Phương thức dịch được áp dụng trong dịch anh việt các thuật ngữ kinh tế học vĩ mô

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

GRADUATION PAPER

TRANSLATION PROCEDURES APPLIED IN
ENGLISH – VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF
MACROECONOMIC TERMINOLOGIES

Supervisor: Tran Thu Ha, MA
Student:

Nguyen Tuan Minh
QH2010

Hanoi, May 2014


ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ
KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH
KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

PHƯƠNG THỨC DỊCH ĐƯỢC ÁP DỤNG TRONG
DỊCH ANH – VIỆT CÁC THUẬT NGỮ
KINH TẾ HỌC VĨ MÔ

Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Th.S. Trần Thu Hà
Sinh viên:

Nguyễn Tuấn Minh

Khoá:

QH2010

HÀ NỘI – NĂM 2014


DECLARATION
I hereby state that I: Nguyen Tuan Minh, QH2010.F1.E21, being a candidate
for the degree of Bachelor of Arts(TEFL) accept the requirements of the College
relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the
library.
In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the
library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance
with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or
reproduction of the paper.
Hanoi, 2014

Nguyen Tuan Minh


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my
supervisor, Tran Thu Ha, MA for her sound guidance, valuable comments and
continuous encouragement right from the beginning to the end of this study . Without
her help, this paper would not have been completed.
My sincere thanks also go to my classmates and friends who have provided
enormous encouragement and enthusiastic help in giving comments and shar ing

materials during the process of completing this paper.
Finally, I would also like to express my special thanks to my family and my
roommates for their endless support throughout the development of this paper.

i


ABSTRACT
Economic knowledge in general and macroeconomic knowledge in particular
has become popular and so the translation of the terminologies in these fields. This
paper tries to research the translation procedures applied in English – Vietnamese
translation of macroeconomic terms in the 5 th and 7 th editions of the book called
“Macroeconomics” by N.Gregory Mankiw basing on the translation theory of
Newmark. This paper hopes to point out what procedures are applied and what is the
most dominating one.
First, this study provides some theoretical review of translation and translation
procedures to function as the basis for the study. The translation procedures proposed
by Newmark (1988) have been chosen for the analysis of application. Applying
qualitative and quantitative for 252 terms selected, the researcher finds out that 11
translation procedures are utilized. They are literal translation, naturalization, through
translation, transposition, synonym, recognized translation, componential analysis,
paraphrase, transference, modulation, and couplets. The most dominating procedure
is through translation.
Although there remain some limitations, the researcher hopes that this paper
will be useful for students and translators in dealing with macroeconomic terms.

ii


LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Page
Table 3.2.1. Quantity of translation procedures in English –
Vietnamese translation of macroeconomic terms

32

Table 3.2.2. Translation procedures employed in couplets in English
– Vietnamese translation of macroeconomic terms (Couplets

34

analysis)
Figure 3.2.1. Percentage of procedures applied in EnglishVietnamese translation of macroeconomic terms
Figure 3.2.2. Procedures used in couplets

33

35

iii


TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TALBES AND FIGURE...................................................................................... iii
TABLES OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………iv
PART 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………

1

1.1. Statement of problem and rationale……………………………………………… 1
1.2. Aims and Objectives ........................................................................................................ 3
1.3. Scope of the study............................................................................................................. 3
1.4. Significance of the study…………………………………………………………..4
1.5. Research questions ........................................................................................................... 5
PART 2: DEVELOPMENT................................................................................................. 6
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………5
1.1. Translation theory…………………………………………………………………5
1.1.1. Definition of translation…………………………………………………………5
2.1.2. Translation procedures…………………………………………………………9
1.2. An overiew of terminology………………………………………………………14
1.2.1. Definition of terminology ...........................................................................................17
1.2.2. Characteristics of terminology ..................................................................................17
CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOG Y ..........................................................20
2.1. Selection of samples.......................................................................................................20

iv


2.2. Procedures of data collection ........................................................................................20
2.3. Procedures of data analysis ...........................................................................................20
2.3.1 Qualitative method .......................................................................................................21
2.3.2 Quantitative method .....................................................................................................21
CHAPTER 3: RESULT AND DISCUSSION................................................................23
3.1. Data analysis....................................................................................................................23
3.2. Findings…………………………………………………………………………..31
3.3. Further discussion...........................................................................................................36
3.4. Suggestions for translation of macroeconomic terms ................................................39

PART 3 : CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................41
3.1. Overview of the study.....................................................................................................41
3.2. Limitations of the study..................................................................................................42
3.3. Suggestions for further research ...................................................................................42
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................44
APPENDIX.............................................................................................................................45

v


PART 1
INTRODUCTION
In this part, the rationale for the selection of macroeconomic terms to be the
object for analysis will be first presented followed by the purposes and scope of the
study. Finally, two research questions will also be presented.
1.1. Statement of problem and rationale
The world is now witnessing changes in almost all aspects for every second
passing. Technology is making enormous breakthroughs, which never seems to expose
any limits opening chances for bringing the world much more closely. Moreover, the
open and cooperative policies dominating leads to an interdependent world and also
the flow of people, economic resources, and cultural trends constantly move from one
country to another. However, different languages are the most common barriers that
people have to overcome to successfully integrate into an intercultural environment.
That situation creates great chances for the translation to have a pivotal stand and to
exhibit its power.
Perhaps, one of the most popular topics discussed on a regular basis nowadays
around the world is the economy ranging from the domestic, foreign to global one.
How is the domestic price of goods and services changing now and in the future? How
many workers are in the state of unemployment? What are the possible effects of
global financial market crash that can affect the domestic economy, to what extend and

by what mechanisms? Whether the gross domestic product can experience a
sustainable growth in the long run? What should be the appropriate policy response of
the government under different circumstances of economic situations? The above
questions are just some of the many common questions asked and discussed about the
economy in general. That is why it is reasonable to say there is a serious necessity to
have knowledge about the economy so that as members of the ever changing world,

1


people would not be left behind when economic knowledge is becoming a common
sense.
Today, at almost all business schools and university of economics or economic
courses, the microeconomic and macroeconomic areas are often first brought into the
curriculum. They tend to be the very beginning courses that set the prerequisite for
many others that follows. Microeconomics covers the area of the behaviors of firms
and individuals through prices. Moreover, what factors cause the changes in the supply
and demand of a particular goods or service, which will lead to the change in the
price? That means, this economic area studies the economy on the small or micro
level. In contrast, the macroeconomics explores the economy as a whole and a general
body with some typical variables such as the gross domestic product (known as GDP),
the fluctuation of the price level of goods and services in general or the inflation rate,
the unemployment in the economy and so forth. That is to say macroeconomics is one
of the two most important aspects of economics. In Vietnam, books in those courses
are introduced with terminologies either in English and Vietnamese, but mostly in
Vietnamese. Also, the economic information on the media is full of economic terms
that readers of all ages and levels can come across, which means that macroeconomic
terms have a greater frequency of presence than microeconomic ones. That also means
a greater chance for translation to take place and deal with these terminologies in
academic and non-academic environments.

Translation is a complex task requiring the combination of knowledge from
many areas. In each area, translators need to understand what they are conveying from
one language to another, especially when they encounter technical terms. It is when
they have to stop and read more about unfamiliar terminologies so that they can make
sure the accuracy of what is translated as much as possible.
Economics has been introduced into Vietnam for long. Macroeconomic terms
have been very similar for those who are concerned and work in economic areas and
also for translators who are dealing with the words and messages in economic

2


documents in projects, news and books. Vietnam has never been considered the c radle
of economics without any important economic theories widely recognized. The
economic knowledge has been “imported” to Vietnam and after the work of
translation, people simply accept and utilize the terms without questions. There are a
lot of studies that explore similar issues such as studies about terminologies in
taxations, in finance and banking, in international finance and so on. However they
ignore what is considered to be present and obvious and what is regarded as the
prerequisite. The translation of macroeconomic terms should be carefully reviewed
and explored to better understand the nature of the macroeconomic terminology
translation.
These above reasons set the basis for the study “The English – Vietnamese
Translation of Macroeconomic Terminologies” to be chosen as the researcher’s thesis
for graduation with the expectation that this paper will help to give a deeper insight
into what has been ignored so far in the translation of one of the most important areas
in economics. It will not only help the translators but also relating readers who are
concerned with these terminologies and students, especially economic and linguistic
ones.
1.2. Aims and objectives

This paper has some purposes that have been thoroughly chosen to be
appropriate with the research question. First of all, this study is conducted to find out
and

analyze

the

translation procedures

used in translating macroeconomic

terminologies from English into Vietnamese. Second, this paper will examine the most
and the least dominating procedures applied when translating macroeconomic terms
from English to Vietnamese. Finally, to give some suggestions when encountering
macroeconomic terms in English – Vietnamese translation is also an important
objective of this study.
1.3. Scope of the study

3


Due to time limitation resources shortage and the length of this study, the
researcher only focuses on the typical terms mentioned in the book “Macroeconomics”
(5th and 7 th Editions) by N. Gregory Mankiw. Because there are awful lots of terms
appearing in the books, so not all of the macroeconomic terms in general but only
terms with high frequency of presence will be chosen. These terms are later classified
into sub-categories for further analysis.
1.4. Significance of the study
Translators often have difficulties in dealing with terms that are technical

because these terminologies are almost new to them. Translators may have the idea
what the equivalent is, but do not understand what the term exactly means. That is to
say, vocabulary is always one of the most frequent challenges facing translators and
interpreters when doing their jobs. That is why this study hopes to deal with technical
terms in translation and expects to help the unfamiliar translators and students to
broaden their spans of knowledge into macroeconomics. It will serve as the first step
for those who have not translated the terms before or the students who just read
macroeconomic books in English and wish to find Vietnamese equivalents. That useful
help will save a lot of time and energy searching and finding equivalents because this
study can be considered a source of references of vocabulary in translation when
translators do their job in the areas of macroeconomics terms in news, economic
magazines and journals. Also, the study of English – Vietnamese translation of
macroeconomic terms is expected to help those who wants to deeply examine the
translated meanings of these terms to see whether they are fully and suitably rendered
or not and, if possible, to see what nature of these terms is and whether there is
something beyond what have already been translated. Further more, the research can
be referred to by those who would like to translate or re-translate the government
policies in macroeconomics for a better and fresher version or translating
macroeconomic reports from international and independent organizations for useful

4


information for domestic policy makers, economists and the government to review
their performances if necessary.
1. 5. Research questions
The study is formulated to explore the answers for the following questions:
1. What are translation procedures applied in English- Vietnamese translation
of macroeconomic terminologies?
2. What are the most and least dominating procedures when translating

macroeconomic terms from English to Vietnamese?
The answers to the two research question will be highly applicable and useful
for translators of macroeconomic terms to consider during the course of rendering
terms between languages. The first question will be useful to set the range in which
translators can find refer to when encountering macroeconomic terms. Among many
translation procedures available, all the possible procedures with high degree of
appropriateness will be revealed to form the range. And the solution to the second
question will provide help to find the focus of the range that is previously set. In other
words, with this paper, the translator is able to find enormous support while doing the
translation of macroeconomic terms.
In conclusion, it is essential to have some knowledge about economics in the
time of globalization with economic information everywhere. Also it is necessary to
invest time and energy to conduct the analysis of macroeconomic terms as a means of
acquiring economic knowledge as well as making a source of terms to refer to when
necessary. This paper’s main purpose is to conduct thorough analysis about procedures
in translating macroeconomic terms to find out the most dominating one and then to
provide some suggestions for translators in dealing with macroeconomic terms by
finding the answers to the two research questions of what are the procedures and
which ones have the highest and lowest frequency.

5


PART 2
DEVELOPMENT
In this part, the researcher will present in details the theoretical basis for the
analysis of translation procedures applied in the translation of macroeconomic terms.
After that, some scientific methods utilized in the course of analysis will also be
presented and followed by the results of the analysis and some discussions.

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter, some academic theories in translation will be reviewed followed
by the literature on terminology to function as the basis for the study.
1.1. Translation theory
1.1.1. Definition of translation
Translation can be either a product or a process. In the former concept of
product, translation is considered the text that has been translated. The other view,
which seems more commonplace, is that translation is a process of translating or the
activity of translating. The second point of view on translation as a process is going to
be discussed in details. Translation can also be spoken or written. In the spoken form,
translation is called interpretation or spoken – spoken translation and with written
form, translation is called translation or written – written translation and some other
forms in between such as spoken – written, sight translation or written – spoken
translation. Here, the written – written form or simply called translation will be
utilized for discussion in this study.
Newmark (1988, p.5) in his work “A Textbook of Translation” defines that
translation is “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in a way that the
author intended the text”. It means that the process of translating is to express or
present the intended meaning of the source language by the author in the target
6


language. He also admits that the process can be complicated because to transfer the
meaning intended in the way of the author from one language to another, the translator
has to pretend to be someone else.
Another definition is proposed by Dubois is “Translation is the expression in
another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source
language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence.” (Dubois, cited in Le &
Nguyen 2008). This definition is almost the same as the previous one by Newmark but
more details in the way that the intention of the author is specified by the equivalence

of style and semantic meaning.
Hartman and Stork consider translation “the replacement of a representation of
a text in one language by an equivalent text in a second language”(Hartman and Stork,
cited in Le & Nguyen 2008). This one is probably the most general one because the
content of translation process is almost the same as what has been proposed in the two
mentioned concepts but what is “equivalent text” is not clearly stated and therefore,
somehow general compared to the second definition by Dubois.
Larson also views translation as a process but presents it in a much more
detailed level. He explains the process in three sub-processes. According to Larson,
the first step to deal with a text is do research on the source text in terms of linguistic
co-text elements and context (lexicon, grammar structure, communication situation
and cultural context). The next step is to analyze the elements to absorb its meaning. It
is followed by the final process when the translator reconstructs the meaning found in
the second step using appropriate words and grammatical structures in the target
language. (Larson, cited in Le & Nguyen 2008)
In general, the authors’ insignificant difference can be found in the degree of
details that each definition presents. However, they reach some degree of unanimity
that translation is viewed as the process of re-expressing an original text, source text,
in another text in a second language so that the meaning is equivalently and originally

7


retained or preserved. The purpose of translation is to produce another text in another
language so that the text can be readable to a wider rage of readers.
1.1.2. Translation procedures
Before each translation procedure is presented and discussed in details, it is
necessary to understand and distinguish key concepts such as translation methods,
translation strategies that often confuse people.
Various definitions of translation strategy are available from scholars in

translation study. Krings (cited in Ordudari 2007) considers translation strategy
“translator's potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in
the framework of a concrete translation task”. Venuti (1998, p.240) indicates that
translation strategies “involve the basic tasks of choosing the foreign text to be
translated and developing a method to translate it.” In his concept of translation
strategies, he mentions domestication and foreignization as two approaches employed
by translators when dealing with a translation task.
According to Banjar (2011), in his lecture on translation strategies, the global
strategy is the general strategy the translator employed to deal with the text while the
local strategy is the specific strategy for smaller parts of text such as words,
grammatical constructions and idioms. And the global strategy is called translation
method and the local one is called translation procedures. In this definition, the
distinction between translation strategy, translation procedure and method is obvious.
Translation method and translation procedure are the components of translation
strategies. The difference between method and procedure can be found in the scale
(global or local) that they can be applied. Newmark (1988, p.81) also distinguishes
between translation method and translation procedure in that “while translation
methods relate to the whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the
smaller units of language”.
Vinay and Darbelnet with the proposal of some translation procedures in their
translation model are mentioned by Munday (2001, pp.56-9). in his book “Introducing
8


Translation Studies”. In their opinion, there are two strategies applied in translation:
direct or literal procedure and oblique procedure. Direct strategy is employed when the
meaning of the target text can be transferred without disturbing its conceptual and
structural features. Direct strategy includes borrowing, calque and literal translation.
On the other hand, oblique strategy can be applied when the conceptual and structural
of the source text can not be directly translated without changing the meaning or

upsetting grammatical and stylistic elements of the target language. Oblique
procedures consist of transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation.
Among a variety of translation procedures presented, those proposed by
Newmark in his book “A Textbook of Translation” may be considered one of the most
popular with a high degree of application. The researcher has decided to adopt
Newmark’s translation procedures to serve as the theoretical basis for analyzing the
translation procedures applied to translate macroeconomic terms.
1.1.2.1. Literal translation
Literal or word-for-word translation is defined as one but where the translator
has not needed to make any changes other than those that are obviously required by
the target language. In other words, the translator simply render the word from the
target language into the target language because it is simply equivalent both culturally
and meaningfully. Some representative examples of literal translation are presented
below.
No.

English term

Vietnamese equivalent

Translation procedure

1

Real

Thực tế

Literal translation

2

Production

Sản xuất

Literal translation

3

Net

Ròng/Thuần

Literal translation

1.1.2.2. Transference
In this procedure, the no translation actually takes place when the source
language word is directly taken into the target language. In other words, the word in
9


the translated version remains its original form, which is the same as it is in the
original text. This procedure is dominantly applied in translating proper names of
newspaper, geographical locations, street names, etc.
The advantage of transference is that it can retain the local taste of the words or
the stylistic effect will be created through keeping the same original words. Another
reason for applying this procedure that appears rather passive is that there is no
equivalent in the target language to make the replacements, which means borrowing
the words to the target language. Some examples are presented below.

Vietnamese

No.

English term

1

Blog

Blog

Transference

2

Internet

Internet

Transference

3

New York

New York

Transference

4

Laptop

Laptop

Transference

equivalent

Translation procedure

1.1.2.3. Naturalization
In naturalization, the source language word is adapted to the target language in
terms of pronunciation and morphology. It is a special form of borrowing. While the
transference keeps the same pronunciation and morphology of the original words,
naturalization makes the source language words more “natural”, which is to naturalize,
to the target language pronunciation and morphology system. Sometimes, the
borrowed words are too “natural” or “familiar” to the native speakers that they are not
able to tell whether the word is native or borrowed. Both the spoken and written forms
of the words are now readable and understandable for the native speakers. Some
illustrations are presented below.

10


Vietnamese

No.

English term

1

Coffee

Cà phê

Naturalization

2

Canoe

Ca nô

Naturalization

3

Internet

In – tơ – nét

Naturalization

equivalent

Translation procedure

1.1.2.4. Through translation
When a word or phrase in the target language is literally translated into the
target language, through translation procedure has been applied. The words are
rendered literally into the target language with some structural changes or adaptations
so that the translated version sounds reasonable in the target language. Some other
names of this translation procedure can be named as calque or loan translation by other
translation theorists. Through translation is advised to apply to translate the names of
organizations or already recognized terms.
Translation

No.

English term

Vietnamese equivalent

1

Gross national product

Tổng sản phẩm quốc dân

Through translation

Tổ chức Thương mại Thế giới

Through translation

Lãi suất thực tế

Through translation

2
3

World Trade
Organization
Real interest rate

procedure

1.1.2.5. Transposition
Shift or transposition involves a change in the grammar or part of speech in the
process of rendering from the source language to the target language. It means that
replacing one part of speech by another without disturbing the meaning the original
word. More specifically, for example, the verb in the source language can be come a
noun in the target language or vice versa. Or in other cases, a plural noun can be

11


rendered into a singular noun, etc. The situation is made clear with the following
examples.
Vietnamese

Translation

equivalent

procedure

After her return

Sau khi cô ấy trở về

Transposition

Help will come

Sẽ có người tới giúp

Transposition

Tiêu hao tư bản cố định

Transposition

No.

English term

1
2

Consumption of fixed

3

capital

1.1.2.6. Modulation
Modulation means a variation in the message resulted from the change in the
point of view. The perspective of the translator changes during the process of
rendering the message from the source language to the target language to meet the
normal and natural standard expressions of the target language.

Some popular

methods of forming modulation can be named as negation of the opposite or active –
passive change, etc. Some examples presented below will further illustrate the
procedure.

Translation

No.

English term

Vietnamese equivalent

1

Flawless

Hoàn hảo

Modulation

2

Undoubtedly

Chắc chắn

Modulation

3

Did not deny

Thừa nhận

Modulation

procedure

1.1.2.7. Cultural equivalent

12


Cultural equivalent translation procedure refers to the case when a source
language word is translated by using a target language cultural word equivalent to it.
In other words, the word in the source language text and its translation in the target
language text have the same effect on readers and hearers of that language.
No.

English term

Vietnamese equivalent

Translation procedure

1

A quarter mile

Khoảng 400 mét

Cultural equivalent

2

Dragon

Rồng

Cultural equivalent

3

Gallon

Lít

Cultural equivalent

1.1.2.8. Functional equivalent
In functional equivalent translation procedure, a cultural source language word
is translated into a target language word, which is non-cultural or culture-free.

No.

English term

Vietnamese equivalent

Translation procedure

1

The Pentagon

Bộ Quốc Phòng Mỹ

Functional equivalent

2

The White House

Chính phủ Mỹ

Functional equivalent

Bộ trưởng bộ tài chính

Functional equivalent

3

The

secretary

finance

of

1.1.2.9. Descriptive equivalent
When using descriptive equivalence, the translator uses several words in the
target language to explain a single word or an expression in the source language. This
procedure is often used when dealing with cultural words for the purpose of
compensating for the lack of an equivalent term in the target language. The descriptive
word is often much longer than the source language word.
For example, “Barbecue” is translated into “Bữa tiệc ngoài trời, đồ ăn thường
được nướng trên bếp đặt ngoài trời” (Le & Nguyen, 2008). In this example, barbecue

13


is rendered into Vietnamese by using sequence of words, which is much longer so that
the term can be fully understood and retains its original meaning. The conciseness is
sacrificed for the meaning.
1.1.2.10. Synonym
Synonym procedure is applied when there is no one-to-one equivalence for the
word which is not important in the text. However, when literal translation is not
applied, the translator shouldn’t use synonym. Abusing this procedure may result in
poor translation.
No.

English term

Vietnamese equivalent

Translation procedure

1

Animal spirits

Bản năng

Synonym

Tiền công lao động

Synonym

(Trạng thái )Dừng

Synonym

Compensation of

2

employees

3

Steady (State)

1.1.2.11. Recognized translation
When the any translation is recognized widely but the translator doesn’t agree,
he/she should not use his translation because people are got used to with those words
for a long time, therefore, the translator should use the familiar word to not cause
confusion.
This translation procedure seems too personal. For a person who has to do the
translation analysis as a researcher, it is almost impossible to know the translator
agrees with the recognized terms or not but to directly interview the translator. For
example, when rendering the word “inflation”, the translator does not agree with the
current and popular equivalent, which is “lạm phát”. However, he still utilizes this
equivalent because he does not wish to make confusions to readers and continue to use
“lạm phát” as the majority of people. It is possible to say that he has applied
recognized translation.
1.1.2.12. Compensation
14


When the information is lost in a sentence, it can be added in another sentence
to compensate for what is lost. This procedure, perhaps, is more suitable to apply to
the translation of text or sentences rather than terms, which can be a single word or a
combination of a few words. There is no way people can make compensation for a
term.
1.1.2.13. Componential analysis
The word is divided into its sub-components which are meaningful. The term in
the source language is one word only while the term in the target language can be two,
three or four, etc. words. Componential analysis focuses only on the message and it
skips cultural issues. The following tables will illustrate the procedure.

No.

English term

Vietnamese equivalent

Translation procedure

1

Macroeconomics

Kinh tế học vĩ mô

Componential analysis

2

Hyperinflation

Siêu lạm phát

Componential analysis

3

Macroeconometrics

Kinh tế lượng vĩ mô

Componential analysis

1.1.2.14. Reduction and Expansion
The procedure is based on the original text when the translator wants to add or
to reduce some necessary or unsuitable information. An example of reduction is the
translation of “Science linguistique” (French) into “Linguistics” (English). “Science”
is omitted and the term in English now has only one word instead of two as the
original term in French.
1.1.2.15. Paraphrase
The translator can explain further meaning of a term so that the important
meaning is kept. In the translation of “Indirect business tax” into “Thuế gián thu”,
paraphrase procedure is applied when “Indirect” (Gián tiếp) is paraphrase into
“Indirect collection” (Gián thu)
1.1.2.16. Translation label
15


When the translator encounters an institutional terms, they can add some
information in inverted commas. Then, in the later text, it can be removed. It is a form
of adding more information so that the readers can be clear what they are reading. The
institutional term can be the name of a new organization, which many people might
not have heard of it before. Once again, this translation procedure seems more
appropriate to be applied to translate texts or sentences rather than terms.
1.1.2.17. Couplets
When two or more translation procedures are applied simultaneously to
translate a single source language word, then couplets is adopted. Some examples of
couplets are presented in the following table.

No.

English term

1

GDP deflator

2

Real GDP

3

Indirect business
tax

Vietnamese

Translation

equivalent

procedure

Chỉ số điều
chỉnh GDP

Couplets

GDP thực tế

Couplets

Thuế gián thu

Couplets

Note
Paraphrase + Transference

Literal translation +
Transference
Literal translation +
Reduction & Expansion

In conclusion, there are quite many translation procedures available for
translators to choose from. Each procedure with its peculiar features will fit a word or
a term but may be unfit for others and some will be more appropriate than other in a
certain situation.

The translation procedures appropriate for translating terms will

include: literal translation, transference, naturalization, through translation,
transposition, modulation, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive

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equivalent, synonym, recognized translation, componential analysis, reduction and
expansion, paraphrase, and couplets.

1.2. An overview of terminology
1.2.1. Definition of terminology
According to Hornby (2006, p.1526) in the seventh edition of the Oxford
Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (International Student Edition), term is defined as “a
word or phrase used as the name of something, especially one connected with a
particular type of language”. Nguyen Thien Giap (cited Bui 2013) coins terms are the
exact names of various concepts in the technical fields. Baker (cited in Bui 2013)
distinguishes terms with other words in that terms have special forms of reference to
identify conceptual entities, properties, activities or relations in a particular field.
The above definitions have reach an agreement on the content of what
terminology is in that term is the name given to an object belonging to the conceptual
world to identify it in a particular profession.
1.2.2. Characteristics of terminology
According to Do Huu Chau (cited in Khuat 2012), a terminology has some
characteristics such as accuracy, systematicality, internationality, popularity and
nationality. The above features of term are discussed in details below.
Accuracy
A term must be clear and exact in its form and meaning in order not to make
readers confused or misunderstand. From that standard base, polysemy and synonym
should not be found in a term. Regarding the semantics of terms, the meaning of a
term must be constant and uniformed regardless of the contexts.
Systematicality
The semantic value of terms is indicated in its relations to other terms in the
same field. If a person is unable to locate what field the term belongs, he (she) may
have an awful lot of difficulties with numerous confusions in interpretation process of

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