Xây dựng bài giảng điện tử môn triết học mác lênin

TRl/QNG DAI HOC AN GIANG
KHOA KY THUAT - C^NG NGHE - MOl TRUt/NG

trAn ngoc ph6i

KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP DAI HOC NGANH CO1 NHAN TIN HOC

XAY DU^NG BAl GlANG DIEN Tl>
MON TRIET HOC MAC - LENIN
TRU6NG DAI HOC
AN GIANG

THl/VIEN

GV. hirang din:

ThS. Doan Thanh Nghi

An Giang, 05/2006


ri

Em xin chart thanh cam an cdc Thay Co Khoa Ky thuqt - Cong nghe Moi tru&ng Truing Dai hoc An Giang eta nhiet tinh huang dan vd tao dieu
Men thuqn lai cho em trong suot thai gian thuc hien khoa luqn. Xin dqc biet
cam an Thay Boan Thanh Nghi, nguai true tiip huang dan, giup da em hodn

thanh tit khoa luqn tdt nghiep.
Em cung xin gai lai cam an den cdc Thay Co Bo mon Mac - Lenin,

dqc biet la Co Phqm Tin Thu Hdng, Co Binh Li Nguyen da giup da vd cung

cap tdi lieu giup em hodn thanh tot khoa luqn tot nghiep.
Mot Ian nua, xin chdn thanh cam an gia dinh, thay co vd ban be da
dqng vien, giup da em hodn thdnh tot khoa luqn tot nghiep.
Sau cung, em xin kinh chiic quy thay co duqc nhieu sue khde de truyen
dqt nhung kinh nghiem quy bdu cua minh cho cdc the he sau.
Trdn trong!
Sinh vien: Tran Ngoc Phoi


Trong vai nam gdn day, cdng nghe thong tin da the hien la ngdnh dong
mot vai trd het^ sue quan trong tren the gidi, no tdc dong lam thay ddi mqnh
me hdu nhu tat cd ede linh vuc xung quanh. Song trong hoi cdnh tren, con
ngudi cung can phdi cap nhdt bo sung kien thuc ngdy cdng hodn thien vd
phong phu hem de thich ring vai mdi trucmg mdi. He thong ddo tqo vd cung
cap kien thuc theo kieu cu to ra khdng con tien lai vd dap ring nhu cdu vai mdi
trucmg thong tin thay doi vd cap nhdt mot each lien tuc nay. E-learning ra dai

chinh Id mot gidiphdp de gidi quyet van de khd khan tren.
He thong em de cap trong phqm vi ludn van nay Id mot phdn trong
chudi mat xich cua E-learning trong linh vuc gido due ddo tqo. Do Id bdi
gidng dien tie man Triet hoc Mac - Lenin, Id mot kenh thong tin hd tra cho

viec len lap truyen thong vd gdpphdn ddi mdi phucmgphdp gidng day.
Mac du trong qua trinh lam viec da cd nhieu cd gang, duac su hudng
dan cua ede thay cd, nhung do hqn che ve ky thudt lap trinh cung nhu thieu
kinh nghiem xdy dung trang web hodn chinh, chdc chdn se khdng trdnh khdi
nhung sai sot hoqc chua sat vai thuc te. Rat mong duac su dong gdp vd
hudng dan them, em xin chdn thdnh cam an!

TOM TAT
Ten iti tai:

Xay dung bai giang dien tit mon Triet hoc Mac - Lenin

Giang vien luedngdCin:

Thac si Doan Thanh Nghi

Sinh vien thuc Men:Tr&n Ngoc Ph6i
Noi dung:
Website bai giang dien tvr mon Triet hoc Mac — Lenin nham cung cap cac thong tin
cho nguoi dung Internet mot each ddy du, nhanh chong va hieu qua. Ngoai nhung dac diem
gion^ nhu bai giang giay, bai giang dien tu con co nhieu uu diem hern: ngoai thong tin bieu
thi bang van ban thong thuong, bai giang dien tu con co the chuyen tai den nguoi dung
nhung doan video, nhung doan am thanh mot each song dong. Ben canh do, bai giang dien
tit con cho phep nguoi dimg tim kiem thong tin mot each nhanh nhen, chinh xac. Cac bai
giang cu co thg duqc truy luc lai ma khong phai ton nhieu cong siic nhu bai giang giay. .
Website bai giang dien tu bao gom 4 phan he: giao dien danh cho quan tri, giang
vien, thanh vien va nguoi dung duyet web.
Yeu cau:

-Tim hieu he thdng va xac dinh cac yeu cau.
-Tim hieu cac van de \j thuyet co lien quan.
-Phan tich thiSt k6 he thdng.
-Cai dat chuong trinh demo.
Phuctng an dime chon:
-He quan tri ccr so dO lieu: MySQL.
-Ngon ngu lap trinh: PHP.
-Ngon ngu truy vdn du lieu: SQL.

-Cong cu thi^t k: Rational Rose.
-Vi^t tai lieu, bao cao: Microsoft Word. Ngoai ra co sir dung them mot so phan
mem khac phuc vu cho cac so do, bieu bang.


MUC LUC
PhanLGICSITHIEU1
I.Sir can thiet cua bai giang dien tir:2
1.Boi canh hien tai Truong Dai hoc An Giang:.'2
2.Mot s6 tinh nang cua bai giang dien hi:3
2.1.Tilth ti^n dung:3
2.2.Tinh k^ thfra:'.3
2.3.Tinh tuongtac:3
II.Co so ly thuyet:'.4
l.E-learning:4
2.Bai giang dien tir:4
3.Internet:5
3.1.Khai them:5
3.2.Trinh duyet Web::7
3.3.Webserver:8

3.4.Website dong:9
3.5.Xay dung mot ting dung tren Web:9
4.Cong cu va moi trubng phat trien:10
4.1.Phan tich thigt kg (Su dung ngon ngu mo hinh hop nhit - Unified Modeling
Language - UML):10
4.2.Caid^t:12

Phan2:PHANTiCH,17
I.Mo ta pham vi he thong:18

II.Phan tich yeu clu he thong:'.19
1.Cac ygu c^u chirc nang:19
2.Cac ygu cau phi chiic nang:20
III.Phan tich du lieu:21

1.Mo hinh du lieu ER:21
2.Mo hinh mo ta cac chiic nang cua website:22
IV.Phan tich xii ly mot so chiic nang cua website:24
1.Dang ky thanh vign:24
2.Dangnhap:25

3.Thgm bai giang:25
4.Chinh sira bai giang:26

5.Tim kigm bai giang:26
Ph4n 3: THIET KE:.27
•

I.Thigtk6drlieu:28
II. Thiet kg xir ly mot s6 chiic nang cua website:29
1.Use case dang nhap:....29

1.1.Mo hinh tun tir:29
1.2.Mo hinh hcrp tac:30
2.Use case thay d6i mat khiu:31
2.1. Mo hinh tu^n tir:,...31


2.2. Mo hinh hop tac::32
3.Use case thay doi thong tin ca nhan:33

3.1.Mo hinh tain tu:33
3.2.Mo hinh hop tac:34
4.Use case xem bai giang viet:35
4.1.Mo hinh tain tu:35
4.2.Mo hinh hop tac:36
5.Use case goi cau hoi thic mic:37
5.1.Mo hinh tain tu:37
5.2.Mo hinh hop tac:38
6.Use case goi y kien dong gop:38
7.Use case tra Ioi cau hoi:39
7.1.Mo hinh tain tu:39
7.2.Mo hinh hop tac:40
8.Use case tra loi y kien dong gop:40

III.Thiit ki giao dien:'.41
1.Giao dien danh cho quantri:41
2.Giao dien danh cho giang vien:42
3.Giao dien danh cho ngucri dung duy^t web:43
4.Giao dien dang nhap:44
IV.Rang huge toan ven:45
1.Rang huge toan ven miin gia tri:45
2.Rang huge toan ven lien bg:45
3.Rang huge toan ven tham chieu:45
4.Rang buoc toan ven lien thuoc tinh — lien quan he:45

Phin4:CAIDAT46
I.Gioi han quyen cho tung thanh vien truy cap vao website:47
II.Backup du lieu:47

III.Khic phuc loi SQL injection:47

Phin5:KETLUAN48
I.Danh gia chung:49
1.Ket qua dat duoc:49
2.Han chi:.'.........'50

II.Huong phat triin:51

Phin 6: M0T SO TAl LIEU THAM KHAO52
I. Sach:53
II.Ebook:54
III.Website:54

Phin 7: PHU LUC56
I. Kichban:....:57

1.Use case dang nhap:57
1.1.Dong sir kien chinh:,.57
1.2.Cac dong s^ kien khac:57
2.Use case thay d6i mat khiu:58
2.1.Dong su kien chinh:58
2.2.Cac dong su kien khac:58


3.Use case thay doi thong tin ca nhan:59
3.1.Dong sur kien chinh:59
3.2.Cac dong sir kien khac:59
4.Use case xem bai giang viet:60
4.1.Dong sir kien chinh:60
4.2.Cac dong sy kien khac:60
5.Use case tim kiem bai giang:61

5.1.Dong sir kien chinh:61
5.2.Cac dong sir kien khac:61
6.Use case goi cau hoi thac mac:61
6.1.Dong sir kien chinh:61
6.2.Cac dong sir kien khac:62
7.Use case goi y kien dong gop:62
8.Use case tra loi cau hoi:62
8.1.Dong sir kien chinh:62
8.2.Cac dong sir kien khac:62
9.Use case tra loi y kien dong gop:62
10.Use case quan ly nguoi dung:63
10.1.Dong sir kien chinh:63
10.2.Cac dong sir kien khac:.64
II.T6 chuc Iuu triJ ca so dO lieu cua website:66
III.Rang buoctoanven:69
1.Rang buoc toan ven lien bo:69
2.Rang buoc toan ven tham chieu:69
3.Rang buoc toan ven lien thupc tinh - lien quan he:70
IV.Thuchanhantoan:71
V. Huong dan cai dat::71
1.MySQL:'.71
2.PHP:72


DANH SACH CAC BANG, BIEU BO
Hinh 1-1. Mo hinh minh hoa Trinh duyet web va Web server,8
Hinh 1-2. Cach lam viec cua PHP phii hop vdi mo hinh khach - chu khi nguoi diing yeu cau
mot trang web14
*Hinh 1-3. Qua trinh xu ly yeu cdu d6i voi mot trang HTML tTnh14
Hinh 1-4. Cach hoat dong cua phan Ion cac ung dung Web dong sir dung PHP va MySQL

'.'.'..'..'15

Hinh 2-1. Motapham vihethOng18
Bang 2-1. Cac yeu cduchucnang19
Bang 2-2. Cac yeu cdu phi chiic nang20
Hinh 2-2. Mo hinh dtt lieu ER21
Hinh 2-3. Mo hinh use case Tong quat22
Hinh 2-4. Mo hinh use case Quan ly bai giang23
Hinh 2-5. Mo hinh use case Quan ly nguoi dung23
Hinh 2-6. Mo hinh use case Quan ly y kien dong gop24
Hinh 2-7. Xu ly dang ky thanh vien24
Hinh 2-8. Xu ly dang nhap,25
Hinh 2-9. Xu ly them bai giang25
Hinh 2-10. Xu ly chinh svra bai giang26
Hinh 2.11. Timkiembai giang26
Hinh 3-1. Mo hinh du lieu quan he duoc chuyendoi tirmo hinhER28
Hinh 3-2. Mo hinh tuan tu cho use case dang nhap29
Hinh 3-3. Mo hinh hgp tac cho use case dang nhap30
Hinh 3-4. Mo hinh tuan tu cho use case thay doi mat khau31
Hinh 3-5. Mo hinhhcjp tac cho use case thay doi mat khdu..32
Hinh 3-6. Mo hinh tuln tu cho use case thay doi thong tin ca nhan33
Hinh 3-7. Mo hinh hgp tac cho use case thay doi thong tin ca nhan34
Hinh 3-8. Mo hinh tuan tu cho use case xem bai giang viet35
Hinh 3-9. Mo hinh hop tac cho use case xem bai giang viet36
Hinh 3-10. Mo hinh tuiln tu cho use case goi cau hoi th^c mic37
Hinh 3-11. Mo hinh hop tac cho use case goi cau hoi thac m^c38
Hinh 3-12. Mo hinh tuan tu cho use case tra loi cau hoi39
Hinh 3-13. Mo hinh hop tac cho use case tra Ibi cau hoi thac mac40
Hinh 3-14. Giao dien danh cho quan tri41
Hinh 3-15. Giao dien danh cho giang vien42

Hinh 3-16. Giao dien danh cho nguoi dung duyet web43
Hinh 3-17. Giao dien dang nhap he thong44
ABang 7-1. Bai giang66
Bang 7-2. Bai goi66
Bang 7-3. Kho66
Bang 7-4. Loai bai giang67
Bang 7-5. Loai bai goi67
Bang 7-6. Loai kho67
Bang 7-7. Loai nguoi dung67


Bang 7-8. Ngucri dung,68
Bang 7-9. Noi dung bai giang68
Bang 7-10. Tra loi bai gai69
Bang 7-11. Bang dim anh hucng cho R269
Bang 7-12. Bang tim anh hnong cho R369
Bang 7-13. Bang-tarn anh huong cho R570
Bang 7-14. Bang tSm anh huong cho R6..70


Phanl:Gl6lTHIEU


/. Sir can thiit cua bai gidng Men tu:
1. B6i canh hien tai Truong Dai hoc An Giang:
Trudng Bai hoc An Giang ra ddi vao diing luc dat nude ta va toan the gidi budc vao
thd ky 21, th6 ky cua ndn kinh \k tri thiic va cong nghe thong tin.
Mot trong nhung giai phap de thuc hien chien luge "duong dau thach thuc, nam bat
thai ca, di tat don dau" la: "Nang cao chat luang dao too bang each thuc hien viec doi mdi
chuang trinh va phuang phap giang day hoc tap. Thuc hien cac giai phap nMm nang cao

chat lugng day va hoc theo hudng tich cue "kien thuc duac chiem llnh bai ngudi hoc" bang
each ket hap giua qua trinh dao tao tai trudng, lap vdi t\r hoc, tu nghien cuu, khac phuc loi
truyen thu mot chieu theo kieu "thay giang, tro ghi" mfit each thu dong , ren luyen nep tu
duy sang tao cua ngudi hoc, nhlm nang cao chat luqng hoc tap, kha nang sang tao va hanh
dung. Boi mdi viec chuan bi giao trinh, giao an mot each co ch^t luang va hieu qua thi^t
thuc; ung dung tin hoc va cac phuang phap truyen thong hien dai trong giang day, gan npi
dung dao tao vdi nhung muc tieu phat trien kinh te xa hoi cua dia phuang, cua vung va dat
nude de dao tao sinh vien khi ra trudng co day du kien thuc vua ly thuyet vvra thuc tien va
phat huy hieu qua duac ngay".
Vdi mot thu vien dien tu va cac phdng may duac noi mang thi viec hoc tap, dao tao
dua tren cong nghe thong tin chinh la giai phap huu hieu de giai quyet van de nay.
Bai giang dien tu thuoc hinh thiic "hoc lieu dien tu md" (open course ware), la tai
lieu phuc vu dac luc viec giang day, hoc tap va nghien cuu qua mang, duac bien soan va
"so hda" theo nh&ng cau tnic, dinh dang va kich ban nhit dinh nh^m gdp phin day nhanh
qua trinh doi mdi va hien dai hda phuang phap day va hoc d bac dai hoc.
Trudc het, no se loai bo ngay tir dau nhung ca nhan khong co dong ca hoc tap thay
vao do se chi la nhitng ngudi that su muon hoc, cd tinh dinh hudng cao, cd nang luc lam
viec doc lap, chu dong trOng giao tigp, bi^t hop tac...
Tiep can vdi each thuc hoc tap mdi nay, sinh vien se cd ca hoi phat huy tinh chu
dong, sang too, doc lap giai quyet van de. Ngudi day luc nay dong vai trd nhu mot chuyen
gia, co van.

Xay dung bai giang dien tu mon Triet hoc Mac - Lenin la gdp mot phan vao viec
nang cao chat luang day va hoc.


2. Mot so tinh nang cua bai giang (lien tii:
Cong nghe thong tin cung se lam thay doi rat Ion viec hoc cua chiing ta. Nhung
ngudi cong nhan se co kha nang cap nhat cac ky thuat trong linh vtrc cua minh. Moi ngudi
a bit cii noi dau se co kha nang tham gia cac khoa hoc t6t nMt day bdi cac giao vien gidi

nh^t. N^u cong nghe thong tin dat tdi dinh diem ciia no thi thtit la tuyet voi. Ngay tai Viet
Nam, chung ta cung co the tham gia cac cua hoc ben My vdi thay giao gioi nhat.

2.1.Tinh tien dung:
-Cung mot noi dung giang vien chi can dua len mang mot l^n va nhieu nguoi khac
nhau co thS doc duoc.
-Hoc tren lop doi khi giang vien khong co nhieu thai gian tra loi tat ca cac cau hoi
cua hoc vien, giang vien se tra loi cac cau hoi do hoc vien dua len dien dan.

2.2.Tinh kg thira:
NhOng cau hoi do hoc vien dua len dien dan co noi dung gi6ng nhau se khong can
phai tra loi lai, no giam thai gian lap Iai mot noi dung nhieu Ian va lam cho cong viec cua
giang vien da ton cong sue han.

2.3.Tinh tuwng tac:
Hoc vien co the trao doi vai giang vien hoac trao doi gitta cac giang vien, hoc vien
vai nhau.

Moi rao can ve tam ly, giao tiep ciia ca nguai dtiy va ngudi hoc deu bi xoa bo, viec
trao d6i ngudi hoc - ngudi day luon duac dien ra dong thai hoac khong dong thai. Ca
ngudi day lln ngudi hoc deu co ca hoi "lat di, xai lai" van de ma khong bi rang huge bdi
thai gian, khong gian, doi tuong... Va chfnh trong qua trinh nay, cac ky nang giao tiep, lam
viec hop tac, tu di^u chinh d6 thich ling... cua ngudi hoc se dugc hoan thien khong ngimg.


//. Casdlythuyk:
1.E-learning:
-Dura tren cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong. Cu the hern la cong nghe mang, ky
thuat do hoa, ky thuat mo phdng, cong nghe tinh toan...
-Hieu qua cua e-learning cao hon so ydi each hoc truy^n thong do e-leaming co

tinh tucrng tac cao dua tren multimedia, tao dieu kien cho ngudi hoc trao doi thong tin de
dang hon, cung nhtr dua ra noi dung hoc tap phu hop vdi kha nang va so thich cua timg
ngudi.
-E-learning se tro thanh xu the tat yeu trong nen kinh te tri thtic. Hifn nay, eleaming dang thu hut duoc sir quan tarn dac biet cua cac nude tren the gidi vdi rat nhieu to
chtic, cong ty hoat dong trong llnh vuc e-learning ra ddi.

2.Bai giang dien tii:
-Bai giang dien tu la loai bai giang ciia ngudi day da ducrc s6 hda va dinh dang
thich hop de dua len trang web, rat thuan tien cho giang vien khi xay dung va tien hanh
giang day. Cau true toi thieu ciia loai bai giang nay gom bon phan:
+ Noi dung bai giang dugc bien soan, so hda va co the dugc minh hoa d
dang thich hop de phuc vu viec giang day va hoc tap.
+ Cac bai tap, cac cau hoi kiem tra, danh gia.
+ Danh muc tai lieu tham khao.
+ He thong trao doi thong tin gida giang vien va ngudi hoc thuc hien qua
nhung hinh thiic: thu dien tu, trao doi true tuyen, dien dan dien tu hoac cac d|ch vu tuong
duong...

-Uu diem ldn nhat ma bai gian^ dien tir mang lai la noi dung bai giang duoc minh
hoa bang nhung am thanh va hinh anh song dong.


3. Internet:
3.1. Khai nicm:
- Be to chiic dugc mot he thong lam viec phan tan, nhung lai cung chia se nguon
du lieu thi dieu truoc tien phai de cap den la mang.
-Internet la mot mang may tinh toan cau ma bat ky ai cung co the ket noi bang may
PC ciia ho. Bo la mot lien mang noi nhung mang dupe dieu hanh va lam chu mot each
rieng le lai cung nhau.
-Vao mang Internet, ban co the tim thay nhieu tai lieu de nghien cuu, hoc tap, trao

doi thii tit, tan gauvoi ban be, xem phim, nghe nhac, xem quang cao, doc bao, dat hang,
muaban,...

-Moi may tinh tren Internet dugc ggi la mot host. Moi host co kha nang nhu nhau
ve truyen thong tdd may khac tren Internet. Mot so host dugc noi tdi mang bang ducmg noi

dial-up (quay so) tarn then, s6 khac dugc n6i bilng duong n6i mang that su 100% (nhu
ethernet, token ring...).

-Client-server: cac may tinh tren mang Internet chia lam hai nhom:
+ Client: may khach tren mang, chiia cac chuong trinh client.
+ Server: may phuc vu- may chu, chiia cac chuong trinh server, tai nguyen
(tap tin, tai lieu...) dung chung cho nhieu may khach. Server luon luon a tinh trang hoat
dong, cho yeu cau va dap ring yeu cau cua client.
+ Internet server: la nhung server cung cap cac dich vu Internet nhu Web
server, mail server, FTP server...

-Chuang trinh client - chuong trinh may khach: la chuong trinh co giao dien nguoi
dung than thien, chay tren may khach, truy cap thong tin hay dich vu tu nhung chuong trinh
khac tren Internet. Vi du: Web browser - trinh bay noi dung do Web server cung dp, FTP
client - liy tap tin tir FTP server, hoac cac chuong trinh Internet mail client ma ngubi dung
dung de lam viec voi thong diep mail truy xult tir mail server.
-Chuong trinh server - chuong trinh may phuc vu: la chuong trinh tren may chu,
cung dp thong tin hay dich vu dugc yeu du cho chuong trinh client tren Internet. Chuong
trinh server tap trung hoa qua trinh va thong tin de chuang trinh client xu ly. Vi du: Web
server, FTP server, mail server.

-Internet Service Provider (ISP) la noi cung cap cac dich vu Internet cho khach
hang. M5i ISP co nhieu khach hang va co th6 so hitu nhieu dich vu Internet khac nhau.

-Cac dich vu thuong dung tren Internet:

+ Dich vu World Wide Web: goi tat la Web (WWW, W3) la djch vu ph6
biSn Men nay tren Internet. Be sir dqng dich vu nay, cac may client can co chuong trinh
duyet Web goi la Web browser. Thong qua Internet, cac browser {trinh duyet) truy cap
dugc thong tin cua Web server. Cac trinh duyet d6 hoa thong dung Men nay la Microsoft
Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Opera...

Dang URL ccr ban de truy xuat cac Web server:
http://host. subdomain. domain.

Vi du: http://home. vnn. vn, .

.

+ Dich vu Electronic Mail (viet tat la E-mail): la dich vu cho phep cac ca
nhan trao doi thu tir voi nhau qua Internet. Bia chi e-mail co dang:
mailbox&maiherver.subdomain.domain.

Vi du: ttcomdphcm. vnn. vn. nlhptal.vahoo. com.

+ Dich vu FTP (File Transfer Protocol): la dich vu truySn hay nh^n tap tin
tren Internet. Ten cac FTP server thuong co dane: ftp.domainname. Giao thiic truyen tap tin
tren Internet la: ftv://ftp.domainname. Vidu: .
-Be truyen thong vdi nhung may khac, moi may tinh tren Internet phai ho trg giao
thuc chung TCP/IP. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) - giao thuc
dieu khien truyen du lieu va giao thuc khong dong bo, cho phep truyen thong diep tir nMeu
nguon va tdi nhieu dich khac nhau. Vi du, co the vira lay thu tit hop thu, dong thai vira cap
nhat trang Web.

+ TCP bao dam tinh an toan du lieu, nghTa la dam bao du lieu tdi dich ma
khong co 16i. Du lieu truySn di dugc chia thanh nhung doan nho han va dugc danh so, khi
d6n dich, TCP phai lap ghep cac phan doan de co dO lieu nguyen mau.
+ IP la giao thiic chi ph6i phuang thiic van chuy^n du lieu tren Internet. Sau
khi TCP cit du lieu thanh cac dotm, no dong mSi doan thanh goi, goi la IP datagram (bo du
lieu). Mot IP datagram, ngoai phin dfi lieu, con dugc gan them dia cM nguon va dich, sau
do dugc gdi di.
+ B6 thuc Men trao doi thong tin tren mang, moi may tinh tren Internet deu
dugc dinh danh de phan biet vcri nhung may khac, thong qua dia chi IP (IP address). Moi
dia chi IP gom 4 so he thap phan, co gia tri tir 0 den 255, phan each bang dau cham. Vi du:
200.100.30.14.
+ Do dja cM IP la nhung con s6 khong co tinh ggi nhd, nen ngubi ta thucrng
su dung mot dich vu djnh ten (Domain Name Service) cho may tinh Internet. Moi may nhu
the co the dugc gan mot hoac nMeu ten khac nhau.


Dang domain name: host.subdomain.domain.

Trong do: host la ten may chu, suhdomain la mot to chtic mang nho
hem trong domain, domain la to chuc mang ldn (cac quoc gia, cong ty da quoc gia).

• - URL (Uniform Resource Locator): de truy xuat mot dich vu thong tin cua
server, ngudi ta can phai xac dinh loai, dia chi va cong cua loai dich vu do (do co nhieu
dich vu tren Internet cung dung chung Internet Protocol, nen ngudi ta dua them yao khai
Mem cong (port). Moi loai dich vu se su dung mot cong khac nhau,'danh so tir 1 den 16383
de truy xuat thong tin).
Dang tong quat: method://hostname.domainname:port.
+ Method: loai dich vu duoc sir dung (http, mailto, ftp, gopher, telnet, new).
http: HyperText Transfer Protocol — giao thiic truyen sieu van ban.
ftp: File Transfer Protocol - giao thiic truyen/nhan tap tin tren

Internet.

file: truy xuat tap tin tren dia cue bo.
+ Hostname.domainname: ten server, ten mien can truy xuat. Vi du:

WWW.B00KVNGUIDE.COM hay 206.25.128.3.
+ Port: chi dinh cong de truy xuat server. Thong thuong cac cong dirge truy
xu^t theo tieu chudn dinh sin nen khong cdn ghi: Port trong URL...

3.2. Trinh duyet Web:
-Be sir dyng dich vu World Wide Web, client can co chuong trinh duyet Web goi la
Web browser, ket noi vao Internet thong qua mot ISP. Noi dung tai lieu dugc trinh bay
trong trinh duyet dudi dang van ban hoac do hoa, phu thuoc vao loai trinh duyet dugc sir
dung. Cac trinh duyet thong dung Men nay la Microsoft Internet Explorer va Netscape
Navigator.
-Trong mot ling dung Web, trinh duyet Web dugc dung dl Men thi noi dung cac
trang. Ngoaira, no con M6n thi ket qua ldy tir co so dir lieu, kiem tra tinh hop le cua du lieu
dom gian, gan dft lieu truoc kM truy van co so du lieu, dinh dang va loc ket qua tir co so dft
lieu. .;-... - ••'


3.3. Web server:
- La ling dung cai dat tren mang hay Internet, cho phep nhieu ngucri diing co the
truy xuit cung luc toi mot ca so du lieu gpi la ung dung dang client/server. Khi do he thdng
ting dung phai co chumtg trinh client xir ly mot so nhiem vu va chuong trinh server xii ly
nhttng nhiem vu khac.
'

- Web la ling dung client/server. Trong do, Web server dong vai tro mot chucmg

trinh server xir ly cac nhiem vu xac djnh, nhtr tim trang thich hop, xir ly to hop du lieu,
kim tra du lieu hop le, s^p xep du lieu, tra kit qua v^ client, bao dam an toan dii lieu, quan
ly giao djch. Web server cung la noi luu tru co so du lieu.
Vi du: Mot khi da tham gia vao Internet, thong tin tir Internet co the dupe lay ve
blng nhieu hinh thiic khac nhau, chi c^n cho biet dja chi cua may chii (noi ma ta mu6n truy
cap thong tin) va loai yeu cau ma may chu citn phai thuc hien, neu thoa man may chu se
cung cap ngay nhung thong tin can thiet.
Chang han n^u muon xem mot tai lieu ve tin hoc va tai lieu nay dupe luu t^i may
tinh co ten (hay d|a chi) www.itknowledge.com trong tap tin doc.htm, ta se yeu clu mpt
chuong trinh dupe gpi la "chuong trinh phuc vu doc thong tm tren mang" cua minh nhu
sau: Chuong trinh nay dupe biet den nhu la trinh
duyet (browser), dien hinh co Internet Explorer cua Microsoft, Netscape Navigator cua
cong ty Netscape Communication, HotJava cua Sun Microsystem... No co nhiem vp phan
tich, gui di nhung yeu cau tit phia nguoi diing den may chu sau do nhan lai, trinh bay ket
qua tra ve tit phia may chii cho nguoi dung.

Client
may kltaclt
Hinh 1-1. Mo hinh minh hoa Trinh duyet web va Web server

Server
may chu


3.4.Website dong:
-Thai dai cua cac trang Web tTnh da qua. Trong nhidu nam trudc day, Web ton tai
nhtr mot mien vdi cac trang HTML dan gian, lien ket vdi nhau de tao mot site. Ngay nay,
ngudi dung mon muon cac trang Web phai sinh dong hon, dtrqc cap nhat thudng xuyen va
nhidu tuy bidn. Bdng thai, ngubi quan tri Website cung mudn viec duy tri va cap nhat cac
site dupe thuan tien han. Vi nhung ly do nay va mot so yeu to khac, viec thiet lap site chi

vdi cac tap tin HTML tTnh da khong con dupe chap nhan. Web phai la noi danh cho cac
ling dung dong va ket hop vdi ca sd du lieu.
-Cac Website dong la nhung thuc the manh va linh hoat, thudng dupe the hien dudi
dang cac ung dung han la cac Website dan thuan. Cac uu diem cua Website dong:
+ Dap ling nhieu tham so khac nhau (vi du nhu thai gian cua ngay hoac
phien ban trinh duyet ciia ngudi dimg).
*Thudng cd cac giao dien cho phep ngudi quan tri cd the quan ly
npi dung cua site.
*Cd "bp nhd", cho phep ngudi dung dang ky va dang nhap, thuc
hien thuang mai dien hi va cac qua trinh tuang tu.
*De dang duy tri, cap nhat va phat trien.
+ Cd nhieu cong nghe de tao ra Website dong. Cac cong nghe thudng dupe
sir dung la ASP (Active Server Pages, san phdm cua Microsoft), JSP (Java Server Pages),
ColdFusion va PHP. Website dong khong nhit thi^t phai phu thupc vao ca sd du lieu,
nhung cang ngay su phu thupc do cang nhieu, dac biet khi cac ling dung ca sd du lieu cd
san nhu MySQL... vdi chi phi rat thap hoac mien phi.

3.5.Xay dirng mot ihig dung tren Web:
-Viec xay dung mot ling dung tren Web cd the rit khac so vdi cac loai lap trinh
khac va khong gidng nhftng ling dung client/server thong thudng. Trang Web cd tinh dong,

nghla la khi gpi trang, no liy du lieu can thiet va gdi tdi cho ngudi dung. Mot khi Web
server gui Jrang di, no khong ghi nhd lai, nghia la server khong can biet ban da truy xuat
trang nay Ian dau hay Ian thir may.
-Be xay dymg mo hinh client/server thong thudng, ling dung client duy tri noi ket
vdi thanh phan server cua no. Ben canh viec yeu cau va gui dft lieu, client truy van server
theo dinh ky Mu dam bao noi kdt vln tdn tai. Ndu server bi dong, client se nhan bidt dieu
nay va thuc hien cac thao tac rieng, nhu gui thong bao loi den ngudi dung.

-KM xay dung ung dung Web, khong chi can quan tarn tdi thai gian tdn tai cua
server trong bo nho ma con quan tarn den ket noi mang Internet. KM trinh duyet y^u cau
mot trang Web, no duqc server dang mo ghi nhan ya gui di. Server se khong kilm tra va
xac dinh xem lieu trang Web va tat ca thanh phan lien quan den trang (Mnh anh, am
thanh...) co duqc chuyen tdi trinh duyet hay chua.
-Be server va trinh duyet cd the lien lac va trao doi thong tin vdi nhau, ta phai xay

dung cac ung dung Web bang tihung ngon ngft lap trinh nhu HTML, XHTML, PHP, ASP,
Java...

4. Cong cu va moi trirong phat trien:
4.1. Phan tich thiet ke (Sir dung ngon ngtr mo Mnh hop nhdt Unified Modeling Language - UML):

UML la mot ngon ngu giup cho nguai phan tich thiSt k6 (dac biet la nguai ph^n tich
thi^t k^ cac he thong hudng doi tuqng) true quan hoa, dac ta, xay dung va lam suu lifu cho
cac thanh phan cua mot he thong phan m^m.
Trong UML co 9 loai luqc dd chudn va cd the chia lam 2 nhom: •
-Cac loai luqc do tTnh: use case diagram, class diagram (lop), object diagram (doi
tuqng), component diagram (thanh phan), deployment diagram (trien khai).
-Cac loai luqc do dong: sequence diagram (tuan tu), collaboration diagram (hop
tac), statechart diagram (trang thai), activity diagram (hoat dqng).

10


Luoc do use-case (use case diagram):
Luge di use-case ghi nhan chuc pang cua he th6ng dudi gdc nhin cua ngudi sis
dung. Muc tieu cua loai luge do nay la nham nim bit cac ySu cau cua he thing, dac ta ngii
canh cua he thong va djnh hudng qua trinh cai dat.
Cac ky hieu:

Khai niem

Ky hieu

Y nghia

Actor (Tac nhan)

Mot nguoi hoac cai gi do
ben ngoai tuong tac vdi he

thing
Use case (Tilth huing sir

dung)

o

Mot chuoi cac hanh dong
ma he thing thuc hien,
mang lai mot kit qua quan
sat dugc doi voi mot actor

Lu^c do tudu tu (sequence diagram):
Luge do tuan tu ghi nhan cac hanh vi hudng that gian. Muc tieu cua loai luge do
nay la mo hinh hoa Iuing xir ly va minh hoa cac kich ban dac trung.
Cac ky hieu:

Khai niem

Actor (Tac nhan)

Class (Ldp)

Message (thong diep)

Ky hieu

Y nghia

%:
CSDL nnuoi
dung
1: Chon chuc nang dang nhap

II

"II

11


G/ti chii thong (Hep:

Ky hieu

Chii thfch

Trang dang

nhap

Giao dien dang
nhap

3: Ij-lien thi frame dang nljap

Thong diep gdi tir Trang dang
nhap den Giao dien dang nhap (doi
tirong Trang dang nhap goi lop
Giao dien dang nhap thuc hien
ham Hien thi frame dang nhap)

11
5: Kiem ira thong tin hop le

Mot doi hromg goi thong diep den
chinh no (goi mot trong cac thao
tac cua no)

4.2. Cai flat:
4.2.1. HTML:
-HTML la viet tat cua HyperText Markup Language goi la ngon ngu danh dau sieu
van ban, day la chuan dugc hoi dong WorldWideWeb Consortium (W3C) quy djnh.
-Trang Web la sir ket hop giua van ban va cac the Html. Sieu van ban co hai dac
trung noi bat:
+ No khong theo thu tu hay thu: bac thong tin: sieu van ban tao cho ban khd
nang di chuyen ngay tdi thong tin dugc lien k^t theo thti tu nglu nhien. Su quan tam cua
nguoi dgc se xac dinh thu tu ma ho truy cap thong tin.
+ No cho phep thong tin co nhieu moi quan he voi nhung thong tin khac:

sieu van ban cho phep ban tao thong tin co kha nang truy cap tu nhieu vi tri khac nhau
trong tai lieu hoac mot loat tai lieu. Ban co the tham khao tai lieu ve hang khong Viet Nam
vdi cac tai lieu lien quan den du lich, lich su cua nguoi Viet Nam, giai tri...

12


4.2.2.Javascript:
-Java la ngon ngu lap trinh tren Web dugc phat trien boi Sun Microsystem. Chrrong
trinh Java, co the nap len bang trang HTML, va dirge djch bang chuong trinh djch Java
Interpreter, chucmg trinh nay dugc tich hop vao trinh duyet.
-Java la ngon ngtt kha phiic tap, tuong tu nhtr C++. Java la ngon ngu lap trinh
huong doi tuong, tuy nhien de tuong tac vdi HTML va Web, Java to ra kha phiic tap va
nang ne, vi ly do nay ma Javascript ra dbi.
-Javascript la mo hinh moi cua ngon ngu lap trinh Web dugc goi la scripting
lang^ages. No la ngon ngu don gian co the dugc dung d^ them nhung dac tinh mdi vao cho
trang Web khien trang HTML tro nen sinh dong hon.
-Bat ky mot trang nao HTML, niu co e^e the <input> thi ban cln cung cap it nhSt
mot ham (function) cua javascript de kiim tra tinh hgp le cua du lieu nhap vao. Ngoai ra
ban cung co the tao ra cac ham javascript dung chung cho toan bo site.
4.2.3.PHP:

PHP la gi?
-PHP la chu viet tat cua "Personal Home Page" do Rasmus Lerdorf tao ra nam
1994, de theo doi ngubi dung truy cap ly Iich true tuyen cua ong. Vi tinh him dung, kha
nang phat trien, PHP da bat dau dugc sir dung trong moi truong chuyen nghiep va no da trd
thanh "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor".
-Theo Website chinh thiic ciia PHP o dia chi www.php.net thi PHP la "mot ngon
ngu kjch ban nhiing trong HTML".
-"PHP nhiing trong HTML", co nghta la PHP co thg dugc dat rai rac trong HTML,

giiip cho viec phat tri^n cac Website dong dugc dl dang. PHP la mot ngon ngu kjch ban
(scripting language). Khac voi ngon ngu lap trinh, PHP dugc thiet ke de chi thuc hien dieu
gi do sau khi mot su kien xay ra (vi du, khi ngubi dung gui mot bieu mau hoac chuyen tai
mot URL).
-PHP la mot cong nghe phia may chu (server-side) va khong phu thuoc moi truong
(cross-platform). Ca hai yeu to nay rat quan trong. Khai niem cong nghe phia may chu noi
den viec moi thii trong PHP deu xay ra tren may chii (ngugc vdi may khach la may cua

ngubi dung). Tinh ch^t khong phu thuoc moi truong cho phep PHP chay tren hlu hit cac he
dieu hanh nhu Windows, Unix (va nhieu biin the cua no), Macintosh... Mot diiu cung rit
quan trong la cac ma kjch ban PHP viet tren may chu nay se lam viec binh thuang tren cac
may chu khac ma khong can chinh sua hoac chinh sua rat it.

13


Cach lam viec cua PHP:
PHP la mot ngon ngfi may chu, ma lenh PHP se tap trung tren may chu de phuc vu
cac trang Web theo yeu cau cua ngubi diing thong qua trinh duyet.
. Khi ngucri dung truy cap Website viet bang PHP, may chu dtjc ma lenh PHP va xu
ly chiing theo cac hudng dan da dtrqc ma hoa. Trong vi du a hinh sau, ma lenh PHP yeu

cau may chu gui mot dtr lieu thich hse xem no nhu mot trang HTML tieu chuan.

MAY CHU WEB

MAY
ch ban

Hinh 1-2. Cach lam viec cua PHP phu hop v6i mo hinh khach - chu khi nguoi dung
yeu cau mot trang web

MAY CHU WEB
MAY KHACH HANG
Hinh 1-3. Qua trinh xfr ly yeu cau doi vdi mot trang HTML tinh
Dieu nay khac voi site HTML tinh a cho: Khi co mot yeu c^u, may chu chi don
thuSn gtri du lieu HTML d^n trinh duyet Web va khong xay ra mot sir bien dich nao tit phia
may chu (xem hinh tren). D6i voi nguoi dung cu6i va tren trinh duyet Web, cac trang
home.html va home.php trong cung tuong tu nhau, nhung thuc chat noi dung cua trang
duoc tao ra theo each khac nhau.

14


4.2.4. MySQL:
-MySQL fvvww.mvsql.com') la ca so dir lieu pho bien nhat the giai, mot so nguai
con cho ring day la co so dir lieu ma nguin mo t6t nhit. That vay, tit khi phien ban 4 b6
sung them mot vai dac diem mcri thi MySQL da trcr thanh doi thu cua nhung nguai khong
16 dat gia nhu Oracle va SQL Server cua Microsoft. Giong nhu PHP, MySQL co mot kha
nang thuc thi hoan hao, rat linh dong, dang tin cay, dl nSm bit va it chi phi hoac miin phi.
-MySQL duoc phat trien va ho tra bai cong ty MySQL AB cua Thuy Dien. No la
he thong quan tri ca sa dCr lieu (DBMS) cho cac ca sa dir lieu quan he (vi vay, MySQL la
mot RDBMS). Ca so dir lieu la mot tap hop cac dtr lieu co lien quan vai nhau, co thi la van
ban, so hoac cac tap tin nhi phan duac luu trir co to chiic bai DBMS.
-Co nhieu loai ca sa dir lieu tir cac tap tin don gian den cac tap tin quan he va
huang doi tuang. Mot ca sa Axi lieu quan he sir dung nhieu bang de ltru trur thong tin trong
nhiing phan rieng biet. Tnrac 1970, ca sa dtr lieu trong giong nhu cac bang tinh Ion, dan
gian va luu tril moi thti. Cac ca sa du lieu quan he doi hoi phai tap trung suy nght nhieu
horn trong giai doan thiet ke va lap trinh, nhung chiing co do tin cay va tinh toan ven dir lieu

tit han. Ngoai ra, cac ca sa dir lieu quan he co the thuc hien viec tim kiim va cho phep
nhieu nguoi sir dung ciing mot luc.
-Vai viec kit hap mot ca sa du lieu vao ung dung Web, nhiiu dir lieu do PHP sinh
ra co the lay tir MySQL (xem hinh sau). Dieu nay se chuyen noi dung cua site tir trang thai
tmh (ma hoa cung) sang trang thai dong va do linh hoat chinh la chia khoa cho Website
dong.

MAY

MySQL
u lieu
Hinh 1-4. Cach hoat dong cua phan Ion cac ring dung Web dong sir dung PHP va

MySQL

15


-MySQL la mot ling dung ma nguon mo giong nhu PHP hoac giong nhu mot vai
bien the cua Unix... No duoc dung mien phi hoac co thS sOa doi (co the tai ma ngudn). Tuy
nhien co truong hop phai tra phi ban quyen MySQL, dac biet neu ban kiem tien tir viec
buon ban hoac ket hop voi san pham MySQL.
-Phan mem MySQL gom nhieu phan, trong do co may chii MySQL (mysql de chay
va quan Iy cac co so dtr lieu), may khach MySQL (mysql cung clp giao dien voi may chu),
cac tien ich de duy tri va diing cho cac muc.dich khac. PHP luon luon ho tro tot cho
MySQL va dieu nay cang dung 6 cac phien ban gan day nhat. MySQL co the xvr ly nhung
co so du lieu rat ldn gan 60.000 bang vai hon 5 ty mlu tin, lam viec voi nhung bang ion
den 8 trieu terabytes (tu phien ban 3.23) tren mot s6 he dieu hanh. Noi chung, no thuong
lam viec vai nhung bang co kich thuoc 4GB.

16