Bước đầu giảng dạy giáo trình cơ sở văn hóa việt nam cho sinh viên hiện nay

Bl/dC DAU GIANG DAY GIAO TRJNH "CO s d V A N H O A VIET NAM"^
CHO SINH VIEN HIEN NAY
U Thi Tuyet Hgnh
Bg mon Ngdn ngfr va Van hoa Vict Nam
Truimg DHNN - DHQG Ha Ngi
I. Phan md dau
Xuit phit tir nban Ihirc vd vai Ird eiia van boa d nude ta nbiing nam gin day dirge ning
len dung vdi gii trj dfch thuc ciia no, dap img nhu cau cip bich trong viee giio due cho thanh
nien hgc sinh vd gia trj eiia van hoi dan toe va di san van hoi Viet Nam, ning cao long tir bio
din tdc va y tbii'c bao ve van hoi, giio trinh eo sd van hoi Viet Nirni - NXBGD-1997 do giio su
Trin Qude Vugng ehii bien ciing nhdm bien soan gdm eac tie gia thude bg mdn Van boa - Dai
hgc Qude gia Ha Ngi - ra ddi nhim phue vu ddi hoi trude mat vd mot giio trinh dai hgc ehi'nb
quy cho viee hgc tap ciia sinh vien, hgc sinh.
Song eung chinb vi la sir dap img nhu cau tmdc mil, nhim phue vu tufe Ihdi va kjp thdi
nhiem vu hgc tap va giang day bg mdn bien nay, va eung la lin diu lien bien soan, giio trinh
khdng trinh khdi nhung dieu khiem khuyei va bit eiip. Viee thilm nhap va Ihfeb img giio trinh
trong tinh hinh bien nay vao vice giang day cho sinh vien d ttmg tnrimg eii thd la mdt nhiem vu
dat ra cho cie giio vien giiing day bg mdn van boa d eac trudng dai hge, cao dang, ddi hoi sir
gia cdng, sang tao, nang dgng vii tfch cue ciia nhfmg ngirdi vira him edng tie giang day true tidp,
vira phai eo trinh do nghien cim chuycn sau.
II. Phan ngi dung
1. PliKong phdp I hung
1.1. Hudng diin sinh vien tidp can giio trinh va tai lieu tham khao
Diy la mdt giao trinh eo tfnh chat dai eutmg va chua that sir mang tfnb giio kboa vdi he
thdng kidn thu'c ehuin mire xac dinh. Do tap hi.tp, chinh ly tir nhieu bai viei eiia cie tie gia kie
nhau, vd timg van dd eii the khiie nhau, nen giio trinh eung chua ed mdt phong each nbat quin
chung. d phin khai niem chung, lai chua cd nhfmg djnh nghia khai niem chinb xac ma thirdng
dimg lai d sir ddi sinh giira eac y kicn khac nhau (VD: khiii niem van boa ''', hoilc direic neu ra
chen lin trong sir bien minh, giai thfch (khai niem dan xen van boa "', dan xcn cirdng hire va tir
nguyen)**' tham ehf ed khai niem dugc dua ra trong de miie nhung khdng cd trong neii dung eu
the eiia giio trinh (khai niem van boa hex'"''). Mat khac, trong nhfmg van dd ed tfnb chit eii thd

(khdng gian, thdi gian van boa Viet Nam"") lai dugc vidt Iheo phong each nghe thuat, veiri rit
nhidu nhung tir ngfr giiu hinh iinh eu the nhung thieu sir chinb xie, kbe:>a htie nhu "duimg nhu",
"cam thiy", "ed cam giae", "phai chang", "cd the", "hay la", ddng theti cfing rit tbidu su qua
quydt, xie tfn, tfnh khing djnh eiia nhfmg kidn tbire giio kboa. Vi vay, nhfmg kidn thire nay chi
dugc eoi nhu nhfmg Ihiun khiio, ge;i y, mdt phuong an gia thidt cho sir tim Idi ciia ngirdi dgc ma
chua phai la phuong an duy nbat; each cat nghia, djnh hudng chuan muc deli vdi hge sinh, sinh
vien nhu nhfmg giio trinh khiic.
Dd eung chinh la ehd can Ihiet phai cd sir tham gia vdi tu each "may Igc" eiia ngudi giang
day, la khoang trong mil ngiriri buc'tng dan sinh vien phai lap diy, eld giiip hgc sinh ed thd phit
buy vai trd chii thd tidp nhiln ciia minh.

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Dd hudng din sinh vien tham nhiip giao Irtnh, giao vien khdng chi yeu cau sinh vien dgc
tnrde, ma edn phai dinh hin'mg cho bg bing he thdng can hoi phit van cii thd hudng vao nhung
vin dd then ehd't ciia bid giang. Ddng theti ban than giao vien phiii ed sir ehuin bi tdng ket giao
trtnh tren eo sd udn nin lai nhfmg nban tbire chii quan, tan man cua sinh vien, dua ra nhfmg
khii niem chfnh xac ed tfnb qui dinh cho hgc sinh, giiip hg cd mdt chuan mire chung vd kidn
thiJc ly thuydt. Mat khac liii phai ehuin bj nhung vf du sinh ddng, eu thd trong thuc td cudc sdng
hoac eac tai lieu ed lien quan dd dem gian boa nhung vin dd ly thuydt khd khan, trim tirgng,
giiip hge sinh dd hidu, dd tidp thu.
He thdng ciu bed phit vin thd bien trinh do nban thire, tu duy khai quit, tdng hgp va
nang lue sing tao, nbay ben ciia giao vien trude giao trinh mdt each rd rang nbit va eung la
phuong tien giio vien thuc bien bai giang mdt each cd hieu qua nbit.
2.1. Hudng din hgc sinh, sinh vien thiio luiin:
Phit buy vai lid chii Ihd ciia sinh vien hgc sinh khdng thd khdng thdng qua viee giip cho
hg ed didu kien bde Id chfnh kidn, nban tbire eiia minh. Dd la lac td giiip cho hg ed nidm say
me, himg thii trong nhan tbire, trong sir lam giau tri thu'c eiia minh. Dd eung la eo sd dd giio
vien phit bien, udn niin kjp thdi nhfmg nban thire sai lac; bidu ducmg, khuydn khicb, ciing cd

them nhirng nban tbire dung din, nhung phit bien tinh td va sing tao eiia hge sinh. Va dd ciing
la ngudn tu lieu sdng khdng voi am giiip giio vien lam giau them kidn thire ciia chinh minh.
Di hudng din viee thao luan cua sinh vien cd hieu qua, giao vien cin ehuin bj td't bai
khiu: neu trude he thdng cau hoi phai van ed djnh hudng ciia minh va he thdng kidn thu'c ehuin
dd tmng boa, tdng ket eac y kidn tan man eiia hgc sinh. Phai ed each din ehuong trinh, knb
boat, ly thii, ddng vien te'ii da su tham gia ciia tat cii eac sinh vien - ca vd so lugng lin chit I;
lugng - vao viee tidp nban van dd trong bai giang.
2. Phuong phap cu the g i n viri eac chuimg muc ngi dung ciia giao trinh
2.1. Giang day chifoiig "NliUng khdi idem cohdn"
Giao trtnh khdng dua ra mot dinh nghTa chfnh xie, cd trtnh giao kboa nen ehfnb giao vien
phai phin tich su gidng va khac nhau giira cie djnh nghTa dugc din ra va hudng cho hgc sinh di
ddn mdt cicb hidu chung, mdt djnh nghTa thei'ng nbit. Ngay ca djnh nghTa theo UNESCO eung
chi la mdt chi din, mdt hire5ng tham khiio. Giao vien can nit ra tu tirdng chinh, cot Idi dd dung
nen mdt ndi dung djnh nghia gian di, id rimg, sang siia cd tfnh chit kim chi n;un cho sinh vien
sir dung nhit quin trong ca qua trtnh hgc tap bg mdn, soi sang cho eac ngi dung khac trong
ehuong trtnh hgc. Neu ngay tir khai niem sd ingi niiy dii ed sir nhap nhing, lin Idn thi sinh vien
tidp tuc mil md, lin Idn ddi veti tat ca eac van dd khac vii khdng Ihd the)at ra khdi sir rie rdi, u
minh dd dd chidm ITnh kidn thire mgl each tu tinh, diing elan; khdng sai lac.
Oing phai xuit phit tir khii niem eo ban then ehd't nay dd giai thfch va phan tfch cie khai
niem khac trong ehuong trtnh, chi ra mdi quan he mat thidt va ly do ton tai eiia ehiing. Ndu
khdng, hge sinh se khdng hidu lai sao trong nhfmg khai niem ca ban ciia van hoi hge lai ndi
ddn vin dd mdi trudng tu nhien va mdi titrimg xa hdi, tidp xiic vii giao luu van boa... va khdng
cd dugc mdt cii nhin he thc'mg ddi vdi giao trtnh cQng nhu kidn tbii'c vd mdn hge.
COng cin phai liim rd sir khac bict gifra bai thuat ngfr "tidp xiie" va "giao km" va giao
trtnh chi dung chir khdng phiin bict, dinh nghia.

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2.2. Chuang "Cac thdnh to ciia van hod"

Su trtnh bay ciia giio trinh eon tbidu mach lac, tach bach giCra khai niem eo sd va ndi
dung eu thd. Do dd, sinh vien se thudng iSm lin hinh thai - md hinh van hoi, thidt ehd van hoi
cQng thude "cie thanh to van boa" ddng thdi lai ngd ngang khdng bidt tai sao no khdng dugc
trtnh bay eu thd trong van hoa Viet Nam. Thuc ra dd chfnh la cie khai niem eo sd dd tim hidu
cie thanh td van boa. Vi vay, cd the cd hai phiremg an dd lam rd van de.
- Hoac day eac khai niem nay Ifin ehuemg I: Cie khai niem eo ban
- Hoac chia cau tnic ehuong trinh 2 phin: "Khai niem eo sd" va "Cie thanh td cua van
hoi Viet Nam" bdi thuc chit day chi la so luge vd eac thanh td ciia mdt ndn van hoi eu thd: van
hoi din tdc Viet Nam chir khdng phai la "Cac thanh td van hoi" ndi chung. Didu nay se giiip
cho giio trinh trd nen hgp ly, nbit quan, dam bam tfnh he thdng, kboa hge hon trong tuong
quan vdi cie ehuong sau: "Didn trinh lich sir ciia van hoi Viet Nam" va "Khdng gian van boa
Viet Nam".
2.3. Chuang "Dien trinh lich sifciia van hod Viet Nam"
Do tfnh chit bien Ihien ciia lich sir eung nhu biin ihan di;ie trimg van boa cua timg giai
doan, nen sir trtnh bay eu thd ciia cac phan ky van hoa cd thd khac nhau. Song cau tnic cua timg
phin phai duge xie djnh theo eac ticu chf gic'mg nhau dd dam bao tfnh he thdng. Didu nay chua
dugc thuc bien mot each nghiem ngfit trong giao trinh. Vi vay, trong qua trtnh truydn dat, giao
vien phai tu chinh ly, sip xep lai va trinlj biiy sao cho hgc sinh cd thd tidp nban dugc tinh than
kboa hge eiia tn thUiC.
d muc I: van boa Viet Nam thdi tidn sir va eo sir, do tfnh sir chua rd rimg, nen khd tich
bach giira 2 phin: bdi canh lich sir vii dac trimg van hoi, cho nSn cd thd trinh bay chung nhu
each giio trinh da lam. Song ci'in nhan manh va lam rd dac tnmg eiia van boa diin tdc d hai giai
doan tidn sir va so sir, dac hiel hi nhfmg Ihimh tiai phit Iridn vuoi bac, phong phii, da dang ciia
ba bg phan van hoii ihdi sa sir so vdi lien sir, nhiii lii van hoa Ddng Scm vii vai trd ciia ndn van
hoa nay trong viee hinh thiinh co tang van hoa Viet Nam ve'ti ban sac rieng ciia nd: van hoi ndng
nghiep liia nude. Do vay, diie trimg van hoa Hoii Binh trong Ihdi sa sir ed mot y nghTa dac biet.
Mdt chi tidt nhd vd viee tim ra va thuan duCmg cay liia d day eung cin cd su td dam va "quay
ehim" lai trude sinh vien dd eac em thiy dugc y nghTa nay.
Muc in - van hoi Viet Nam Ihdi tir chii, la mot giai doan van boa phit tridn nre rd cua
nude nha, nen dac trimg van boa cd nhidu ngi dung phong phii, da dang. Vi the, cac tie giii da

sir dung nhung khai niem thidt ehd van hoa viio viee xac djnh dac trimg van hoa giai doan. Song
ngay d ehd nay, lai tbidu sir lien ket gifra 2 phan: a) Van boa vat chat, b) He tu tui'mg - Bdi he tu
tudng chi la mdt bd phan ciia ihiel chc van hoa tinh Ihiin.
O day can vai lid ciia giao vien irong vice ly giiii sir khac biel, thien lech trong ciu tnic
ciia timg giai doan van hoa niiy dd giiip hoc sinh cd the tidp thu kidn thire mdt cicb be thdng,
trinh sir boang mang, khdng phi'm biet dugc diing, sai.
2.4. Chuang "Khdng gian van hod Viet Nam"
Giio vien can phat buy nang lire tdng hgp, khai quit dd nit ra nhirng luan didm chfnh, cd
vai trd tremg viee khic hoa diic Irimg rieng ciia mdi viing van boa di djnh hire'mg cho hgc sinh
tidp nhin, trinh sir sa da, nhidu loan tnmg nhimg mien lii eu thd vii viin vat.

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Qing can km y ddn mdi quan he gifra diic didm lir nhien - xa bdi ve'ti dac tnmg van boa d
mdi vung nhu mdt can eir dd khiic sau nhfmg dac tnmg rieng biet, diic sic ciia nd. Chang ban:
Dac didm tu nhien vi'ji etja hinh niii cao hidm \rb, sdng ngdi nhidu thae ghdnh, dfr ddi... kbf hau
nghieng vd tfnh chat on eldi... vai dac tnmg van hoa an - mac - d va van boa cdng chicng ciia van
hoa Tiy Bde... Dae didm xa hdi ciia Nam bg (khai phi mugn, tidp xiic - giao km s(5m) lai cd
nhung anb hvtbng quydt djnh hon den dac Inmg van boa ciia viing van boa niiy: sir da dang ciia
eu din, td'e do giao luu van hoi manh, tfnb hdn dung Idn giao, sir phat iridn ciia thuimg nghiep
v.v...
III. Phan ket luan
Xuit phat tir thuc lien giiing day, van dung giao trinh "Co sd van hoa Vict Nam" eiia
DHQG trong tfnh cap nbat ciia nd, chiing Idi nil ra mdt viii kinh nghiem birdc diiu trong viee
thim nhap va truydn dat giao trinh chfnh quy eu thd niiy sinh vien. Nhfmg kinh nghiem nay mdi
chi la nbiing ed ging cii thd, lir gde do ca nhan, cd Ihd chua phai la each lam chung cho nliidu
ngudi, song ciing xin manh dan trinh biiy, metng diretc sir chia se phin nao d cac ddng nghiep va
giiip feh cho ehfnb minh trong qua trinh giiing day.
Vdi dac thii rieng ciia bg mdn giao trinh Irong thuc id bien nay, Iheo Ihien y ciia chimg

tdi, cd hai didu dac biel quan Irgng ddi vdi ngireti giao vien khi sir dung giao irinb nay:
1. Phat buy vai Ird chii Ihd hgc sinh biing vice huemg dan cd dinh bue'mg cho hge sinh dgc
va thao luan bai giang, tiep ci^in giao irtnh.
2. Cd phuemg phai) ^y 'he, chinb ly lai can tnic kidn thire d timg ehuong eld truydn dat
diing ndi dung tri thire can Ihiet, tinh giiin, giiip heie sinh di diing dfch va liep nhan dugc phuong
phip he thdng, kboa hgc qua giio trinh nhu ddi hdi tit yeu vdi bit eir bg mdn kboa hgc nao; kjp
thdi bd kbuydt nhirng didu bat cap ciia cud'n giao trinh ra mil lin diu lien eiia mdt bd mdn con
non tre trong ndn giao due Dai hgc ciia la bien nay.

Tdi lieu tham khdo
1. S6 van hoi Viet Nam - GS. Tri'in Qude Vir2. Co sd van boa Vicl Nam - GS. Tran Ngge Them chii bien. NXBGD 1998.
Chii thich:
(l)-l
( 2 ) - 1 -trang 13, trang 18
(3), ( 4 ) - 1 trang 4, trang 15
(5) - 1 trang 7
( 6 ) - 1 trang 81 -trang 169

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