Xây dựng chương trình quản lý đề thi trắc nghiệm

..

TRU'ONG DAI HOC AN GIANG
KHOA KY THUAT • CONG NGHE - MOI TRU^NG

NGUYN VAN VU
KHOA LUAN T6T NGHIEP DAI HOC NGANH Cl> NHAN TIN HQC

XAY DLFNG CHU'aNG TRlNH
QUAN LYDE THI TRAC NGHIEM
^l HQC

AN GIANG

THI/VIEN
GV. hiF^ng din:
ThS. Le Thj Minh Nguyet

An Giang, 5/2008


Xdy dt^ng Chucmg trinh Quart ly Be thi trac nghi^m

LC^CAMOfN
Em xin chart thanh cam cm quy Thdy Co trong Khoa Ky thuqt - Cong nghe Moi trudng da tan tlnh gidng day, trang hi cho em nhung kien thtic quy bdu
trong nhiing ndm hoc vita qua.
Xin gin lai cam cm chdn thanh den gia dinh, Ba Me vd be ban vi da luon Id
nguon dqng vien to l&n, giiip da em vuat qua nhiing kho khan trong suot qua
trinh lam viec.
Chung em xin chdn thanh cam an Khoa Ky thudt - Cong nghe - Moi trudng
vd Trung tarn Tin hoc Trudng Dpi hoc An Giang da tqo dieu kien thudn lai cho

em hoc tap vd thuc hien de tdi tot nghiep nay.
Chung em xin bay to long biet an sdu sac den co Le Thi Minh Nguyet da
tan tinh hudng dan, chi bdo em trong qua trinh thuc hien de tdi.
Mac dii da co gang hodn thanh khoa ludn trong p>hqm vi vd khd ndng cho
phep nhung chdc chan se khong trdnh khoi nhung thieu sot. Em rat mong nhdn
dupe su thong cam, gop y vd tan tinh chi bdo ciia quy Thdy Co vd ede ban.

An Giang, thang 05 nam 2008
Sinh vien thirc hi^n
Nguyin Van Vu


Xdy dimg Chucmg trinh Qudn ly Be thi trac nghi^m

MUC LUC
PHANMOdAU1
I.Tgngquan1
II.Muc dich, dgi tupmg vd pham vi nghien ciiu1
III.Scr lupc ve ling dung1

1.Mpt s6 khdi nipm:1
2.Gioi thieu scr lupc quy trinh lam vipc cua he th6ng:2

PHLAN NQl DUNG3
Chuwng 1. CO Sd LY THUY^T3
I.Nghien ciiu I^ thuyet trie nghiem3
1.T6ng quan ye trie nghiem khdch quan3
1.1.Luan d6 va Trie nghiem khach quan3

1.2.Nhung trubng hop dimg trie nghiem4

2.Tinh tin cay va tinh gid tri cua bai trac nghiem5
2.1.Tinh tin cay (Reliability)5
2.2.Tinh gia tri (Validity)5
2.3.M6i li^n he gitia tinh tin cay va tinh gia tri6
3.Quy hoach mpt bai trac nghi^m6
3.1.Xdc dinh muc tieu bai trie nghiem (Muc dich trie nghiem)6
3.1.1.Cac dac diem cua muc tieu6
3.1.2.Cac muc d^ cua muc tieu nhan thiic ciia Bloom:6
3.2.Phan tich noi dung mon hoc7

3.3.Thiit ki dan bai trie nghiem8
3.4.S6 cau hoi trong bai trie n^hi^m8
3.5.Miic do kh6 cua cac cdu trac nghiem9

4.Cac hinh thiic cau trie nghiem9
4.1.Cau trie nghiem Bung-Sai (True-False question)9

4.2.Cau trie nghiem da lira chpn (multiple choice question)10
4.3.Cau trie nghiem doi chieu cap doi (matching question)11
4.4.Cau trie nghiem dign khuygt (filling question)12
5.Phan tich cau trac nghiem,12

5.1.Bo kh6 cua cau trie nghiem (difficulty index)13
5.1.i.C6ng thiic tinh dp kho..13
5.1.2. B$ kh6 vira phai cau trie nghiem13
5.2.Bp phdn each ciia cau trac nghiem (discrimination index)14
5.2.1.Bjnh nghTa dp phan edeh cua cau trie nghiem14
5.2.2.Cac phuomg phdp tinh dp phan each14

6.Bp tin cay ciia bai trie nghiem16

6.i Bjnh nghla dp tin cay16
6.2. Cac phuomg phdp tinh dp tin cay cua bai trie nghiem16
6.2.1.Trie nghiem hailin (test-retest)16
6.2.2.Cac dang trie nghiem tucng ducmg (equivalent forms)17
6.2.3Phucmg phdp phan doi bai trie nghiem (split halves method)17
6.2.4Cong thiic Kuder - Richardson19

2.6.3 Kit luan ttr dp tin cay21
II.So lupc vg ngon ngu: mo hinh hoa hpp nhit UML (Unified Modeling Language)21
1. T6ng quan ve UML21
1.1. UML la gi?21


Xay dymg Chucrng trinh Quart ly Be thi trdc nghii>m

1.2.Cac bi6u d6 (Diagrams) trong UML:21
1.3.Kien true cua he th6ng22

1.4.Bi6u de Use Case (Use Case diagram):23
1.4.1.Muc dich ciia bilu d6 Use Case:23
1.4.2.Cac kyhieuco ban:23

1.5.Bi6ud&lop:23
1.5.1.Cac khdi niem:...23
1.5.2.Cac kyhieuco ban:24
1.6.Bi6ud6tuantu:25
1.6.1.Mucdichkythuat:25
1.6.2.Cac ky hi?u:25

III. M6i tnrong phat tri6n:26

1. Tim higuki6ntruc.NET Framework26

2.Ng6nngtrC#27
3. Microsoft SQL Server 2000:27
Chmmg 2. PHAN TICH YEU CAU28
I.Phantichhientrang:28
II.Xac djnh yeu dm:".28
1.Yeu cau chiic nang:28
2.Yeucduphichiicnang:29

III.Phucmg phap thtrc hien:29
ChirI.Luoc do Use Case:30
II.Dae ta Use Case:32
1.Dae ta Use Case Dang nhap:32
2.Dae ta Use Case QL Nguoi dung:32
3.Dae ta use case QL Chu de:34
4.Dae ta Use Case QL Muc tieu:35

5.Dae ta Use Case QL Cau hoi:37
6.D5c ta Use Case QL Ky thi:38
7.Dae ta Use Case QL De thi:38
8.Dae ta Use Case QL Nhom:40
9.Dae ta Use Case Soan cau hoi:40
10.Dae ta Use Case Tim cau hoi:42
11.Dae td Use Case Xoa cau hoi:43
12.Dae ta Use Case Cap nhat cau hoi:43

13.Dae ta Use Case Soan de thi:43
14.Dae ta Use Case Tim de thi:46

15.Dae ta Use Case Xoa de thi:46
16.Dae ta Use Case Cap nhat de thi:47
17.Dae ta Use Case Danh gia cau hoi:49

18.Dae ta Use Case Danh gia de thi:49
19.Dae ta Use Case Duyet cau hoi:50

II. So d6 lop:51

ChuwngfTHIETKE52
I.So d6 lop d6i tmyng chi ti6t:52
II.Hien thtrc hoa Use Case:53
1.Use Case Dang nhap:53

2.Use Case QL Nguoi dung:54


Xay di^ng Chuang trinh Quan ly Be thi trac nghi^m
3.Use Case QL cauhoi:56
4.Use Case Soan cau hoi:57
5.Use Case Xoa cau hoi:58
6.Use Case Cap nhat cau hoi:59
7.Use Case Soan de thi:60
8.Use Case Xoa de thi:62

9.Use Case Cap nhat de thi:63
III.Unit kg ca so dtt lieu:64
IV.Thiit kg giao dien:68
1.Thi^t k6 menu:68
2.Thiet m^t s6 form:71

Chirong 5. CAI DAT75

PHANT6NGKET80
I.Kit qua dat dircrc80

II.Huong phat trien80
Tai lieu tham khao81
PhuLuc82


Xay dtmg Chucmg trinh Quart ly Be thi trac nghi^m

DANH SACH CAC HINH
Hinh 1. Kign true he th6ng cua UML22
Hinh 2. Kien true .NET Framework26

Hinh 3. Luge dg Use Case tgng ^^ll cua he th6ng30
Hinh 4. Lucre dg Use Case chi tiSt cua he thong30

Hinh 5. So dg lop d6i tugng miic phan tich51
Hinh 6. So dg lop doi tugng muc thiet kg52
Hinh 7. Lucre do VOPC Use Case Dang nhap53
Hinh 8. Luge do tuan tu dang nhap thanh cong53
Hinh 9. Lucre dg tuSn tu dang nhcip that bai54
Hinh 10. Lucre do VOPC Use Case QL Nguoi dung54
Hinh 11. Lucre do tuan tu them nguoi dung55
Hinh 12. Luge do tuan tu xoa nguoi dung55
Hinh 13. Lucre do tuan tu cap nhat ngucri dimg56

Hinh 14. Lucre dg VOPC Use Case QL Cau hoi56

Hinh 15. Lucre dg tuan tu hign thi from quan \^ cau hoi57
Hinh 16. Lucre do VOPC Use Case Soan cau hoi57
Hinh 17. Luge dg tuan tu soan cau hoi58

Hinh 18. Lucre dg VOPC Use Case Xoa cau hoi58
Hinh 19. Lucre dg tuln tu xoa cau hoi59

Hinh 20. Lucre d6 VOPC Use Case cap nhat cau hoi59
Hinh 21. Luge do tuan tu cap nhat cau hoi60

Hinh 22. Luge d6 VOPC Use Case Soan de thi;60
Hinh 23. Luge d6 tuSn tu soan dg thi61
Hinh 24. Luge d6 VOPC Use Case Xoa de thi62
Hinh 25. Luge d6 tu^n tu xoa dg thi62
Hinh 26. Luge d6 VOPC Cap nhat de thi63
Hinh 27. Luge do tu!n tu cap nhat cau hoi63
Hinh 28. Sa'ib logic dft lieu64
Hinh 29. Giao dien chucmg trinh chinh71
Hinh 30. Giao dien quan ly ngucri dung71
Hinh 31. Giao dign quan ly chit dg71
Hinh 32. Giao dien qu^n ly muc tigu72
Hinh 33. Giao dien quan ly cau hoi72
Hinh 34. Giao dign qu^n ly ky thi72
Hinh 35. Giao dien quan ly dg thi72
Hinh 36. Giao dien soan cau hoi73
Hinh 37. Giao dign Tim kigm cau hoi73
Hinh 38. Giao dien tim kiem dg thi74
Hinh 39. Mo hinh c^i dat75
Hinh 40. Soan cau hoi76
Hinh 41. Nhap th6ng tin de thi77

Hinh 42. Soan cau true dg thi77
Hinh 43. Cau hoi phat sinh khi soan dg78
Hinh 44. Chon de thi dg danh gia78
Hinh 45. Nhap ket qu^ bai thi79
Hinh 46. Kgt qua danh gia dg thi79


Xay dung chuang trinh qudn ly de thi trdc nghiem

PHAN
/. Tong quart
Trong nhu clu cube song thubng ngay, nhu cau do lubng vd ddnh gid la khong the thieu.

Con ngubi luon phai d6i chieu yoi cdc hoat dbng dang trien khai vbi muc dich da dinh, hoac
thlm dinh cac k^t qua da lam de tit do cdi tien. Tuy nhin mubn danh gia chinh xdc thi phai
do lubng tnidc. Khong c6 so do thi se khong dua ra nhan xet huu ich. Tit trubc den nay trong
gido dpc da co nhung hinh thuc do lubng ket qua hoc tap nhu van dap, quan sat, trac nghiem
tu luan, trie nghiem khdch quan ... de ddnh gia ket qud hoc tdp cua ngubi hgc, trong do trac

nghiem khach quan lii m6t trong nhung hinh thuc danh gia co tinh khach quan cao va da duoc
ap dung rong rai trong nhiSu ky thi. Hi^n nay, hinh thiic thi trie nghiem khach quan dang
duoc sir dung trong cac ky thi mang tinh chit qu6c tg nhu: TOEFL, IELTS, TOEICBen
canh do, ky thi tuyen sinh vao cac trucmg dai hoc, ky thi tot nghiep pho thong a nude ta c^ng

duqc tien hanh blng hinh there thi trie nghiem kh^eh quan tren mot s6 mon. Tuy nhien de co
the ap dung hinh thuc thi trie nghiem khach quan thi phai co duac mot tap hop ion cac cau
trie nghiem, goi la ngan hang cau hoi, kem theo d6 la mgt phuong phap quan ly hieu qua cac
cau hoi do. Cong viec do d6i hoi rat nhieu cong Stic va khong dam bao duoc sir chinh xac can
thiet nlu thuc hien blng cac thao tac thu cong. Tuy nhien, vdi su tro giup cua may tinh cac

vln dl se trd nen dl dang va hieu qua hon. Do la 1^ do vi sao toi chon de tai "Xay dung Phan
mint Quan ly DS thi trac nghiem".

II. Muc dich, doi twang va pham vi nghien cwu
Muc tieu ciia d6 tai dat ra la xay dung he thong qu^n ly cac cau hoi trac nghidm, ho tro
xay dung he thong cau hoi, ra de thi, danh gia e^e cau hoi de nang cao chac luong cau hdi
trong ngan hang. D6i tuong cln nghien cuu la e^e ly thuyet ve trie nghiem, each thuc, qui tac

ra dl thi cung nhu cac c6ng thiic dung de danh gia do kho, dg phan edeh hay cac dg do khac
cua cau trac nghiem.

VTim hilu ly thuyet ve trie nghiem noi chung va ede loai hinh trac nghiem chinh
dugc sur dung trong cac ky thi.

VTim hieu quy trinh ra dl trie nghiem yd xay dpng qui trinh nay dua tren he thong
ede cau hoi da co san ho tro cho viec ket xuat de thi.

^ Tim hieu each ddnh gia cac cdu trie nghiem va danh gia de thi sau khi da co ket
qua bai lam cua cac thi sinh.

///. Swlwoc ve wng dung
1. Mot s6 khai niem:
^ Admin: ngubi quan tri he thong. Admin co the thuc thi cac chtic nang nhu Quan
ly ngubi dung, Backup, Restore he thong.
•S Gido vien quan tri: ngubi co the thuc thi hau het cac chtic nang cua he thong
ngoai tru cac chiic nang cua admin nhu: Qudn ly cau hoi, Duyet cau hbi, Qudn ^^
ky thi, Qudn ly de thi, Qudn ly chii de, Qudn ly muc tieu, Ddnh gia cau hoi, Ddnh
gia dl thi, Import cau hoi,...

Xdy dung chucmg trinh qudn ly fie thi trac nghi^m
Gido vien: nguiri co thi thuc thi cdc chiic nang co ban nhir gido vien quan tri, chi
khong thi duyet cau hoi, duyet di thi,...
Cau hoi hay cau trie nghiem: trong gidi han luan van chi ho trpr 2 loai la cau trac
nghiem da lua chgn va cau trie nghiem dung - sai.
Cau din: la phan n6i dung cau hoi, neu ra lam can cii cho dap an dung.
Cau chon: la cac phuong dn lua chgn, vi dp cau hoi 4 lira chgn se co 4 cau chgn.
Cau hoi nhom: la tap hgp cac cau trie nghiem da lyra chon hodc cau trie nghigm
dung - sai co cimg chung mot cau dan goi la nh6m.

2. Gio>i thieu so> lir^c quy trinh lam viec cua he thong:
Chuomg trinh dugc thiit ki luu trii kho cau hoi gim 2 phin la cac cau chua duygt va cac
cau da duyet, cac cau da duyet la nhung cau co gia tri, co the ggi cac phan cac cau da duyet la
ngan hang cau hoi, khi soan de cac cau hoi se dugc lay nglu nhien tir ngan hang cau hoi.
-Quan ly cau hoi:
Ngucri dung co the soan them, xoa cau hoi hoac chinh sira thong tin cau hoi nhu noi
dung, do kho, do phan each,... ciia cau h6i, nhung phdi tuin thu mot so rang buoc cua chuong
trinh. De soan cau hoi nguoi dung chgn soan cau hoi, chgn soan loai cau hoi gi, nhap noi dung
cau hoi va chon luu, mot cau hoi se dugc them vao he thong.
Giao vien cpian tri thuc hien duyet cau hoi de dua cac cau hoi vao ngdn hang cau hoi.

Mot cau hoi muon dua vao ngan hang cau hoi phai dugc gido vien qudn tri kiem duyet thong
qua.

-Qudn ly d^ thi:
Ngucri dung cung co thi soan them, xoa, chinh sira thong tin di nhung cung phai tuan
thu mot so rang buoc ciia chuomg trinh.

De span di thi ngucri dung chgn soan di thi, nhdp thong tin de thi, soan cau true d^ thi cau true de thi (cau tnic de thi gom co nhieu phan, moi phan se co nhung thong tin khdc nhau

dimg cho viec phdt sinh cau hoi). Sau khi soan cau true de, nguiri dimg chgn phdt sinh cau hoi
de lay nglu nhien cac cau hoi tir ngan hang cau hoi theo cac tieu chi cho truoc dua vao de.

Nguiri dung co thi them bot cau hoi bdng edeh thu cong tir kho cau hoi theo cac tieu chi cua
phan nao do.

-Giao vien qudn tri dimg chric nang kidm duyet di kiem duyet de thi.
-Nguiri dimg sir dung chuc ndng danh gia cau hoi nham nang cao chat lugng ngan
hdng cau hoi.

-Chuomg trinh cho phep ket xuat di ra file RTF (.doc) de phuc vu cho viec in va thi
tren giay.


Xay dung chucrng trinh qudn ly de thi trac nghiem

PHAN NO! DUNG
Chiro^ng 1. CO SO LY THUY^^T
/. Nghien cini ly thuyet trie nghiem
1. Tong quan vi trac nghiem khach quan
1.1. Luan de va Trac nghiem khach quan

Luan de (hay tu luan) va trie nghiem khach quan ddu la nhung phuong tien kidm tra
kha nang hoc tap, va ca hai deu la trie nghiem (tests). Cac bai kiem tra thupc loai luan de ma
xua nay von quen thuoc vdi chting ta cung la nhung bai trie nghiem nhim khao sat kha nang
cua hpc sinh ve cac mon hoc. Cac chuydn gia do lubmg gqi chung cac hinh thiic kidm tra nay
la "trac nghiem loai luan de" (essay-type test) de phan biet vdi loai trac nghiem goi la "trac
nghiem khach quan" (objective test). That ra, vide dung tir "khdeh quan" nay de phan biet hai

loai kiem tra ndi tren cung khong dung hin, vi trie nghiem luan di khong nhit thiit la trie

nghiem "chu quan" va trac nghiem khach quan khong phai la hoan toan "khach quan". Tai

Viet Nam, cac tai lieu thuimg ghi 1^ "trie nghiem khach quan", khong phai hieu theo nghia
doi lap vdi mot do hrong chu quan nao, ma nen hiiu la hinh thurc kiim tra nay co tinh khdeh
quan cao hon each kiim tra kia, danh gia blng luan d6 ching han.
Chung ta goi tit "luan de" la trie nghiem luan di va "trie nghiem" la trie nghiem
khach quan. Duoi day la chin diem khac biet va bon diem tucmg dong gitta luan de va trac

nghiem [1],
> Khdc biet:

STT
1

LuanDe

•

Mot cau hoi thuoc loai lu|n di doi hoi

Tf3c'i^glii|m!
Mot cau hoi trac nghiem buoc thi sinh

thi sinh phai tu minh soan cau tra lbi va phai lira chon cau tra lbi dung nhat trong
dien ta cau tra loi bang ngon ngu cua

mot s6 cau da cho sin.

chinh minh.

2

M6t bai luan de gom so cau hoi taong

doi it va co tinh edeh tong quat, doi hoi
thi sinh phai trien khai cau tra led bing

Mot bai trac nghiem thucmg gom nhidu
cau hoi co tinh each chuyen biet chi doi
hdi nhung cau tra loi ngin gpn.

led le dai dong.

3

4

5

Trong khi lam mot bai luan d^, thi sinh
phai bo ra phan lem thdd gian dd suy

Trong khi lam mot bai trie nghiem, thi

nghT va viet.

nghr.

Chit luomg cua mot bai luan dd tuy
thuoc chu yeu vao ky nang cua ngudd

Chat lupng cua mpt bai trac nghiem dupe
xac dinh mot phan ldm do ky nang cua

cham bai.

ngucd soan thao bai trac nghiem.

Mot Mi thi theo 16i luan dd tuong ddi dd
soan, nhung khd cham va khd cho diem

Mot bai thi trac nghiem khd soan, nhung
vide cham v^ cho diem tucmg doi de dang

sinh dung nhidu thdd gian de dpc va suy


Xdy dung chuctng trinh quart ly de thi trdc nghiem
chinh xac.

6

7

8

va chinh xdc.

Thi sinh co nhieu tu do bgc 16 ca tinh Nguoi soan thao trac nghiSm c6 nhieu tu
cua minh trong cau tra liri, vd ngucri

do bgc 16 kien thiic va cac gia tri cua minh

cham bai cung c6 tu do cho diem cac

qua viec dat cac cau hoi, nhung chi cho

cau trd lcri theo xu tuning rieng cua

thi sinh quyen tu do chiing to miic do hieu

minh.

biet cua minh qua ti le cau tra lcri dung.

Trong cac cau hoi luan dl, nhiem vu

Trong cac cau hoi trie nghiem, nhiem vu

hoc tap cua ngucri hgc va tren cct so do

hgc tgp cua ngucri hgc va tren co so d6

giam khao thim dinh miic dg hoan

giam khao tham dinhmiic do hoan thanh

thanh cac nhiem vu ay khong dugc phat

cac nhiem vu iy dugc phat biiu mot each

bieu mot cdch ro rang.

ro r^ng.

Mot bai luan &k cho phdp va doi khi Mot bai trac nghiem cho phep va doi khi
khuyen khich sir "lira phinh" (ching han khuySn khich s\r phong dodn.
nhu bing nhung ngon tir hoa my hay
bang each dua ra nhung bang chiing kho
co the xac dinh dirge).

9

Sir phan b6 di^m s6 ciia mt bai thi luan
de co the dugc kiem soat mot phan Ion

Phan bo diem so cua thi sinh hau nhu
hoan toan dugc quySt dinh do bai trie

do ngucri cham (an dinh diem toi da va

nghiem.

toi thieu).
Bang 1. Bang so sanli khac biet giua luan de va trac nghiem

> Tumgdong:
^ Trac nghiem hay luan de deu co the do luong hau het mgi thanh qua hgc tap
quan trgng ma mot bai khao sat bing loi viet co the khao sat dugc.
^ Trie nghiem va luan de d6u co thi dugc sir dung de khuyin khich hgc sinh hgc

tap nham dat den cic mgc tieu: hieu biet cac n^uyen ly, to chiic va phoi hgp
cac y tuong, ring dung kiin thiic giai quyet cac van de.
v' Trac nghiem va luan de deu doi h6i su van dung it nhieu phan doan chu quan.
•/ Gia tri cua ca hai loai trie nghiem va luan di tuy thuoc vao tinh khach quan va
dang tin cay cua chiing.
1.2. Nhung truomg hop dung trac nghiem

Chiing ta nen sir dgng trac nghiem de khao sat thanh qua hgc tip trong nhtfng trubng
hgp sau:

>Khi ta cin khao sat thanh qua hgc tap ciia mgt so dong hgc sinh, hay muon
ring bai khao sat ay co the dugc sir dung lai vao mot hie khac
>Khi ta mu6n co nhung diim s6 dang tin cay, khong phu thuoc phin ion vao chu
quan ciia ngucri cham bai.
>Khi cac yeu to cong bing, vo tu, chinh xac dugc coi la nhung yeu to quan
trgng nhat ciia viec thi cir.

>Khi cin danh gia toan dien, kiin thiic de thi la kien thiic bao quat, noi dung trac
nghiem bao ham day du ede cap do cua nhan thiic.


Xdy dung chuong trinh qudn ly di thi trdc nghiem
>KM ta co nhiSu cau trie nghiem t6t da dir^e du trtt sin de co thi lira chpn va
cau tare lai mot bai trie nghiem moi. Dae Mpt, ta mu6n cham nhanh va c6ng

b6 kit quS sdm.
>Khi ta muon ngan ngira nan hoc tu, hpc vet, va gian Ian trong thi cii cua thi
sinh.

2. Tinh tin cay va tinh gia tri cua bai trie nghiem

Trong linh vue do luring, du la di thi Man di hay trie nghiem, ngudi ra di cin quan tam
din hai tinh chit co t>dn cua mrit di thi la tinh tin cay va tinh gia tri. Vdi de thi trie nghiem,
yeu ciu nay cang phai dupe nghirin ciiu ky hem.
2.1.Tinh tin cay (Reliability)
Ta hiiu tinh tin cay cua mpt dung cu do la khdi niem cho MSt mire d on djnh, vilng
cMi cua cap kit qua do dupe khi tien h^nh do vat the do nhieu Ian. Do tin cay thucmg dugc
biiu Men b!ng mot con so trong khoang tit 0 den 1.

Tinh tin cay la khai niem cho Met bai trac nghiem do bat cii cai gi m^ no do voi sir
tin cay co can cii va on dinh co the c6. Nghia la mot bai trac nghiem co tinh tin cay cao khi ta
dung cac Mnh thiic khac nhau cua cung mpt trac nghiem hope tien hanh cimg mot trac nghiem

nMiu lin tren cimg mpt doi tupng (ca nhan hay nhom) tM ket qua thu dupe phdi giong nhau.
>Tinh tin cay cua mpt bai trac ngMem tuy thupc cac yeu to:
VMay rui do phong doan
VD6 kho de cua bai trac nghiem
VDp dai cua bai trac ngMem.

>Vay di dam bao tinh tin cay toi da cda m^t bai trac nghiem, ta can phai:
VGiam thiiu cac yiu ti may rui din miic tii tMiu.
VViit nhttng loi dan sao cho that ro rdng de hpc sinh khoi lam Ian.
VChuln bi tarpc bdn cham diim, ghi ro cac cau dung.
2.2.Tinh gid tri (Validity)
Tinh gia tri cua mpt dung cu do la mot khai Mem chi ra rang dung cu nay co kha
nang do dung dupe cai cin do. Tinh gia tri la khdi niem cho biit muc dp md mpt bai trie
nghiem do dupe diing cai no dinh do.
Tinh gia tri lien quan din muc dp md bai trie ngMem phuc vu dupe cho muc dich do
lubmg cua ta vdi nhom ngudi muon khdo sdt.

Khi noi din tinh gia tri, ta can phai dat cac cau hoi:

VBdi trie nghiem co dat dupe muc dich do lucng cua no hay khong?
VBdi trie nghiem do luring tren nhom ngudi ndo?
Noi each khac, khdi niem gid trj chi co y nghia khi ta xdc dinh ro: ta muon do liccmg
cai gi (muc dich do ludng) va vdi nhom ngudi ndo.


Xdy dung chuang trinh qudn ly de thi trac nghiem
2.3. Moi lien he giua tinh tin cay va tinh gift tri

>Tinh tin cay la diiu kien can cho tinh gift tri. Mot bfti trftc nghiem co thg dftng tin
cay nhimg lai khgng co gift tri. Bai vi bfti trie nghiem co tinh tin cay cao co the

cho ra nhung diem s6 dftng tin nhung n6 lai khong do lucrng dung loai kiin thurc
hoc tap mft ta mong muon hqc sinh the Men

>Nguqc loai, mot bfti trie nghieim co tinh gift tri bit buoc phfti co tinh tin cay cao.
Hay n6i cftch khftc, m6t bfti trac nghiem khong co tinh tin cay thi khong the nfto
co tinh gift tri duqc.
Tinh tin cay vft tinh gift tri khftc nhau a cho:
•^ Tinh tin cay lign quan den diem so dang tin cay (yeu to ben trong) nen no
khong can sir h trq cua nhung tigu chuan a ben ngofti.

S C6n tinh gift tri lien quan din muc dich cua su do luang nen no duqc xftc dinh
blng cftch d6i chieu vai nhung tieu chuan a ben ngofti.

3. Quy hoach mot bai trie nghiem
Quy hoach mot bfti trie nghiem thftnh quft hoc tap lft dtr kiin phan b6 hop ly cftc phftn hi
cua bfti trie nghiem theo muc tieu vft npi dung mon hgc sao cho no co thi do hremg chinh xftc
cftc khft nang mft ta muon do lufrng.

3.1. Xftc dinh muc tieu bfti trie nghiem (Muc dich trie nghiem)
3.1.1.Cdc dqc diint cua muc tieu
•f Muc tieu can phfti cu thi: Phfti nu ra ket quft mft n6 nham dat duqe. Cftc
muc tieu cir thi se giup cho viec lftm sftng t6 cftc muc dich, dinh hirong cho
cftc hoat dong, hucmg dan thu thap so lieu vft cftc phtrong tien do dac, cung

cftp ca scr cho viec kiim tra tinh hieu quft cua dftnh gift.
•S Muc tieu phfti co thi do duqc: Di co thi do duqc, cftc muc tieu can nhlm
vfto cftc k6t quft co the quan sat duqc hoac the hien duqc.
•/ Muc tieu phfti co thi dat duqc: Can trftnh ngu ra nhilng muc tigu xa, ma ho,

khong thi dat duqc, cho du do lft rftt cftn thiit.
^ Muc tigu can phfti hucrng kgt quft: Muc tigu chinh lft cftc kgt quft mft hoc sinh
phii dat duqc
•S Muc tieu cftn phfti gioi han thai gian: Xftc dinh do lft muc tigu sau mt
khoftng thai gian, sau mot hay nhiiu chuang. Nhu vfty, nhung mqc tigu sau
khoftng thai gian dfti thi bao quftt duqc nhiiu tri thuc han.
3.1.2.Cdc mire do cua muc tieu nhqn thirc cua Bloom:
Mqc tigu thuQC ltnh vuc nhan thiic co 6 mute d tur thap din cao:

(1)Biet (knowledge): C6 thi nhd, nhftc lai chinh xftc nhttng diiu da duqc hoc.
(2)Th6ng hieu (comprehension): Hiiu duqc y nghla cua mot cong thuc, ly
thuyit, vftndi.v.v...


Xay dung chucmg trinh qudn ly de thi trac nghiem

(3)Ap dung (application): Ap dung du^e nhiing diiu da hQC de giai quyet
mot van de, hoac giai quyet mot tinh huong, hien tuang, v.v...

(4)Phan tich (analysis): Bilt mi xd vin dl thdnh cac yeu t6 vd xac dinh dupe
moi lien he giua cac yeu to d6.
(5)Tong hop (synthesis): Be xuat dupe phucmg an, y kien moi tren co so
nhtog thong tin, so lieu da co.

(6)Banh gia (evaluation): Bua ra dupe nhung nhan xet vl mot vin dl tren ca
so nhung tieu chi da co hoac tu xay dung; ding thai cung clp nhQng blng chtog cho cac
nhan xdt do.
3.2. Phan tich noi dung mon hoc
?Budc thu nhat, phan tich ni dung mon hpc bao gim chu yeu cong viec xem xdt

va phan biet bon loai ni dung hpc tfp:
^ Nhung thong tin mang tinh chit su ki^n ma nguai hpc phai nha hay nhan ra.
•S Nhung khai niem va y tuang ma nguai hoc phai giai thich hay minh hoa.
^ Nhung y tuong phiic tap can dupe giai thich hay giai nghia.
^ Nhung thong tin, y tuong va ky nang cin dupe ung dung hay chuyen dich
vao m6t tinh huong hay hoan canh mdi.
Nhung trong viec phan tich noi dung mpt phan nao do cua mon hpc, ta co the dao

ngupc lai thii tu bon loai hpc tap 6 tren, nghta la bit dau bang nhung y tuang phiic tap: tim ra
nhung dilu khai quat hoa, ede moi lien he, cac nguyen ly. Nhung cau phat bieu thupc loai nay
thuang la y tuang cot loi ciia mon hpc v^ bao gom trong ciu tnic cua mon hpc ay, con phan
Ion noi dung con lai chi la minh hoa hay giM thich cho cac y tucmg nay.Nhu vay, buac th\i
nhat cua viec phan tich noi dung mon hpc la tim ra nhung y tuang chinh yeu cua mon hpc ay.
?Buac thu: hai cua vi^c phan tich npi dung mon hpc la lira chpn nhung tir, nhom
chtt, va ca nhung ky hieu (neu co) ma hpc sinh se phai giai nghia dupe. Be co

th^ hieu ro, giai thich, giai nghia nhung y tuang Ian, hpc sinh can phai hieu ro
cac khai niem Sy vd cac m6i lien he giua cac khai niem. Vdy, cong viec cua
nguai soan thao trac nghipm la tim ra nhung khai niem quan trong trong npi

dung mon hpc de dem ra khao sat trong ede cau trac nghiem.
?Buac thu ba la phan loai hai hang thong tin dupe trinh bay trong mon hpc:

^ Nhiing thong tin nhdm muc dich giai nghia hay minh hoa.
v' Nhiing khdi luan quan trong cua mon hpc.

Nguai soan thao trie nghiem cin phdi biet phan biet hai Iopi th6ng tin iy de lua
chpn nhiing diiu gi quan trong ma hpc sinh cin phai nhd.
?Buac thii tu Id lua chpn mpt _s6 thong tin va y tuang doi hoi hpc sinh phdi co
khd nang tog dung nhtog diiu da biit di giai quyit vin de trong nhtog tinh
huing men. Nhtog thong tin loai nay c6 thl dupe khdo sat blng nhiiu each,
chlng h^n nhu d6i chilu, neu ra nhtog su tuang dong vd di biet, hay dat ra
nhtog bdi todn, nhtog tinh hufing d6i h6i hpc sinh phdi tog dung cac thong tin
da biet dl tta ra each giai quyit.


Xdy dung chuang trinh qudn ly de thi trac nghiem
3.3. Thiet ke dan bai tr^e nghipm
Sau khi nam vung muc dich cua bai trac nghiem va phan tich npi dung mon hoc,
ngubi soan thao da co thi sin sang thilt lap mot d^n bai cho bai trie nghiem cua minh.

Mot trong nhung phircmg phap thong dpng la lap mbt bang quy dinh hai chieu (table
of specifications), voi mpt chilu (ngang ya doc) lit bilu thi noi dung va mpt chilu bilu thi cho
cac qua trinh tu duy (muc tieu) mil bai trie nghiem muon khao sat. Trong cac 6 ma tran ghi s6
cau can kiem tra cho mi noi dung va m^c tieu. Tuy nhien, nhung muc tiu nay khong buoc
phai theo sat cac nguyen tic phan loai (6 muc dp cua muc tieu nhan thiic) da dupe de cap a
tren ma co the cu thi hoa cho phu hop voi timg mon hpc khac nhau. Trong mi 6 cua bang
quy dinh hai chieu nity, ta se ghi so cau trac nghiem cho muc tieu hay don vi noi dung tuong
ling vcri hang va cpt do.
Mot thi du vc dan bai trie nghiem:

Chudc. Chu de
Muc tieu.

'l

1. Hilu biet:

Chude

Chu de

Chude

T6ng

4

5

cong

5

5

15

- -t

3

3

2

3

1

3

2

3

12

4

3

7

1

15

2

4

4

10

4

2

1

8

3

1

6

2

3

7

3

5

18

1

2

5

Tu ngif, ky hieu, quy uoc
Tinh chat, dac diem, tieu chuan
S\r kien, du- kien

Khuynh hudng dien bien cac sir
viec

1

2. Kha nang:
Dinh luat, nguyen tic
So sanh, neu su tuong dong, di

2

biet

2

Giai thich
Tinh toan

6

4
2

Tien doan

Phe phln

2

Tongcpng

15

11

1

1

24

28

4
25

100

Bang 2. Thi du ve dan bai trie nghiem [1]

3.4. So cau hoi trong bai trac nghiem

S6 cau cua mot bai trie nghiem khach quan tuythupc vao lupng thai gian danh cho
viec kilm tra. Trong nh&ng ky thi, thai gian danh cho trac nghi^m co the la hai gib hay hon
the. Noi chung, thbi gian cang dai, cang co nhilu cau hoi, thi cac dilm s6 co dupe tu bai trie
nghiem ay cang dang tin cay hon, chi s6 tin cay se cao. The nhung trong thuc te, rat hiem khi

co bai trac nghi^m lam lien tuc trong hem ba gib.


Xdy dung chuctng truth qudn ly de tin trac nghiem
Ngoai van de thai gian, con co van de quan trpng hen cd la lam sao cho ede cau hoi
trong bai trie nghif m tieu biiu cho toan thi kien thiic ma ta d6i hoi a ngucri hoc. ^Niu si cau
hoi qua it thi khong bao trum day du npi dung m6n hoc, con neu so cau qua nhieu thi lai bi
han che bai thai gian.
S6 cau hoi trong mpt bai trie nghipm du nhiiu bao nhieu cung chi la mot "mau"

(sample) trong "t6ng thi" (population) cac cau hoi thich hop vai npi dung yd muc tieu ma ta
muon khao sat. Vi yay, mpt bai trie nghiem co rat nhieu cau hoi chua han la mot bid trac
nghipm co gid trj, neu cac cau hdi ay khong tieu bidu cho "dan so" cac cau hdi thich hap ve
mon hoc. Tuy nhien, niu ta thiit lap ddn bai trie nghiem mot edeh ky cang va c3n c^ vao thai

gian quy djnh bai trie nghiem ma phdn b6 so cau hoi hop ly cho timg phan cua npi dung va
mpc tieu mon hoc, ta cung se co nhieu hi vong lira chpn dupe so cau hoi dpi dien cho "tong
thi" cac cau hoi thich hop.

S6 cau hoi ma mpt nguai hoc co thi tra lai duac trong mot phut % thupc vao loai
cau trie nghiem sir dung, vdo miic dp phiic tap ciia qua trinh tir duy doi hoi de trd lai cau hoi
va ca vao thoi quen lam vipc cua nguai hoc. Vi vay, ho kho co the xdc djnh chinh xdc can
phai co bao nhieu cau hoi trong bai trie nghiem vai so thai gian an djnh san. Viec xac djnh

ndy thuong duac dua tren kinh nghiem cua nguai ra di hoac gia djnh thai gian cho timg loai
cau hoi. Vi du, cau trac nghiem nhieu lua chpn la mpt phut, cau trie nghi| dung sai la mia

phut, vdi nhung cau trie nghiem did han hay phiic tap thi ta co the can phai xdt lai thai gian
gid djnh ay.
3.5. Mire dp kho cua cac cau trac nghiem

Mot bai trie nghiem gom nhung cau qua de thuong khong ddnh gia duac khd ndng
cua nguai hpc.
De dat duac hieu qua do luimg khd nang tot, phung ta nen chQn cac cau trac nghiem

sao cho diim trung binh tren bai trie nghiem xap xi bing 50% s6 cau hoi. Tuy nhien, khi an
djnh mire dp kho trung binh la 50%, dp kh6 ciia tung cdu trie nghiem co thi khdc nhau. Diiu
ta can phai nh^ la loai cau trie nghiem co the cung cap thong tin tot nhat ve su khdc biet giOa
cac thi sinh la nhung cau ma 50% tra lai dung va 50% tra lai sai. Ngoai ra muc dp kho cua de
thi cung co the tuy thupc vao muc dich ddnh gia cua nguai ra d6.

4. Cac hinh thi^c cau trac nghiem
4.1. Cau trie nghiem Sung-Sai (True-False question)
>Cau trite:

G6m mot cau phdt biiu va phin hpc sinh tra 16i blng each lua chpn: Dung (D)
hay Sai (S).
>Uudiim:
^ Dixaydpng
•S C6 thi dpt dupe nhieu cau hoi trong mot bai trie nghiem vdi thai gian cho
tru^rc; dieu nay lam tang tinh tin cay cua bai trie nghiem niu nhu ede cau
trie nghiem Dung-Sai dupe soan thao theo dung quy each.

Xdy dung chuang trinh quan ly di thi trac nghiem
^ Trong khodng thai gian ngan co the soan dirge nhiOu cau Me nghiem DiingSai vi ngubi soan trac nghiem khong can phdi tim ra phan tra lbi cho hoc
sinh lira chpn.

>Nhu^c diim:
•S Dp may rui cao (50%), do do de tra lbi bing edeh dodn mo.
^ Thirong chi dugc dung de kiem tra mire do nhan biSt, hiiu.
^Nhung yeu cau khi soan cau trac nghiem Dung-Sai:
•/ M6i cau trie nghiem chi nen diln td m6t y tirimg doe nhit, trdnh nhung cau

phiic tap, bao g6m qu^ nhiSu chi tiSt.
^ Lura chon nhOng cau phat bieu sao cho mgt nguai co kha nang trung binh
khbng the nhan ra ngay la Dung hay Sai ma khong can suy nghl.
•S Nhtrng cau phat bieu ma tinh chat Dung, Sai phai chac chin, co ca sa khoa
hpc.
^ Tranh dimg nhung cau phat bieu trich nguyen van tit tai lieu, sach giao khoa,

nhu vay se khuyin khich ngubi hpc hpc thuoc long may moc.
^ Tranh dung cac tir: thuong thuang, doi khi, mot so nguai,v.v... vi thuang la
cau phat bieu Dung.
4.2. Cau trie nghiem da lira chpn (multiple choice question)
>Cau true: Gom 2 phin: phan lai din va phan cac cau chon lua chon

•^ Phin led din: la mot cSu hoi hay cau bo lung. Trong phin lai din, ngubi
soan trac nghiem dat ra mpt van de hay dua ra mot y tuong ro rang giup cho
nguai tra lai hiiu ro cau trie nghi^m ay muon hoi dieu gi de lua chon cau tra

lbi thich hpp.
•/ Phin cac cau chon lua chon: co the 3, 4, 5 lira chon hoac nhieu han 5 lua

chpn. M6i lua chon la cau tra lai hay la cau b6 tuc (cho phan con bo liing).
Trong do, dap an c6 the la mot lpa chpn duy nhat hoac la su ket hop nhieu

han mot lira chpn. NhOng lua chpn con l^i deu phai la sai (du npi dung dpc
len co ve la dung), thuang gpi la ede "moi nhir", "cau nhieu" (distrActors).
Dieu ^uan trong ngubi soan thao can lira y la phai lam sao cho ede moi nhii
nay deu hap_ din ngang nhau doi voi nhung hpc sinh chua nam vung kien
thiic, thuc day hpc sinh ay chpn vao nhirng "moi nhb" nay.

>Ifudiim:
•^ D^ may rui thap: neu cau trac nghiem co n lua chpn va dap an la su ket hpp
cua m lua chpn (m >= 1). Dp may rui cau trac nghiem se la 1/C™.
^lS6;IDa-chon

SO lua chon

3
4
5

cua'chip an

1
2
1

Dp may rui

1/3
1/6

1/5

Bang 3. Tuong quan so lua chon va dp may rui

10


Xay dung chuang trinh qudn ly de thi trac nghiem

^ Neu soin dung quy each, ket qua co tinh tin c^y vd tinh gid tri cao.
^ C6 the khdo sat thdnh qud hoc trip cua mot so dong hpc sinh; cham nhanh;
ket qua chinh xdc.
^ Co the dupe sii dpng de kiem tra ede ky nang nhan thiic bac cao.

>Nhupc diim:
•/ Tuy do may rui thap nhung ngubi tra lbi vln c6 the doan mo.

^ Vi co nMiu phucmg dn lira chpn nen kho xay dung dupe cac cau h6i co chdt
lupng cao.
•f De co duac mot bai trac nghipm co tinh tin cay va tinh gia tri cao, nguai soan

tr^c nghiem phai dau tu nhiSu thbi gian vd phai tuan thu day du cac buoc
soan thdo cau trie nghi^m.
>Nhungyeu cau khi soan cau trac nghi^m da lua ch
^ S6 lua chpn nn ttr 4 tri len di xdc sudt may mln chon dung la thdp.
^ IGii sorin phdn g6c phai trinh bay ngan gon, ro rang, chi hoi mpt van de va
soan dap an dung truac, vi tri dap an dung dupe dat mot each ngau nhien.

^ Muon co dupe cac moi nhu hay thi ta nen chon nhung cau Sai thuang g|p

cua chinh nguai hoc, khong nen la nhitng moi nhir do nguii soan trac
nghiem tu nght ra vi m6i nhur do nguai soan trac nghipm tight ra chua chac

hap dan dupe hpc sinh. Do do co 4 buac phdi lam khi soan moi itM:
•Buic 1: Ra cac cau hoi me ve Hnh vuc npi dung dp dinh trac nghiem de
nguai hpc tu viet cdu tra loi.
•Buac 2: Thu cac bang tra loi cua hpc sinh, loai bo cac cau tra loi Dung,

chi gift lai cac cau tra lbi Sai.
•Buac 3: Th6ng ke phan loai ede cdu trd lbi Sai va ghi tin so xudt Men
tung loai cau Sai.
•Buac 4: Utt tien chpn nhftng cdu sai co tan sb cao ldm mbi nhft.

4.3. Cau trie nghiem doi chieu cap doi (matching question)
>Cdu true:

Gom 3 phan:
^ Phan cM dan each trd lbi.
S Phan gbc (cot 1): gom nhftng cau ngan, doan, chft, ...
^ Phin lua chpn (cot 2): cung gom nhftng cau ngdn, doan, chfi,...

Trong phin chi din cin cM ra cho nguai ldm trie ngMem Met each ghep hai cpt
vbi nhau cho dung, co y nghta, hop logic.

>Uu diim:
•/ De xay dung.

11

Xdy dung chuang trinh quart ly de thi trdc nghiem
^ C6 thi han chi sir doan m6 blng each tang so luqng lua chon.

>Nhu^c diim:
•S Chi chu ylu dung dl kilm tra kM nang nhan bilt.
^ Thong tin co tinh dan tr^i, khong nhan manh du^e nhung dieu quan trong.
>Nhung yeu cdu khi soan can trdc nghi$m ddi chieu cap doi:
^ Khong nen dat so lua chgn a hai cot bang nhau vi nhu vay lam cho hoc sinh
du doan dugc sau khi biet mot so truong hop. Ben canh do co the dung mot
lira chpn dung voi hai hay nhi^u cau hoi.
^ Khong nen soan cac lira chon qua dai lam mat thai gian cua hoc sinh.

4.4. Cau trdc nghiem dicn kliuyet (filling question)
>Cdu trite:
Co 2 dang:
•S Dang 1: Gom nhftng cau hoi voi lfri giai dap ngan.

^ Dang 2: G6m nhung cau phat bieu voi mgt hay nhi^u chS de trong ma nguoi
tra 16i phai di^n vao blng mot tir hay mot nhbm tu ngln.
>Uudiem:
^ Dlx^ydung.
•S Nguoi tra 16i khong the doan mo.

>Nhucrc diim:
^ Thuong chi duqc dimg dl ki^m tra trinh do miic do nhan bi^t, hilu.
^ Doi khi kho danh gia dung noi dung tra lbi.
>Nhung yeu cdu khi soan cdu trdc nghiem dien khuyet:
^ Noi dung cua phan tra lbi cang co dong cang tot.

^ Nen soan th^o cac cau vbi phln dS trbng sao cho nhifng tir diln vao la duy

nhit dung, khong th^ thay the blng bit ky tir nao khac.
Trong gidi han cua luan van, toi chi xay dung phan mem quan ly d^ thi trie
nghiem su dung hai loai cau hoi Dung - Sai va da lua chon.

5. Phan tich cau trie nghiem
Phan tich cac cau tra lbi cua thi sinh trong mpt bai trie nghiem la viec lam rat can thiet
va rat him ich. N6 giup chiing ta biet duqc:
•S Nhung cau nao la qua kho, cau nao la qud de.
v' Nhiing cau co do phan each cao, nghla la phan biet duqc hoc sinh gioi vbi hoc sinh
kem.

•f Ly do vi sao cau trie nghiem khong dat duqc hieu qua mong muon va can phai sba

dbi nhu thi nao cho tit hon.

12


Xdy dimg chuang trinh qudn ly rfe thi trie nghiem
Mpt bai trie nghiem sau khi da dupe sira d6i lai tren can ban cua su phan tich cac cau
trie nghiem co kha nang dat dupe tinh tin cay cao hexn la mot bai trie nghiem co cung s6 cau
hoi nhung chua dupe thtt nghiem va phan tich.
Chung ta phai phan tich cau trac nghiem tren hai phirong dien: dp phan each, do khd.
5.1. Bo kho cua cau trie nghiem (difficulty index)
Mot cau trac nghiem dupe xem la kho doi vdi mot ngudi khi ngudi do khdng biet cau
tra lai. Viec xac dinh do kho cua cau trie nghiem co thS dupe can cii vao so ngudi tra ldi
dung cau trac nghi^m. Neu tit ca moi ngubi deu lira chpn cau giai dap diing, cau trac nghiem
ay duoc xem nhu la di. N6u chi co mt nguoi trong mot tram ngucri tra loi dung cau trie

nghiem thi cau trie nghiem iy chic chin la qua kh6.

5.1.1. Cong thiec tinh d khd
Bo khd cau trie nghiem dupe tinh theo cong thiic [1]:
-S6 ngucri tra led dung cau i

Bo khd cau i - T^ng gi nguM ^ b^ ^ nghigm
Thi du: Thi dp m^t bai trac nghiem cd 100.000 thi sinh lam bai, cau trac nghiem 1
cd 75.000 thi sinh lam dung thi dp khd cua cau trie nghiem 1 la:
75000/100000 = 0.75
5.1.2. BS kho vita phai cau trie nghiem
Bd cd thd kit luan dupe mpt cau trie nghiem Id di, khd, hay vita sure hpc sinh,
trade het ta phai tinh dp khd cua cau trac nghiem ay roi so sdnh vdi dp khd vira phai cua loai
cau trie nghigm ay:
•Neu dp khd cua cau trac nghigm > Bo khd vira phai: Ta ket luan ring cau trac

nghiem ay la dl so vdi trinh dp hpc sinh lam trie nghiem.
•Neu dp khd cua cau trie nghiem < Bo khd vira phai: Ta ket luan rang cau trac

nghiem ay la khd so vdi trinh dp hpc sinh lam trac nghiem.
•Neu dp khd cua cau trie nghiem xap^ xi Bp khd vira phai: Ta ket luan rang cau

trie nghigm ay vira sure vdi trinh dp hpc sinh lam trie nghiem.
^ Cong thurc tinh dp khd vira phai cua cau trac nghigm [1]:
, ... 100% + Bpmayrui
Bp kho vira phai =^^

M6i loai cau trie nghigm cd ti le % may rid khdc nhau:
.'• •

Xoai cau trac nghiem •" •

B6 may rui

Cau dung - sai

1/2

Cau 4 lua chpn, ddp an la 1 lua chpn

1/4

Cau 4 lua chpn, dap an la 2 lua chpn

1/6

•

Bang 4. Tu ong quan loai cau hoi va ti le may rui

13


Xay dung chuomg trinh quan ly tfi thi tr&c nghiem
S.2. Do phan each cua cau trac nghiem (discrimination index)
5.2.1.Binh nghia (to phan each cua cau trac nghiem

Ket qua thuc hien cau trie nghiem phai cho phep phan biet dupe hoc sinh gioi voi
hoc sinh kem, nghTa la phai l^m sao cho mpt cau trac nghiem co kha nang phan each cao.
Do pMn each cua mpt cau trie nghiem la mot chi so giup ta phan bif t duac hoc
sinh gioi v6i hpc sinh kem. Vi vay, mft bai trac nghiem gom toan nhung cau trie nghiem co
do phan each t6t sf la mot cong cti do lubng co tinh tin cfy cao.

5.2.2.Cdc phucmg phdp tinh (to phan each
a. Phirong phap dtfn gian theo loi thu cong
Sau khi da ch^m va cong t6ng diem cua timg bai tr^e nghiem, ta co thg thuc

hien c^c buoc sau de biSt duac dp phan e^eh cua mot cau trie nghiem [1]:
•Bu6c 1: Xep dat cac bai lam cua hpc sinh (da cham, cng diem) theo thii tu
tong diem tur cao den thap.

•Budc 2: Can cu tren t6ng s6 bai trie nghiem, lay 27% ciia t6ng s6 bM lam c6
diem so tir bai cao nhat tra xuong xep yao nhom CAO va 27% tong so bai lam co diem so tir

bai thlp nhlt tra I^n xlp vao nhom THAP.
•Buac 3: Tinh ti le phan tram hpc sinh him dung cau trac nghiem rieng cho
tirng nhom blng each dem so nguai lam dung trong mi nhom va chia cho so nguoi cua nhom

(s6 nguai moi nhom = 27% tong so bai)
•Budc 4: Tinh dp phan c^^h (D) theo cong thuc:
Ti If nhom cao lam
dung cau trie nghif m

Ti If nhom thap lam
dung cau trac nghif m

Vi du: Mot bai trie nghiem 40 c^u dupe ra cho 100 hpc sinh. 27 hpc sinh co
diem cao nhlt dupe dua vao nhom cao, 27 hpc sinh khac co difm thap nhat dupe dua vao

nhom thlp. Kit qua phan tich 4 cau trie nghiem trong si 40 cau dupe trinh bay trong bang
duai day:

BANG TI Lf % LAM DUNG
Nhom cao

Nhom thap

Dp phan each D

1

71

42

29

2

60

24

36

3

47

42

5

4

38

61

-23

Cau

Bang 5. Bang ti le phan tram lam dung [1]

14


Xdy dung chucmg trinh quart ly de thi trdc nghiem
b. Cong thurc tiro^ig quan diem - nhi phan (point biserial correlation)
Tinh do phan each cau trie nghiem theo cong thiic tuctng quan diim nhi phan [1]:

NEXY-EXEY

Trong d6:
•D : Dp phan each ciia cau trie nghiem

•N : S6 bai ^^m (S8 thi sinh dit thi)
•X : Diem s6 cau trie nghiem cua mi thi sinh (X = 0 hoac X = 1)
•Y : Tong diSm bai lam cua mi thi sinh
Thi du: Ta co ting diim (Y) va diim s6 (X) vi mot cau trie nghiem cua 16 thi
sinh, nhu a cot 2 va 3 trong b^ng tinh toan dudi day:

• .^, SSiflSt^ ,-

x28

r y2 XY

Thi-sinlf Tons diem^Y)

D^m(X)

1

101

0

0

10201

0

2

102

0

0

12544

0

3

95

0

0

9025

0

4

120

0

0

14400

0

5

113

0

0

12769

0

6

91

0

0

8281

0

7

117

0

0

13689

0

8

105

0

0

110245

0

9

117

1

1

13689

117

10

105

1

1

11025

105

11

118

1

1

13924

118

12

100

1

1

10000 100

13

98

1

1

14

122

1

1

15

97

1

1

9409

97

16

111

1

1

12321

111

Tong

1712

8

8 184630 868

98

9604

14884 122

Bang 6. Diem bai lam va diem cau trie nghiem [1]

15

Xdy dung chucmg trinh qudn ly de thi trac nghiem
Taco:
D=—j

[NIX2 - (IX)2 ] [ NIY2 - (Y? ]

16x868-8x1712
= 0.16
V[16 x 8 - 82 ][16 x 184630 - 17122]

? Bang danh gia do phan each:
Do phan each D

Ketluan

0.4 trcr len

Cau trie nghiem co d phan each rat t6t

0.3 d8n 0.39

Cau trie nghiem co do phan each kha t6t, nhung

co the lam cho tit hem
0.2 d8n 0.29

Cau trie nghiem co do phan each tam dupe, cin

phai hoan chinh
Duoi0.19

Cau trie nghiem co do phan each kem, can phai

loai bo hay phai gia cong sua chtta nhi6u
Bang 7. Bang danh gia d phan each [1]
6. Bo tin cay cua bai trac nghiem
6.1 Dinh nghia dp tin cay

Bo tin cay cua bai trie nghiem la he so tucmg quan cua ti 16 tra loi dung/sai giQa cac
Ian trac nghiem bang cac de trac nghiem tuomg duong [1].
6.2. Cac phuomg phap tinh do tin cay cua bai trie nghiem

Co nhieu phtrcmj; phap nham co duoc nhirn^ so do lubng doe lap can thiet de phong
dinh he so tin cay cua trac nghifm. Thong dung nhat hien nay la phuomgphap phan doi bai
trie nghiem va phuong phap Kuder Richardson. Ngoai ra cung con mot so phuong phap khac
niia nhu: phuong phap trac nghiem hai Ian, phuong phap sir dung cac dang trac nghiem tuong
duong...

6.2.1. Trac nghiem hai Ian (test - retest)
Phuong phap don gian nhit d6 co cac s6 do luong dgc lap la ra mot bai trac
nghiem hai Ian [1] voi cung mot nhom thi sinh, roi tinh he so tuong quan gitta hai tap hop
di^m s6 cua lin thii nhit va lin thii hai.
Phuong phap nay gap phai mot so chi trich:
^ Nhu ta da biit, mot tap hgp cac cau hoi trong bai trie nghi^m chi la mot miu
trong mot "ting th6" rat Ion cac cau trie nghiem co the c6 duoc ve kha nang ta
muon khao sat. Neu su drtng ntQt tap ^op cac cau trac nghiem hai Ian cho mot

nhom thi sinh thi ta khong the nao biet dupe rang cac diem so co thay doi hay

16


Xay dung chuomg trinh quan ly di thi trie nghi^m
khong va thay doi bao nhiSu, neu ngudi ta sir dpng mot tap hop cac cau hoi
khac v6i cung nhom thi sinh iy.

^ Cac gii dap cua thi sinh trong lln khao s&t thii nhit khong dpc lap v6i cac giai
dap cua ho trong lln thii hai. Cac giai dap a Ian thii hai co thi bi anh hudng do
thi sinh con nh6 lai loi giai dap cua minh trong lln thii nhat, hay do nhung kinh
nghiem da thu thap dupe sau ldn kh^o sat thii nhlt.
•S Neu co khoang thai gian giiia Ian khao s^t thii nhat va thii hai thi cac sai so do

ludng co thi bj lln ln vai nhiing thay d6i that sp cua hoc sinh vl kh^ nang do
qua trinh hpc tdp.

6.2.2. Cac dang trac nghiem twang dwang (equivalent forms)
Neu ta co hai hay nhieu bai trac nghiem dupe so^t thao lam sao cho cac diem s6
tren hai bai trac nghiem ay tuotng duang [1] vai nhau, va neu moi hpc sinh trong nhom deu
lam ca hai bai trac nghiem, thi he so tuang quan giiia hai tap hop diem so ve hai bai ay se la
so phdng dinh he so tin cay cua chiing. Nhung viec soan thao nhiing bai trac nghi&n tuang
duang nhu vay rat cong phu va phiic tap, cho nen viec tinh hp so tin cay theo each nay rat it
khi su dung.

6.2.3 Phuongphdp plidii doi bai trie nghiem (split halves method)
Mpt bai trac nghiem duy nhat dupe phan ra thanh hai nita tuang duang. Hai nua
nay dupe xem nhu la hai bai trie nghiem phtt va cac diem so cha chiing la nhiing di6m so doc
lap can thilt d6 tinh dp tin cay. Thong thucrng, nguai ta phan bai trie nghipm ra hai nira theo
cac cau mang so chan va cac cau mang so le. Sau do, ngudi ta tinh he so tuang quan giiia

diem so cac cau le (X) vai diem so cac cau chin (Y) theo cong thiic [1]:

Nhung do chi la he so tuang quan giiia hai bai trac nghiem dupe nit ngan lai chi
con mot ntra. Be co mot so phong dinh dp tin cay cua toan bai trie nghipm, nguoi ta con phai

dilu chinh he s6 tuang quan giiia hai bai trie nghiem ngin ra thanh he s6 tuorig quan cua mot
bai trac nghiem dai gap doi. Bieu nay co the thuc hien dupe bang cong thiic Spearman Brown.

Cong thiic tong quat cua Spearman - Brown [1] dupe sfit dung de tien doan su gia
tang dp tin cay bang each tSng chieu dai cua bai trac nghiem:

Trong do: n la he so do dai ciia bai trac nghiem.

rs li he s6 tuang quan

TRLfOlMG BAI HQC
ANGIANG

THtfVIgN

17


Xay dung chucmg trinh qudn ly de thi trac nghiem
Khi ta can tien doan do tin cay cua mot bai trie nghiem dai gap doi nhu trong

truong hgp phong dinh do tin cay theo phtrong phap phan doi bai trie nghiem thi c6ng thuc
tinh se nhir sau:
2rx,

Trong do:
•rxy la he so trrcrng quan gitta cac didm s6 chin (X) va ede diem so le (Y) da tinh a
tren (hay do tin cay cua mot mia bai trac nghiem).
•r la do tin cay cua toan bai trie nghiem.

Thi du: Mot bdi trac nghi$m se du^c phan doi thanh 2 bai trac nghiem ngan mang
nhilng cau hoi so chan va nhftng cau hoi so le. Co 11 thi sinh lam 2 bai trac nghiem ngan tren,

goi:
-X: tong so diem cua mt thi sinh lam bai trac nghiem cau hoi le
-Y: tong so diem cua mot thi sinh lam bai trie nghiem cau hoi chin

Thi sinh

*--X' l"Y

'X2

Y2^

'XY

1

11

8

121

64

88

2

8

0

64

0

0

3

9

8

91

64

72

4

14

11

196

121

154

5

12

14

144

196

168

6

7

6

49

36

42

7

18

11

325

121

198

8

6

8

36

64

48

9

6

9

36

9

18

10

6

3

36

9

18

11
Ting

5

10

25

100

50

102 88 1112 856 892

Bang 10. Diem so cua moi thi sinh

rxy =

V [N EX2 - (IX)2 ] [ NIY2 11x892-102x88
x 1112 - 1022][ll x 856 - 882]

209
437

18


Xay dung chuong trinh quan ly de thi tr&c nghie

Dp tin cay toan bai trac nghiem: r =

2rx
x 437
r^r = ^t^t
= 0.647

437+1
6.2.4 Cong thi'cc Kuder - Richardson

Phuong phap tinh dp tin cay thong dung nhat hien nay la dp dung cong thiic Kuder
-Richardson [1]:

Trong do:

•k : S6 cau h6i trong bai trie nghiem.
•Oi2 : Biin lupng (do lech tieu chuan binh phuong) cua m6i cau trac nghiem.
•o2 : Bien lirpng cua bai trie nghiem, tuc bien lupng diem cua e^e ca nhan trong

nhom vS toan thl bai trie nghiem.
Kuder - Richardson cung dua ra cong thiic khac suy ra ttr cong thiic tren khi cau
trac nghiem lam dung du^e tinh lit 1 va cau litm sai tinh la 0. Cong thiic nay dupe goi la cong

thiic Kuder - Richardson 20 [1]:

Trong do:
•k : SO cau hoi trong bai trie nghiem.
•p : Ti le so tra lOi diing cho mot cau trac nghiem (Dp kho cau trac nghiem).
•q : Ti le so tra loi sai cho mot cau trac nghipm.
•a2 : biOn lupng cua bai trie nghiem, tiic bien lupng diem cua ede cd nhan trong
nhom vi toan the bai trie nghiem.

N7Y2-(7Y)2

Trong do:

•N : SO thi sinh tham gia lam bai trac nghiem.

•Y: TOng diOm bai ldm cua mOi thi sinh

19