Nghiên cứu khả năng tích lũy chì trong cải bẹ xanh khi bón bằng phân compost được sản xuất từ rác thải sinh hoạt

..

TRlTdNG BAI HOC AN GIANG
KHOA KY THUAT - CONG NGH^ - MOI TRI/ONG

NGUYEN HA DUYEN

NGHIEN CUtJ KHA NANG TICH LUY CHI
TRONG CAI BE XANH KHI BON BANG

PHAN COMPOST Dl/OC SAN XUAT TlT
RAC THAI SINH HOAT

KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP
TRI/C5NG BAI HOC
AN GIANG

THtfVIEN
GVHD: ThS. BUI THI MAI PHUNG
GVPB:

ThS. HO LIEN HUE
ThS. TRAN NGQC CHAU

An Giang, 05/2013


Khoa luan tot nghiep clcii hocSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

LOT CAM ON
Trade tien, em vo cimg sau sic bilt on ba me da nuoi duong, day d em

nen ngirdi. Ba me la diem tira, la nguln dong vien va tao nghi lire cho em vuot
qua mpi khd khan trong suot qua trinh hoc tap.
Bac biet, em xin chan thanh gtii loi cam on den:
Traong Bai Hoc An Giang, Ban Chu nhiem Khoa Ky thuat - Cong nghe Moi traong cung cac thdy co trong Bo mon Moi traong va Phat trien Ben viing
da tao di^u kien va giup do em hoan thanh t6t Khoa luan tot nghiep dai hpc.
ThS. Bui Thi Mai Phung da tan tinh hudng dan, giup d&, trayen dat nhttng
kiln th^c, chia se kinh nghiem hit sue bl ich trong qua trinh thuc hien de tai nay.
Cac anh chi can bo d Trang tarn Quan trie va Ky thuat Tai nguyen - Moi
tradng da nhiet tinh hudng dan, giup do em hoan thanh khoa luan.
Tit ca ban be da dong vien, giup do, chia se va ciing toi vuot qua nhung
kho khan trong suot qua trinh lam de tai ndi rieng va qua trinh hoc tap ndi chung.
Mac du da co nhilu cl ging, nl luc nhung chic chin khong tranh khdi
nhung khuyet diem, thieu sot, em rat mong dugc su cam thong va gdp y cua quy
thay co. Nhung gop y do doi vdi em la vo ciing quy bao giup em cd them nhieu
kinh nghiem cho qua trinh hoc tap va lam viec sau nay.
Em xin chan thanh cam on!

Sinh viSn thuc hien

Nguyln Ha Duyen

GVHD: ThS. Bid Thi Mai Phung


Khoa luan tot nghiep dai hocSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN HlTdNG DAN

Long xuyen, ngay4^.thang.^..nam 2013

Bui Thi Mai Phung

GVHD: ThS. Bid Thi Mai Phung


Khoa hum tdtnghiep ttai hocSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN PHAN BIEN

Long xuyen, ngay ....thang....nam 2013

GVHD: ThS. Bui ThiMaiPhung


Khoa hum tdt nghiep dai hocSVTH: Nguyin Ha I)uyen_

NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN PHAN BIEN

Long xuyen, ngay 4!s.thang.Q^.nam 2013

TAcin

GVHD: T/iS. Bui ThiMaiPhung


Khda luan tdt nghiep did hocSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

ABTRACT
The research of applying the compost to grow Brassica juncea (L.) in the net
house was carried out from January to April, in 2013 that was in the experimental area

— An Giang University. The compost used in the experiment was collected from the
domestic waste treatment factory in Binh Thanh village, Chau Thanh district.
The experiment was randomly arranged including four treatments, each treatment
was repeated in three times. The Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium fertilizer rate in
mixing of composting and fertilizer was used to fertilize for Brassica juncea (L.) was
familiar to each of experiments. But only there was difference from the composting
volume in them, such as the volume of composting in NT3 and NT4 treatment was
higher than NT2, two and three times respectively. The NT] treatment was completely
fertilized by the inorganic fertilizer. The brassica juncea (I.) was added the four times
fertilizer on 10lh, 15th, 20th and25th days after seeding. During cropping, we didn't use
pesticide.
The care regulations: watering two times a day, cleaning worms, and following
height, number of leaves, leaf size and death rate of Brassica juncea (L.) once a week
until harvesting. In the process of analyzing data, the software SPSS (version 11.5) was
used to analyze of variance (ANOVA) to find the difference from the growth and the
accumulating of lead concentration in Brassica juncea (L.) among four treatments.
After harvesting (35 days), the results showed that:
The volume of compost was used in basal fertilizing period is directly proportion
to leaf size and inversely proportion to the rate of death. The height of Brassica juncea
(L.) in NT1, NT2, NT3 treatments was directly proportion to added compost volume in
this period. Particularly, the height of Brassica juncea (L.) in NT4 treatment increased
very slowly from 28' to 35' days after seeding. This may be lead concentration
accumulated relatively high in Brassica juncea (L.).
The analysis results showed that composting, experimental soil and Brassica
juncea (L.) were steady accumulated lead. In that lead concentration in Brassica juncea

(L.) was from 0.0311 mg/kg to 0.3317 mg/kg. It is lower than the allowed limit in fresh
vegetable of the Health Ministry (in 1998).
The rate of lead concentration in Brassica juncea (L.) infected from experimental
soil is 0.254% (NT1 treatment). The rate of lead concentration in Brassica juncea (L.)

in NT2, NT3 and NT4 treatments is 0.116%, 0.139% and 3.544% respectively.
In NT3 treatment added 400 grams composting in the basal fertilizing period is
not only the highest yield but also low lead concentration in Brassica juncea (L).

GVHD: ThS. Bui ThiMaiPhung


Khda luan tot nghiep rftii hocSVTH: Nguyen Ha Duyin

TOM TAT
Thi nghiem ling dung phdn compost trong de trong cdi be xanh trong nhd ludi
dupe tien hdnh tic thdng 1 den thdng 4 ndm 2013 tai Khu thuc nghiem — Trudng Dai
hoc An Giang. Nguon phdn compost dung trong thi nghiem dupe lay tic Khu xic ly rdc
thai sinh hoat tap trung dxdSinh Thanh, huyen Chdu Thanh.
Thi nghiem dupe bd tri ngdu nhien gdm 4 nghiem thuc, moi nghiem thuc lap lai 3
Ian. Ty le N, P, K trong phdn dung de bon cho cdi be xanh d ede nghiem thuc Id nhu
nhau. Nhung khdc nhau ve khoi lupngphdn compost phoi tron vdo hdn hop phdn, trong

do khoi lupngphdn compost aNT3 vd NT4 gap tic 2 den 3 Ian khoi lupngphdn dNT2.
Nghiem thuc NT1 bon hodn todn bang phdn vd cd. Cdi dupe bon thuc theo chu ky 10,
15, 20 vd 25 NSKG, khdng sic dung thudc bdo ve thuc vdt.
Che do chdm soc: Cdi dupe tudi nude 2 Idn/ngdy, bat sdu, theo doi chieu cao, so

Id, klch thudc id vd ty le cay chit (7 ngdy/ldn) cho din khi thu hoach. Trong qua trinh
phdn tick sd lieu, phdm mim SPSS 11.5 dupe icng dung di phdn tich phuong sai
ANOVA lim su khdc biet ve su tang trudng vd ham lupng Pb tich luy trong cay giua ede
nghiem thicc. Sau 35 ngdy trong, ket qua thu dupe nhu sau:

Khoi lupngphdn compost bon cho cdi be xanh ty le thudn vdi kich thudc Id nhung
ty le nghich vdi ty le cdy chit. Chiiu cao cdy d ede NT], NT2, NT3 ty le thudn vdi lupng

compost dupe bon d ticng nghiem thicc. Rieng NT4, chieu cao bi ice che d giai doan tic

28 NSKG den 35 NSKG, cd the Id do ham lupng chi tich luy trong cdi die Idn gay ice che
sinh trudng chieu cao. Ket qua phdn tich ham lupng chi trong mdu ddt, mdu phdn vd
cdi be xanh cho thdy ham lupng chi tich luy trong cdi be xanh d tdt cd ede nghiem thuc
dao dong tic 0,0311 -0,3317 mg/kg thdp hem gidi han chophep trongrau tuai cuaBoY

ti (1998). Ty le chi tich luy trong cdi be xanh tic ddt Id 0,254% (nghi^m thicc NT1) vd ty
le chi tich luy trong cdi be xanh cd nguon goc tic phdn compost d NT2, NT3 vd NT4 Idn

luptldO.116%, 0,139% vd 3,544%.
Nghiem thuc 3 (cdng thicc bon 400 g compost + 4,6 g ure + 32,6 g super Idn +
6,3 g KCl) khdng nhung dat muc tieu ve ndng sudt cao ma con cd ham lupng chi thdp.

GVHD: ThS. Bui ThiMaiPhung


K/wa limn tdt nghiepSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

MUC LUC

LOT CAM ON
ABSTRACT
TOM TAT
MUC LUCi

DANH SACH BANGiv
DANH SACH HINHv

DANH MUC VIET TATvi

CHUONG 1: Md DAU1
CHtTONG 2: LITOC KHAO TAl LIEU2
2.1.Tinh hinh xii ly rac thai thanh phan compost tai tinh An Giang va
nhirng mo hihh ling dung phan compost trong viec trong rau mau2
2.1.1.So lucre ve cac nha may xii ly rac thai sinh hoat thanh phan compost

tai tinh An Giang2
2.1.2.Lgi ich va mot so nghien ciiu ring dung phan compost trong canh tac
rau mau9

2.1.3.Mot so nghien ciiu ve ham lugng kim loai nang tich luy trong mot so
loai rau va cai xanh10
2.2.T6ng quan ve kim loai nang va chi11
2.2.1.So luge vS kim loai nang va chi11
2.2.2.Qua trinh xam nhap kim loai nang vao thuc vat12

2.2.3.Cac yeu to ahh huong den kha nang hap thu nguyen to vi lugng trong
nude, dat cua thuc vat'.14

2.2.4.Anh huong cua kim loai nang dSn thuc vat va tinh doc cua chi15
2.3.Gioi thieu vl cai xanh17
2.3.1.Nguon goc cai xanh17

2.3.2.Dae tinh va gia tri dinh dudng cua cai xanh17
2.4.Ky thuat trong cai be xanh18
2.4.1.Thai vu18

2.4.2.Lam dit19
GVHD: ThS. Bui Tin Mai Phungi

Khoa luan tdt ngliiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen
2.4.3.Ky thuat tr6ng19
2.4.4.Chamsoc va bon phan19

2.4.5.Quan ly dich hai21
2.4.6.Thu hoach21
2.5. Vai tro va tinh hinh sir dung phan hfiu co' trong san-xuat rau sach.. 21
2.5.1.Vai tro cuaviec sir dung phan huu co trong san xuat rau sach21

2.5.2.Tinh hinh phat triin va ling dung phan hOn co trong san xuat rau sach

25

CHITONG 3: PHUONG TIEN VA PHlTONG PHAP NGHIEN CU"U27
3.1.D6i tuo-ng nghien cuu'.27

3.2.Tlioi gian va dia diem nghien ciiu27
3:3. Muc tieu nghien ciru27

3.4.Noi dung nghien ciiu27
3.5.Phirffng tien va vat lieu nghien ciru28

3.5.1.Vat lieu thi nghiem

28

3.5.2.Dung cu va thigt bi do - phan tich.mau28
3.5.3.Hoa chat phan tich mau28

3^6. Phu'irng phap nghien ciru29
3.6.1.Phuongphap thu thap s6 lieu thiicfip29
3.6.2.Phuong phap bo tri thi nghiem29
3.6.3.Phirong phap tinh ham ltrcmg N, P, K trong phan compost va phan vo

ca31
3.6.4.Phtrong phap thu va bao quan mau rau32

3.6.5.Phtrong phap do cac chi tieu tang tnrdng va tinh nang suat32
3.6.6.Phirong phap phan tich mau dat, phan compost va rau33

3.6.7.Phirong phap xtr ly so lieu36

CHlTONG 4: MET QUA THAO LUAN38
4.1. Chat Iuong phan compost va ham Iiiong Pb trong dat dung trong thi
nghiem38

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Khoa Inan tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen
4.1.1.Ham lirongN, P, K trong phSn compost38
4.1.2.Ham hrcmg chi trong phan compost va trong dat trong rau38
4.2.Sir sinh truong va pliat trien cua cai be xanh39
4.2.1.Chi^u cao cay39
4.2.2.So la va kich thirdfc lacai be xanh42
4.2.3.Ty le cay chet, trong luong cay va nang suat cay trong45

4.3.Sir tich luy chi trong cai be xanh sau 35 ngay trong49
4.4.Moi lien he gifra ham luong chi va nang suat cai51

CHlTONG 5: Kt LUAN VA KIEN NGHI52
5.1.KSt luan152
5.2.Kien nghi52

TAl LIEU THAM KHAO
PHU LUC

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Khoa luan tot nghiepSVTH: Nguyen Ha Duyen

DANH SACH BANG

Bang 2.1: Ham lugng N, P, K trong phan compost a nha may xu ly rac xa An

Hao huyen Tjnh Bien3
Bang 2.2: Thanh phSn cac chat dinh duang trong phan compost a nha may xu ly
rac xa Hoa Binh, huyen Cher Mai

4

Bang 2.3: Ham lucmg N, P, K trong phan compost a nha may xu: ly rac xa Binh

Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh8
Bang 2.4: Thai gian va ham lugng phan bon bon thuc cho cai xanh20
Bang 3.1: Ty le phoi tron phan compost vdi phan vo ca30
Bang 4.1: Ham lugng N, P, K trong phan compost dung trong thi nghiem38
Bang 4.2: Ham lugng chi trong dat va phan compost39

Bang 4.3: Chieu cao cai be xanh qua cac giai doan phat trien41
Bang 4.4: S6 la cai be xanh qua cac giai doan phat trign43
Bang 4.5: Kich thuac la cai be xanh qua cac giai doan phat trien

44

Bang 4.6: S6 lugng va ty le cay chgt a cac nghiem thirc tai thai di&n thu hoach
.^46
Bang 4.7: Nang su^t cai be xanh sau khi thu hoach47
Bang 4.8: Bang thong ke tong hgp cac chi tieu tang trudng cua cai be xanh tai
thai diem thu hoach49
Bang 4.9: Ty le tich luy chi trong cai be xanh tir dat va phan compost50
Bang 4.10: Bang tong hgp ham lugng chi va nang suat sau khi thu hoach51

GVHD: ThS. Bui Thi Mai Pltung


Khoa luan tdt nghiepSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

DANH SACH HINH

Hinh 2.1: Xucrng xu ly rac thai va san xuat phan compost xa Binh Thanh, huyen

Ch^u Thanh:5
Hinh 2.2: Quy trinh cong nghe u phan compost cua nha may xur ly rac thai xa
Binh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh:6
Hinh 2.3: Do kha dung thuc vat cua cac nguyen to vi luong13
Hinh 2.4:M6 hinh cac nguyen to vi krpng kha dung trong dat14
Hinh 2.5: Kim loai thiSt ydu va khong thiSt y^^u'.16
Hinh 3.1: Cach thu mau rau theo duang cheo32

Hinh 3.2: He th6ng may quang ph6 h^p thu nguyen tit (AAS)35
Hinh 4.1: Bieu do the hien sir tang truong chieu cao cay qua cac giai doan40
Hinh 4.2: Bieu do the hien sir tang so luqng la cai be xanh qua cac giai doan... 42

Hinh 4.3: Bieu do the hien sir tang kich thirac la cai be xanh qua cac giai doan 43
Hinh 4.4: Sau an tap hai cai be xanh45
' Hinh 4.5: Cai bi benh vang la,46
Hinh 4.6: Bieu do the hien trong luqng cai 6 cac nghiem thuc sau khi thu hoach
-;47

Hinh 4.7: Bieu do the hin ham luqng chi tich luy trong cai be xanh sau khi thu
hoach:49

GVHD: ThS. Bui Tin Mai Phung


SVTH: Nguyen Ha Buy en

Khoa luan tdt nghiep

DANH MUC VIET TAT

BVTV

Bao ve thuc vat

Ctv

Cong tac vien

C. cao

Chieu cao

DC

Doi chumg

K.thirdc la

Kich thirac la
Nong nghiep va Phat trien

NN & PTNT

nong thon

NSKG

Ngay sau khi gieo

NT

Nghiem thiic

TB

Trung binh

TP

Thanh ph6

Tr.d6ng/ha

Trieu dong/ha

vsv

Vi sinh \St

GVHD: ThS. Biii Thi Mai P/tung


Khoa luan tot nghiepSVTH: Nguyen Ha Duyen

CHirONGl:MdfiAU
Ke tir nam 1994, viec su dung phan ttr chat thai hiiu ca da cho hieu qua
cao ca ve nang suat Ian hieu qua kinh te doi vdd mot so loai rau qua trong can nhu
cai bong, cai bap, ca chua va dau phong. Hon nua, viec sir dung phan duqc u tir

chat thai do thi hoan toan co the thay the phan chuong. Boi phan u lam dat toi
xop - co tac dung cai tao dat, tang nang suat vaphamxhat la dau tarn.

Ngay nay, viec sir dung phan hOu ca de trong rau sach ngay cang phat trien
rong rai. Tuy nhien, doi vdi phan him- ca - compost duac u tir rac thai sinh hoat
ngoai chda cac nguyen to da lugng N, P, K, Ca,... hun ich cho cay trong con co
cac nguyen to vi luang nhu kim loai nang nhu Pb, Cd, Ni... va mot so VSV co
hai trong phan. Cac kim loai nang nay neu tich luy vao thud vat (rau, cai,...)

dung lam thiic an cho con nguai va dpng vat co the se gay ra nhung can benh cap
tinh hay man tinh, nguy hiem cho sue khoe va tinh mang con ngudi.
Be co the tai sur dung nguon phan huu ca — compost tir rac thai sinh hoat de
trong rau mau. Vai cau hoi dat ra la kim loai nang trong rau trong co vugt tieu

chuan cho phep hay khong de nguai tieu dung yen tam tieu thu? Truac thue trang
do, chiing toi da thuc hien de tai "Nghien cieu khii nang tich lily chi trong cai be
xanh khi bon bSng phan compost dwffc san xuQt tu rac thai sinh hoat" nh5m
xac dinh muc do tich luy chi trong cai be xanh.

GVHD: ThS. Bui ThiMaiPhung


Khoa luan tdt nghiepSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

CHtTGNG 2: LlTOC KHAO TAI LIEU

2.1. Tinh hinh xii Iy rac thai thanh phan compost tai tinh An Giang va
nhfrng mo hinh ling dung phan compost trong viec trong rau man
2.1.1. So' liruc ve cac nha may xir Iy rac thai sinh hoat thanh phan compost

tai tinh An Giang
Tren dja ban tinh An Giang hien nay co 5 khu xd Iy rac thai sinh hoat dat
tai 5 huyen. Do la, khu phan loai va xil Iy rac thai sinh hoat xa An Hao (Huyen
Tinh Bien) co cong suat xd Iy 5m3/ngay; tai xa Hoa Binh (Huyen Chg Mdi) vdi
cong suat 10 m3/ngay, xu Iy rac cho hai xa Hoa Binh va Hoa An; tai xa Binh
Thanh (Huyen Chau Thanh) vdi cong snk 5 m3/ngay, xil Iy rac cho xa Binh
Thanh; tai xa VTnh Phu (Huyen Thoai Son) vdi cong suit 5 m3/ngay xu Iy rac
cho xa VTnh Phu va mot phan xa VTnh Trach; tai xa VTnh Lpc (Huyen An Phu)
vdi cong suat 5m3/ngay, xd Iy rac cho xa VTnh Loc {So Tai nguyen va Mdi

trudngAn Giang, 2011).
Cac khu xd Iy rac co ban dap dng dugc yeu cau giai quyet viec xd Iy lugng
rac thai tai cac dja phuong nhung van con han che la viec phan loai rac tai nguon
chua triet de, mot so thiet bi trang bi chua phu hop va dja phucmg gap khd khan
vg kinh phi,... (Mai Thi Van Anh, 2012).
a. So' luoc ve nha may xd Iy rac thai sinh hoat thanh phan compost d xa

An Hao, huyen Tinh Bien
Nha may xd Iy rac thanh phan compost tai xa An Hao, huyen Tjnh Bien
dugc van hanh thd nghiem cong nghe xd Iy rac thai sinh hoat theo phuong phap
d yem khi tuy nghi goi tat la cong nghe A.B.T vao dau nam 2008 vdi cong suat
xd Iy la 5 mVngay va chinh thdc di vao hoat dpng vao nam 2009.
Cong nghe A.B.T cd nhieu dac tinh noi bat: khong phan loai rac tai nguon;
xd Iy triet de rac huu co; khong phat sinh nude ri rac; phan him co sinh hoc che
bien td mun rac cd chat lugng "rat cao; chi phi dau tu va van hanh thudng xuyen
rat thap, it ton di^n nang; cd the dng dung xd Iy rac d mpi quy mo cong sudt khac
nhau (cum, khu dan cu den cac do thj loai trung); cd thd xay dung khu xd Iy rac d
gan noi phat sinh rac (trong khu dan cu, chg, ...), do do giam chi phi van chuydn
va xay dung (>oan Van Nha, 2012).
Td kdt qua phan tich N, P, K trong phan compost cua nha may xd Iy rac
thai sinh hoat d xa An Hao, huyen Tjnh Bien cho thiy, lugng Ian di tieu la rfit
thap so vdi tieu chuan nganh (Bang 2.1).

GVHD: ThS. BUi Thi Mai Phung2


Khoa luan tdt nghiep

SVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen

Bang 2.1: Ham Itrang N, P, K trong phan compost a nha may xu ly rdc xaAn

Hdo huyen Tinh Bien
Ham luffng (mg/g)
Thanh phSn

Tieu chuan
nganh - TCN

Nguygn Thi

Nguygn Thi Thu

Am, 2010

Thao, 2011

(%)

Nita tong so

6,30

7,06

>2,5

Lan tong so

1,73

12,37

-

Lan de tieu

0,98

1,05

>2,5

Kali tong so

9,03 %o

10,20%o

>1,5

(Ngudn: NguySn Thi Am, 2010 va NguySn Thi Thu Thdo, 2011)

b. So1 \attc vg nha may xu ly rac thai sinh hoat thanh phan compost it
xa Hoa Binh, huyen Chu Moi
Khu xu ly rac thai sinh hoat xa Hoa Binh (Cho Mai) khanh thanh vao thang
06 nam 2011. Khu xu ly rac rong gan 2,8 ha, co cong suat 10 m3/ngay ap dung
theo cong nghe A.B.T, gom cac hang muc: khu nha xuang,.ham li rac, san thao
tac, kho chua mun, nha chua hoa chat va thiet hi,... Tong kinh phi tren 1,7 ty

dong tir nguon kinh phi sir nghiep moi trucmg va khoa hoc cong nghe cua tinh
cimg ngan sach huyen.

Cong trinh hoan thanh gop phln xu ly luang rac thai sinh hoat nong thon xa
Hoa Binh va cac xa lan c^n tren dia ban, gop phln bao ve moi trucmg; d6ng thdi
lucmg mun thu duac sau xu ly dung lam phan bon trong san xuat nong nghiep
(Hanh Chau, Phong Mieng va Gia Khanh, 2011).
Bang 2.2 cho thay, ham lugng cac kim loai nang trong phan compost cua
nha may xu ly rac sinh hoat cr xa Hoa Binh, huyen Cher Mai la kha thdp (dang
vet) va dat tieu chuan nganh. Nita tong dat 7,39% cao han tieu chuan nganh (>
.2,5%).

GVHD: ThS. Bui Thi MaiPhung


Khoa Infill tot nghiep

SVTH: Nguyn Ha Duyen

Bang 2.2: Thanh phdn cdc chat dinh duang trongphdn compost a nha may xie ly
rac xa Hoa Binh, hityen Cha Mai

Tieu chuan

TT

Chi tieu

Don vj

1

Mau

-

MSu

Compost

Tieu chuan

nganh

Mau nau

Z,9

Mill

Mau nau, sam

Mau nau, sam

Co mui

Mui mun, khong

Mui miin, khong

mun,

co miii ammoniac

co miii ammoniac

ammoniac

hoac mui tir phan

hoac mui tir phan

rat nhe

him co yem khi

him co yem khi

6,3

6,5-8,5

6,0 - 8,0

sam

3

pH

4

Do am

%

35-45

30 - 40

<35

5

T6ngC

%

7,51

-

<13

6

Nita tong

%

7,39

1,0-2,0

>2,5

7

Ty le C/N

-

1,02

<17

-

8

Pb

mg/kg

15,23

-

<250

9

Cu

mg/kg

19,95

-

<200

10

Zn

mg/kg

96,14

-

<750

11

Salmonella

/25g

< 3 MPN/4g

0

12

VSVc6
dinh dam

CFU/g

Khong
phat hien

3x10*

lxl03-lxl0*

-

(Nguon: Scr Tai nguyen vd Moi truang An Giang, 2011 trich tit Hitynh Thi Triing

Duang, 2012)

GVHD: ThS. Bui Thi Mai Phung


SVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

Khoa luan tdt nghiep

c. So' lu-o'c ve nha may xii' ly ric thai sinh hoat thanh phan compost is xa

Binh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh

Hinh 2.1: Xwang xic ly rac thai va san xudtphdn compost xa Binh Thanh, huyen
Chau Thanh
(Ngu6n:LeHaiNhi,2012)

>Vitri nha may: Nha may thupc ap Thanh Hung, xa Binh Thanh, huyen
Chau Thanh, tinh An Giang chinh thuc hoat dong vao thing 6 nam 2011. Khu xu
ly co t6ng dien tich la 3.172 m2, dp dung cong nghe u hi^u khi kSt hop chS phfim
sinh hoc, cong suit xu ly la 5 m3/ngay (Le Hai Nhi, 2012).
>Quy trinli san xuatphan compost
Rac dupe thu gom tir chp va cac ho gia dinh (co the dupe phan loai tai
nguon) bang xe thu gom rac co ngan phan each rieng biet, tai day rac dupe thu
gom, phan loai lai mot Ian nfia, rac co the tai che hay tai su dung cho vao bao
dung rieng.

Rac dupe van chuySn ve san thao tic d khu phan loai, tai day ric dupe phan
loai thanh ric him co, ric vo co (tii ch^ hoac khong tii ch^), xe cic tui dung ric
bang dao chuyen dung thd cong va bam nho cic chat huu co co klch thudc ion de
nang cao hieu qui cho qui trinh u.

GVHD: ThS. Bui ThiMaiPhung


Khoa luan tdt nghiep

SVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen

Thu gom rac
(die, ho gia dinh) phan loai scr bo

San thao tac
Phan loai lln 2

U Compost
-lhdigian40ngay
-Kilm soat nhift: 50 - 70C
-Do im: 40 - 60%, tuoi am bing

Uchin
7 -10 ngay

Sang phan loai

Songbao

Tiln thu

Hinh 2.2: Quy trlnh cong nghe u phan compost ciia nha may xii ly rac thai xa
Blnh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh
(Ngudn: So Tai nguyen va Moi truang An Giang, 2011 trich tit Huynh Thi Triing

Duong, 2012)

Rac co thS tai che: ducrc ban cho cac ca sa thu mua ph^ lieu;
Rac khong tai che duoc: mang di chon lap;
Rac him ca con lai: dura vao 6 u de tien hanh cong doan u tiep theo.

Rac sau khi cho vao 6 u compost (duac thiSt kg thoang khi xung quanh va
ben trong 6) duac u trong thai gian 40 - 45 ngay, trong 6 li rac duac chia thanh

GVHD: ThS. Bill ThiMaiPhung


Khoa luan tSt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen
tung lop, m6i lop day 0,2 m dugc phun chlphim sinh hoc. Nhiet do trongham u
co thS dat tu- 60 — 70C sau 2 ngay u, do am 40 - 60%. Trong qua trinh u sinh ra

nude ri rac, lugrig nude nay co thS hoan hru dung de tudi lai 6 u.
Sau khi tien hanh u 40 - 45 ngay, lugng rac nay dirge dem ra 6 chura va tien
hanh li chin trong thai gian khoang 7-10 ngay. Lugng rac sau khi li chin dugc
dua ra sang quay motor de phan loai. San pham thu dugc gom: mun him ca, rac

him co khd phan huy va rac vo co con lai.
Rac huu co kho phan huy dugc tiep tuc u d me u tiep theo;
Rac vo ca con sot lai dugc mang di chon lap;
Mim huu co - phan compost thu dugc cho vao bao chua va dem di tieu thu.

Thong thudng khoi lugng mun him ca thu dugc sau khi u chiem khoang
20% khoi lugng chat huu co ban dau
> Thwc te van hanh cua nha may

Van hanh: Cong nhan chua thuc hien thao tac dung theo quy trinh thiet ke
hudng dSn.
Lugng rac tiep nhan thuc te: Hang ngay lugng rac tiep nhan khoang 1
tan/ngay. Chu yeu dugc thu gom tir khu vuc chg va khu vuc dan cu cap cac tuyen
16 giao thong xung quanh.
Thanh pham: Me u hon 60 ngay van chua phan huy thanh phan compost

nhung theo quy trinh la 40 ngay thi phan huy thanh phan compost. Co the do su"
dung che pham sinh hoc chua phu hop,
Phuong tien: Su dung 2 thung xe keo rac theo du an. Xe van chuyen, may
sang, bang tai,... thiet ke cong kenh (da so la tu che) va van hanh chua dam bao

can phai cai tien them. Cac thiet bi thudng bi hu (chay dong co dien) lam hudng
den qua trinh hoat dong cua khu xu Iy.
Dpi ngu cong nhan: Bao gom 5 cong nhan thu gom rac. Tuy.nhien, hien nay

van thu gom chua het cac tuyen do lugng rac phat sinh nhieu (Le Hdi Nhi, 2012).
Chat lugng phan compost cua nha may xu ly rac thai d xa Binh Thanh rat
tot, co ham lugng dam, Ian va kali trong phan compost luon dat tieu chuan nganh
(Bang 2.3).

GVHD: ThS. Bui ThiMaiPhung


Khda luan tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen
Bang 2.3: Ham luong N, P, K trongphdn compost d nhd may xu ly rac xa Binh

Thanh, huyen Chdu Thanh
Thanh phSnHam iuong (mg/g)
Nito tong so

8,02

Lan tong s6

5,69

Lan dli tieu

4,52

Kali t6ng s6

9,08

Tieu chudn nganh (%)
>2,5

>2,5

(Ngudn: Vo Thi Ngoc Nua, 2012)

d.So' luoc ve nha may xir ly rac thai sinh hoat thanh phan compost 6'

xa Vinh Phii, huyen Thoai Son
Phong Tai nguyen va Moi trucmg huyen Thoai Son da trien khai xay dung
va chinh thiic cho hoat dong nha may xis ly rac theo cong nghe A.B.T voi cong
suat 5 m3/ngay tai xa Vmh Phu (Sff Tai nguyen vd Moi truang An Giang, 2011).
Nha may duoc xay dung tren tong dien tich 2.000 m2, trong do khu nha u 300 m2,
nha chua mun, dung cu 60 m2, nha lam viec 30 m2,... voi tong kinh phi xay dung

700 trieu d6ng (Nguyin Tri Phuang, 2011). Sau 12 thang thi cong, Phong Tai
nguyen va Moi truong Thoai Son dua vao sir dung khu xu ly rac thai tai xa VTnh
Phu vao thang 6 nam 2011. Uu diem cua. he thong nay la rac sau khi qua cac
khau xu ly tao ra phan vi sinh phuc vu san xuat nong nghiep (Sa Tai nguyen vd
Moi truong An Giang, 2011).
Theo quy trinh xu ly, rac dugc li 30 ngay, sau khi phan loai, ngoai lucmg

phan dugc san xuat, so rac khong phan huy nhu bao nylon, vo chai dugc tai su
dung, cac loai khac dugc chon hoac dot. Moi ngay, nha may xu ly tren 1,2 tan rac

va san xuat 240 kg phan huu co phuc vu nong dan dia phucrng {My Hanh, 2012).
e.So' luoc ve nha may xu ly rac thai sinh hoat thanh phan compost 6' xa

Vinh Loc, huyen An Phii
Thang 6 nam 2011, nha may xu ly rac thai sinh hoat dugc chinh thuc dua
vao hoat dgng tai xa VTnh Loc, huyen An Phu ap dung cong nghe u phan theo
hinh thuc li yem khi tuy nghi A.B.T vdi cong suat 5 mVngay (So Tdi nguyen vd
Moi truong An Giang, 2011). Udc tinh lugng rac phat sinh hang ngay tai khu vuc

GVHD: ThS. Bui Thi Mai Phung8


Khoa (mill tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyen
xa Vihh Loc khoang 4,5 tan/ngay (Trung tdm Dich vu cong huyen An Phil, 2011
trich tic Nguyin Van SSc, 2011).
2.1.2. Lot ich va mot so nghien cun ung dung phan compost trong canh
tac rau mau
a.Lot ich cua phan compost

Mot s6 loi ich cua viec bon phan compost: Tang do toi x6p, miin him co
cho dlt; giix am, tang thai gian luu nude; thlm loc tot, tranh bac mau cho dat; nha
duong chat ttr tir, tang hap thu khoang chat; chong xoi mon; chong chai hoa dat;
cai tao tinh chat co ly hoa ciia dat; cai tao dat, giup dat toi xop, bo sung nguon
dinh duong; bo sung dam, Ian, kali cho cay trong {Phan sink hoc hitu co cdu
Diln, 2007 trich tic Nguyin Thi Thu Thdo, 2011).
b.Mot so nghien cuu ling dung phan compost trong canh tac rau mau

Nghien cuu ung dung phan compost duoc u tir rac thai sinh hoat trong kho
qua a tinh Hau Giang. KSt qua cho thiy bon 10 tin phan/ha se cho nang suat cao
va dat hieu qua kinh te {Dang The Nhon, 2009 trich theo Vo Thi Ngoc Nua,

2012).
Trung tam ling dung TiSn bo Khoa hoc Cong nghe (So Khoa hoc va Cong
nghe An Giang) da thuc hien du an su dung phan compost tir qua trinh u rac thai
him co vao san xuat hoa mau vao nam 2012. 6ng V6 Bat Giao, ngu ap Thanh
Nhon, xa Binh Thanh, huyen Chau Thanh la mot trong nhung nong dan gidi ciia
xa da trong thi diem cai tua sai ydi dien tich 2.800 m2, mot phan sit dung phan
compost vdi dien tich 1.400 m2, phln con lai trdng khong suf dung phan compost
de doi chiing. Sau 43 ngay xuong giong va cham soc, ong thu hoach tren mieng
dat co su dung phan compost dupe 3,5 tan cai, mieng dat khong sii dung phan
compost 2,5 tan cai. Qua theo doi va so sanh, Ong nhan thay su dung phan
compost cho cay cai tua sai dat nang suit cao hon 1 tan/cong, dOng thai chi phi
giam dang kl. Cu thi, nlu san xult theo each truyen thong, ong tin chi phi 2,5
trieu dong/cong, con sir dung phan compost ket hop them mot it phan va thuoc
khac ong ton 2 trieu dong/cong {True Pha, 2012).
Ben canh nhung hieu qua cua cay cai tua sai duoc ong Vo Bat Giao trong
thi diem, ong Nguyen Van Dung, ngu ap Thanh Hung, xa Binh Thanh cung rat
hai long ttr viec trong thi diem bau. Ong trong 500 m2 bau co su dung phan
compost, 500 m2 con lai khong su dung phan compost de doi chiing. Ket qua ong
thu hoach dugc 1.300 kg blu tren milng dlt sii dung phan compost, 500 m2 con
lai chi thu dugc 320 kg biu. Nang suit tang gin 1.000 kg/500 m2. Ben canh viec

GVHD: ThS. Bui Thi Mai Phung9


Khda hum tdt nghiepSVTH: NguySn Ha Duyen
tang nang suat va giam chi phi san xuat, phan compost con co tac dung cai tao

dat vi trong thanh phan phan compost khong chiia hoa chat gay hai ma con chua
nhieu chat huu co tu nhien bo sung cho dat. Hon nua, khac vdi cac Ioai phan
thuong la bon vai, khi bon phan compost phai xdi dat len roi tron deu phan vdi
dat, nhd vay da tao dp tai xop cho dat. Dae biet, lupng dinh duong tir phan
compost sir dung trong vu dau van con thtra, trong lai hoa mau mua sau.van cho

nang suat cao va chat lupng tot (7>zic Pha, 2012).
Nghien cuu khao sat hieu qua cua phan compost san xuat tir rac thai chp
nong thon d6i vdi su sinh trudng, phat triln va nang suit cay cai ngot tai xa Binh
Thanh, Chau Thanh, An Giang. Ket qua cho thay khi bon 10 tan phan
compost/ha cho san pham cai sinh trudng va phat trien tot, dong thai cho nang
sufit cao va dat hieu qua kinh tS {Vo Thi Ngoc Hiiu, 2012 "duac trich bdi Vo Thi
Ngoc Nua, 2012).
Nghien ciiu ung dung phan compost co tron duong chat de trong cai be
. xanh tai xa Long Giang, huyen Chp Mdi cho thay cai be xanh dupe bon bang
phan compost co tron duong chat cho nang suat cao va kha nang chong chiu benh
chay la cao hon khi khong bon compost hay bon vdi ty le thap (Vo Thi Ngoc
Nua, 2012).
2.1.3. Mot s6 nghien ciru vi ham hrpng kirn Ioai nang tich luy trong mot
so Ioai rau va cai xanh

Ham lupng kim Ioai nang trong rau cung la mot trong nhung chi tieu can
han che trong san xuaf rau sach. -Khi ham lupng kim Ioai nang dupe con ngudi
hap thu qua nguong cho phep se gay anh hudng xau den siic khoe, thi du ham
lupng Asen cho phep trong ca thS la 0,006 - 0,007 mg/kg thi trong, qua nguong
tren se gay doc hai cho ca thi, con tang len 20 mg/kg thi trong se gay tu vong
trong 24 gib (Bui Cdch Tuyin, 1997).
Khao sat mot s6 Ioai rau d Da Lat cho thiy ham lupng ding trong rau cao
gap 1,5 lln va ham lupng kem cao gfip 2 - 9 lin muc cho phep eiia Bp NN &

. PTNT (Bui Cdch Tuyin, 1997).
Ket qua nghien cuu kha nang chlng chiu va tich luy chi cua cay cai xanh
trlng tren dlt 6 nhilm cua Luang Thi Thuy Van va ctv (1998) cho thly kha nang
hap thu chi cua cai xanh tang dan theo kha nang tao sinh khoi cua cay. Khi sinh
khoi cang tang nhanh theo thai gian thi chi tich tu trong cay cang cao. Sinh khoi
cai xanh giam dan khi ham lupng chi vupt qua 1.500 mg/kg dit thi nghiem. Kha
nang hap thu chi cua cai xanh trong tren dat 6 nhiem tang dan theo ham lupng chi

GVHD: ThS. Bui Thi Mai Pliung10


Kfwa luan tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Duyin
trong dat va thai gian thi nghiem. Khi ham luang chi la 3.500 mg/kg dat, sau 48
ngay sinh tnrdng cay co the hap thu 343,67 mg chl tren 1 kg vat chat kho.
Nghien cuu "Hien trang 6 nhiem kim loai nang trong rau xanh & ngoai 6 TP
Ho Chi Minh" cua Nguyen Thi Ngpc An va ctv (2006) cho thay rau cai dupe
trong tren dat 6 nhiem co kha nang tich luy mot so kim loai nang cu the nhu sau:
Ham luang Cu .trong raucai a xa Dong Thanh, huyen Hoc Mon la.6,963 mg/kg;

ham luang Zn trong rau cai a xa Tan Phu Trung, huyen Cu Chi la 23,06 mg/kg;
ham luang Cd trong rau cai a xa Da Phuac, huyen Binh Chanh la 118,40 pg/kg.
Ket qua dl tai nghien ciiu "Danh gia hien trang 6 nhilm chi trong rau xanh

a TP H6 Chi Minh" cua Nguyin Thi Ngoc An (2007) cho thiy ham luang chi
tich luy trong cai be xanh dupe trong tren nen dat 6 nhiem a xa Thai Tarn Thon,
huyen H6c Mon, TP H6 Chi Minh la 0,106 mg/kg, a xa Tan Phii Trung, huyen
Cu Chi, TP H6 Chi Minh la 0,038 mg/kg thSp han muc giai han cho phep vi
ham luang chi trong rau cua Bo Y ti (0,5 -1,0 mg/kg).
Theo ket qua nghien cuu cua Nguyen Xuan Cu (2008), luang Cu, Pb, Zn
them vao dat co anh huang ro ret den sinh truang va nang suat cua rau cai xanh,

trong do anh huang cua chi la the hien rd nhat. 6 cac luang bon Ian luat la 50
ppm, 100 ppm va 200 ppm chi chiiu cao cai xanh giam tuang ung 25%, 31% va
44% so vai doi chiing (khong bon chi). D6ng thai nang sudt cai xanh cung giam
tuang ung 27%, 51% va 56% so vai d6i chung. Ben canh do, luang bon chi-vao
dat cung lam tang rat nhanh su tich luy chi trong cay, luang chi tich luy trong cai
xanh tang len han 5 ISn, 9 18n va 10 ldn (Nguyin Xuan Cu, 2008).
Ket qua nghien cuu ham luang kim loai nang trong mot so loai rau (rau
muong, cai xoong, cai ngong,...).a khu vuc Ha Npi cua Le Lan Anh va cpng su

(2010) cho thay kim loai nang tap trung vao phan re va phan than gia (phan
khong an dupe), phan an dupe chi co khoang 20 den 50% so vai phan khong an
dupe. Phan goc va phan ngpn co ham luang xap xi nhau.
2.2. Tong quan ve kim loai nang va chi
2.2.1. So lupc ve kim loai nang va chi

Kim loai ndng dupe dung chi ten nhom cua cac kim loai va a kim, no gan
lien vai su 6 nhilm va tinh doc. Nhung cung co mot s6 nguyen t6 cin thilt cho
ca the sinh vat khi d nong dp thap. Kim loai nang doi khi cung dupe gpi la kim
loai vlt.
Kim loai nang con co thuat ngu khac la "Kim loai doc" de chi nhung
nguyen t6 khong cdn thilt, dl gay kich ung nhu: Pb, Cd, Hg, As,... No khong

GVHD: ThS. Bui Thi Mai Phung11


Khoa hum tdt nghiepSVTH: Nguyin Ha Buy en
dung chi cac nguyen to thiet yeu cho co the sinh vat nhu: Co, Cu, Mn, Se va Zn.

Sir phan loai kim loai doc dua tren ty trong nguyen tu (d > 6 g/cm3) nhung no

cung bao g6m cac nhom nguyen t6 khong lien quan khac, xong vln chua ro (H6
Thi My Trang, 2005).
Quan diem phan loai theo ty trong cho rang: kim loai nang la cac kim loai
co ty trong (ky hieu d) Ion hon 5, nghTa la-chung nang gap 5 Ian hoac hon nOa so
vdi kh6i lupng rieng ciia nuac, bao g6m: Pb (d = 11,34), Cd (d = 8,6), As (d =
5,72), Zn (d = 7,10), Co (d = 8,9), Cu (d = 8,96), Cr (d = 7,1), Fe (d = 7,87), Mn
(d = 7,44), ... Trong so cac nguyen to nay co mot so nguyen to can thiet cho cay
trong, vi du: Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Fe... Cac nguyen to nay cay trong can vai ham

hrang nho, gpi lit nguyen to vi luang, neu ham luang cao se gay doc cho cay
tr6ng {Prasad, 1974 trich theo Phan Thi ThuHdng, 2008).
Theo quan diem doc hoc: kim loai nang la cac kim loai co nguy ccr gay nen
cac van de ve moi trirong, bao gom: Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cr, Co, Fe, Mn, Ag,
Sn, As, Se. B6n nguyen to dupe quan tam la Pb, As, Cd va Hg. Cac nguyen to

nay hien nay chua biet duoc vai tro sinh thai cua chiing, tuy nhien neu du thira
mot luong nho thi tac hai rlt ldn {Phan Thi Thu H&ng, 2008).
Chi trong bang tuan hoan hoa hoc co ky hieu la Pb; s6 thii tu: 82; kh6i
luong nguyen til: 207,2 dvC; ban kinh ion: 1,26A va do am dien (theo paoling):
2,33 (Pham ThiLuu, 2010).
Chi la kim loai mau xam thSm, kha mem dl bi dat mong. Nhiet dp nong
chay: 327,46C. Nhiet dp soi: 174C. Kh6i lupng rieng: 11,34 g/cm3. Chi va cac
hop kim cua no deu doc va nguy hiem do tinh tich luy cua no, nen kho giai doc
khi bi nhiem dpc-lau dai. Chi hap thu tot cac tia phong xa {Pham ThiLuu, 2010).
2.2.2. Qua trinh xam nhap kim loai nang vao thuc vat

Khi dupe trong trong moi trucmg bi 6 nhiem, thuc vat tro thanh moi de doa
tiem tang doi voi she khod con ngupi va dpng vat khi chiing co tich. luy cac
nguyen t6 doc chlng han nhu kim loai nang trong td bao, didn hinh la benh Itai Itai gay anh hudng nghiem trong den siic khoe ciia nong dan an lua co nhiem
cadmium trong mot thai gian dai.

Thuc vat co the bi lie che sinh trudng do tich luy mot lupng Ian cac nguyen
to doc trong te bao, do do lam giam nang suat cay trong, gay thiet hai ve kinh te
cho nong dan.

GVHD: ThS. Bui Thi Mai Phung12