Tính toán thiết kế hệ thống xử lý nước thải bệnh viện đa khoa khu vực châu đốc

..

TRtTOfNG DAI HOC AN GIANG
KHOA KY THUAT - CONG NGHE - MOI TRLfCING

VO THANH PHONG

TINH TOAN, THIET KE HE THONG Xf LY NlTOC
THAI BENH VIEN DA KHOA KHU VlfC CHAU DOC
TRU^NG D^I HQC
AN GIANG

thUvien
KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP

GVHD: Th.s NGUYEN THANH HUNG

An Giang, 05/ 2013


NHAN XET CUA GIAO VIEN H^ONG DAN

Chuky


NHAN XEt CUA GIAO VIEN PHAN BIEN 1

Chiiky


NHAN XET CUA GIAO VIEN PHAN BIEN 2

Chuky


LOI CAM ON

Be co dupe thanh qua horn nay, truac het toi muon giti lai cam on den cha

me ngucri luon cho toi niem tin, diem tua ve vat chat cung nhur tinh than giup toi
hoc tap hoan thanh uac mo cua minh.

Toi xin bai to long biet cm sau sac den quy thay co truang Bai hoc An
Giang, dac biet la cac thay co trong khoa Ky thuat - Cong nghe - Moi truang da
tan tinh giang day, truyen dat, trang bi cho toi nhtmg kien thiic trong suot qua
trinhhpc tap.
Bac biet, xin guri lai cam an chan thanh va sau sac den thay ThS. Nguyen
Thanh Hung, hguai da tan tam hirang dan giup toi giai quyet kho khan va truyen
dat nhtrng kinh nghiem de toi co the hoan thanh khoa luan tot nghiep cua minh.
Xin giii lai cam cm chan thanh va sau sac den thay co bo mon Moi trucmg
va phat trien ben vttng da tan tinh chi dan va cung cap tai lieu trong qua trinh viet
bai khoa luan.
Va sau cung, xin cam an tat ca ban be, nhung nguai luon quan tam, dpng

vien va khich le toi vl moi mat.
Mac du co nhieu co gang, nhung suhieu biet va kinh nghiem con nhieu han
che, nen chdt ch^n rang khong the tranh khoi nhung sai xot. Rit mong dupe su
dong gop y kien ciia thay co de bai khoa luan cua toi dupe hoan thien han.
Mot Ian nua, xin hay nhan nai toi lai cam an chan thanh va sau sac nhat!

Vo Thanh Phong

TOM TAT

Nude thai benh vien la mot trong moi quan tarn, lo ngai doi vdi nha quan ly
moi trircrng va xa hoi vi chung co the gay 6 nhiem moi truong nghiem trong va

nguy hiem den dori song con ngudi. (3 khoa luan nay toi sir dung phirong phap xii
ly sinh hoc (be aerotank) de xu ly nuoc thai benli vien Da Khoa Chau Doc. Cac so
lieu trong khoa luan duoc thu thap til nuoc thai benh vien va cac so lieu co lien
quan.

Thiet ke he thong xur ly nuoc thai benh vien Da Khoa Chau Doc duoc xay
dung tren 2 phuong an xir ly va tinh toan duoc dura tren cac quy chuan hien hanh.

He thdng tinh toan, thiSt k6 vai quy chuin dau ra theo QCVN 28: 2010/BTNMT
cot A.

Ket qua tinh toan la mot day chuyen cong nghe hoan ohinh, cac cong trinh
don vi duoc tinh toan, thiet ke va the hien chi tiet tren cac ban ve. Cung nhu tinh
toan duoc tong chi phi de xay dung va van hanh he thong.


SUMMARY

Hospital wastewater is one of deep cares for environmental and social
managers because it can cause environment pollution seriously. It is also in

danger of our life. In this thesis, I use the biological treatment method (aerotank)
to treat wastewater in the Chau Doc General Hospital. Figures in the thesis are

assembled from wastewater in the Hospital and related figures.
The system design to wastewater treatment at Chau Doc General Hospital is
built by two treatment and estimation projects based on the current rules and
standards. The estimation and design system has the output rules and standards
base on QCVN 28 : 2010 / BTNMT column A.
The estimation result is one fully-constituted technology line, unit projects
are estimated, designed and represented detailed in drawings, as well as we can
estimate the total costs to build and operate the system.


MUC LUC

LOT CAM ONi
TOM TATii
DANH SACH BANGvii
DANH SACH HINHix
DANH MUC TIT VIET TATx

CHUONG 1: GICTTHIEU1
CHUONG 2: LlTCfC KHAO TAI LIEU....:2
2.1.Tong quan ve nude thai benh vien2

2.1.1.Thuc trang xu ly nuac thM benh vien fir Viet Nam2
2.1.2.Nguon goc phat sinh nude thai benh vien3
2.1.3.Thanh phSn va tinh chSt nuac thai benh vien4
2.1.4.Nhung yeu cau chung doi vai viec thoat nuac thai benh vien
,.5

2.1.5.Cac nhom cong nghe xii Iy nude thai benh vien7
2.2.Cac phuang phap xu ly nude thai9

2.3.Cong nghe va thidt bi hop khdi trong xu ly nude thai benh vien12
2.3.1.Dae dilm cua cong nghe12

2.3.2.Xu ly nude thai benh vien13
2.3.3.Day chuydn cong nghe14
2.3.4.Cac thiet bi chinh trong day chuyen xii ly nude thai
benh vien15
2.4.Tong quan ve benh vien Da Khoa khu vuc Chau Doc20

CHUOONfG 3: PHUONG TIEN VA PHUONG PHAP NGUYEN ClTU.. 21
3.1.D6i tuqng nghien cuu21
3.2.Thai gian nghien ciiu:21
3.3.Muc tieu nghien cuu21

3.4.Noi dung nghien ciiu21


3.5.Phuang tien va vat lieu nghien cuu21

3.6.Phuang phap nghien cuu21

CHlTONG 4: TINH TOAN CAC CHI TIEU NtfOC THAI VA THIET
KE HE THONG XU" LY NlTOC THAI22
4.1.Tinh toan luu luong nuac22

4.2.Thanh phan va tinh chat nuac thai benh vien24
4.2.1.Thanh phan va tinh chat nude thai24
4.2.2.Ca sa lira chon phuang phap xu ly25
4.3.De xuat 2 phuang an xu ly26
4.3.1.Phuang anl26

4.3.2.Phuang an II;..:28

4.4.Tinh toan phuang an I29
4.4.1.Song chin rac29

4.4.2.HSm ti^p nhan33
4.4.3.B^ cliSu hoa35
4.4.4.BS aerotank,39

4.4.5.B6 ling dung50
4.4.6.BS trung gian54
4.4.7.BS lpc ap lire56
4.4.8.Bg khu trung58
4.4.9.Bg chiia bun61

4.5.Tinh toan phuang an II62
4.5.1. Bg loc sinh hoc co lop vat lieu ngap trong nuac62

CHlTONG 5: DlT TOAN CHI PHI VA LlTA CHON CONG NGHE67
5.1.Du toan chi phi phuang an I

67

5.1.1.Phlnxay dung67
5.1.2.Thiit bi may moc67
5.1.3.Chi phi quan ly, van hanh va hoa chat69
5.2.Du toan chi phi phuang an II71


5.2.1.Chi phi xay dung71

5.2.2.ThiSt bi may moc71
5.2.3.Chi phi quan ly, van hanh va hoa chSt73
5.3. Lira chon phuomg an thiSt kg75

CHtTONG 6: QUAN LY VA VAN HANH HE THONG76
6.1.Van hanh he thong76
6.1.1. Thai gian van hanh76
6.1.2.Tu6.1.3. Quytrinh van hanh76
6.2.Giai quygt sir c6.,77
6.3.Antoan trong van hanh79
6.3.1. An toan lao dpng trong van hanh79
.

6.3.2. Khi gap sir c679

CHUONG 7: KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI80
7.1.K6tluan80
7.2. KiSnnghi80

TAJ LIEU THAM KHAOxi
PHULUCxii


DANH SACH BANG
Bang 2.1: He thing benh vien a Viet Nam2
Bang 2.2: Dinh mite sic dung nude link theo giudng benh2
Bang 2.3: Tieu chudn nude cap vd nude thai benh vien4
Bang 2.4: Thanh phdn vd tinh chdt nude thai mot sd benh vien5
Bang 2.5: Nhicngyeu edit ddi vdi thodt nude thai benh vien6

Bang2.6: So sdnh ede chi tieu ky thudt cua ede loqi hinh cong nghe xit ly
nude thai benh vien5
Bang 2.7: Mot vdi phuangphdp xic ly nude thai theo quy trinh xic ly ca hoc,
hda hoc, sinh hoc9
Bang 2.8: Nhu cdu tieu thu nude linh tren mot giudng benh:13
Bang 2.9: Cdc chi tieu 6 nhiem chiiyeu cua nude thai benh vien14
Bang 4.1: Dinh mice sic dung nude tinh theo giudng benh22

Bang 4.2: He sd khong diiu hda chung (diiu 3.2-TCXD-51-2008)23
Bang 4.3: Tdng hop luu lupng tinh loan23
Bang 4.4: Thong so nude thai ddu vdo24
Bang 4.5: Cdc thong so ddu ra cua nude thai25
Bang 4.6: He so fi de tinh sice can cue bo cua song chdn32
Bang 4.7: So lieu thiet ke song chdn rdc32

Bing 4.8: S6 lieu thiit kihim bam tiip nhdn35
Bang 4.9: S6 lieu thiit kS bi di&u hda39
Bang 4.10: Gid tri dien hinh cua cdc he thong thiet ke be aerotank.41
Bang 4.11: Cdc gid tri dqc trung cho kich thudc cua be aerotank xdo Iron
hodn loan dupe the hien trong bang42

Bang 4.12: Sd lieu thiit ki bi aerotankxdo tron hodn todn49
Bang 4.13: S6 lieu thiit kibildng dung54
Bang 4.14: So lieu thiet ke be trung gian55

Bang4.15: Kich thudc vat lieu loc hai lap cho xicly nude thai bde cao56


Bang 4.16: S3 lieu thiit ki bi khit trimg60
Bang 4.17: Dae tinh ky thudt cua thimg chita clo61

Bang 4.18: Sd lieu thiit ki bi chua bun62
Bang 4.19: S3 lieu thik ki bi loc sinh hoc66
Bang 5.1: Chi phi xay dung.67

Bang 5.2: Chi phi thiit bi67
Bang 5.3: Chi phi ndng luong cho ede thiet bi69
Bang 5.4: Duong chdt vd liiu luong su dung70
Bang 5.5: Chiphixdy dung.71
Bang 5.6: Chi phi thiit bi:71
Bang 5.7: Chi phi nang luong cho ede thiit bi73
Bang 5.8: Duong chdt vd lieu lupngsic dung74

Bang 5.9: Bang chiphi he thing xu ly nude thai benh vien75
Bang 6.1: Su co ve cong nghe xu ly77
Bang 6.2: Gid tri cua ede thong so vd ede chdt gay 6 nhiem nude thdiy texii
Bang 6.3: He so khong dieu hoa chung.;xiii


DANH SACH HINH
Hinh 2.1: So ddxiclynuoc thai benhvien15
Hinh 2.2: So do lam viec ciia be aerotank kit hppvoi be langll.20
Hinh 4.1: So do cong nghe phuong an 126
Hinh 4.2: So dS cong nghe phuong an II.28


DANHMUCTU" VIET TAT

BODNhu cau oxy sinh hoa
CODNhu ciu oxy hoa hoc

SSCh^t rin la lurng
AerotankBe xu ly sinh hoc hieu khi

UASBBS phan huy sinh hoc ky khi
DOOxy hoa tan
MLSSChat rin la lung trong bun long
TCVNTieu chuin Viet Nam

QCVNQuy chuin Viet Nam
QCVN 28: 2010/BTNMTQuy chuin nuac thai nganh y tS
KT-CN-MTKythuat- Cong nghe - Moi truang


Khoa luan tot nghiep Dai hocLop: DH10MT

CHtfONG 1: GlCtt THIEU
Y te la nganh co moi lien he mat thiet vdi xa hoi, eo vai trd quan trong
trong viec cham sdc, bao ve sire khde eong dong va day la nganh hoat dong rang
khap toan quoc vai nhu cau nude rat Idn. Cac trung tarn y te, benh vien la nai tap

trung dong ngtrdi kham va chifa benh. Cac hoat dong sinh hoat, chua benh hang
ngay san sinh ra nhiSu cMt thai anh hirong d^n moi tnrong. Nude thai tir cac
benh vien co nong do 6 nhiem kha cao va chiia cac mam benh cho nen can phai
quan ly, xu ly trudc khi thai ra moi trudng.
Mot trong nhiing dac trung quan trong gay 6 nhiem moi trudng do nude
thai benh vien gay ra la cac chat htru co, cac chat dinh duong (nito (N2), photpho
(P)), chfit rSn lo lung, vi trung, vi khu^n gay benh. Do vay nh^m dam bao cho
stic khoe cpng dong, moi trudng sinh thai thi chi co giai phap duy nhat la phai
xu ly nude thai benh vien trudc khi dua vao nguon tiep nhan.
Vi vay viec nghien ctiu, thiet ke cdng nghe thich hop de xir ly hieu qua

nude thai benh vien dam bao cac tieu chuan cho phep trudc khi th^i ra moi
trudng da dupe cac nha moi trudng trong va ngoai nude quan tam va chinh vi
nhung ly do do ma toi chpn de tai " Tinh toan, thiet ke he thong xu ly nude thai
benh vien da khoa khu vuc Chau Doc" nham muc dich giam thieu 6 nhiem moi
trudng.

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thanh Hung
SVTH: Vo Thanh Phong


Lop:DH10MT

Khoa luan tot nghiep Dai hoc

CHlTONG 2: LlTQfC KHAO TAI LIEU
2.1. Tong quan ve nuoc thai benh vien
2.1.1. Thyc trang xu- ly nuoc thai benh vien 6' Viet Nam

Theo Nguyen Xuan Nguyen va Cong sir, 2004 ket qua dieu tra ciia dtr an
"Quy hoach tong the mang luai benh vien" nam 2001 cr mrac ta eo 970 benh vien
vai 117.562 giuong benh, trong do: Benh vien nha nuac chiem 98,5% con lai
1,5% la benh vien tu nhan. So benh vien tu nhan la 14 benh vien vai 928 giuang
benh.

Bang 2.1: He thdng benh vien a Viet Nam

S6 lirong

S6 Giu-trng benh

Benh vien da khoa trung uong.

11

6.430

Benh vien chuyen khoa trung uang.

20

5.510

Benh vien da khoa tinh.

107

35.639

Berth vien chuyen khoa tinh.

188

23.463

Benh vien huyen.

569

41.805

Benh vien nganh.

75

4.715

970

117.562

10.257

45.303

Loai benh vien

Cong
Tram y te xa.

Theo ket qua kh^o sat thi dinh muc su dung nuac tinh tren giuong benh nhu sau:

Bang 2.2: Dinh mice sic dung nude tinh theo giuong benh

D6i tuang

So luong/ngay

Nhu cau tieu thu nuac

l/ngay

N

300-350

So can bo cong nhan vien.

(0,8 - 1,1)N

100-150

Nguai nha benh nhan.

(0,9 - 1,3)N

50-70

So giuang berth.

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thanh Hung
SVTH:V6 Thanh Phong


Khoa luan t6t nghiep Dai hoc

Sinh vien thuc tap, khach.
Tong so nude dung thuc te.

Lop: DH10MT

(0,7 - 1)N

20-30

(3,4 -4,4)N

470 - 600

Tinh ca nhu cau phat trien.

650 - 950
/1/giuong/ngay

Tren ca sd khao sat tinh hinh sir dung nude tai Benh vien Hai Ba Trung,
Vien Bao ve ba me va tre sa sinh, Vien Bao ve siic khde tre em Ha Npi, Benh
vien Udng Bi, Benh vien da khoa trung tdm Hai Duang, Bp mon Cip thoat nuac
- moi truang nude cua Trudng Dai hoc Xay dung Ha Npi da tinh toan nhu c^u su
dung nude tai cac benh vien nhu sau: Bidu tri 18%; lau nha 15%, benh nhan t^m
10%; ndu nude, thurc an 12%; giat giu 18%; can bp cong nhan vien su dung 12%;
va hao hut tdn thdt 15%.
Nhu vay, cac nghien cuu cho thiy trong diSu kien nude ta tieu chudn thai
nude benh vien d muc tir 600 - 1000 1/giudng.ngay dem phu thupc vao cac loai
va cac cap benh vien.
2.1.2. Nguon goc phat sinh nude thai benh vien

Theo Nguyen Xuan Nguyen va cpng sir, 2004 thi nude thai benh vien gom
ba nguon chinh nhu sau:
-Nude thai tir cac phong diSu tri, tir cac phong xet nghiem (giai phSu benh,
huyet hoc, truyen mau, lau rua sau cac ca mo, khoa lay) day la nguon tao ra cac

chat thai nguy hai.
-Nude thai chiia cac hda chit (trong do: Co cac hda chit doc hai) sinh ra tir
cac phong dupe nhu cac loai thuoc, vacxin, huyet thanh, dung moi huu ca, hda
chat xet nghiem, cac hap chat vo ca,...
-Nude thai sinh hoat cua cac phong can bp cong nhan vien, nha bep, nha an
chua nhieu chit huu ca d phan huy, cac hop chit vo ca,...

6 Viet Nam theo TCVN 4470 - 87, luu luong nude thai cua benh vien da
khoa xac dinh nhu sau:

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thanh Himg
SVTH: Vo Thanh Phong


Lop: DH10MT

Khoa luan tot nghiep Dai hoc

Bang 2.3: Tieu chudn nude cap vd nude thai benh vien

STT

cap, I/giuo'ng.ngay

Luang nude thai,
m3/ngay

Tieu chuan nude

Quy mo benh vien

(so giu'trng benh)

1

<100

700

70

2

100 - 300

700

100-200

3

300 - 500

600

200-300

4

500 - 700

600

300 - 400

5

>700

600

>400

6

Benh vien ket hop nghien etiu va

1.000

>500

dao tao > 700
(Nguon: Nguyen Xudn Nguyen vd cong sir, 2004)

2.1.3. Thanh phSn va tinh chit nude thai benh vien
Nude thai benh vien ngoai cac thanh phan dac trtrng cho nude thai sinh hoat
nhu: BOD5, COD, chat ran la lung,... con chtia mot lupmg 16m vi khuan gay benh,
cac chat doc hai, chat khang sinh, ghat khti trung, tay rua,... Do do nuac thai

.benh vien dac trung la chtia nhieu mam benh dac biet la cac mam benh gay cac
benh truyen nhiem.

Mot so khu vtrc co muc dp nhiem vi sinh gay benh, can la lung, cac chat
hiru ca rat cao nhu: + Nude thai khu mo: Chita mau va cac benh pham...

+ Nude thai khu xet nghiem: Chua nhiSu vi trung gay benh khac nhau.
Ngoai ra nude thai con cd kha nang nhiem xa tir cac khu X - Quang, rda
phim. Cac chat ndi trSn vdi luu lucmg nhd, nong dp pha loang nen mtic dp 6
nhilm khong den muc phai bao dpng. Viec xu ly nude thai bi nhiem phdng xa rat
khd khan va tdn kem (do chu ky phan huy cac chdt phdng xa kha lau). Trong dieu
kien hien nay khong de cap den viec xu ly loai nude thai nay ma chi cd ttnh chat
xu ly sa bp chung trong toan bd day chuyen xd ly nude thai.
Nude thai tir phdng mo, giat do benh nhan, rac: chiia vi tritng Clostridium,
Pseudomonas, E.coli, Streptococcus, Salmonella,... va nhieu loai vi khuan gay

benh khac. Ngoai ra trong nude thai nay con chua cac chat hoat dpng be mat.
GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thanh Hung4~

SVTH: Vo Thanh Phong


Lap: DH10MT

Khoa luan tot nghiep Dai hoc

Nude thai ttr phong rua phim, hap tay: Chiia it vi trung, ltru luong it, chura
chat la lung, chat vo ca.

Bang 2.4: Thanh phan va tinh chdt nuac thai mot so benh vien.

STT

Chi tieu

Don vi

phan tich

Benh

Benh

Benh

vien giao

vien lao

Vien 354

thong

Trung

van tai

Hong

Benh
vien phu
san

1

pH

-'

8,05

7,05

7,21

7,2

2

BOD5

mg/1

180

190

195

240

3

COD

mg/1

250

240

260

452

. 4

DO

mg/1

1,5

1,17

1,4

1,4

5

ss

mg/1

90

92

96

135

6

TdngP

mg/1

3,2

3,9

3,02

3,0

7

NH4+

mg/1

14,5"

11,4

12,5

12,5

8

Do due

NTU

149

• 107

135

180

9

Coliform

MPN/lOOml

106

18.105

48.10s

63.10s

mVngay

130

170

200

160

10

Luu luong
nude thai.

(Nguon: Nguyen Xudn Nguyen va cong su, 2004)

2.1.4. Nhung yeu cau chung doi voi viec thoat nu6c thai benh vien

Sir nguy hiem 16m ve phuomg dien dich te cua nuac thai benh vien doi hoi
nhung giai phap thi^t ke dung d^n d6 lam sach va khu trung nude thai benh vien.
Y kien cua cac nghien cdu nude ngoai deu thong nhat ve sir khong can thiet
xu ly so bp dong nude thai cda cac benh vien soma trudc khi thai chung vao he
thong thoat nude chung cua thanh pho cd cong trinh xu 1^ nude thai sinh hoat.

Ho lap luan rang dau hieu truyen nhiem cua nude thai cac benh vien loai nay
GVHD: Ths. Nguyln Thanh Hung5
SVTH:V6 Thanh Phong


Khoa luan t6t nghiep Bai hoc

Ldp:DH10MT

khdng khac gi nude thai sinh hoat. Do vay neu trong benh vien khdng co khoa
truyen nhiem thi co the dau true tiep nude thai benh vien sdma vdi he thong thoat
nude cua thanh pho.

Nude thai cua cac benh vien truyen nhiem trudc khi thai vao he thong thoat
nude chung cua thanh pho phai dugc khut triing tren ngay khudn vien benh vien.
Cac nude deu cd tieu chuan qudc gia, tieu chuan nganh ve van de nay.

Neu he thong thoat nude tot va cac cong trinh xu ly nude thai sinh hoat dam
bao xu ly sinh hoc va khu trung hoan toan nude thai thi he thdng rieng xu ly
nude thai benh vien cd the khong cfin. Ndu he thdng thoat nude cong cong khong
cd cong trinh xir ly nude thai sinh hoc thi phai b^t bupc phai xay dung tram xu ly
nude thai benh vien cue bo.

Nude thai benh vien lao phai dugc xu ly sinh hoc va khu trung hoan toan
mdi dugc hoa vao he thong thoat nude do thi.

Bang 2.5: Nhungyeu cau doi vdi thoat nude thai benh vien

Nude thai sinh hoat do thj, khu dan cu
Loai benh vien

Co he thong vdi cong

Khong cd he thdng thoat

trinh xu- ly nude thai

nude

Benh vien soma

Thai thang vao he thdng

Xay dung cong trinh xu ly cue

khong cd khoa

thoat nude do thi.

bd.

truyen nhiem.

Benh vien soma vdi

Sau khi xu ly so bd va Xay dung cac cong trinh xu ly

cac

khu trung nude thai cac

cue bd cho cac benh vien soma

khoa truyen nhiem d cac

va cac khoa truyen nhiem. Neu

cong trinh xu ly rieng

khong the xay dung cong trinh

mdi thai vao he thdng

xu ly rieng cho cac khoa

thoat nude do thi.

truyen nhiem thi dugc phep

khoa

nhiem.

truyen

cho nude thai cac khoa nay
vao he thdng nude thai cua
toan benh vien de xd ly chung
vdi didu kien tuan thu cac yeu
cau nhu nude thai cua mot

benh vien truyen nhiem.

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thanh Hung
SVTH: V6 Thanh Phong


Ldp: DH10MT

Khoa luan tot nghiep Bai hoc

Berth vien chuyen

Chi thai vao he th6ng

Xay dung cong trinh xd ly cue

khoa truyen nhiem.

thoat nude do thi sau khi

bo.

da xd ly va khd trung
nude thdi d cong trinh xtl
Iy rieng cua berth vien.
(Ngudn: Nguyen Xudn Nguyen va cong sic, 2004).

2.1.5. Cac nhom cong nghe xtr Iy node thai benh vien

Qua khao sat cua cac don vi thai diem 2002 thi cac he thong xti ly nude thai

berth vien dang hoat dong d nhung trinh dp khac nhau. Co the quy ve bon nhom
cong nghe dudi day:
Nhom I: Xu ly ca hoc
Nude sau khi ra khdi bS ty hoai dupe xu ly so bo qua khau l^ng rdi thai tiep
vao moi trudng.

Nhom II: Xu ly ca hoc phoi hap vdi xir ly sinh hoat tu nhien.
Nude sau be tu hoai dupe lang sa bp roi dua vao ao ho sinh hoc trudc khi
thai vao moi trudng.

Nhom III: Xu ly sinh hoc hieu khi thong dung.
Nude sau be tu hoai dupe xd ly bang phuang phap sinh hoc hieu khi (qua
trinh bitn hoat tinh) roi dupe khu tritng trudc khi th^i vao moi trudng.
Nhom IV: Cong nghe xd ly sinh hoc trong thiet bi hop khoi.
Nude sau be tu hoai dupe ling trong cd sd dung chat keo tu, xd ly sinh hoc
hidu khi qua ldp vat lieu dem va khu trung. Thiet bi hop khdi gpn, kdt hop cac
qua trinh ca bdn cua xd ly bang phuang phap sinh hoc vdi viec bo sung che
pham vi sinh gia tang qua trinh khu chat ban huu ca (Ngudn: Nguyin Xudn Nguyen
vd cong sic, 2004).

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thanh Hung
SVTH: Vo Thanh Phong


Khoa luan t6t nghiep Dai hoc

Lop: DH10MT

Bang 2.6: So sdnh cdc chi lieu ky thudt cua cdc loai hinh cong nghe xu ly nude thai
benh vien

\. Phirong an

Co1 hoc

\C6ng

Co- hoc,

ho sinh
hoc

\Pgh?

Bun

Loc sinh

Loc sinh

hoat

hoc —

hoc cao

tinh

Cong nghe

tai, mot so

hop kh6i

cong nghe
nu6c ngoai

Chiticu \
Tai lugng BOD, kg

<0,3

0,4

0,6

08-1

1,8-3

<350

400 - 500

400-

5.000 -

10.000 -

1.000

7.500

12.000

Thich
nghi

Mat dp

Cao, on

thap, thich

dinh.

vira.

nghi binh

BOD/ngay dem

MLSS, mg/1

Dp thich nghi cua
bun hoat tinh.

Khong

Khong on

dam

dinh.

bao tieu

thuang.

chuan.

Thai gian luu.

Ngan"

ThSp

Binh

Vtra

Cao

85 - 95%

90 - 97%

thuang
Hieu suat xur ly tap
chit la lung.

< 50%

Hieu suit xur ly 6

< 45%

75%

90%

85 - 95%

> 96%

Khong

Thlp

T6t vira

T6t

Xir ly triet

67 - 70%

80-

87%

nhilm huu ca.
Hieu suit xu ly 6
nliilm nita.

d^

xuly •

dupe
Hieu sufit khu:
trung.

Trung

T6t

T6t

T6t

binh
(Nguon: Nguyen Xudn Nguyen vd cong su, 2004)

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thanh Hung
SVTHrVo Thanh Phong


Khoa luan tot nghiep Dai hoc

Lop: DH10MT

2.2. Cac phiromg phap xu- Iy niroc thai

Co the phan Ioai cac phuong phap xii ly nude thai theo dac tinh cua quy
trinh xu Iy nhu: Xii ly ca hpc, xu ly hoa hoc, xu ly sinh hoc. He thong xii ly nude
thai hoan chinh co the gom mot vai cong trinh don vi trong cac cong doan xu ly
co hoc, hoa hoc, sinh hoc va xu ly bun can (Ngudn: Trinh Xuan Lai, 2000).

Bang 2.7: Mot vaiphieangphap xu ly nude thai theo quy trinh xu ly ca hoc, hoa hoc,
sinh hoc.

Quy trinh xu- ly

Cac cong doan co the ap dung
Lang can.
Loc qua luoi lpc.
Lam thoang.

Co hoc

Lpc qua ldp vat lieu lpc, lpc qua mang.
Tuyln n6i va vdt bpt.
Khukhi.
Khuiy trpn pha loang.
Clo hoa.
Ozon hoa.

Hoa hoc

Trung hoa b^ng dung dich axit hoac ki^m.
Keo to.

Hap phu va hap thu.
Trao doi ion.

- Xu ly hieu khi:
+ B^ aerotank.

+ Be lpc sinh hoc.
+ Ho hieu khi, ho oxy hoa.
+ On dinh can trong moi trudng hieu khi.
Sinh hoc

- Xii ly y^m khi:

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thanli Hung
SVTH:V5 Thanh Phong


Khoa luan t6t nghi6p Bai hocLap: DH10MT

+ B6 UASB.
+ B6 lpc yim khi.
+ Bl tir hoai, bl ling 2 vo.
+ H6 yim khi.
+ On dinh can trong moi trufrng yem khi- be metan.

(Ngudn: Trinh Xudn Lai, 2000).

- Xft ly ca hoc: Gom nhung qua trinh ma khi nude thai di qua qua trinh do
se khong thay ddi tinh chit hoa hoc va sinh hoc ciia no. Xu ly ca hoc nham nang
cao chat lugng va hieu qua cua cac budc xii ly tiep theo. Vi du: Ludi chan ngan
chan cac vat ciing, vat noi co kich thudc di vao may bam, be lang cat, be lang

can dat 1 giup loai bo can nang gay can tra cho qua trinh xur ly sinh hoc trong be
aerotank hay be lpc sinh hoc, be tuyen noi, vdt bpt loai bo dau ma va cac chat
hoat dpng.be mat gay can trd cho qua trinh oxy hoa va khur mau, cac be lpc giup
loai bo can la lung lam cho nuac trong trudc khi thai ra nguon tiep nhan v.v..

Tren mang cong thu gom doikhi co mot vai nha may cong nghiep co lupng nude
thai nho chua cac chat co hai cho qua trinh xu ly sinh hoc can phai xu ly trudc
hoac dat cac be khuay trpn vdi nude thai chung de pha Ioang cac chat nay xuong
dudi nong dp cho phep trudc khi di vao nha may xd ly nude thai (Ngudn: Trinh
Xudn Lai, 2000).

-Xu ly hoa hoc: La qua trinh dung mot so hoa chat va be phan ling nham
nang cao chat lugng ciia nude thai de dap ling hieu qua xu ly ciia cac cong doan
sau.

Vi du:
+ Dimg axit hay voi de dieu chinh pH.
+ Dung than hoat tinh, clo, ozon de khd cac chat huu ca khd oxy hoa, khu
mau, miii, khu trung...

+ Dung be lpc trao doi ion de khu kim loai nang v.v..
(Ngudn: Trinh Xudn Lai, 2000).
-Xii ly sinh hoc: La phuang phap dung vi sinh, chii yeu la vi khuan de phan
huy sinh hoa cac hap chit huu ca, biin cac chit cd kha nang thodi rua thanh cac
chat on dinh vdi san pham cuoi cung la cacbonic, nude va cac chat vo ca khac.

GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Thanh Hung10
SVTH: Vo Thanh Phong


Khda luan tot nghiep Bai hocLdp:DH10MT

Phuong phap xii ly sinh hoc co the chia ra hai loai: xu ly hieu khi va xu ly
yem khi tren ccr so co oxy hoa tan va khong co oxy hoa tan.

Xu ly nuac thai bang phuong phap sinh hoc hieu khi:
Qua trinh xu ly nude thai dugc dua tren sir oxy hoa cac chat huu co co
trong nude nhd oxy tu do hoa tan.
-Neu oxy dugc van chuyen va hoa tan trong nude nhd cac yeu to tu nhien

tht do la qua trinh xu ly sinh hoc hidu khi trong dieu kien tu nhien. Xii ly sinh
hoc hieu khi trong dieu kiSn tu nhien thudng dugc tien hanh trong ho (ho sinh
hoc oxy hoa, ho sinh hoc on dinh) hoac trong dat ngap nude (cac loai bai lpc,
dam lay nhan tao).
+ Xu ly nude thai trong dat: Cac cong trinh xu ly nude thai trong dat la
nhung viing dat quy hoach tudi nude thai djnh ky va gpi la canh dong ngap nude
(canh dong tudi va canh dong loc). Canh dong ngap nude dugc tinh toan thiet ke
dua vao kha nang giu lai, chuyln hoa chit ban trong dlt. Nhiing chit do tao nen
ldp mang gom vo so vi sinh vat cd kha nang hip phu va oxy hoa cac chit huu co
cd trong nude thai (Ngudn: Tran Bice Ha, 2006).
+ Xu ly nude thai trong ho sinh hoc: Ho sinh hoc la cac thuy vuc tu nhien
hoac nhan tao, khong Idn ma d dly se diln ra qua trinh tu lam sach trong cac
song ho tu nhien vdi vai tro chu ylu la cac loai vi khuln va tao (Ngudn: Trdn Bice
Ha, 2006).

-Neu oxy dugc cap bang thilt bi hoac nhd cau tao cong trinh, thi do la qua
trinh xu ly hieu khi trong dilu kien nhan tao. Cac cong trinh xu ly sinh hoc hilu
khi trong dieu kien nhan tao thudng dugc dua tren nguyen tac hoat dong cua bun
hoat tinh (be aerotank trpn, kenh oxy hoa tuan hoan) hoac mang sinh vat (be lpc
sinh hoc, dTa sinh hoc) (Ngudn: Trdn Due Ha, 2006).
Xu ly bangphuffngphap sinh hoc yem khi
Qua trinh xd ly dugc dua tren co sd phan huy cac chat hixu co giu lai trong
cong trinh nhd su len men ky khi. D6i vdi cac he thing thoat nude quy mo nhd
va vira ngudi ta thudng dung cac cong trinh ket hgp giira viec tach can Iang (lam
trong nude) vdi phan huy yem khi cac chat huu ca trong pha ran va pha long.
Cac cong trinh dugc ung dung rpng rai la cac loai be tu hoai, gieng tham, be Iang
hai vd (be ling Imhoff), bl ling trong kit hop vdi ngan len men, bl lpc ngupc
qua ting can ky khi (UASB) (Ngudn: Trdn Bice Ha, 2006).
+ Bd ling Imhoff: Phln tren cua bl la mang ling, phln dudi la ngan len
men bun can. Nude chuyen dong qua mang Iang theo nguyen tac giong be Iang
GVHD: Ths. Nguyln Thanh Hung11
SVTH: V6 Thanh Phong