Beginning Direct 3D Game Programming P1

Beginning
Direct3D
®
Game
Programming
2
nd
Edition
Beginning
Direct3D
®
Game
Programming
2
nd
Edition
Wolfgang F. Engel
© 2003 by Premier Press, a division of Course Technology. All rights reserved. No part of this book
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Für meine Frau Katja und unsere Tochter Anja
Acknowledgments

T
his book couldn’t have been completed without the help of many people. In
particular, I want to thank my parents, who gave me a wonderful and warm child-
hood; my wife, Katja, for being patient with a spare-time author; and our nearly two-year-old
daughter, Anna, for showing me the important things in life.
Additionally I would like to thank those people who also helped to make this book possible:
Heather Hurley, Mitzi Koontz, Emi Smith, Cathleen Snyder, Heather Talbot, and André
LaMothe. Thanks for your patience with me and for a great time at GDC 2003.
About the Author
Wolfgang F. Engel is the editor and coauthor of several programming books.
He has also written several online tutorials published on ,
o, and other Web sites. He held lectures at GDC 2003 and at
Vision Days in Copenhagen. Wolfgang is also a faculty advisor for the Academy of Game
Entertainment Technology ( />Contents at a Glance
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
Part One
DirectX Graphics: Don’t Hurt Me . . . . . 1
Chapter 1 The History of Direct3D/DirectX Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2 Overview of HAL and COM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chapter 3 Programming Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter 4 3D Fundamentals, Gouraud Shading,
and Texture-Mapping Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapter 5 The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 6 First Steps to Animation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Part Two
Knee-Deep in DirectX
Graphics Programming . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Chapter 7 Texture-Mapping Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Chapter 8 Using Multiple Textures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Part Three

Hard-Core DirectX
Graphics Programming . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Chapter 9 Shader Programming with the
High-Level Shader Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Chapter 10 More Advanced Shader Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Chapter 11 Working with Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Chapter 12 Using *.md3 Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Part Four
Appendixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Appendix A Windows Game Programming Foundation . . . . . . . . . . 301
Appendix B C++ Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Appendix C Mathematics Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Appendix D Creating a Texture with
D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Appendix E Game Programming Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Appendix F What’s on the CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
ix
Contents at a Glance
Contents
Letter from the Series Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
Part One
DirectX Graphics: Don’t Hurt Me . . . . . 1
Chapter 1
The History of Direct3D/DirectX Graphics. . . . . . . 3
DirectX 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
DirectX 6/7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
DirectX 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Point Sprites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3D Textures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Direct3DX Utility Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Ver tex and Pixel Shaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
DirectX 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Chapter 2
Overview of HAL and COM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Hardware Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Pluggable Software Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Reference Rasterizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Controlling Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
COM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter 3
Programming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Accessing COM Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Debugging DirectX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Return Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Chapter 4
3D Fundamentals, Gouraud Shading,
and Texture-Mapping Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3D Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Understanding Vertices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Working with Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Understanding Faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Understanding Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Understanding Normals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Understanding Normals and Gouraud Shading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Te x t ure-Mapping Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Chapter 5
The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Compiling the Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
The DirectX Graphics Common Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
The Basic Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The ConfirmDevice(), OneTimeSceneInit(), and InitDeviceObjects() Functions . . . 44
The RestoreDeviceObjects() Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
The FrameMove() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
The Render() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
xi
Contents
The InvalidateDeviceObjects() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
The DeleteDeviceObjects() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
The FinalCleanup() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
The Basic2 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
The InitDeviceObjects() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
The RestoreDeviceObjects() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
The Render() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
The InvalidateDeviceObjects() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
The DeleteDeviceObjects() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
The FinalCleanup() Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
The Basic3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
The Basic4 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
The Basic5 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Chapter 6
First Steps to Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Understanding Transformations and Viewports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

The World Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
The View Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
The Projection Transformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Working with the Viewport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Depth Buffering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Part One Quiz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
xii
Contents