Tính toán và thiết kế hệ thống xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt khu b khu KTX trường đại học an giang

..

TRtfCJNG D^J HQC AN GIANG
KHOA KY THUAT - CONG NGHE - MOI TRtfOfNG

NGUYEN PHAT NHIEU

TINH TOAN VA THIET KE HE THONG XU" LY
NIT6C THAI SINH HOAT KHU B

(KHU KTX) TRU^^NG DAI HOC AN GIANG
TRUC5NG DAI HQO
AN GIANG

THUVIEN

KHOA LUAN TOT NGHEEP

An Giang, 05/2013


Khoa luan tot nghiepL&pDHlOMT

Vai long biet on sdu sdc"nhdtrEm,xin chdn thdnh cdm cm quy Thdy Co Khoa

Ky Thudt - Cong Nghe - l^diTpxang'r^ngtodhhhS^h Co Truang Dai An Giang
da tan tinh giang day vd trang\bi cho^em^huhg Men thuc quy bdu trong sudt qua
\\

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trinh hoc tap tqi truang vcrdqchp em'mqtjphdn Men'tMtc de hodn thdnh khoa ludn
tdt nghiep vd giup em dongg6p^mqUphdnjtho Men thuc cua minh cho cong cuqcxdy
diyng vdphdt trien ddt nud
Ddc biet, em xin chdn thanh'^dm
thdnh'cam omthay^Kieu
an^hdy^Kieu D6
Do Minh
Minh Ludn
Ludn vd
vd thdy
thdy Le
Le
Quang Hodn da chi dan tan tinh
tinh trong'
trong^suot
^"suot qudtrmh
qua
thuc hien khoa luqn tot
nghiep.
Em xin chdn thdnh cdm an den giajMh^bqh be nhung nguai da ludn dgng
vien em trong sudtMud^trinh hoc tdp^cung nhuihai gian thuc hien khoa ludn tot
nghiep.^V

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Di cd ngdy hdm nay, con-xin chdhlthdnh giti Idi cdm On den dang sinh thdnh
duang dqc dqy do con nen nguai ludn keyai sat cdnh ben con, dong vien con nhung
lite con gap khd khan, ludn dqy con nhung dieu hay lephdi cua cudc song de con
ngdy mot hodn thienhon trong cudc sdhg.^,^

.'•,

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Cudi cimg em xin chuc todn the-'quy thdy cd trmmg DqiHoc An Giang, thdy
Kieu Do Minh Ludn vd thdy Le Quang Hodn, cha me vd cd^bqn DH10MT ludn
thdnh dqt trong cdng viqc vd cudc song.
Xin chdn thdnh cdm an!!!...

Nguyin Phdt Nhiiu
GVHD 1: Th.s Kiba D6 Minh Luan
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan
SVTH : Nguyin PhatNhieu


Khoa luan tot nghiep

LdpDHlOMT

NHN XET CUA GlAO VIEN HtfGNG DAN

Biem so bang so:...Biem so bang chu .

Long Xuyen, ngdy 15 thdng 05 nam 2013

GVHB1

Th.S Kiiu D6 Miiih Luan

Th.S LS Quang Hoan

GVHD1: Th.s Kieu B6 Minh Luan
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Ho^n

SVTH : Nguyln PMt Nhi^u


L&pDHlOMT

NHN XET CUA GIAO VIEN PHAN BIEN

Biem so bang so:Biem so bang chu .

LongXuyen, ngay 15 thing 05 nam 2013

GVPB1

Th.S Phan Tru^^ng Khanh

GVPB2

Th.S LS Thi Cam Chi

GVHD 1: Th.s Kilu B6 Mint LuSn

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyln Phat Nhilu

iii


Khoa luan tdt nghifpL&p DH10MT

CHlTONG 1: Gl6l THIEU1
CHtfONG 2. Ltf<^C KHAO TAl LIEU2
2.1.Ting quan vi khu B (khu KTX tinh - Trudng Dai hoc An Giang)2
2.1.1 .Vi tri dia ly2
2.1.2.Bieukientvinhign3
2.2.Ting quan vi nude thai sinh hoat.4
2.2.1.Ngu6ng6c nude thai sinh hoat4
2.2.2.ThanhpMnvadactfnh nude thai sinh hoat5
2.2.3. Anh hudng nude thai sinh hoat tdi mdi trudng7
2.3.Tong quan vi cac phuong phap xu ly nude thai8
2.3.1.Xii ly nude thai blng phuong phap ca hoc8
2.3.2.Xii ly hoa hoc10
2.3.3,Phuong phap hoa ly11
2.3.4.Phuong phap sinh hoc13
2.3.5.Phuong phap khii trung nude19
2.3.6.X^ ly can20

CHlTONG 3. PHlTONG TIEN VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ22
3.1.Doi tu^ng nghien cdu22
3.2.Thdi gian nghien cuu22
3.3.Muc tiSu nghien cdu22

3.4.Nqi dung nghien cdu22
3.5.Phuong tifn v^ v^t BSu nghien cdu22
3.6.Phuong phsip nghien cdu22

3.7.Y nghla cfla di tdi23
GVHD 1: Th.s Kiiu B6 Minh Luaniv
GVHD 2 : Th.s LS Quang Hoan
SVTH : Nguyen Phat Nhiiu


KhoaluantotnghiepL&pDHlOMT

CHtfONG 4. TINH TOAN VA THBET KE24
4.1.Nhifm vu thiet ki va cac so liu cff sfr24
4.1.1.Nhiem vu thiSt ki24
4.1.2.Cac s6 lieu ccr sd phuc vu cho tinh toan thiSt ke24
4.2.Xac djnh cac thong so tinh toan24
4.2.1.Xac dinh luu luong nude Mi sinh hoat24
4.2.2.Th6ng si diu vao25

4.3.Di xu^t c6ng nghe xft ^^28
4.3.1.Phuong an 128
4.3.2.Phuongan231
4.4.Tinh todn e^e cdng trinh don vi33
4.4.1.Phucmg an 133
4.4.1.1.Ngantiepnhan33
4.4.1.2.Songchanrac34

4.4.1.3.Ngan ling cat39
4.4.1.4.Be dilu hoa43

4.4.1.5.BllSng dung dot 148
4.4.1.6.Be Aerotank56

4.4.1.7.Be 15ng diing dot 266
4.4.1.8.Bl tigp xiic khut trung74
4.4.1.9.Be gom bun va san phod bun77
4.4.1.Phuongan279
4.5.Bo tri mat bang tram xu ly nude thai va cao trinh xay dung cac hang
muc cong trinh86
4.5.1.Bo tri vi tri va mat blng tram xd ly nude thai86
4.5.2. Cao trinh xSy dung cac hung muc86

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu B Mmh Luanv
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyln Phat Nhi^u


Khda luan tit nghiepLip DH10MT

CHlTONG 5. D^ TOAN TONG KINH PHI DlU TU" XAY DyNG VA CHI
PHI VAN HANH TRAM XU"LY NlTdC THAI88
5.1.Phinmg an 188
5.1.1.DLPtoanchiphixaydLPng88
5.1.2.Dutoanthietbi88
5.1.3.Chi phi xu ly 01m3 nude ^i92
5.2.Phinmg an 2.94
5.2.1.D\r toin chi phi xay dung94
5.2.2.Dvrtoslnthietbi95
5.2.3.CM phi xutly 01m3 nude thai98

5.3.Cac uu nhinrc diem cua 2 Phuromg an de xuat va lua chon phmmg an ..

,100

CHlTONG 6. QUAN LY VAN HANH102
6.1.Khdi dgng h^ th6ng102
6.1.1.Khdid6ngkythuat102
6.1.2.KhdidongsinhhQC102
6.1.3.Quytrinhnu6icayvisinh103
6.2.Van hanh he thong104
6.2.1.TudiSukhi^n104
6.2.2.Nguyen tic hoat d^ng105
6.2.3.Quytrinhv|nhanh106
6.3.Giai quvet sir co109
6.3.1.Phat Men sued109
6.3.2.Giai quygt su c6110
6.4.B^o dirdng thiet bj va he thing..114
6.4.1.BaoduongtM6tbi114
6.4.2.B^o duong h^ thing

120

GVHD 1: Th.s KiSu B6 Minh Luanvi
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan
SVTH : Nguyen Phat NhiSu


Khoa luan ffi ngltiepL&p DH10MT
6.4.3. Ve sinh he thing123
6.5. An toan trong van hanh125

6.5.1. An toan lao dong trong van hanh125
6.5.2.KM g^ip su c6126
6.5.3.Cac quy dinh an toan chung126
6.5.4.Nhung bien phap an toan rieng cho nguoi v^in hanh126
6.5.5.Thao tac voi bun phat sinh127
6.5.6.Thao tac vdi hoa chat127

CHlTONG 7. KET LU^N VA KEEN NGHI128
7.1.Kit lufn128
7.2.Kiln nghi128

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
PHULUC

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu Do Minh Luanvii
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan
SVTH :NguylnPhatNhieu


KhoaluantotnghiepL&pDHlOMT

DANHSACHHINH

HinhTrang
BOnh 2.1: Ban dd vf tri cua Khu B - Trudng Dai hoc An Giang

2

Hinh 2.2: Cdc cdng trinh xu ly nude thai being phuang phdp sinh hoc hieu khi.

15
Hinh 2.3: H$ thdngxu ly nude thai theo qua trinh bi Iqc sinh hqc16
Hinh 2.4: He thdngxu ly nude thai theo qua trinh tang trudng la lung.17
Hinh 2.5: Bi aeroten thong thudng.18
Hinh 2.6: Bi aeroten khudy iron hodn todn19
Hinh 2.7: Bi khu triing nude thai bdng NaOCl.20
Hinh 4.1: Sa dd quy trinh xu ly nude thai theo phuang an 129
Hinh 4.2: Sa do quy trinh xu ly nude thai theo phuang an 231

Hinh 6.1: Quy trinh nudi cdy visinh104
Hinh 6.2: Tit dien diiu khiin

105

Hinh 6.3: Sa do cdc phuang an xu ly bun121
Hinh 6.4: Sa dd xu ly bun day bi lang.

Hinh 6.5: Sa dd xu ly bim day bi (can ba).

123

123

GVHD1: Th.s Kieu D6 Minh Lu^nviii
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyen PMt Nhilu


L&pDHlOMT

DANHSACHBANG

BangTrang
Bang 2.1: Thanh phdn dqc trtmg cua nude thai sinh hoat7
Bang 4.1: Tea luang 6 nhiem nude thai sinh hoat26
Bang 4.2: Kich thudc ngdn tiip nhdn33
Bang 4.3: Cdc thong so tinh todn muongddn nude thai35
Bang 4.4: H? sofi di tinh sue can c^c bo cua song chan

37

B^ng 4.5: Thong so thiit ki song chan me39
Bang 4.6: Thong so thiet ki be Idng cat ngang

42

Bang 4.7: Thong sd thiit ki bi dieu hoa47
Bang 4.8: Thong so tinh todn be long dung 155
Bang 4.9: Cong sudt hoa tan oxi vdo nude cua thiet bj bot khi min

63

Bang 4.10: Thong so thiet ki bi aerotank66

Bang 4.11: Thong so thiit ki bi lang 2

73

Bang 4.12: Thong so thiit ki bi tiip xuc khu trung76

Bang 4.13: Thong so thiit ki son phari bun78
Bang 4.14: Khodng each cdc 16 din tarn true quay cua he thong tudiphdn
luc82
Bang 4.15: Modun luu lupng Km(l/s) ieng vdi cdc loqi dudng kinh khdc
nhau86
Bang 4.16: Cdc thong so tinh todn bi he sinh hpc cao tdi86
Bang 4.17: Ton that dp luc qua cdc cong trinh87
Bang 5.1: Nhung hang muc xdy dung vd gid thdnh cdc cong trinh don vi theo
Phuong an 188
Bang 5.2: Dtr todn chiphi thiet bi trong he thong xu ly nude thai theo Phuang
an 188
Bang 5.3: Chiphi dien ndng tieu thu theo Phuong an 192
GVHD 1 : Th.s Kieu Do Minh Luanix
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan
SVTH : Nguyin Phat Nhieu


KhdaluantotnghifpLopDHlOMT
Bang 5.4: Chi phi nhdn vien theo Phuang an 1..........94

Bang 5.5: Nhieng hang muc xdy dpng va gid thdnh cdc cong trinh dan vi theo
Phuanfr an 294

Bang 5.6: Du todn chiphi thiit hi trong he thdng xit ly nude thai theo Phuang

^n295
Bang 5.7: Chiphi dien nang tieu thu theo Phuang an 298
Bang 5.8: Chiphi nhdn vien theo Phuang an 2......99

Bang 6.1: Nguyen t&c hoat dong h? thong105

Bang 6.2: Cdchpha hoa chat107
Bang 6.3: Motsdstf cd thudnggefp va bienphdp khacphuc110
Bang 6.4: Cdc loai nhdt dupe nha son xudt khuyin khich sit dung115
Bang 6.5: Yeu to Mem tra bdo dudng may thoi khi116
Bang 6.6: Mot so su co va each khacphuc bam117
Bang 6.7: Lich vesinh he thong dinh ky124

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu D Minh Luan
GVHD 2 : Th.s LS Quang Hoan
SVTH : Nguyln Phat Nhieu


LdpDHlOMT

Khoaluan tdt lighten

DANH MyC CAC TU* VIET TAT

BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand_Nhu cSu Oxy sinh hoa.
COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand_Nhu cau Oxy hoa hoc.
DO: Dissolved Oxygen_Oxy hoa tan.
SS: Suspended soild_Chat rin la Iting.
TSS: Total suspended solidsChat r5n la lirng tong cpng
RBC: Rotating Biological ContactorJLoc sinh hoc.
SBR: Squencing Biological Reactor_Be loc sinh hoc tirng me.
F/M: Ty le thiic an tren vi smh vat.
MLSS): Mixed liquor suspended solids _N6ng dp bun hoat tinh tinh theo
SS.

MLVSS: Mixed liquor volatile spended solids_Nong dp him hoat tinh tinh

theo VSS.
VSS: Volatile suspended solids_Chat ran la hing co kha nang hoa hoi.
QCVN 14:2008: Quy chuin ky thuat qufic gia v8 nude thai smh hoat.

BTNMT

: Bp Tai Nguyen Moi Trudng.

TCXD

: Tieu chuan xay dung.

TCVN

:Tieuchuan Viet Nam.

KTX

:Kytucxa.

NTSH

: Nude thai sinh hoat.

BHT

: Bun hotit tinh.

VND

: ViptNamddng.

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu Do Minh Luan
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyln PhSt Nhieu


Khda lu$n tot nghiepL&p DH10MT

tomtAt

Kinh tg Viet Nam ngay mot phat triln song song do vin dg 6 nhiim mdi
trucmg dien ra vdi cudmg dp ngay cang nhanh hem va anh hudng ciia no ddi vdi cudc
sdng con ngudi cung ngay cang ldn va t6 ra nguy hidm hom. Bg giam thilu tinh
tr^ng 6 nhilm moi trucmg gay ra do qua trinh phat trien kinh te thi khu thuong mai,
khu dan cu, khu ky tuc xa,... nen co he thdng xd ly nude thai sinh hoat trudc khi

thai ra ngudn ti^p nh|n. HiSn feii Khu B (khu KTX) chua co he thdng xet ly nude ttai
sinh hoat chu y8u xu ly so bo thong qua b8 Phdt. B8 hoan thanh khda hoc toi da
chpn d8 tai 'Tinh toan va thi^t ke he thong xd ly nude thai sinh hoat khu B (khu

KTX) Trudmg Bai hoc An Giang" lam Khda luan tdt nghiep nhlm gdp phin bao vp
sue khde sinh vidn ndi riSng va bao ve mdi trucmg ndi chung cho khu B. Muc ti8u
cua de tai hudng tdi la tinh toan va thi^t kg he th6ng xd ly nude thai sinh hoat hoan
chinh, chat lupng nude thai dau ra dat QCVN 14:2008 theo cot A. Bai khda luan
g^m cac phan: tinh toan xac dinh lcm luomg nude thai, dg xuat day chuygn cdng
nghe xd ly, tinh toan chi tigt cac cong trinh dcrn vi trong he thong dua theo 2 phuomg
an de xuat, tinh toan kinh tg, chon phucmg an phu hop va cac ban ve chi ti^t dupe
the hien trong bai khda luan nay.

Sau khi phan tich cac ygu to mdi trudng, ky thuat va kinh te thi vdi chi phi xd
ly hop ly, tdng chi phi diu tu x^y d\mg la 1.532.430.000 VNB, va chi phi xd ly lm3
nude thai la 2.740 VNB. Phu hop vdi dia phucmg va dam bao vg mat ky thuat.
Phuomg an 1 la phucmg an chpn lua dg tiln hanh xay dvmg cho khu B.
Khi he thong xd ly nude thai sinh hoat di vao hoat dpng can chu y den van de
quan trac ch^t lupng nude dau ra, thuong xuygn kiem tra van hanh va dao tao can bp
ky thuat va quan ly mdi trucmg.

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu B6 Minh Luan
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan
SVTH :NguylnPhatNhieu


Khoa luqn tot nghiepL6p DH10MT

SUMMARY

Vietnam's economy on a parallel development due to problems of
environmental pollution occur with increasing severity faster and its effects on
human life are also growing and seems more dangerous. To reduce environmental

pollution caused by the process of economic development, the commercial,
residential, dormitory, ... should have water treatment system before discharging
waste into receptacles . Currently in Zone B (the dorm) does not have a wastewater
treatment activities are mainly pre-treated through septic tanks. To complete the
course I chose the topic "Calculation and system design of water treatment waste
site B (the dorm) University of An Giang" as graduation thesis aims to contribute to
the protection of reproductive health staff particular and environmental protection in
general for the B. The objective of the study is to calculate the direction and design
of water treatment systems complete waste, effluent quality achieved by column

NTR 14:2008 A. Last thesis consists of several parts: calculations determine
wastewater flow, proposed technological line processing, detailed calculations of the
units in the two systems based on the proposed method, the economic calculations,
select the appropriate option and detailed drawings are presented in the thesis of this
article.

After analyzing the environmental factors, the economic and technical with
reasonable processing costs, the total cost of construction investment is 1.53243
billion VND, and the cost of wastewater treatment lm 2,740VND. In accordance
with local and ensure technical. Option 1 is the choice option to proceed to the
construction of B.

When the system handle domestic wastewater in operation should pay
attention to issues of water quality monitoring output, regularly check the operation
and training of technical staff and management environment.

GVHDl:Th.sKieuB6MinhLuansin
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan
SVTH :NguylnPhatNhieu


Khoa luqn tot nghiep'L&p DH10MT

CHtfONG 1. GIOT THIEU

Ben canh viec khong ngirng nang cao v6 chat lugng giao due, Trudng Dai
hoc An Giang cung quan tarn d^n vln dg cong tac xa hoi hda, cham lo cho a, nod
sinh hoat cho sinh vien va can ho giang vien trong trudng do do Khu B (Khu
KTX tinh) cung dugc thanh lap song song vdi qua trinh phat trien cua trudng.
Hien nay ch a cua sinh vien trong KTX luon la mot vdn dl dugc quan

tarn khong chi ctia cac bac phu huynh - nhung ngudi c6 con em minh dang sinh
hoat va hoc tap tai day ma con la m6i quan tSm cua toan xa hoi khi ma cac berth
truyen nhi&n dang ngay cang de dpa den khu vuc nay do tinh chat tap trung dong
due. Trong qua trinh sinh hoat phat sinh ra lugng nude thai kha Ion trong khi do
khong dugc xu ly ma thai true tiep ra moi trucmg, lam 6 nhilm moi trudng xung
quanh...

Tdt ca KTX (ky tuc xa) cua cac trudmg Dai hoc trong ca nuac noi chung
va khu KTX tinh ciia Trucmg Dai hoc An Giang noi rieng hau nhu dieu chua
dugc quan tarn dlu tu xay dvmg he thong xti ly nude thai sinh hoat tap trung. Chu
yeu nude thai sinh hoat dugc xu ly yem khi so bo thong qua bh phot. Ben canh
do do lugng ngudi tap trung vdi so lugng ldn ma h? thong xu ly bang be phot lai
bi han che ve dung tich cung nhu kha nang xii ly din den nude thai dau ra khong
dam bao Quy chuan cho phep hien hanh. Nude thai dau ra da qua xd ly nhung
van con mau vang va hoc mui hoi thoi gay 6 nhiem nghiem trong trong cac khu
ky hie xa.
Vi vay di giai quy^t tdt vln de thoat nude va xu ly nude thai nhlm bao ve
m6i trudng do nude thai sinh hoat gay ra va dam b^o sdc khde cho sinh vien
cung nhu ve m^ quan cua Khu B. Chinh vi the de tai "Tinh toan va thiet ke he
thong xu ly nu&c thai sinh hoat khuB- Trudng Dai hgc An Giang" la het sdc

cln thiet nhlm gdp phln giam thieu 6 nhiem moi trudng trong KTX va gdp phln
lam giam di lugng nude thai sinh hoat cho thanh pho.

GVHD 1: Th.s KiSu D Minh LuanTrang 1
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hqan
SVTH : Nguyen Phat NhiSu


Khoa luan tot nghiep^L&pDHlOMT

CHUONG 2. HfQfC KHAO TAI LIEU

2.1. Tong quan ve khu B (khu KTX tinh - Trudng Dai hQC An Giang).
Khu B (Khu KTX) Trudng Dai hoc An Giang dugc phat trien song song
vdi qua trinh thanh lap va phat triSn cua Trucmg. Dugc dau tu cai tao, xay dgng
cdc hang muc cong trinh tut nam 1993 d^n nay.

Khu B nam d6i diSn vdi Khu A Truong Dai hoc An Giang theo hudng
Tay Nam, khu B bao g6m cac hang muc cong trinh nhu khu KTX (bao g6m KTX
tinh, KTX Tri Ton, Tjnh Bien, An Phii, T3n ChSu, Chau D6c), nha khach qu6c
te, nha gianh cho giang vien thinh giang tit cac trucrng khac, khu nha d tap the
gianh cho giang vien, can — tin phuc an uong.
Hi^n nay so lugng sinh vien dang d la khoang 1750 sinh vien va co
khoang 20 gia dmh giang vien dang d va lam viec.
Hien nay nude thai sinh hoat cila khu B dugc xu ly so ho thong qua be
phdt sau do dugc thai vao he thong thoat nude chung cua thanh ph6.
2.1.1. Vitridia^^.
-Phia B^c giap vdi dudng Vo Thi Sau noi dai;
-Phia Nam giap vdi h din;

-Phia Dong giap dudng Ly Thai T6 noi dai;
-Phia Tay giap vdi Khu A - Trucrng Dai hoc An Giang.

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu D6 Mmh LuanTrang 2
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan
SVTH : Nguyen Phat NhiSu


Khoa luan totnghifp

L&pDHlOMT

Hlnh 2.1: Ban dd vj tri cua Khu B - TnccngDai hoc An Giang
2.1.2. Diiu kifn ty nhien.
a. Dia hinh, dia mao.

Dia hinh tuong doi bang phang va thap, bi chia cat bdi song rach, cao do
biln d6i tit 1,5m den 4,5m, khu vuc cao la nlm or noi 6 thi xa cu, khu thip la khu
rupng trQng, kenh rach
Cac khu vuc nhin chung co nln dat y^u, can phai xit ly n^n mong khi xay
dung cong trinh.
Muc nude ngSm cao va thudng on dinh ct dp sau 1,0m so vdi razi ddt tu
nhien.

Hipn chua co mat cat dia chat cong trinh tai khu vuc xay dung qua mot so
h6 khoan cda cac cong trinh da xay dung tai khu vuc thanh pho Long Xuy6n cho
thSy co cac lop dat nhu sau:
-Ldp 1: Lop dit nguyen tho pha tap chat him co bi phan My xen lln cat,
da gach v\m vdi ham lucmg khong dang k6, ldp nay cd cudng dp bi^n thien tit
0,2- 0,4 Kg/cm2.

-Ldp 2: ddt set mau xam lln nhi^u chit him cor va bpt cat d trang thai deo
mem den deo nhao, cd cho la d^ng bun set.
-Ldp 3: dlt set mau xam lln dlt bpt va cac nhuyln trting thai chay deo
den deo nhao.

-Ldp 4:cat hat min mau xam xanh, doi chd lln bun trang thai chat.
Mach nude ngam dao dpng each mat dat trung binh tit 1- 1,5m.
GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu B Minh LuSn

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hqan

SVTH : NguylnPhatNhieu

Trang 3


Khoa luan rit nghiep'L&pDHlOMT
Tom lai, dia chat cdng trinh trong khu vpc nay chu yeu la dat set, kha
nang chiu tii thip.
b.Dieukienkhihau
Thanh Ph6 Long Xuyen nSm trong vung nhiet ddi gid mua, hang nam chia
lam 2 mua ro ret, mua mua tir thing 5 din thing 10, mua kho tir thing 11 den
thing 4 nam sau.

+ Nhiet do trung hinh trong nam:27,1C.
+ S6 gid ning trung binh trong nam:2.200 gid.
+ Lupng mua trung binh trong nam:1.71 lmm/nam.
+ Dp im trung binh nam:81,5%.
Gio: Huong gio think hanh, tin suit va tie do thay doi theo tvmg mua. Vg
mua mua, huong gio chu dao theo huong Tay Nam, co tic do trung binh khoang
3,5m/s. ve mua kho, huong gio cM dao theo huong Dong Bac, sau do chuyin
dan sang Dong va Dong Nam.
c.Thuyvan

Thanh pho Long Xuy&i co nhiiu song, rach Ion nho chay qua, trong do co
song Hau
Song Hau thu6c hg thong song Me Kong voi dien tich luu vuc rpng ldn.
Che do thuy van cua song chiu anh huong che dp ban nhat trieu, vdd nguon nude
ngpt quanh nam, thuan led cho khai thac su diing. Cac thong so thuy van co ban

nhu sau:
-Muc nude cao nhat:

+ 4,9m.

-Muc nude thip nhat:

- 0,5m.

-Luu lupng hinh quan khoang

8.000m3/s.

:

Che dp thiiy van: anh hudng true tiep che dp thiiy van song Hau vdi mua
mua hang nam vao thing 9,10,11. Dinh lu cao nhit + 2,65 m so vdi he cao dp
qudc gia.
2.2. Tong quan ve nude thai sinh hoat.
2.2.1. Nguon goc nude thai sinh hoat

Nude thii sinh hopt (NTSH) phit sinh tit cic hoat dpng sing hang ngay
cua con ngudi nhu tim rua, bai tiit, ch hiin thuc an,... d Viet Nam lupng nude
thii nay trung binh khoing 120 - 260 lit/ngucd/ngay. NTSH dupe thu gom tir cic
GVHD1: Th.s Kieu D Minh LuanTrang 4
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoin

SVTH : NguylnPhitNhiiu

Khoa luan tdt nghiep'LdpDHlOMT
can ho, ca quan, trudng hoc, benh vien, khu dan cu, ca sd kinh doanh, chor, cac

cong trinh cong cong khac va ngay chinh trong cac ca sd sdn xuat. NTSH 6 cac
trung tarn do thi thudng thoat bang he thong thoat nude din ra ede song rach, con
cac vung ngoai thanh va nong thdn do khong co he thong thoat nude nen nude
thai thudng duqc tieu thoat tu nhien vao cac ao ho hoac thoat bang bien phdp tu
thlm.
Khoi luqng nude thai cua mot cong ddng dan cu phu thupc vao:
-Quy m6 dan so;
-Tieu chuin dp nude;
-Kha nang va dac diem cua he thong thodt nude.
Muc d$ 6 nhiim cua nude thai sinh hoat phu thupc vao:
-Luu lupng nude thai;
-Tai trpng chit ban tinh theo dlu ngudi.
Ma tai trpng chat ban tinh theo dlu ngudi phu thupc vao:
-Muc sing, dieu Men song va tap quan sing;
-Dieu Men khihau.

Nude thai sinh hoat glm 2 loai:
-Nude thai nhiem ban do chat bai tiet cua con ngudi tur cac phdng ve sinh.
-Nude thai nhiem ban do cac chat thai sinh hoat khac nhu: can tu nha
bep, cac chat thli rfla, ke ca tit lam ve sinh san nha.
2.2.2. Thanh phan va dac tinh nude thai sinh hoat
Thanh phln va tinh chat cua nude thai sinh hoat phu thupc rlt nhilu vao
ngudn goc nude thai. Dae diem chung cua nude thai sinh hoat la thanh phan ciia

chiing tuang dli In dinh. Cac thanh phln nay bao glm 52% chit huu ca, 48%
chit vo ca, ngoai ra nude thai sinh hoat con chda nhieu cac vi sinh vat gay benh
va cac doe to cua chung. Phan ldn cac vi sinh vSt trong nude thai la cac vi khuan

va vi nit gay benh nhu: cac vi khuln gay benh ta, ly, thuang han...
Thanh phan nude thai dupe phan chia nhu sau:
Theo thanh phan vat ly: Bieu thi dang ede chat ban co trong nude thai d
cac Mch thudc khdc nhau, dupe chia thanh 3 nhdm:

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu D Minh LuanTrang 5
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan
SVTH : NguylnPhat Nhieu


L&pDHlOMT

Khoa lugn tot nghifp

•Nhdm 1: glm cac chit khong tan chua trong nude thdi dang tho (vdi,
gily, canh la cay, san, s6i, cat, da, long,...) a dang la lung ( 8 > 10"' mm) va a

dang huyln phu, nhu tuang, bgt (8 = 10"1 — 10"4 mm)
" Nhom 2: glm cac chit bin dang keo (8 = 10A - 10"6 mm)
•Nhom 3: G6m cdc chit bin 6 dang hoa tan co 8 < 10'6 mm; chung co
the a dang ion hoac phan hi.
Theo thanh phdn hoa hoc: Bilu thi dang cac chit bin trong nuac thai co
cac tinh chit hod hoc khac nhau, dugc chia thanh 2 nhdm:
•Thanh phln vo ca: cat, sdt, xi, axit vo ca, cac ion cua muoi phan
ly,.. .(khoang 42% d6i vdi nude thai smh hoat);
•Thanh phan him ca: Cac chit c6 ngu6n goc ttr dong vat, thuc vat, can
ba bai tiet,.. .(chiem khoang 58%).
-Cac chit chuaNita: Ure, protein, amin, acid amin,...
-Cac hap chit nhom hydrocacbon: m&, xa phong, cellulose,...

-Cdc hap chit co chiia phosphor, luu huynh.
Thanh phdn sinh hoc: nlm men, nam m6c, tao, vi khuan,...

Thanh phan dac trung cua nude thai sinh hoat dugc trinh bay d bang 2.1.
Bang 2.1: Thanh phdn dac trung cua nude thai sinh hoat.

Mac do 6 nhilm

Thanh phan

(mgA)

Nang

Trung binh

Thlp

Tong chit ran

1000

500

200

Chit ran hda tan

700

350

120

Chit ran khong hoa tan

300

150

80

Ting chit ran la lung

600

350

120

12

8

40

300

200

100

DO

0

0

0

TongNita

85

50

25

Chit rln ling
BOD5

GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu D6 Minh Luan
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan
SVTH : NguylnPhatNhieu

Trang 6


Khoa luan totnghiep'LdpDHlOMT
Niter him co1

35

20

10

Nittr amoniac

50

30

15

NO2

0,1

0,05

0

NO3"

0,4

0,2

0,1

Clorua

175

100

15

Bokiem

200

100

50

Chatbeo

40

20

0

-

8

-

Tong photpho

(Nguon: Xu ly nude thai do th\ va cong nghiep, tinh todn Met he cong trinh, Lam Minh

Triit, 2004).
Nhu vdy, dac tinh chung cua NTSH thudng bi 6 nhiem bed ede chat can ba
huu co, ede chat huu co hoa tan (thong qua ede chi tiSu BOD, COD), cac chat
dinh dudng (nitophospho), cac vi trung gay benh (Ecoli, coliform,...).
2.2.3. Anh hu&ng nude thai sinh hoat tdi moi trvomg
Tac hai den moi truong cua nude thai do ede thanh phan 6 nhilm t6n tai
trong nude thai gay ra.
-COD, BOD: su khodng hoa, 6n dinh chat huu ca tieu thu mot lugrng ldn
va gay thieu hpt oxi cua nguon tiep nhan dan den dnh hudng tdi he sinh thai moi
trudng nude. Neu 6 nhiem qud miic, dieu kien yem khi co the hinh thdnh.
Trong qud trinh phan huy yem khi sinh ra ede san pham nhu H2S, NH3,
CH4,... lam cho nude co mui hoi thoi va giam pH cua moi trudng.

-SS: ling ddng d ngudn tigp nhan, gdy dieu kien yem khi.
-Nhi^t dq: nhiet dp cua nude thai sinh hoat thudng khong anh hudng den
ddi song cua thuy sinh vat nude.
-Vi trung gdy benh: gay ra ede berth Ian truyen bang dudng nude nhu tieu
chdy, ngp dpc thiic an, vang da,...

-Ammonia, P: day la nhung nguyen td dinh dudng da luong. Ndu ndng dp
trong nude qud cao din ddn hien tupng phu dudng hoa (su phdt tridn bung phdt
cua ede loai tdo, lam cho nong dp oxy trong nude rdt thdp vao ban dem gdy ngat
thd va dipt vong ede vi sinh vat, trong khi do ban ngay ndng dp oxy rdt cao do
qud trinh hd hap cua tdo thdi ra).
GVHD1: Th.s Kieu Dd Minh LuanTrang 7

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan
SVTH : Nguy!n PhatNhieu


Klwa lugn tdt nghiep*L&pDHlOMT
-Mdu: mit my quan.
-Dau mo: gay mui, ngan cdn khuech tan oxy tren be mat.

Su co mat cua cdc chit dpc hai xd vdo nguon nude se lam phd va can blng
sinh hQc t^r nhien ciia nguon nuac va kim ham qua trinh tu lam sach cua ngudn
nuac. S\r co mat ciia cac vi sinh vat, trong do c6 cac vi khuin gay benh, de doa
tinh an todn vp sinh cua nguon nude.

Bipn phdp duqc coi la hieu qud nhat de bdo ve nguon nude la:
-Han che so luqng nude thdi xa vao nguon nude;
-Gidm thidu ndng do 6 nhiem trong nude thdi theo quy dinh bang each dp
dung cdng nghe xu ly phd hpp dil tieu chuan xa ra nguon nude.
Vipc xay dung tram xd ly nude thai ndi chung va nude thdi sinh hoat ndi
rieng la can thiet doi vdi hau het cac nguon thai, nhdm lam sach nude trudc khi
dua trd lai moi trudng. Tuy theo dieu Men npi tai cua mi dia phuong se co
nhiing yeu cau khdc nhau ve miic do xut ly. Tuy nhien, toi thieu phdi ddm bdo khi
nude thdi trd ra moi trudng thl ngudn tidp nhan phdi cd kha nang hdi phpc, nghia
la moi trudng cd kha nang tu trd lai trang thdi can bdng tu nhien, cd the dong hod
luang chat 6 nhiem cd trong nude thai duac thdi vao. Trong moi trudng hap can
can nhdc kha nang tu lam sach cua cac nguon tiep nhan trong dieu Men tu nhien
dd quydt dinh miic do can xii ly. Xet vd khia canh moi trudng, de duy tri can
bdng sinh thdi bdo ve moi trudng thi vide xut ly nude thai 6 nhidm la het siic cln
thiet nham trdnh nhung hau qua tieu cue d6i vdi moi trudng. Dd chinh la muc
dich chinh yeu ma he thong xd ly nude thdi cdn dat duac.
2.3. Tong quan ve cac phuwng phdp xu ly nude thai.

2.3.1. Xu ly nude thdi bang phuong phdp eff hoc
a. Xul^cohoc
Trong nude thdi thudng cd cac loai tap chat ran cd khdc nhau bi cudn
theo, nhu ram cd, go mau, bao bi chat deo, giay, gie, diu ma noi, cat, sdi, w...

Ngoai ra cdn cd cac loai hat la lung a dang huydn phu rat khd lang. Xii ly ca hoc
nham loai bd ede tap chdt khdng hod tan va mot phan cac chit d dang keo ra khdi
nude thdi nham nang cao chit lupng vd hieu qud ciia ede budc xd ly tiep. Phuomg
phdp ca hpc duac thuc hien d ede cdng trinh xu ly sau.

Phuong phdp xic ly ca hpc cd thd loai bd duac 60% ede tap chit khdng
hda tan cd trong nude thdi vd gidm BOD den 30%. De tang hieu suit cua cac

GVHD 1 : Th.s Kieu Dd Minh LuanTrang 8
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan
SVTH : NguylnPhdtNhieu


Khoa luan tot nghiep'L&pDHlOMT
cong trinh xu ly cor hoc co thi dung bien phip lam thoang so bo,..Hi?u qui xu ly

co thi len tdi 75% chit la lung va 40 - 50% BOD (Lam VTnh Son, 2010)
??? Song chan rdc, ludi chart rac

Song chin rac hoac htdi chin rac dat trade tram bam tren dudng tip trung
nude chiy vao him tiip nhan
Nhim gifia lai cic vat tho phi'a trade. Song chin rac dupe chia lam hai
loai di dpng hoac co dinh, thudng duac dat nghieng mot gdc 60 — 75 theo
hudng dong chiy, duac lam bang sit trdn hoac vudng va cung co the la vua trdn
vda vuong, thanh no each thanh kia mQt khoing 60 - 100mm de chan v^t tho va

10 - 25mm di chin vat nho hem. (Nguyin Thi Thu Thuy, 2000)
Ludi chin rac thudng dat nghieng 45 - 60 so vdi phuong thang diing, van
tic qua ludi \^^ ^ 0,6m/s. Khe rqng cua mit ludi thudng td 10 - 20mm. Lam
sach song chan va ludi chan bang thd cong, hay bang cac thiet bi ca khi tu dong
hay ban t^ dong. (Lam VTnh Sam, 2010)
Sau song chan rac, de co the loai bo cac tap chat ran co kich thudc ca nho
va min horn ta co the dat them ludi loc. Ludi cd kich thudc 16 0,5 - lmm. Ludi

lpc dupe thiet ki vdi nhiiu hlnh dang khac nhau. (Hodng hue, 1996)
?Belong cat

Be ling cat thudng dupe thiet ki di tich cac tap chit rin vo ca khong tan
cd kich thudc td 0,2 - 2 mm ra khdi nude thai (Hodng Hue, 1996). Dua vao
nguyen ly trong luc, dong nude thai dupe cho chay vao bi ling theo nhiiu each
khac nhau: theo tiip tuyen, theo dong ngang, theo dong td tren xuong va tda ra
xung quanh... Nude qua be lang, dudi tie dung cua trpng luc, cat nang se lang
xuong dudi va keo theo mot phan chit dong tu. Theo nguyen ly lam vi6c, ngudi
ta chia bi lang cat thanh hai loai: bi lang cat ngang va bi lang cat dung.

?Be dieu hod
Luu lupng va chit lupng nude thai td cong thu gom chay vi tr^un xu ly
nude thai, dac biet dii vdi dong thai cong nghiep va dong thai suih hoat thudng
xuyen dao dong theo thdi gian trong ngay. Khi xay drag be dieu hoa cd the dam
bio cho cic cong trinh xd ly tiep theo lam viec in dinh va dat dupe gii tri kinh ti
cao

C6 21oaibidiiuhda:
- Be dieu hoa luu lupng va chit lupng nim true tiep tren dudng chuyin
dong cua ddng chiy.
GVHD 1: Th.s Kieu D6 Minh LuanTrang 9

GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : Nguyin Phit Nhiiu


Khoa luan tdt nghiep*L&p DH10MT
- Be dieu hda luu lupng la chu yiu, co the nlm true tiSp tren duang van
chuyin cua dong ch&y hoac nlm ngoai dudng di cua dong chay.
?Be Idng dot 1, dot 2
B^ ling co nhiem vu ling cac hat can la liing co sin trong nude thai (be
ling 1) hoac cac bong can dupe tao ra tit qua trinh keo ta too bong hay tir qua

trinh xu ly sinh hqc (bi ling 2). Theo cMSu dong chay bi ling duqc chia thanh 2
loai la be lang dung be lang ngang.

Bi ling ngang co dang hinh chft nhat Thong thubng be ling ngang duqc
su dung trong cac tram xrr ly co cong suit 3.000 m3/ngay dem d6i vai truang
hap xut ly nude co dung phen va ap dung cong suat bat ky cho cac tram xir ly
nude khong dung phen. (HoangHui, 1996)
Trong bi ling ngang, ngudi ta chia dong chay va qua trinh ling th^nh bon
vung: Vung nude thai vao, vung tach, vung xa nude ra va vung bun. Be lang

ngang thucmg cd chiSu sau H tir 1,5 •*• 4 m, chieu dai bang 8 •*• 12 Ian chieu cao
H, chieu rong kenh tir 3 •^• 6 m. Van toe dong chay trong bl ling ngang thucmg
chon khong ldn han 0,01 m/s, thai gian luu 1 -=- 3 gid.
Trong bi ling dung nude chuyln dong tir dudi len tren, con cac hat can
rai nguqc chiiu vdi chiiu chuyin dong cua dong nude. KM xu ly nude khong
dung chat keo ta, cac hat can cd toe do rai ldn han toe do dang cua dong nude se
ling xuong day be ling. Con kM dimg chat keo ta, thi con cd them mot sd cac hat
c|ta cd tic dp rai nho han tic do chuyen dong cua dong nude cung duqc ling

theo.

Hieu qua ling trong b ling dung phu thuqc vao chat keo ta, su phan b6
deu cua dong nude va cMeu cao vung lang. Be lang diing thudng cd dang hlnh
vudng hoac hinh tron va duqc su dtmg cho cac tram xir ly cd cong suit den 3.000
m3/ngay dem. Nude thai dua vao tam bl vdi tic do khong qua 30 mm/s, thai

gian luu nude trong be tir 45 ^ 120 phiit. (TCVN 7957: 2008)
2.3.2. Xulyho^hqc
?Trunghoa
Dimg de dua moi trudng nude thai cd chua cac axid vo ca hoac kiim vi
dang trung tinh cd pH = 6,5 - 7,5. Phuang phap nay cd thi thuc Men bing nhiiu
each: trqn lln nude thai cd tinh acid vdi nude thai cd tinh baza; bi sung them cac
tac nhan hoa hoc; lqc qua ldp vat lieu lqc cd tac dung trung hoa, hip phu kM
chua axid bang nude thai chua kiim,...

GVHDl:Th.sKieuDoMmhLuanTranglO
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan

SVTH : NguylnPhatNMlu


Khoa luan tot nghiep*L&pDHlOMT
Be trung hoa nude thai chua axit, co the su dung cac tac nhan hda hoc
nhu: NaOH, KOH, dung dich amoni NH4OH, ddldmit (CaCO2.MgCO3),... Xong
tac nhan re nhit la voi sua 5-10% Ca(OH)2, tiip do la soda va NaOH d dang phi
thai.
Be trung hoa nude thai co chua kiem, co the dung khi axit (chiia CO2,
SO2, NO2,...). Viec set dung khi axit khong nhung co the trung hoa dupe nude
thai ma con lam giam chinh khi thai khdi cac cau tut doc hai.

?Oxykoakhic
BS lam sach nude thai, co thi sii dung cac tac nhan oxy hoa nhu clo d
dang khi va hda long, dioxyt clo, clorat canxi, hypoclorit canxi va natri,
permanganat kali, bicromat kali, peroxy hydro (H2O2), oxy ciia khong khi, ozone.
Qua trinh oxy hda se chuyen cac chat doc hai trong nude thai thanh cac chit it
doc hai hem va tach khoi nude. Qua trinh nay tieu tin nhiiu hda chit nen thudng
chi su dung khi khong thi xu ly blng nhung phuomg phap khac.
2.3.3. Phiromg phap hod ly
Nhung phucmg phap hda ly thudng dupe sis dung trong xut ly nude thai la:
keo tu, hip phu, trich ly, bay hoi, tuyen ndi, trung hda... Xu ly hda ly cd the la
giai doan xut ly doc lap hoac xut ly cimg vdi cac phuomg phap ca hoc, hda hoc,
sinh hoc khac trong cdng nghe xii ly nude thai hoan chinh. (Iran Hieu Nhue,

2001)
?Keotu
Keo tu la qua trinh ket hop cac hat la lutng khi cho cac chat cao phan tut
vao nude. Khac vdi qua trinh dong tu, khi keo tp thi s\r ket hpp dien ra khong chi
do tiep xiic true tiip ma con do tuong tac lln nhau giua cac phan tu chit keo tp bi
hap phu tren cac hat la ltog. Viec sii dung chat keo tu cho phep giam chat dong
tu, giam thdi gian dong tp va tang van toe lang. (Trdn Hiiu Nhue, 2001). Ca che
lam viec cua chit keo tu dua tren cac hien tupng: hip phu phan tut chit keo tren
bi mat hat keo, tao thanh mang ludi chit keo tu. Budi tac dong cua chit keo tu
giua cac hat keo tao thanh cau tnic 3 chieu, cd kha nang tach nhanh va hoan toan
ra khoi nude. (Iran Van Nhan, Ngo Thi Nga 2005).
Cac chit keo tu thudng dung la phen nhdm (A12(SO4)3.18H2O, NaAlO2,

A12(OH)5C1,KA1(SO4)2.12H2O,NH4A1(SO4)2.12H2O); phen sit (Fe2(SO4)3.2H2O;
Fe2(SO4)3.3H2O; FeSO4.7H2O va FeCl3) hoac chit keo tu khong phan ly, dang
cao phan tut cd ngudn goc thien nhien hoac tdng hop. Cac chit keo tu cao phan ti

GVHD1: Th.s Kieu B6 Minh LuSnTrang 11
GVHD 2 : Th.s Le Quang Hoan
SVTH : NguylnPhatNhieu