Một số khái niệm nhân loại học văn hoá.

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<b>so TAY THUAT</b>

<i><b> HCU</b></i>

<b> KHOA HOC </b>

<b>MOT S 6 KHAI NI|:M NHAN LOAI HQC YAN H6A </b>

<b>QUYEN UY VAN HOA (Cultural </b>
<b>authority) </b>

Khdi niem quyen uy cimg vdi khdi
niem quyen luc vd the lire rihin chung ed y
nghia la nang lire eua mpt ehii thd trong xa
hpi dem lai anh hudng nhat dinh eho
khach thd. Quyen uy cd trpng tam nam d
ehd nang lire do duge thua nhan trong
quan he xa hgi, va ehii the dugc chap nhan
la ngudi nam giii gid trj sir dung dugc
nang lire dd. Tren eo sd dd, thuat ngii
"quyen uy" mang y nghia ehi tinh trang
<i>dugc chap nhan sir dung quyen uy ciia chu </i>

<i>the, ndng luc sir dung dd eiing nhu sir </i>
<i>thdng tri dua trdn quydn uy dd. Lien quan </i>

den quydn lire, nhin ehung ngudi ta
thudng chap nhan lap luan mgt khi quydn
lire nay sinh se ed sir nghi ngd quan he
giiia chii the va khach the da dugc mac
djnh, va cd sir nam lai quydn lire nhu la
ket qua eiia mgt sd quan he xa hpi. Tuy
nhien, ve quydn uy thi khae, eho dii ve
mat kdt qua, chu thd da xudt hidn thi xu
hudng mac dinh ve chii the van rat manh.

Chinh vi the, eiing ed khi ngudi ta su dung
quyen uy nhu la mpt khai niem thue the
hda ehu the mpt each he qua.

Trong trudng hgp quyen uy van hda,
dae biet quyen uy d day ed y nghia Id su
thira nhan dua tren yeu td van hda chii
khong Id thugc vao sir cudng che ve quan
sir hay bao lire, eiing nhu dp ehd ve tu
tudng, he tu tudng thdng qua thidt ehd
giao due. Chap nhan dua tren yeu to van
hda d day, vi du ndi theo kinh nghiem
luan, la vide the gidi euge song eiia nhirng

eon ngudi thira nhan sir thdng trj ehinh
dang eiia quyen uy.

Nghien euu quydn uy eua kd thdng tri
hay vua chiia la nham giai minh vd md ta
mgt sd loai hinh va qua trinh hinh thanh
sir chap nhan dua trdn eac yeu td van hda
nay. Mat khae, trong ly thuyet hgp ly xay
dung each ly giai ehung eiia the gidi ehinh
trj, nhan td van hda duge dua vdo nhu la
ydu to giai thich sir chenh lech vimg va
khae bidt tinh trang edn lai sau khi da thu
ed gang thuyet giai.

Quydn uy van hda ed y nghia nhu mpt
yeu td phan tich khi nd dinh md ta qua

trinh hinh thanh va tai sinh van hda chinh
thdng trong bdi canh le thugc, su Id thupe
khdng the giai thich dugc bang sir phe
phan ehii nghia phuang Ddng. Cae xa hgi
da timg Id ddi tugng nghien euu eua nhan
loai hge van hda phan ldn deu Id eac xa
hgi d trong tinh trang thugc dia. Sir phe
phdn ehii nghia phuong Ddng' do
E.W.Said khdi xudng da lam rd, trong
tinh trang thugc dia, qua trinh hinh thanh
sir Id thugc cua phuong Dong vao phuang
Tay "uu viet" cd sir tae dgng tuong ho
hoan hao giiia yeu td quyen lire va tri thiic
da dien ra nhu thd nao. Nhung mat khde,
ban than su phe phan chu nghia phuang
Ddng ciing phai xem xet lai hai dieu, mpt
la khd khan do vide da cd dinh hda quan
he giiia phia thdng tri va phia bj thdng Uj,
hai la khd khan trong vide xem xet mpt xa
hpi nam trong che dp thupe dja tir lap

<i>' Tham khao mye So tay thugt ngit khoa hpc, Tap </i>
chi NCCN s6 1-2008.

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<i>Vu Minh Chi </i>

trudng nam ngoai sir Id thupe. Trong vide
xem xdt lai nay, van dd la, trong mpt tinh
trang thupe dja nao dd, khi sir Id thupe
didn ra thanh ehd dp thi ciing ehinh la liie

vin hda chinh thdng ciia xa hpi me duge
hinh thanh va nd van tidp tue tai sinh ngay
ca khi ehd do thugc dja bj eao chung, va
do la sir that khdng thd phii djnh cd the
thay d nhidu nude sau thugc dja.

Vdi y nghia dat duge sir thira nhan dua
trdn ydu td van hda nhu trudng hgp quoc
gia theo ehd do vuong quydn, phia thdng
trj ky vpng d quydn uy dugc xem nhu la
mpt nang lire thdng trj mang tinh ma
thuat, "tu nhidn". Mat khae, quydn uy
ciing bupe phai Id thupe vao trat tu thong
tri, nguge lai, vira tai sinh ban than lai vira
lgi dung trd lai vdi trat tu thong tri. Trong
quan he nay, chinh phii thong tri va quyen
uy ciia ban dja diing song song, edi nhin
khach the vdo ITnh vue van hda nhu Id noi
CO sir dien djeh va trao doi giira hai bdn cii
manh dan ldn. Trong qua trinh dd, van hda
chinh thong hinh thanh, quyen uy ban dja
bj thu hep anh hudng vao trong linh vue
van hda trd ndn hudng ngi nhidu hon vao.
Roi ngay ea khi ehii nghia thue dan da cao
chung, thi trong khi siie dnh hudng tdi
linh vuc van hda eiia quyen uy van duge
chap nhan, van hda ehinh thdng eiing tidp
tue lai sinh.

Quan diem quyen uy van hda mgt lan

nira rgi dnh sang vao khdng gian mang
tinh ludng nghia vdi sir giao hda hdn don
ciia nhidu thd loai lan rpng gitia kd thong
trj va ngudi bj tri, md ra mpt eon dudng
nSm bal sir dien djeh va trao doi didn ra
Irong thue tidn nay. Ddng thdi, vide dua ra
khai nidm quyen uy van hda md ra kha
nSng tai khao sdt quan h? chinh trj va van
hoa, md ra khd nSng ghi chdp vSn hda di

ngugc lai xu budng ban chdt hda - chu
truong vd tinh chinh thdng - trong su di
chuyen thd ehd tir ehd do vua chiia phong
kien sang tinh trang thupe dja va tidp sau
dd nira.

THICH ITNG DIEN DICH
(translative adaptation)

<i>Dien dieh = vdn hda thay the </i>

Tinh didn dieh la khai nidm mang tinh
<i>an du, la su thay the. Thuat ngtr vdn hda </i>
<i>dien dieh duge sir dung de didn ta tinh </i>
trang van hda du nhap mdi, nhdt la khi
tidn hanh Can dai hda, hoae Au hoa. Cae
nude chau A sau khi md cira vao nira sau
thd ky XX, da tich cue du nhap van hda
can dai phuong Tay tir van hda vat chat
cho den che dg, rat nhidu thir, von duge

eau thanh tir phuang Tay, eir thd du nhap
nguyen trang khong goc re vao phuang
Dong. Tir cae mdn an nhu ca-ri, bit-tet
eho den chd dp nghj hpi, bau eir va ea td
chirc cong ty, xi nghidp, nghia la tai ea
mpi mat eiia eupe sdng.

Che dp can dai phuong Tay da duge
lap dat thay thd cho che dp xa hpi, van hda
phuong Dong vdn cd tir hang ngan nam
trude, hda trpn vdi cdc chd dp von c6 cdn
lai, ldm ndy sinh ra mpt thir van hda va
ehd dp xa hpi mdi. Tire la y nghia eiia
timg tap quan va che dp trong mpt he
thdng van hda A vdn cd khi di chuyen vao
he thdng van hda B khae thi dugc dien
giai lai theo he thong van hda B va eiing
vdi nhtrng thay ddi khae ve y nghia da di
ddn eho dam nhan y nghia va chirc nang
mdi. Vi du, mdn Mae-dd-nan d My la
mdn an nhanh (khdng mat thdi gian) sang
Bdc Kinh, Trung Quoc dugc tiep nhan
dudi dang khdng edn Id mdn an nhanh nira
(trd thanh mdn an mat thdi gian), thuc s\r

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<i><b>Mdt so khii niem.. </b></i>

trd thdnh mdt mdn an trong thuc don ciia
eac restaurant, nod ngudi ta den dd thudng
thirc van hda am thuc phuang Tay.

<i>Thich img </i>

Nhu tren da ndi, vdo nira cudi the ky
XX, tai mgt sd nude chau A, trude dp lire
ciia phuang Tay thong qua su uy hidp eiia
eac chien ham (duge ggi la nan tdu den),
tridu dinh phong kidn da huge phai md
cira. Ndi khae di la eac nude nay nam
trong tinh the huge phai chap nhan mgt
siic manh quy md toan cau dang lan rgng,
do la siic xam nhap eua xa hgi phuang
<i>Tay. d day xuat hien quan he chdnh lech </i>
quydn lire giiia mgt bdn la xa hpi trdn ndn
tang cong nghiep can dai va mpt ben la xa
hpi phi edng nghiep. Hau bet eac xa hpi
truyen thdng phi phuang Tay liie do,
khdng ke ed bi bidn thanh thupe dia eua
phuong Tay hay khdng, deu bupe phdi
thieh ung vdi hidn thue trudc mat la chd
dp xa hpi van hda can dai ciia mpt sd nudc
phuong Tay nay.

Khai niem thieh img trong khoa hpe xa
hpi ciia mpt sd nudc he Anglo-Saxon cd
tidn de dm chi tinh nang dpng ciia chii the
dua tren ehii nghia cd nhan mang tinh
phuong phap luan (d dd, gitra ede ehii the
xae djnh, tinh quan he nang dpng lan nhau
duge duy tri) hoae ed tidn dd can dai dm

chi vide tae dgng tich cue tdi moi trudng,
lam cai bidn, thay ddi mdi trudng.

Nhan loai hge sinh thai cd quan diem
ve vide tap the nhdm tat ydu thich img vdi
hoan canh, mdi trudng tu nhien va mdi
trudng thi khdng ehi gidi han d tu nhien.
Nhu mgt tdn tai ldn bao quanh tap thd,
moi trudng xa hgi ggi Id xa hgi tu ban chii
nghia ciing Id mgt tdn tai ap ddo. Dac biet
Id Irudng hgp xa hgi truyen thdng, de cho

xa hdi nay tiep tue tdn tai, ngudi ta nhan
thay edn phai duy tri sinh thai thich ung tu
nhien, tu dd sang tao ra the gidi quan, che
do than toe, sang tao ra ky thuat. Ddng
thdi, nhu mgt tdn tai ldn tdi miic khdng
thd gat bd dugc tir ben ngoai, khi ede ydu
to eiia he thdng the gidi can dai va nhtrng
ngudi mang nd tdi xuat hidn trong hidn
thuc thi xu hudng thich iing va eau thdnh
van hda xa hgi thieh iing eiing nay sinh.
Qua trinh tidp nhan va bien ddi eiia xa hgi
truydn thdng phi phuang Tay khdng phai
la qua trinh can dai hda nang dgng ciia
ehu thd ma duge eoi la qua trinh (bi dgng)
thieh ling vdi he thdng the gidi can dai bat
ngudn tir mgt cue la phuang Tay va lan
rgng ra khap the gidi.

Tuy nhien, cho dii ggi la thieh ung, npi
hdm ciia mgt sd yeu td van hda va che dp
den tir ben ngodi nay eiing bidn ddi, lech vdi
y nghia vdn cd cua nd. Vi du, dudi anh
hudng manh me cua xa hpi ben ngoai gpi Id
thue dan hda, tien te la ydu td cua xa hpi thi
trudng cho dii ed duge dem vdo xa hpi
truydn thdng thi eiing phai mat mpt thdi
gian rat dai, nguyen ly tang bieu nghi Id van
tdn tai nhu mpt nguyen ly chu yeu, tham ehi
tidn te chi dugc sir dung nhu mgt vat doi
tugng duge trao ddi don thuan dua tren nghi
Id tang bieu nay. Y nghia ciia tidn te trong
xa hgi thi trudng da duge thay the vao he
thdng y nghia eiia xa hgi tuan theo nguyen
ly qua bieu truyen thdng vdn cd, dam nhan
mgt y nghia khae, hodn thanh ehiic nang
khdc trong xa hgi dd. Tdm lai, khai niem
thieh ling dien dieh khi nhin tir quan didm
ben Uong eiia xa hgi dd cd y nghia Id qua
trinh tidp xiie cua hai h? thdng ben Uong vd
ben ngoai cd sir sai khae nhu v§y.

<i>M.C. </i>

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