Về mối quan hệ trong dân ca giao duyên của người Việt ở vùng Trung Du và châu thổ sông Hồng

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<b>Ve moi quan he trong dan ca giao Duyen </b>

<i><b>cua ngudi Viet d vung Trung Du </b></i>

<b>va chau thd song Hong </b>

<b>PHAM TRONG TOAN </b>

A

m nhae la mdt trong nhflng loai
hinh nghe thuat, dfldc con ngUdi
sang tad tfl rat sdm. Khao cd hpc da eho
bie't, cac hinh k h i c md ta con ngfldi nhay
mfla, ca hat d cac hang dpng cd nien dai
each ngay nay hang van nam. Trong qua
trinh tdn tai, phat trien con ngfldi da
khong ngflng sang tao ra cac the loai am
nhae va hoan thien nd. Khdi dau cua ljch
sif am nhae la dan ca.Trong dan ca cd
nhieu the loai. d nflde ta, dan ca tam dfldc
phan thanh cac nhdm the loai:

- Nhflng bai hat trong lao dpng va ndi
ve lao dpng.

- Nhflng bai hat tin ngfldng-phong tuc

- Nhflng bai bat ddl dap-giao duyen.

- Nhflng bai hat ru

- Nhflng bai ddng dao.

Sfl phan chia tren chi la tfldng doi. Bdi
trdng nhdm the leai nay, khdng chi cd tinh
chat cua the loai dd, ma cdn cd tfnh chat
ciia the loai khac. Dan ca ddl dap-giao
duyen (sau day chflng tdi gpi t i t la dan ca
giao duyen) ciia ngfldi Viet ndi chung, cua
ngfldi Viet vflng Trung Du va chau the
sdng Hdng ndi rieng, la be phan quan
trpng cUa dan ca Viet Nam. Mdi the loai
dan ca giao duyen cd nhflng dac trflng
rieng, ddng thdi lai cd mdi quan he mat
thie't vdi nhau.

<i>Ve md'i quan he giUa Hdt Vi, Hdt Dum </i>
<i>vd Hdt Trdng Qudn. </i>

Qua eac cuoc khao sat, dien da chflng
toi dfldc bie't, mpt so' lang xa d vung Trung
Du va chau thd song Hdng trflde nam
1945 CO cac sinh hoat Hat Vi, Hat Dum,
Hat Trd'ng Quan. Nhflng sinh boat ca hat
nay cd nhieu diem giong nhau.

Hat Vl, Hat Dum, Hat Trd'ng Quan deu
la ldi hat doi dap gifla trai va gai. Phong
tuc, tap quan, le ldi cua eae cupc hat nay
deu gdm ba chang chfnh:

1. Hat chao hdi, lam quen, mdi trau.

2. Hat td tinh, trao duyen, dd, hpa.

3. Hat tien, hat dan.

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<i>Phgm Trpng Todn - Ve mdi quan he trong ddn ca gido duyen.. </i> 59

Am dieu xoay quanh true tUdng Ung vdi
quang 4 dung, 5 dflng. Hat Vi, Hat Dflm,
Hat Trd'ng Quan dUa theo mpt khung lan
dieu, ngUdi ta phd nhflng cau thd luc bat,
luc bat bien the hat len thanh nhflng bai
ban. Vi the, ca'u true cua ba ldi hat chii
yeu la khd nhae ddn (tUdng flng nhu the
mdt ddan ddn) va hai khd nhae ddn
(tUdng Ung nhu the hai doan ddn). Ldi phd
thd gid'ng nhau, theo kieu xudi chieu.
Nhflng hu tfl thudng dung la d va a, va
gin nhu khdng cd cac tieng dem Idt. Nhip
cd hai Idai: nhjp tU dd va nhip 2/4. Hat Vf,
Hat Dum, Hat Trd'ng Quan la nhflng ldi
hat phd bien, ciia mpi ngudi nen ky nang
hat khdng phflc tap, cau ky (nhfl Ca trfl,
Quan Hp), hat it luyen lay. Ve tdng the
Hat Vi, Hat Dflm, Hat Trd'ng Quan cd
nhieu diem tfldng ddng. Nhflng cau Hat
Dura, Hat Trd'ng Quan da p h i n la nhflng
cau Vi.Thed chflng tei. Hat Dura, Hat
Trd'ng Quan cd the la tfl Hat Vi ma ra. Sd
di Hat Vi cd ten gpi khac la Hat Dura, la
dd khi hat ngfldi ta cd dflng qua dflm t r i u

(hdac tfl Hat Dam - Dura) raa thanh ten.
Hat Vi cd ten gpi la Hat Trd'ng Quan, la dd
khi hat, ngudi ta cd go trd'ng lam nhjp.

<i>vi moi quan he gida Hdt Vi vd Hdt </i>
<i>Gheo Phu Thg. </i>

Mpt so lang d Phfl Thp nhfl Nam
Cfldng, Hflng Nhi, Thuc luyen cd ldi
hat ddl dap gifla trai va gai gpi la Hat
Gheo. Cupc Hat Gheo gdm cd 4 chang, dan
gian gpi la 4 gipng:

<i>- Vi mdi trdu (gidu). </i>

<i>• Gigng sdng </i>

<i>- Sang gigng (gdm nhieu gigng) </i>

<i>- Vi tien chan </i>

Qua ten gpi cUa cac chang trong cudc
Hat Gheo, da cd hai chang la Hat Vi: Vi
radi trau, Vf tien chan.

<i>Ara nhae cua nhflng cau Vi mdi trdu. </i>

<i>Vi tien ehdn gian ddn, thang am chi cd 3 </i>

am.

Tim hieu nei dung chang hat Gipng
sdng va Sang gipng, chung tdi tha'y h i u
bet deu la nhflng cau vi ven, dd' hpa
mUdn ldi trang sad, hoa la giai bay ndi
ldng gai trai:

- Lang tai nghe sang trd'ng canh ba

De em chd dpi sUdng sa lanh lung

- Dd ldn tinh nhat, nghia ldi

Dd ngang cd nghia em ngdi dd ngang

Khi ca hat del dap d chang Sang gipng
ciia Hat Ghee, trai gai khdng chi cd sU thi
the've ldi ca (ddl ldi), ma cdn thi thd've lan
dieu. Vi the, treng qua trinh phat trien tfl
nhflng cau hat Vf ft lan dieu, Hat Ghed da
trd thanh Idi hat nhieu lan dieu.Vdi ldi
hat nhieu lan dieu. Hat Ghee da cd nhflng
van ddng bien ddi thee hudng cd them am
mdi, ddng thdi cdn cd chat lieu ciia met sd'
the Idai dan ca khac (Chau Van, Chee,
Ly...).

<i>Vi moi quan he gida Hdt Vi, Hdt Ddm, </i>
<i>Hdt Gheo (Phu Thg) vdi Hdt Quan Hg. </i>

Cho de'n nay (2010), ngUdi ta da sUu
t i m , ky am dupc khoang 500 bai Quan
Hp. Rieng cd' nhae si Hdng Thao da cho
xua't ban rapt tuyen tap dan ca Quan Hp
gdm 300 bai. Trong dd, nhieu bai la nhflng
cau Vf:

Ddi ta nhfl the con tam

Cflng an mpt la, cflng nam rapt nong.

Ddi ta nhfl the con ong

Con quan con quyt, con trong con ngoai.

Ve ten gpi Quan Hp, cu Nguyen Thj
Banh mpt lien chj Quan Ho cd ndi:

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60 <i>Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 4/2010 </i>

<i>doi trong nhd (hay ngodi dinh, tren ho) thi </i>
<i>ggi Id Quan Hg^^\ </i>

Vao nam 1956, cu Nguyen Thj Banh da
ndi nhflng cau d tren. Chflng tdi dflpc bie't,
cu Banh la mot lien chi Quan Hp lang
Diem ndi tie'ng hat hay, thupc nhieu bai
ban, lan dieu. Mpt lien cbi (hay lien anh)
Quan Hp thudng hpc hat, di hat tfl hdi cdn
rat tre (12 de'n 15 tudi). Nam 1956 cu

Banh da hdn 90 tudi. Nhfl t h e c u di hat tfl
nhflng nam 80, 90 ciia TK XIX. Nhflng
ngudi di hat Quan Hp tfl cuel TK XIX van
<i>cdn gpi Hdt Quan Hg, khi thi la Hdt Dum, </i>
<i>khi thi la Hdt Gheo dieu nay khien chung </i>
ta phai suy nghi ve mdi quan he cua cac
the Idai dan ca nay. Ten rapt sd' bai Quan
<i>Hp cd cflng gpi la Thd dum, Ddn dum. Va, </i>

<i>ta ddi Trdn, chinh nhUng quan vien ky </i>
<i>muc vung Dinh Bdng, Ta Sdn trong dip </i>
<i>cung gio cdc vua nhd Ly dd to chac Hdt </i>
<i>Dum cho nam nU ddi ca^"^^ </i>

Le lei diin xfldng hat ddl dap giao
duyen ciia Hat Quan Hp va Hat Gheo cd
nhflng quy djnh gid'ng nhau:

- Mpt ddi nam hat ddl vdi rapt ddi nfl.
Ben nfl hat mpt bai, tie'p de'n ben nam hat
mdt bai. Cudc hat keo dai cho de'n khi hai
ben thay cin p h i i ke't thfle.

- Hat ddl gipng: Ben nfl (hoac ben nam)
hat trflde mpt bai. Ben nam (ben nfl) hat
ddl lai rapt bai co giai dieu ara nhae gid'ng
nhu ben nfl (ben nam).

- Hat ddl ldi: hat ddl gipng thi ldi ca cd
the khong gid'ng nhau, nhflng hat ddl ldi

thi ldi ca phai ddl nhau.

- Khi hat ddl dap, trai gai Hat Gheo va
trai gai Hat Quan Hp deu phai quay raat
vao nhau, khdng nhin di chd khac.

- Trinh tfl cupc Hat Gheo cung tfldng tfl
nhfl trinh tfl cudc Hat Quan Hp ngay hpi:

TRINH TU CUOC H A T GHEO

- Vf mdi trau

- Gipng sdng

- Sang gipng

- VI tien chan

TRINH TU CUOC

H A T

QUAN HO

N G A Y HOI

- Mdi trau

- Chao hdi, lara quen

- Gipng vat

- Gia ban

Qua nhflng so sanh, dan giai d tren,

chflng tdi tha'y Hat Vf, Hat Dura, Hat
Trd'ng Quan, Hat Gheo, Hat Quan Hp cd
radl quan he rat khang khft. Tfl dd, cd the
suy luan, rapt trong nhflng ngudn gd'c
hinh thanh Quan Hp la tfl cac ldi hat Vf,
Dflm, Trd'ng Quan, Gheo dflpc nang
cao, phat trien hoan chinh hdn. Quan Hp
la the loai dan ca ddl dap giao duyen da
dat de'n dinh cao cua dan ca. Nhieu bai
ban, lan dieu dan ca Quan Hp la mau mflc
cua dan ca Viet Nam. Unesco da cdng
nhan, dan ca Quan Hp la di san van hda
phi vat the dai dien cua nhan loai.

Sang tao, tie'p nhan, bien ddi la quy
luat ta't yeu cua sfl phat trien cac nen van
hoa. Sfl phat trien cua cac sinh hoat van
hoa am nhae noi chung, cua sinh hoat ca
hat ddl dap giao duyen ngfldi Viet vung
Trung Du va chau thd song Hdng ndi
rieng, cung khong n i r a ngoai quy luat
nay. Cflng vdi nhieu the loai dan ca khac,
dan ca ddl dap giao duyen la nhflng di san
van hoa phi vat the gia tri, dam da ban
sic van hoa dan tdc./.

<b>CHU THICH </b>

<i>1, 2. Ty van hoa Ha Bic (1972), Mot sdvdn de </i>

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