdi cung cho tha'y cudc
khang chien cua nhan dan Viet Nara
khdng ddn dpc, tfl dd da tiep thera sflc
manh cho quan va dan ta.

Ngay 5-8-1964, My mfldn cd sfl kien
Vinh Bdc Bp dfla may bay ban pha cac

vflng Nghe An, Hdn Gai va Thanh Hoa,
rad rdng chien tranh ra mien Bac. Ngay

hom sau, Chinh phu Trung Qud'c da ra
tuyen bo' vach tran sU bia dat cua My va

<i>khang dinh: "Niidc Viet Nam DCCH Id </i>
<i>mot niidc trong phe XHCN, khdng mot </i>

<i>niidc XHCN ndo cd the ngdi nhin nUdc </i>
<i>Viet Nam DCCH bi xdm liiOc. Nudc Viet </i>

<i>Nam DCCH la nUdc ldng giing khdng </i>
<i>khit nhu mdi vdi rdng cua Trung Qudc, </i>

<i>nhdn ddn Viet Nam Id nhiing ngUdi anh </i>
<i>em thdn nhU rugt thit cua nhdn ddn </i>

<i>Trung Qudc. My xdm lugc niidc Viet Nam </i>
<i>DCCH tdc Id xdm liiac Trung Qudc. Nhdn </i>

<i>ddn Trung Qud'c quyet khdng khoanh tay </i>
<i>ngdi nhin md khdng cdu". </i>

Ngay 7 va 8-2-1965, may bay My lien

tuc nem bom va bdn pha cac thanh pho',
lang raac cua nUdc ta nhU thj xa Ddng

Hdi, Quang Binh va khu Vinh Linh, ngay
9-2, Chinh phu Trung Qud'c ra tuyen bo'

ung hd lap trudng cua Chinh phii Viet
Nara DCCH va rapt lan nfla khang djnh:
<i>"My xdm phgm nUdc Viet Nam DCCH tdc </i>

<i>Id xdm phgm Trung Qudc, 650 trieu nhdn </i>
<i>ddn Trung Qudc quyet khdng the khoanh </i>
<i>tay ngdi nhin vd dang chudn bi sdn sdng". </i>

Cd the ndi, tfl khi My xam Ifldc Viet
Nam cho den nam 1972, Chinh phu, Bp
Ngoai giao Trung Qud'c da ra may chuc
tuyen bd', khdng djnh quyet tam ung hp

den cflng cuoc khang chien cua nhan dan
ta. Nhan dan Trung Qud'c da td chflc hang
tram cuoc bieu tinh, bao chi Trung Qud'c
dang hang tram bai bao len an de quoc
My, ling hp cuoc khang chien chd'ng My
<i>cua nhan dan ta. "Sii dng hg kip thdi, kien </i>
<i>quyet vd day nhiet tinh ciia nhdn ddn </i>
<i>Trung Qud'c anh em, ciia Chinh phii, cdc </i>
<i>doan the, cdc ddng phdi ddn chu, vd cdc </i>

<i>nhdn si ddn chu. a Trung Qudc la bieu </i>
<i>hien cao quy nhdt cua mdi tinh doan ket </i>
<i>chien ddu anh em rugt thit giUa nhdn ddn </i>
<i>hai nUdc chung ta. Ldi tuyen bdciia Chinh </i>
<i>phu Trung Qud'c Xdm phgm nUdc Viet </i>
<i>Nam tdc Id xdm phgm Trung Qudc, 650 </i>
<i>trieu nhdn ddn Trung Qudc quyet khdng </i>
<i>khoanh tay ngdi nhin vd dd chudn bi sdn </i>

<i>sdng... ", nhdng cudc bieu tinh thi uy ciia </i>
<i>hdng trieu nhdn ddn Trung Qudc Id mdt </i>

<i>cdvu. het sdc to ldn ddi vdi cugc ddu tranh </i>
<i>chinh nghla vd tdt thdng cua nhdn ddn </i>
<i>Viet Nam chd'ng de qud'c My xdm liicfc'^^K </i>
Danh gia nay ciia Chu tich Hd Chi Minh
da khai quat toan bp y nghia sU iing hp ve
chinh tri cua Dang, Chinh phu va nhan

dan Trung Qud'c.

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=3>

<i>Nguyen Phuong Hoa - Sii img hd vd giiip dd ciia Trung Qudc. </i> <b>₄₇</b>

Cflng vdi sfl img hd manh me ve chinh
tri, trong giai doan 1955-1975, Trung

Qud'c la rapt trong hai nfldc vien trd kinh
te chd Viet Nara nhieu nhat, lien tuc nha't.
Treng 20 nam, hai nfldc da ky khoang 15
hiep djnh ve hdp tac kinh te, ky thuat. Tfl
nhflng nam 60 trd di, hdu nhfl nam nao
hai nfldc cflng ky mpt hiep djnh ve hdp tac
kinh te ky thuat chd nam sau. Vdi cdng
cuoc khdi phuc, xay dflng kinh te XHCN d

mien Bdc, Trung Qud'c da vien trd rapt
khd'i lfldng ldn hang hoa, thiet hi toan bp,
giup dd ve ky thuat, cil chuyen gia
Ngoai ra, Trung Qud'c cdn giup dd ve raat
kinh te che nfldc ta bdng khean vay vdi lai
sua't flu dai.

Vien trd cua Trung Quo'c tfl nam
1955-1960 la 900 trieu NDT, cao nha't trong cac

nfldc vien trd cho Viet Nam luc dd. So'tien
nay "bdng ngan sach chung ta ciia ba nam

1955, 1956, 1957 tinh phan thu trong
nUdc. Tdng so'ddn vj thiet bj toan bd Id 92,

trong dd cd nhflng cdng trinh da xay xong
<i>va cd cdng trinh dang chuan bj" ^'^\ </i>

Tfl nara 1955-1963, vien trd kinh te

ciia Trung Qud'c chiera gan 60% tdng sd
vien trd kinh te cua cac nUdc cho nUdc ta,
tiep den la Lien Xd vdi 26,4%). So'tien vien
trd va chd vay cua cac nUdc, trdng dd chu
yeu la Trung Que'c da trd thanh mot
ngudn thu kha ldn trong ngan sach nha
nudc. Ngudn thu nay giup chung ta tich
luy va dau tU xay dUng cd ban.

Vdi cac nudc vien trd cho Viet Nam,
vien trd khdng hoan lai chi tap trung vao
thdi ky khdi phuc kinh te va thdi ky
khang chien chd'ng My ddt 1. Trong thdi
ky ke hdach 5 nam lan thfl nhat
(1961-1965) va ddt 2 cua cudc khang chien
chd'ng My cflu nfldc, cac nfldc deu giam

raflc vien trd khdng hoan lai, chuyen sang
cho vay dai ban, rieng Trung Qud'c vdn
tiep tuc vien trd chd Viet Nara. Che den
nam 1974, Trung Qud'c da vien trd khdng
hoan lai cho Viet Nam la 2577 trieu rup
va cho vay 295 trieu rup, chiem phan Idn
trong tdng so' vien trd khdng hdan lai va
vay dai ban ciia cac nUdc XHCN cho Viet
Nam tfl 1955-1974 (chiera 53% tdng sd
vien trd kinh te cua nUdc ngeai, chiem
31% tdng so'vay dai ban).

<b>VIEN TRO KHONG H O A N LAI vA VAY D A I</b> HAN CUA CAc NUCJC<b> XHCN </b>

<i>Don vi: Trieu rup </i>

<b>Nfldc </b>

LienXd
Trung Qudc

Cac nudc XHCN khac

<b>Tong so </b>

5749
1831
2872
1091

<b>Vien trof k h o n g h o a n lai </b>

4844
1365
2577
902

<b>Vay dai han </b>

950
466
295
189

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(4)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=4>

48 <i>Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 2/2010 </i>

Viet Nam dflng so' tien vien trd khdng
hoan lai va so tien vay tren de nhap khau
thiet bj toan bp va nhap bang le nham dap
flng nhu cau khdi phuc, xay dUng, phat
trien kinh te, phuc vu nhu cau thiet yeu

cua san xuat va ddi sd'ng, ngdai ra ddnh
mpt phan de thanh toan phan nhap sieu
va chi phi van tai. Tfl nam 1955-1974,
nhap khau hang le tfl Trung Qudc chiera
44% tdng kim ngach nhap khau, cao nhat
trong cac nUdc, tiep den la Lien Xd vdi
36%, cac nudc XHCN khac la 18%<3'.

Viet Nam nhap rat nhieu cac cdng
trinh thiet hi toan bp cua Trung Qudc. Tfl

1955-1972, cd 15 hiep djnh, bao gdra 228

cong trinh da hoan t h a n h , trj gia

267.414.801 rup<^'. Nhap khau thiet bj

toan bp tfl Trung Qud'c da cung cap thiet

bj de khdi phuc va rad rong, xay dUng radi
hang tram nha may xi nghiep. Nhflng nha

may dau tien trong giai doan khdi phuc

kinh te cua chung ta deu do Trung Qud'c

giup dd xay dUng. Ngay trong nam 1954

da xay dung xong 1 cdng trinh, dau nam

1957 xay xong 7 xi nghiep, 6 xi nghiep gan

xay xong, 5 xi nghiep dang xay dUng. Khu
cdng nghiep dau tien cua nUdc ta la Khu

cdng nghiep ThUdng Dinh, Nhd may bdng

den phlch nUdc Rang Ddng, khu gang

thep Thai Nguyen ma Trung Qud'c giup dd

deu la nhflng cd sd cd tara cd, san xuat

quan trpng cua cac nganh cong nghiep luc
bay gid. Nhd sU giup dd cd hieu qua dd,

den nhflng nam 60, mien Bdc da cd the

san xuat dUdc hau het cac san pham cong

nghiep quan trpng, dap flng rapt phan ve

nhu cau tU lieu san xua't, trang thiet bj

toan bd va bp phan cho cac nganh kinh te

qud'c dan, dap flng nhu cau tieu dung cua
nhan dan.

Trong 20 nara, Trung Qudc da danh
cho Viet Nara vien trd kinh te to ldn, bet
sflc kjp thdi, cd hieu qua. Su giup dd nay
da giup nUdc ta khdc phuc dUdc nhflng
khd khan sau chien tranh, sdra phuc hdi
san xua't, dn djnh ddi sd'ng xa hpi trong

nudc. Vien trd kinh te khdng chi cd y
nghla vdi cdng cuoc xay dUng kinh te d

raien Bac ma cdn gdp phdn tich cUc vao
cuoc khang chien chd'ng My d mien Nam
cua nhan dan ta.

<b>3. Giup dd ve khoa hpc ky t h u a t , giao due </b>

Trung Qudc giup dd ve ky thuat cho
Viet Nara theo hinh thflc cif chuyen gia,

nhan thUc tap sinh, cung cap tai lieu,
cung cap gid'ng va vat raau, phan tich raau

quang

Trung Qud'c la nUdc cii chuyen gia sang

giup Viet Nam nhieu nha't. Chuyen gia
Trung Qud'c sang giup nUdc ta tap trung

vao thdi ky raien Bdc chUa cd chien tranh
tfl 1955-1965. Tfl nam 1954-1959, Trung

Qud'c da cil 4195 chuyen gia/6130 chuyen
gia sang giup Viet Nara<^'. NhUng den

nara 1972, do chien tranh ac liet nen cac
cdng trinh xay dUng tara ngflng, cac

chuyen gia ve nUdc, den thang 5-1972 chi
cdn 438 ngUdi. Tfl nam 1955 den cud'i nam

1972, Trung Quo'c da cit sang ta 8630
chuyen gia hudng d i n thiet ke thi cdng,

ldp raay cho cac cong trinh do Trung Qudc
giup va chuyen gia hfldng dan, quan ly

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(5)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=5>

<i>Nguyen Phuong Hoa - Sif img hd vd giiip dd ciia Trung Qudc... </i> ₄₉

ndng trUdng

Cac c h u y e n gia T r u n g Qud'c da ddng

gdp sflc m i n h vao cdng cudc xay dUng,
p h a t t r i e n k i n h te, q u a do gop p h d n t h a m

gia vao sU n g h i e p k h a n g chien chdng My

cua n h a n d a n Viet N a m . C h u y e n gia

T r u n g Qud'c da giup dd c h u n g t a trong
hdu bet cac linh vUc n h u t r o n g n g a n h dja

chat, giup c h u n g t a k h a o sat, t h a m dd trfl

lfldng; trong cdng n g h i e p nhe, chuyen gia

giup chflng ta xfl ly n h i e u be tac trong san
xuat ciia cac cd sd n h u rUdu, van phdng

phara, thudc la, det, in hoa, s a n x u a t bia,

<i>thupc da; t r o n g ndng n g h i e p va t h u y ldi, </i>

giup xay dflng h e t h d n g t r a m , t r a i thi

nghiem, chfla m e t so' b e n h cua gia sue,
dieu t r a n g h i e n cflu s a u b e n h va phfldng

p h a p lam quy hdach dU bad va chdng sau

<i>benh b cay Ifla. </i>

Ddng thdi vdi viec cif c h u y e n gia s a n g

<b>giup dd, T r u n g Quo'c cdn giup c h u n g ta </b>

dao tao can bd. Can bp ciia c h u n g ta chu

yeu hpc d T r u n g Qud'c t r o n g thdi ky tfl

1955-1965, s a u dd dd T r u n g Qud'c tien

h a n h each raang v a n boa n e n 10 nara sau

hau n h u k h d n g n h a n c a n bp, hpc sinh cua

nudc ngoai.

Nara 1954, C h i n h phii nUdc t a da gid

323 hpc sinh s a n g T r u n g Qud'c hpc t a p .

<b>Nam 1956, cd 384 hpc sinh Viet Nara s a n g </b>

<b>hpc d Trung Qud'c<^*. Ngay 6-7-1956, gan </b>

<b>400 nfl sinh mien Nara da dUdc Bp Giao </b>

<b>due cif s a n g hpc tai Khu hpc xa Viet N a m </b>

tai T r u n g Qud'c. T r o n g 4 nara tfl

1955-1958, T r u n g Qudc da n h a n 3300 can bp

Viet Nara s a n g thUc t a p . Tfl nara

1951-1958, T r u n g Quo'c da n h a n dao tao cho

nfldc t a 1200 lflu hpc sinh. N a m 1965 co
k h o a n g 3000 ngfldi di hpc nfldc ngoai,

trong dd hdn mot nila di T r u n g Qud'c, sd

cdn lai di Lien Xd va Ddng Au^^*.

Ngoai ra, T r u n g Qud'c cdn t r a n g bj cho
46 phdng thi nghiem cao, trung, sd chd

giad due, giup dad tao cdng n h a n va can

bp ky t h u a t . Trong 20 n a m , T r u n g Qud'c

da giup dao tao t r e n 6000 thUc t a p sinh va
cdng n h a n , can bp ky t h u a t cho cac n g a n h
va 12000 ngUdi hpc nghe ngdn b a n (chu

yeu la lai xe va sUa chfla xe). Sd'ngfldi nay
da kjp thdi dap flng n h u cau cua cdng cudc

xay d u n g k i n h te va phuc vu k h a n g chien.

<b>4. V i e n trcf q u a n su" </b>

Cung vdi sU img hp ve chinh trj, kinh

te, trong thdi ky k h a n g chien chd'ng My,

T r u n g Qudc la mpt trong hai nUdc vien trd

cho nfldc ta mpt khdi lfldng vat chat, vfl

khi, ky t h u a t , phfldng tien chien t r a n h ,

q u a n t r a n g , q u a n d u n g k h a ldn. Trong

tdng so vien trd qudc te cho cudc k h a n g

c h i e n chd'ng My, Udc t i n h k h o a n g

2.362.682 t a n , trj gia k h o a n g 7 ty rup thi

p h a n ldn la tfl T r u n g Qud'c va Lien Xd,

rieng vien trd cua T r u n g Qud'c chiem

k h o a n g 50% tdng so'ndi tren<^*. (Xem bang

t r a n g ben).

T r u n g Qud'c vien trd chd Viet Nam chii

yeu la vu khi bp binh, q u a n trang, quan

dung, lUdng thUc, thUc pham, thudc chfla

benh, phfldng tien van tai va mpt sd xe

q u a n sfl va dan phao. (Lien Xd thi ngoai

vien trd vu khi thdng thUdng cdn mpt p h a n

ldn la nhflng vfl khi hien dai, cd uy lUc

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(6)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=6>

50 <i>Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 2/2010 </i>

VIEN TRd Q U A N SU" CUA c A c N U 6 C<b> CHO VIET NAM GIAI DOAN 1955-1975 </b>

<i>Dan vi: Tdn </i>

N a m

1955-1960

1961-1964

1965-1968

1969-1972

1973-1975

T o n g so

49.585

70.295

517.393

1.000.796

724.512

<b>Lien Xo </b>

29.996

47.223

226.969

143.793

65.601

<b>T r u n g Quoc </b>

19.589

22.982

170.798

761.001

620.354

<b>C a c nUdc XHCN khac </b>

442

119.626

96.002

38.557

<i>Ngudn: Nhiing ngudn chi vien ldn cho each mgng Viet Nam </i>

ten lifa...). Tfl nam 1955 -1975, Trung

Qudc la nfldc vien trd cho Viet Nara nhieu

nha't ve sung bp binh (2.227.677 khau),

sung chong tang (43.584 khau), sung coi

cac loai (24.134 khau), phao raat da't
<i>(1.376 khau), phao cao xa (3.229 khau) ^^K </i>

Giup dd ve mat quan sU cua Trung

Qud'c d rapt khia canh quan trpng hdn dd

la dara bao viec tiep nhan vien trd cua

nudc ngoai cho Viet Nara. Trung Qudc da

giup chung ta khoi phuc raach raau luu

thdng bang dUdng sat, dudng bp ngay sau
khi khang chien chd'ng Phap ket thuc.

Tuyen dudng sat quan trpng hang dau Ha

Npi - Muc Nam Quan, tuyen Ha Npi - Lao

Cai, Ha Npi - Nam Djnh deu do Trung

Qudc giup dd sifa chfla khoi phuc, lam

mdi. Khi My bat dau danh pha mien Bdc
vdi quy rad ldn, giao thong van tai da trd

thanh nhiem vu quan trong hang dau cua
nUdc ta. Nam 1965, Trung Qudc da cii

6000 cdng nhan sang giup Viet Nam dam

bao giao thdng va cai tao he thdng dUdng

sdt tren toan mien Bdc, gdp phan gifl

vflng raach raau giao thdng. Trong thdi ky

khang chien chd'ng My (1965-1969),
Trung Qud'c da cif sang Viet Nara rapt lUc

lUdng thi cdng ldn de sifa chfla va cai tao

cac tuyen dUdng sdt, dUdng bp. Trong so'

nay, da cd 3250 ngfldi hi thfldng va 690

ngfldi hi sinh vi tai nan lao dpng va bom

dan djchO").

Khi My tien hanh chien tranh pha hoai

mien Bdc lan thfl 2 (4-1972 - 12-1972) vdi

muc tieu la thUc hien phong toa chien

lUdc, Chinh phu ta da thUdng lfldng vdi

Chinh phu Trung Qudc va dfldc Chinh

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(7)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=7>

<i>Nguyen Plufong Hoa - Sii img hd vd giiip dd ciia Trung Q HOC. </i> ₅₁

<i>d u n g cang P h d n g T h a n h va de rapt sd t a u </i>

bien chd h a n g vien trd qud'c te cho Viet

N a m dUdc bdc dd h a n g d cang T r a m Giang

(Quang Ddng), s a u dd chd b d n g dfldng sdt

vad nfldc t a q u a t u y e n dfldng sdt L a n g

Sdn. Dfldng sdt H a Npi - Hflu Nghi Q u a n

da trd t h a n h con dfldng duy nha't de n h a p

h a n g vien trd qudc te t h a y t h e cho cang

Hai P h d n g luc nay. Mac dfl khd k h a n n h u

vay n h u n g c h u n g t a v a n "bao d a m b a n g

ngay cd mpt doan t a u q u a n sU chd 1000

t a n b a n g vUdt bien gidi vao npi dja Viet

Nam, dfla h a n g ve cac ga ddu mdi d trong

sdng Hdng" *'^'. Ket q u a t r o n g n a m 1972,

Viet N a m da tiep n h a n va van chuyen

dUdc 382.433 t a n h a n g vien trd q u a n sU

(khdng ke lUdng x a n g d a u tiep n h a n dUdc

bang dudng ong) d a t mflc cao nha't trong

10 n a m tiep n h a n vien trd (1965-1975)

<^^). Luc nay, v a n tai dudng bien cung

n h a n dUdc sU chi vien 50 t a u VS, 8 sa lan,

4 tau ked ciia T r u n g Qud'c. Tai cang G i a n h

(Quang Binh) da tiep n h a n 5790 t a n h a n g

tfl tau Hdng Ky (Trung Quo'c) "•".

Cung trong thdi ky d a n h pha raien Bac

ac liet va phong toa cang Hai Phdng,

chung ta khdng t h e tiep tuc chuyen vu k h i

<b>qua bien gidi Viet - T r u n g xudng Hai </b>

Phdng rdi giao n h a n tai ben d Dd Sdn (gpi

la K 15) n h u giai d d a n trUdc. Vi vay, Viet

Nam da thUdng lUdng vdi Lien Xd va

T r u n g Qud'c de chd vu k h i cua Lien Xe

vien trd tdi Hoa N a m b d n g dUdng s a t rdi

tfl dd chuyen r a mpt c a n g nhd t r e n dao

Hai N a m gpi la c a n g H a u T h u y dUdc

T r u n g Qud'c d a n h rieng cho Viet Nam, do

Viet N a m q u a n ly. Cac tau ciia Viet N a m

trUc tiep la'y h a n g tfl dao Hai Nam rdi di
t h d n g vao N a m , tfl dd gop p h a n pha the
phong tea cua My.

Mpt dieu cflng can neu d day, trong ta't
ca cac nfldc vien trd cho Viet Nara k h a n g

chien chd'ng My, T r u n g Qud'c la nfldc duy

n h a t vien trd cho nfldc ta trflc tiep bdng

ngoai te. D a u t h a p ky 60, de dap flng yeu
cau cua chien trfldng, T r u n g fldng Dang

va C h i n h p h u cd d a t van de vdi Trung

Qud'c vien trd cho mien N a m rapt sd ngoai

te b a n g tien raat ddla My. Theo Bao cao
Quyet toan do ong Mai Hflu Ich, ngUdi

true tiep dieu h a n h "Quy ngoai te dac

<i>biet" - B29, luc dd \a Phd Cue trUdng Cue </i>

Ngdai hdi, ddng thdi la Uy vien Ban Vien
trd mien N a m , vien trd bdng ngoai te tU

do cua T r u n g Qud'c cho mien Nam tfl nam

1964 den n a m 1975 la 626.042.653,52

USD/tdng sd 678.701.874,36 USD.

Vien trd cua T r u n g Qud'c ve vfl khi, dan
dfldc, q u a n t r a n g , q u a n d u n g cung ngoai

te cflng nhfl giup dd cua T r u n g Qudc trong

viec van chuyen h a n g hoa vien trd qua

canh da gdp mpt p h a n khdng nhd vao
chien t h a n g c h u n g ciia q u a n dpi ta.

<b>5. M o t v a i n h a n x e t </b>

Trong giai doan 1955-1975, quan he

qud'c te h e t sflc phflc t a p ma ndi bat la sfl

ddi dau cua h a i cflc Lien Xd va My, mau

t h u d n Xd - T r u n g va sau nay la t a m giac

chien Ifldc My - Xd - Trung. Ban t h a n

T r u n g Qud'c cung t r a i qua nhflng nam

t h a n g b e t sflc khd k h a n vdi nhieu thif

t h a c h khdc nghiet. Mac du vay, Viet Nam

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(8)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=8>

52 <i>Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 2/2010 </i>

truyen tho'ng "vfla la ddng chi, vfla la anh
era" tfl thdi ky khang chien chong Phap.

Trong quan he hai nfldc giai doan nay tuy
cd bat ddng quan diera ve rapt so' van de

nhfl cai each rupng da't, bien gidi lanh tho
nhflng cd the ndi quan he gifla Trung
Quo'c vdi Viet Nam la moi quan he td't
nha't trong so' cac nUdc lang gieng ciia
Trung Quo'c d giai doan nay.

Su ung hp, giup dd cua Trung Qud'c cho
Viet Nam trong giai doan tfl 1955-1975 vo
cung to ldn, toan dien, tfl vat chat den
tinh than, tfl chinh tri, ngoai giao den

kinh te, quan sU, khoa hpc ky thuat, giao
due; tfl nong nghiep den cdng nghiep, lam
nghiep, thuy ldi, thudng nghiep, giao
thdng van tai; tfl bdn than vien trd cho
den giup dd van chuyen qua canh bang
hoa vien trd ciia cac nUdc khac che nUdc
ta. Cung vdi Lien Xd, Trung Quo'c da trd
thanh mpt trong hai nudc vien trd, ung hp
nUdc ta tich cUc nha't.

Trung Qud'c da danh cho Viet Nara sU
ung hd, giup dd bet sflc quy bau trong luc

ban than cdn het sflc khd khan. Cd the
tha'y dieu nay qua nhan xet cua phai dodn

mau dich Viet Nam nam 1954: "Nen kinh
te cua Trung Qud'c mdi khdi phuc, san

phara cua Trung Qud'c chUa du cho nhu
cau ciia nhan dan, nhflng nhflng ddn hang

cua ta xin tfl trfldc tdi nay deu dUdc giai
quyet, dd la mpt sU cd' gdng vUdt bac ciia

ban de thoa raan yeu cau cua ta, bdng
each phai san xua't dac biet hoac mua d

cac nUdc khac cho ta, cd khi phai lay
nhflng thfl dang dung cho ta"'^'". Day la

dieu dang ke, dang tran trpng.

Tuy nhien nguyen nhan ung hd, vien
trd cua Trung Qud'c cho Viet Nam trong

20 nam cd sU khac biet. Giai doan ddu khi
quan he Trung - Xo chUa di den cdng khai

mau thuan va ddi dich, Trung Quo'c vien
trd cho Viet Nam do mud'n thdng qua Viet

<i>Nara de khdng djnh vj tri va anh hUdng </i>
cua minh d khu vUc Ddng Nam A, cd anh

hudng ddi vdi phong trao giai phdng dan

tpc tren the gidi. Sau khi mau thuan

Trung - Xo bung nd, Trung Qudc tich cUc
vien trd cho Viet Nam nham ddi lap vdi

lap trUdng cua Lien Xd, tao dUng hinh
anh ve rapt Trung Quoc dflng ve phia cac
nfldc thupc the gidi thfl ba, tich cUc chd'ng

chii nghla de qud'c va cung mud'n ddng vai
trd tich cUc khi giai quyet van de Viet

Nara. Khi binh thUdng hda vdi My, Trung
Qud'c raud'n thong qua vien trd de giam

bdt anh hudng xa'u cua sU kien nay tdi
quan he Trung-Viet, de Trung Qud'c vdn

cd anh hUdng, vi tri nha't dinh trong va'n
de Viet Nara.

Ben canh sU iing hp, giup dd, trong thdi

gian nay cung cd luc Trung Qudc da gay

trd ngai cho cudc khang chien cua quan va

dan ta nhfl raau thuan Xd - Trung ddn
den ba't ddng gifla hai nfldc trong van

chuyen qua canh hang vien trd cua cac

nUdc anh em trong nhflng nam 1966,

1967. Khi de qud'c My cd y djnh md rdng

chien tranh Viet Nara, thang 1-1965, qua

thdng diep cua Mao Trach Ddng vdi nha
bao E. Snow ve viec Trung Qudc khdng

can thiep trflc tiep vao chien tranh Viet

Nara, My da yen tara rad rdng chien tranh

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(9)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=9>

<i>13-2-Nguyen Phifoiig Hoa - Sif img hd vd giiip dd ciia Trung Qud'c </i> <b>₅₃</b>

1965 J o h n s o n p h e c h u d n t h u c thi ke

hoach tac chien tUc budc n a n g ca'p oanh

tac raien Bdc, n g a y 2 6 - 2 - 1 9 6 5 phe c h u a n

dUa loat linh d a n h bp d a u tien s a n g raien

Nam Viet N a m tien h a n h chien t r a n h cue

bp. T r u n g Quo'c mud'n d u n g v a n de Viet

Nam de t a n g a n h h u d n g cua minh, ddi

trpng vdi Lien Xe, gifl t h e c h u dpng trong

dam p h a n vdi My ve v a n de Dai Loan nen

cd luc da k h d n g thflc sfl i m g hp cuoc

k h a n g chien chd'ng My cua Viet N a m .

T r u n g Qud'c k h d n g img hp viec ta dam

p h a n vdi My s a u cuoc Tong tien cdng m u a

xuan 1968 va khi biet n h a n d a n ta van

kien djnh thifc h i e n dfldng ldi each m a n g

ciia minh, T r u n g Quo'c da giam vien trd

quan sfl: n a m 1969 xud'ng 40%o, n a m 1970

xud'ng hdn 50%) sd vdi n a m 1968"^'', ddng

thdi day m a n h q u a n he vdi My. Viec

Trung Qud'c tflng bfldc t h i e t lap q u a n he

vdi My da tac dpng trflc tiep den cudc

chien t r a n h x a m Ifldc cua My d Viet N a m ,

anh hfldng xa'u den cudc k h a n g chien cua

n h a n d a n t a . Ngay s a u chuyen t h a m

T r u n g Qud'c va ky T h d n g cao c h u n g

Thfldng Hai, t h a n g 4-1972, My quyet

dinh nem bora trd lai va t h a t h u y loi

phong tda cac cang sdng, bien cua mien

Bdc, t a n g cfldng Iflc lfldng va phfldng tien

chien t r a n h , lien tiep rad nhieu cudc h a n h

quan quy mo ldn d raien N a m , dong thdi

tuyen be'buy bd ke hoach ky t d t Hiep djnh

Pari du djnh vdo t h a n g 10-1972.

Tuy vay, sU iing hp va giup dd tich cUc

cua T r u n g Qud'c v a n cd y nghia vd cflng

quan trpng ddi vdi cdng cuoc xay dUng k i n h

te d mien Bdc va k h a n g chien chd'ng My d

mien Nam. Su img hp va giup dd cua

Trung Quo'c va cac nUdc XHCN khac cflng
tinh t h a n tfl Iflc canh sinh, y chi kien

cfldng cua n h a n dan ta khien chflng ta vfla

khoi phuc, p h a t trien k i n h te mien Bdc,

vfla chien t h a n g trong cudc chien ma My
da "sfl dung mpi loai vu khi bien dai nha't

(trfl bom nguyen til), dfla vao cuoc nhieu

n h a chien lUdc dUdc xep vao loai tai ba

nhat, ap dung nhieu chien lUdc, chien
t h u a t , thuc thi nhieu bien phap chinh trj,

q u a n sU, ngoai giao de dau sflc, dau tri vdi

ta" qua 6 ddi Tdng thdng*"''. My da phai

chi phi gan 700 ty ddla, hdn 6,5 trieu Ifldt
linh My t h a m chien, 800.000 ngfldi trflc

tiep t h a m chien va hd trd/tdng .so'2.130.000

quan My vao nhflng n a m 1965-1970*'''.

Ndi ve sfl giup dd cua T r u n g Qud'c dd'i

vdi Viet Nara, ngay 1-2-1973, khi tiep

ddng chi Le Dflc Thp, Uy vien Bp chinh

trj, Bi thfl Ban chap h a n h T r u n g fldng

Dang, Co' van dac biet tai Hpi nghj Pa-ri

ve Viet N a m va ddng chi Nguyen Duy

Trinh, Uy vien Bp Chinh trj, Phd Thii

tfldng kiem Bp trfldng Bp Ngoai giao nfldc

Viet Nara DCCH, Chd tjcb Mao Trach

Ddng bay td: "Sfl giup dd cua chflng tdi r a t

it di. C h u n g tdi phai cam dn cac ddng chi.

Chinh cac ddng chi da giup dd chung tdi.

Cac ddng chi da chien dau chdng chii

nghla de qudc My hdn mfldi nam nay.

C h u n g t a ludn ludn giup dd lan nhau".

Cdn vdi Viet N a m , sau khi cudc k h a n g

chien chdng My ket thuc t h d n g ldi, ngay

2 2 - 9 - 1 9 7 5 , Ddan dai bieu Dang va Chinh

phii Viet N a m do ddng chi Le Duan, Bi

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(10)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=10>

<b>54 </b>

<i>Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 2/2010 </i>

D a n g l a m Trfldng ddan, da s a n g t h a m

hflu nghj c h i n h thflc de c a m dn D a n g ,

C h i n h p h u v a n h a n d a n T r u n g Qud'c. D a p

tfl t r o n g budi chieu dai, ddng chi Le D u a n

da k h a n g djnh: ' V i e t N a r a v a T r u n g Qud'c

la h a i nudc l a n g gieng n u i lien n u i , sdng

lien song; n h a n d a n h a i nUdc c h u n g t a da

tflng h o a n n a n , g i a n k h d cd n h a u , t h d n g

Idi va vui sfldng cd n h a u . C h u n g tdi vd

cflng quy raen n h a n d a n T r u n g Qud'c vl

dai, nhflng ngfldi b a n chi t h i e t da luon

ludn dflng b e n c a n h n h a n d a n Viet N a m

ngay tfl k h i each raang Viet N a m cdn

t r o n g trflng nfldc, v a t r o n g sud't bao n h i e u

n a m nay, d a tich cUc u n g hp va giup dd

sU n g h i e p c h i e n da'u cflu nUdc va xay

d u n g CNXH cua c h u n g toi, k h d n g ngflng

cd vu c h u n g toi t i e n len g i a n h h e t t h d n g

ldi n a y den t h a n g ldi k h a c , chd den t h d n g

ldi h o a n t o a n va t r p n ven n g a y nay. N h a n

dan Viet N a m raai raai ghi n h d t i n h n g h l a

a n h era s a u dara, sU iing hp va giup dd td

ldn m a D C S , C h i n h p h u va n h a n d a n

T r u n g Qud'c da d a n h cho n h a n d a n Viet

Nara t r o n g sud't q u a t r i n h chien d a u lau

dai." Mac du s a u n a m 1975, q u a n he h a i

nudc da t r a i q u a nhflng bfldc t h a n g t r a m

nhflng nhflng gi m a n h a n d a n T r u n g

Qud'c d a n h cho Viet N a r a t r o n g cudc

k h a n g chien c h o n g P h a p va chong My

v a n luon dUdc coi la t a i s a n q u y b a u c a n

p h a i t r a n t r p n g gifl gin./.

<b>C H U T H I C H </b>

<i>1. Hd Chi Minh todn tap, tap 11, NXB Chinh </i>

tri Qudc gia, 1996, tr 386.

2. Bao Nhan dan ngay 28-9-1959.

<i>3. Tinh hinh quan he kinh te giiia Viet Nam </i>

<i>vdi nUdc ngodi tii 1955-1974, Trung tam </i>

Luu trfl Qudc gia III - HS 32.

4. Cong trinh nhap khau thiet bj toan bo tfl

1955-1975, tr 1-14, Luu trfl Bp ThUdng
<i>mai, dan theo Dang Phong, Lich sii kinh te </i>

<i>Viet Nam, NXB KHXH, 2005, tr 484. </i>

5. Bao cao tinh hinh giup dd ve kinh te cua
cac nudc XHCN cho Viet Nam DCCH tfl
ngay hoa binh lap lai den 1959 cua Uy ban
Ke hoach Nha nudc - Trung tam Litu trfl
Qudc gia III - HS 1892).

6. Nhan dan ngay 23-11-1956.

7. Dang Phong, Ljch sfl kinh te Viet Nam,
NXB KHXH, 2005, tr 702.

8. Chien tranh each mang Viet Nam
1945-1975, Thdng ldi va bai hpc, NXB Chi'nh tri
Qudc gia, 2000, tr 601.

9. Nhiing ngudn chi vien ldn cho each mang
Viet Nam.
4/409835/

10. Tinh hinh tdng q u a t cac mat kinh te - ky
t h u a t Viet Nam Trung Qudc tfl 1955

-1973, Trung tam Luu trfl Qudc gia III,
Hs 9245.

11. Tdng ket hau can trong cuoc khang chien
chdng My cflu nifdc 1954-1975, NXB Quan
dpi Nhan dan, 2001, tr 375.

12. Dang Phong, Ljch sfl kinh te Viet Nam
1955-1975, NXB KHXH, 2005, tr 377.

13. Dang Phong, Ljch sfl kinh te Viet Nam
1955-1975, NXB KHXH, 2005, tr 341.

14. "Nhan xet cua phai doan mau djch Viet
Nam ve va'n de xin vien trd cua Trung Quoc
nam 1954" - Uy ban Ke hoach nha nifdc,
Trung tam Luu trfl Qudc gia III, HS 1744.

15. Nguyin Huy Toan, Su that ve nhflng lan
xua't quan cua Trung Qudc va quan he
Viet - Trung, NXB Da Ndng, 1996, tr 74.

<i>16. 17. Chien tranh cdeh mgng Viet Nam </i>

</div>

<!--links-->
Giải pháp thúc đẩy hoạt động của thị trường chứng khoán Việt Nam trong giai đoạn đầu hình thành và phát triển

• 68
• 587
• 2