Các hàm ý tác động đến sự ổn định thị trường lao động phổ thông, góp phần vào việc tăng trưởng kinh tế và giải quyết các vấn đề xã hội tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh

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<b>lUANlRj-tUANlV </b>

<b>CAC HAM Y TAC DONG DEN SjJ ON DINH </b>

<b>THI TRUCfNG LAO DONG PHO THONG, </b>

<b>GOP PHAN VAO VIEC TANG</b>

<b> T R U O N G </b>

<b>KINH TE VA GIAI QUYET CAC VAN DE </b>

<b>XA HOI TAI THANH PHO HO CHI MINH </b>

<b>LE THI VINH </b>

<b>TOM TAT: </b>

Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh la do thi dac biet, rapt trung tara ldn ve kinh te^, van hda, giao due
-dao tao, khoa hpc - cdng nghe eua ea nffdc, dau mdi giao ltfu va hdi nhap qud'c te, cd sffc thu hut
va lan tda ldn cua vung kinh te trpng diera phia Nara, cd vi tri chinh tri - kinh te - xa hdi quan trpng
cua ea nffdc. Khdng ai cd the phu nhan dffdc tinh da dang, nang nhpc cua lao dpng phd thdng,
nhffng vdi kinh nghiem thifc te, nang life, chuyen mdn gidi, hp da cd nhffng ddng gdp nha't dinh
cho ngudn thu phat trien kinh te - xa hdi tff cac boat dpng nghe nghiep: Thd dien, thd xay, lao ddng
giup viec nha, cdng nhan cac xi nghiep,... Tuy nhien, tinh binh bien dpng cua thi trffdng lao dpng
phd thdng hien nay tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh rat dang lo ngai. Bai viet nghien cffu ve van de
cac ham y tac dpng de'n sif dn dinh thi trffdng lao ddng phd thdng, gdp phan vao viec tang trffdng
kinh te va giai quyet eac van de xa bdi tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.

<b>Ttf khoa: Lao dpng phd thdng, tang trffdng kinh te, van de xa hdi, TP. Hd Chi Minh. </b>

<b>I. Dat van de </b>

Mot sd nghien cffu khoa hpc kinh te cho y nghia
tim ra cac nhan td tac dpng den sff thieu but Iffdng

ldn ngffdi lao ddng, nit ra nhffng ham y kinh te de
ngffdi sff lao ddng xem xet den yeu td hen quan,
kip thdi dieu chinh cac quy che ndi bp cho phu hdp,
giam thieu y dinh nghi viec cua ngffdi lao dpng.
Thi trffdng chiu anh hffdng cua sff bie'n dpng vdi
mffc dp nghiem trpng cua Iffdng lao dpng phd
thdng keo theo anh hffdng rat ldn den chi phi xa
lipi, bao phi trong kinh te hpc, lam tang stf bat can
3di giai quye't viec lam, anh hffdng den tinh hinh
in ninh trat tif dia phffdng.

Thtfc trang bien dpng lao dpng thffdng xuyen.

dan den ngay cang khan hiem ngudn lao ddng phd
thdng, viec tim ra dau la cac nhan td anh hffdng
chinh den sff bien ddng, dau la cac tac nhan tac
dpng den y dinh nghi viec, bd viec, thay ddi mdi
trffdng lam viec cua ngffdi lao dpng phd thdng la
ndi lo ldn cua cac doanh nghiep trong bdi canh hoi
nhap ngay cang sau rpng, ddi hdi rapt Iffdng lao
dpng nhap cff ldn la cd that.

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<b>TAP CHi CONG THIfdNG </b>

qua cua nang sua't san xua't se khdng dam bao dat
nhff ky vpng, kim ham sff phat trien chung cua ca
nen kinh te da't nffdc.

<b>II. Dac didm tinh hinh va thtfc trang cung </b>
<b>-cau cua thi trtfcfng lao dong thanh pho' Ho Chi </b>

<b>Minh </b>

<i>1. Dac diem tinh hinh </i>

Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh dffdc phan chia thanh
19 quan va 5 huyen vdi 322 phffdng - xa, thi tran,
ddng vai trd la dau tau trong da giac chie^n Iffdc
phat trien kinh te xa hdi ca nffdc. Theo Chu tich
UBND Thanh phd' Nguyen Thanh Phong cho biet
dtf bao dan sd thanh phd den nam 2025 la 10 trieu
ngffdi, nhffng thffc te^ nam 2017 da dat den con so'

13 trieu ngffdi dang sinh sdng tren dia ban (con so'
thd'ng ke hdn 8 trieu) (Ngudn: Dd an quy hoach
chung xay dffng TP. Hd Chi Minh de'n nam 2025
da dffdc Chinh phu phe duyet).

<i>2. ThUc trang cung -cdu cua thi trUdng lao </i>
<i>dpng phd thong </i>

Theo Nien giara Cue Thd'ng ke thanh phd' nam
2016, ffdc tinh dan so' trung binh cua thanh phd'
nam 2017 la 8.561.608 ngffdi, trong dd: Phan theo
gidi tinh ty le nam chiem 47,15%; nff chiem
52,85%; dan sd khu vffc thanh thi chiera 82,46%,
khu vffc ndng thdn chie'ra 17,54%. Dan sd trong dp
tudi lao ddng la 6.207.115 ngffdi; life Iffdng lao
ddng thanh pbdcd 4.513.193 ngffdi (chiera 52,71%
tdng dan sd), trong dd ty le nff chiem 48,15%. Ty

le tham gia life Iffdng lao dpng thanh phd' nam
2017 ffdc tinh khoang 72,71%.

Bang 1. Cac chltieu ve lao dong tqi
TP. Ho Chi Minh nam 2016-2017

<b>Chi tieu </b>
Dan sd (ngadi)
Trong dd: NO (ngadi)
Dan sd trong dp tudi lao
dpng (ngadi)

Lac lapng lao dpng(ngadi)
Ty le tham gia lac lapng lao
dpng (%)

Tdng sd lao dpng cd viec
lam (ngadi)
<b>Nam 2016 </b>
8.441.902
4.400.261
5.965.753
4.335.659
72,68
4.223.996
<b>Nam 2017 </b>
8.561.608
4.524.435
6.207.115
4.513.193

72,71
4.295.163

Theo bao cao ke't qua khao sat cua nhu cau tim
viec va dtf bao ngudn nhan life cua Trung tam Dif
bao nhu cau nhan life va Thdng tin thi trffdng lao
dpng - Sd Lao dpng va Thffdng binh Xa hdi TP.Ho
Chi Minh trong 9 thang dau nam 2018, chi rieng
ty le 42,62% danh cho nhu cau tuyen dung ddi vdi
life Iffdng lao dpng thuoc nhdm dd'i tffdng lao dong
trinh dp tha'p (hay ndi each khac la chffa qua dao
tao) la kha ldn trong toan thi trffdng lao dpng noi
chung: chu yeu tuyen dung lao dpng d rapt sd vitri
nhff nhan vien ban hang, nhan vien bao ve, tap vu,
giup viec nha, nhan vien ddng gdi, giao hang
nhanh, cdng nhan raay, phu xe, nhan vien giff do,
giff xe;... Khao sat dffdc thffc hien tai 29.482 doanh
nghiep vdi 276.146 Iffdt tuyen dung va 355.080
Iffdt ngffdi cd nhu cau hpc nghe, tira viec lam.
Ddng thdi, trung tam thffc hien khao sat nhu cau
tuyen dung nhan life nam 2017 va giai doan
2018-2020 den nam 2025 tai 9.000 doanh nghiep.

Bang 2. Xu hUdng nhu cau nhan liic theo
trinh dp chuyen nndn ndm 2018

<b>STT </b>
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
<b>Trinh d6 </b>

Lao dpng chaa qua dao tao
Sd cap nghe

Cdng nhan ky thuat lanh nghe
Trung cap (CN-TCN)

Cao dang (CN-CDN)
Oai hpc

Tren dai hpc

<b>Cdcau </b>
<b>nhu cau (%) </b>

24,68
8,15
11,85
20,17
15,66
1
18,71
0,78

<i>Nguon: Nien gidm Cue Thdng ke TP. HCM ndm </i>

<i>2016 vd tinh todn cua Trung tdm Du bdo nhu cdu nhdn </i>
<i>luc vd Thong tin thi trudng lao dong TP.HCM </i>

<i>Nguon: Tinh todn ciia Trung tm </i>
<i>DBNCNL&TTTTLD TP.HCM </i>

Ddn cff, nam 1991, khu che xua't Tan
Thuan-khu che xua't dau tien cua TP. Hd Chi Minh, cung
la khu che xua't dau tien cua ca nffdc dffdc thanh
lap, thu hut dffdc gan 200 dtf an dau tff den tiT 20
qud'c gia va khu vffc vdi tdng vdn dau tff dat 1,7 ty
USD. Nam 2016 kim ngach xua't nhap khau dat
gan 4,3 ty USD, luy ke kim ngach xua't nhap khau
dat 45,5 ty USD, trong dd xua't sieu dat 5,1 ty USD,
tao cdng an viec lam dn dinh cho gan 65.000 lao
dpng (Ngudn: "Thu hut dau tff vao KCX-KCNtai
TP. Hd Chi Minh", Bao mdi ngay 31/10/20171.

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<b>QUAN TR! - QUAN LY </b>

Tac gia thtfc hien phdng van nhdm lao ddng dang
lam viec tai Cdng ty Hue Phong quan Gd Vap
mdi day cho ket qua: thu nhap cua cdng nhan mdi
vao va phu thu tang ca dao dpng tff 3,5 5,5 trieu
ddng/thang. Nhdm thd hd dang xay nha cung tai
dia ban quan Gd Vap: thd chinh 250 ngan
ddng/ngay, thd phu 200 ngan ddng/ngay (nhffng
khdng deu); Giup viec nha 3 trieu 5 trieu
ddng/thang,... Vdi thu nhap nay, ngffdi lao dpng
phai chi: tien thue nha, dien nffdc 1 1,2

trieu/thang, sinh boat, di chd (tiet kiem): 2 2,5
trieu ddng/thang, tien hpc cho con, tien mffng cffdi,
hdi,... nhff vay se khdng du hoac tiet kiem rat it.
Mat khac, theo bao cao hoat dpng cua Cau lac bp
Nff chu nha trp cua Hdi Lien hiep phu nff quan Gd
Vap nam 2017 ghi nhan nhieu y kien cua lao dpng
nhap cff dang d trp tham gia lao dpng tai dia ban
quan Gd Vap thi cho rang hp lam viec, tang ca,
met sffc nen chi ve den nha an cdm xong la ngu,
khdng biet dffdc nhffng loai hinh van hda radi, cac
chinh sach phap luat ban hanh. Ngffdc lai, khi lam
viec d que nha, hp dffdc cha me, gia dinh hd trd:
cham hd con cai, na'u san bffa an va an udng chat
Iffdng hdn,...

Ket qua nghien cffu luan van Thac sT Dao Than
Chinh (DHKT TP. HCM 2017) "Nghien cffu cac
nhan to' anh hffdng de'n y dinh nghi viec cua cdng
nhan trong cac nha may san xua't bao bi nhffa tai
khu vffc thanh phd' Hd Chi Minh" cho thay, tinh
trang bien dpng lao dpng trffc tiep va thffdng xuyen
cua cdng nhan tai cac nha may bao bi nhffa khu
vffc thanh phd' Hd Chi Minh la rat ldn. Thdng qua
ket qua hdi quy thi 4 nhan to' tac ddng, gdm: Lffdng
thffdng phiic ldi, Cara ket td chffc, Quan he ddng
nghiep va Mdi trffdng lam viec bi anh hffdng

18.8% cho nhan to' can nghien cffu la y dinh nghi
viec cua ngffdi cdng nhan."Nhan vien cd dpng lffc
thi hp lam viec dat 80% - 90% hieu sua't, din den

ty le nghi viec tha'p, nghi phep tha'p", Bui Thi Minh
Thu va Le Nguyen Doan Khdi (2014) Tap chi khoa
hpc Trffdng Dai hpc Can Thd trong dd tai "Nghien
cffu cac nhan to' anh hffdng den dpng life lam viec
cua nhan vien trffc tiep san xua't d Tdng cdng ty
Lap may Viet Nam (LILAMA)". Nhff vay thi trai
lai neu nhan vien khdng cd dpng lffc lam viec thi
hp se chan nan, lam viec kem hieu qua va cd ty le
nghi viec cao. Tff ke't qua cua qua trinh nghien cffu
lien quan den van de "Cac nhan to anh hffdng den

long trung thanh cua lao ddng giup viec nha tren
dia ban TP. HCM" TS. Nguydn Van Thanh
Trffdng, Dai hpc Cdng nghiep TP. HCM va Thac sT
Le Thi Vinh Hdi Lien hiep Phu nff quan Gd Vap
(2017), ghi nhan ket qua nghien cffu cua cac tac
gia giup cho gia dinh sff dung ngffdi giup viec nha
thay dffdc nhffng ban che' can dieu chinh cho phu
hdp, nhff: each cff xff, tdn trpng hdn, hieu rd hdn
vd sff khd khan cung nhff nam bat dffdc yeu to' tam
ly, biet chia se vdi ngffdi lara nghe giup viec gia
dinh cho rainh.

<b>III. Cac ham y tac dong de'n stf dn dinh thi </b>
<b>trtfcfng lao ddng phd thong, gop phan vao viec </b>
<b>tang trtfdng kinh te' va giai quye^t cac vS'n de </b>

<b>xa hoi </b>

Cung lao dpng phu thuoc vao tdc dp tang ngudn

lao dpng, sff bie'n ddng ve cau lao dpng, trinh dp
dao tao hffdng nghiep day nghe va tien Iffdng
(tidn cdng) tren thi trffdng lao dpng. (Giao trinh thi
trffdng lao ddng, 2008, tr 53). Vdi cac ket qua
nghien cffu va khao sat nhff tren, mdt so' ham y
dffdc dffa ra cho cac cd quan lap phap, doanh
nghiep, ddn vi va cac gia dinh dang cd nhu cau sff
dung lao ddng phd thdng tai Thanh phd' Hd Chi
Minh, kip thdi dieu chinh, cd nhffng bien phap
thich hdp dpng vien ngffdi lao dpng d lai lam viec
lau dai vdi rainh. Viec nam rd cac yeu to' anh
hffdng den long trung thanh, sff thda man, phffdng
phap tao dpng life lam viec cho nhan vien, hay cac
che dp dai ngd ma ngffdi sff dung lao dpng danh
cho ngffdi lao dpng, giup ngffdi sff dung lao dpng
dn dinh tara ly, yen tam san xua't, lao ddng, lara
viec cho ngffdi sff dung lao ddng ben vffng. Tff viec
nghien cffu, tac gia tdng ket cac ham y tac ddng
den sff dn dinh thi trffdng lao dpng phd thdng, gdp
phan vao viec tang trffdng kinh te va giai quye^t
cac van de xa hdi nhff sau:

<i>Thd nhdt, yeu td "Mdi quan be ". Day la ye'u td </i>

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<b>TAP CHi CONG THirQNG </b>

phan biet ddi xff, ki thi vdi ngffdi la dan tdc it
ngffdi, giau ngheo,... dd tao khoang each xa vdi,
khd gan gui giffa con ngffdi va con ngffdi vdi nhau.
Cupe sdng bay gid ddi hdi chung ta can tinh thau

cam, hieu dffdc nhu cau duy tri cuoc sd'ng ciia
ngffdi lao dpng vdn da thie'u thd'n tinh cam khi xa
gia dinh, neu dffdc vIn cd the tao dieu kien de hp
an cung thara gia cac budi sinh boat da ngoai, du
lich, sinh hoat cdng ddng.

tfng xff va xff ly tinh hudng trong giao tiep "chu
- td" la viec lam quan trpng va can thiet, the hien
mdi trffdng van hda doanh nghiep hay cdn la van
hda gia dinh.

<i>Thii:hai, yeu td "Tien Iffdng". Day la yeu tdtac </i>

ddng manh nha't den long trung thanh. Tien Iffdng
la rapt hinh thffc cua thu lao tra cdng xffng dang
cho ngffdi lao ddng. Dd la sd tien raa ngffdi chu tra
cdng cho ngffdi lao ddng rapt each cd dinh va
thffdng xuyen theo rapt ddn vi thdi gian (tuan,
thang, nara) can cff vao thda thuan, hdp ddng, cdng
viec dffdc giao,... cho ngffdi lao dpng va theo sd
Iffdng va chat Iffdng lao dpng cua hp da ddng gdp
theo thda thuan ban dau.

<i>Thii ba, yeu td "Khen thffdng". Yeu to tac ddng </i>

manh den long trung thanh cua ngffdi lao ddng
ngoai yeu to' Iffdng, nhffng ngffdi lao dpng deu
mong mud'n dffdc khen thffdng theo nhieu hinh
thffc: thffdng dot xua't, thffdng theo khung quy dinh
va linh trong thang, thffdng qua binh bau, thffdng

che dp nghi dffdng, du lich, thffdng qua,... Thuyet
mong dpi chi ra rang ngffdi lao dpng se khdng theo
dudi nhffng phan thffdng khi hp nhan tha'y phan
thffdng la khdng the dat tdi. Cac hinh thffc khuyen
khich vat cha't phai dffdc thiet ke theo each ma nd
se tao ra niem tin cua ngffdi lao dpng vao sff gan
lien giffa phan thffdng va nd life, do do cac chu nha
can cd nhffng khoan khen thffdng bang vat chat
cho ngffdi lao dpng. Neu ngffdi lao dpng nhan tha'y
dffdc quan tam tff ngffdi sff dung lao dpng, dd'i xff

td't thi long trung eua hp se cang cao.

<i>Thd tu, ye'u to' "Nang life ca nhan". Hau het lao </i>

dpng phd thdng cd nhieu trai nghiera trong cuoc
sd'ng hdn la lao dpng cd tiinh dp. Nang life cua ban
than la ludn san sang hpc hdi tff nhffng kinh
nghiera ngffdi di trffde, dan gian, ky nang sdng.
Cac nang life nay dffdc danh gia kha cao trong
nhieu linh vffc lam viec. Phan ldn ngffdi di lam lao
dpng phd thdng cd hoan canh gia dinh khong co
dieu kien tie'p tuc di hpc nang cao trinh dp hoac
ban che trinh dp van hda, gia canh khd khan. So
khac, xua't than tff cae nganh nghe "cha truyen,
con ndi" mudn thff sffc "vffdn ra bien ldn" vdi may
mdc, cdng nghe.

<i>Thd ndm, ye'u to' "Ky nang". Diem manh ciia </i>

lao ddng phd thdng la ky nang sdng thffc te. Ho co
vd'n sdng trai nghiem quen giai quye^t van de khi
thieu thdn sff hd trd cac cdng cu may mdc, nen van
dung tai tri, xff ly eac tinh hud'ng dffa tren kinh
nghiem ban than. Tuy nhien, ban che^ ky nang doi
vdi lao dpng phd thdng la kie^n thffc xff ly tinh
hudng, kha nang giao tiep chffa kheo leo, ban che
ky nang van hanh thiet hi hien dai cd yeu td tieng
nffdc ngoai, can tang sff ttf tin cho ngffdi lao dpng
de hp quen di thdi quen, mac cam phong tuc viing
mien, chinh la nhffng lo lang cua hp ve viec lara
sao de dang thich ffng dffdc vdi cupe sd'ng thanh
phd' nang dpng.

<i>Thii sdu, yeu td "Phuc ldi". Theo PGS.TS. Tran </i>

Kira Dung (2013), phuc ldi the hien sff quan tam
cua doanh nghiep den ddi sdng cua ngffdi lao
dpng, cd tac dung kich thich nhan vien trung thanh,
gan bd vdi doanh nghiep. Phuc ldi cua doanh
nghiep gdm cd: Bao hiera xa hdi va bao hiemy
te; hifu tri; nghi phep, le; an trffa do doanh nghiep
dai thp; trd cap cua doanh nghiep cho cac nhan
vien ddng con hoac cd hoan canh khd khan; qua
tang cua doanh nghiep cho nhan vien vao cac dip
<b>sinh nhat, cffdi hdi, mffng thp cha me nhan vien • </b>

<b>TAI LIEU THAM KHAO: </b>

<i>1. Nien gidm Cue Thdng ke Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh ndm 2016 vd tinh todn cua Trung tdm Du bdo nhu cdu nhdn </i>

<i>luc vd Thong tin thi trudng lao dong TP. Ho Chi Minh. </i>

<i>2. Thac SI Ddo Thdn Chinh (DH Kinh te'TP. HCM 2017), Ludn vdn"Nghien cUu cdc nhdn tddnh hudng den y dinh </i>
<i>nghi viec cHa cong nhdn trong cdc nhd mdy sdn xudt bao bi nhua tgi khu vUc thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh ". </i>

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<b>QUAN TRj - QUAN LY </b>

<i>3. TS. Nguyin Vdn Thanh Trudng, DH Cdng nghiep TP. HCMvd Thac sTLe Thi Vinh, Hoi Lien hiep Phu nit qudn </i>
<i>Go Vdp (2017), Ludn vdn "Cdc nhdn td dnh hudng den Idng trung thdnh cua lao ddng giup viec nhd tren dia bdn </i>
<i>TP.HCM". </i>

<i>4. Trung tdm Du bdo nhu cdu nhdn luc vd Thong tin thi trUdng lao dong - Sd Lao ddng vd Thuang binh Xd hoi </i>
<i>TP Ho Chi Minh trong 9 thdng dau ndm 2018. </i>

<b>Ngay nhSn bai: 13/9/2018 </b>

<b>Ngay phan bien danh gia va sufa chffa: 23/9/2018 </b>

<b>Ngay chafp nhSn dang bai: 3/10/2018 </b>

<i>Thong tin tdc gid: </i>

<b>ThS. LE THI VINH </b>

<b>Hoi Lien hi§p Phu nff quSn Go Vap, TP. HCM </b>

<b>IMPLICATIONS THAT IMPACT ON THE STABILIZATION </b>

<b>OF HO CHI MINH CITY'S UNSKILLED LABOUR MARKET, </b>

<b>CONTRIBUTING TO THE CITY'S ECONOMIC GROWTH </b>

<b>AND SLOVING SOCIAL ISSUES OF THE CITY </b>

<b>• LE THI VINH </b>

Vietnam's Women Union of Go Vap District, Ho Chi IVlinh City

<b>ABSTRACT: </b>

Ho Chi Minh City is a special city which is considered as the nation's hub of economics,
education, culture, science and technology, the central of international exchange and
integration with high level of attraction and spillover in the Southern major economic zone. The
city also holds a crucial position in politics, economy and society of Vietnara. The variety and
toughness of unskilled labours works can not be denied. Labours with their practical
experiences, good capacity and professionals such as electricians, builders and blue-collar
workers have noticeably contributed to the socio-economic development. However, the
fluctuation of Ho Chi Minh City's unskilled labour market has posed some risks. This paper is
to study impheations that impact on the stabihzation of Ho Chi Minh City's unskilled workers to
slove social issues of the city, contributing to the city's economic growth.

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