Mối liên hệ giữa nghệ thuật kiến trúc và nghệ thuật tạo dáng chữ

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<b>V A N HOA N G H E T H U A T MIWC MCOAI </b>

<b>MOI UEN HE Gli^A NGHE THUAT KIEN TRUC </b>

<b>VA NGHE THUAT TAO DANG CHUT </b>

<b>NGUYfeN THANH NAM </b>

Chiif La tinh dau tien duoc nguoi Phenecien sang tao ra
2.400 nam truoic CN. Nguai Phenicien thuoc ehung toe Do
<i>Thai tii btr bien vjnh Persique den lap quoc d suon nui phia tay </i>
cao nguyen Syrie den mien nam Carmei, glira Liban va bien.
Ho gioi ve hang hai, budn ban, cong nghe due dong, thuoc
nliupm, nghe thuy tinh, do trang sue, cac tuong thanh va bua
chu. Hp dat ra nhung i(y hieu ghi chep ngu am va phat trien ra
nhieu nudc Ichac 6 the gidii co dai. Cac nha ngon ngu hoc deu
cho ring cac thu chiif cua chau Au hien nay bat nguon tui tu
miu cua nguoi Phenicien. Nhung icy iu ghi chep nay thupc
loai ngu am hpc khong phai loai bieu y.

T

rong mdi thdi ky

ljch si, eac trio luu
nghd thuat thudng ra
ddi va phat trien gin kd't vdi
nhau, phan atM tinh thin, cdt
cich va khuynh hudng nghd
thuat cia con ngudi lie dd.
Nghd thuat kidn ttie va nghd
thuat tao ding chu cd sy tuang
ty nhau vl mat hinh thtfc: kieu
thtfc, ty Id ttu cot, dang nha,

eich bd cue, bitM thtfc trang
trf... Nghd thuat kidn trie ed
anh budng ro net nhit ddi vdi
nghd thuat tao ding chu vidt.

<b>Thdi ky nghe thuat co Hy </b>
<b>Lap va La Ma </b>

Nghe thuat Hy Lap ed dai
budc vao thdi ky hoang kim vi
cd nhiMg budc tid'n dii sau khi
chidn thing ngudi Ba Tu nam
490-480 ttude CN. Day ehfnh
la thdi ky san sinh ra nhung

tic gia vl dai nhu Aischylos,
Sophokles va Euripides, la the
ky cua nhimg kiet tic cia
Aristoplanes, the ky nin tang
CO ban cua nghd thuat hidn dai
va cua nhflng tu tudng tridt
bgc Soerate va Platon. Day la
thdi ky cho ra ddi tMflng ty Id
hoan hao, chuin mye Iy tudng
ve dep CO thi ngudi trong kidn
true va trong nghd thuat.

Nhflng sing tao quan trgng
thdi ky nay la sy ra ddi cia cic
thic cot Dorique, lonique vi

Corinthe. Ndu cot Dorique vdi
ding ve nghiem nghj, chic
khde tbi lonique vi Corinthe
manh de va giau tinh trang trf,
mang dang dip thanh thoit, nu
tfnh. Cot cd phin dd dudi
chan, phin dinh cot dugc lam
theo nhung hmh xoin dc loe
ra rdi cudn vao trdng rit ljch

lam. Thtfc cdt li nhung sang
tao vl dai cua ngudi Hy Lap c6
dai, the hidn de tham my tmh
td eia eie kidn true su cung
nhu eua ngudi dan Hy Lap cl
dai qua cic the be.

Cot Trajan, dugc coi la
cdng trmh didu khic, kidn tnic
tudng nidm cd gii trj nhat ciia
nin nghd thuat La Ma ed dai,
dugc xdy dung khoang nam
113 sau CN. Cd thi ndi, tfnh
chat dd so, phdng khoing la
dae diem eua phong eich nghe
thuat kidn trie thdi ky niy va
eie kieu thic cot try Dorique,
lonique vi Corinthe li dien
hmh eia nin vdn hda ed huy
hoang d Hy Lap vi La Ma.

Cic kilu chtf thdi ky nay
cd ciu trie dugc khai thic tir
ve dep hii hda cua nhimg thic
cot vdi kilu ding, hga tid't va
ty Id, phit huy tfnh tuong ddng
giua nghd thudt ehi va dudng
net eua kidn ttie trong cac
cdng trmh.

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NGHE THUAT RON PHI inNfi

<b>! » * * ' T * ! : </b>
.,'.::-Oen Parthenon, kien true Hy Lap cd dqi

Dac diim ndi bat eua kilu
chu thdi ky nay la ding chu
phong nha, vflng chai, ti Id gitfa
net nhd vi to phi hgp thj giae,
dp rong dai cua chu khi ldn,
mang tfnh chit dd so nhung
eung nhe nhang nhd net chan
chfl banh ra mot cich hai hda.
Cae kilu chtf ed ciu true dinh
diu nhgn md phdng hmh ding
mat tiln din Parthenon mdt
each rd net, ti Id than cot eung
dugc nhic lai d nhflng kilu chtf
rat cdn ddi va vung chai.

<b>Thdi ky ton giao </b>

Thdi ky Trung dai (TK V
ddn TK XV), nghd thudt kidn
triie chdu Au mang nang kilu
thic eua nghd thudt tdn giao:
Merovingienne, Byzantine,
Arabe, Roman, Carolingienne,
Gotbique.

Biiu hidn nghd thuat eia
Byzanee la ke tbia bpi hga Hy

La, t i tao hmh de'n ky thuat.
Dd la nhung bie tranh tudng
vi kham mosaic nhudm mau
nghd thuat phuang Ddng, bdi
mdt sd nghd si sing tie ra nd
cd ngudn gdc ngudi Syrie.

Nghd thuat Romain phd
bidn d Tay Au trudc thdi

Gothique, gin vdi trio luu
Romania va dugc coi nhu xuat
x i t i nghe thuat La Ma. Trio
luu nay da dugc khing djnh
thdng qua cic cdng trinh kidn
trie tdn giio va nha thd, mgt
dang cdng trmh diin hmh vi

tidu biiu.

Cae cdng trinh dugc xay
bdi loai da nhd, deo bdng bia
diu nhau. Cae gian gifla dugc
xay dyng thdm hau eung binh
bin nguyet. Tudng xay rit
day, khung dd sat bdn dudi,
gian gitfa ehfnh vi eie nhdm
bdn mii binh try giao nhau d
cic gian 2 bdn. Nin hau cung
ddi khi dugc tdn cao dl cd ehd
cho him mp.

Kien true nha thd Sainte
Sophie, d Constantinople
(Istambul) eia Thd Nbl Ky, eo
mai vdm dya trdn bdn try
ehfnh nim gitfa, phfa trong
eao 55m. Xung quanh vdm ed
40 cia, bd trf inh sing rat bidu
qua, ed sy kd't hgp didu khic
vdi hpi hpa ti mi vi rit kheo
leo.

Cong trinh kie'n tnic tidu
biiu eho kilu Arabe thdi nay
ed din Alhambra d Grenade

do ddn tdc Maures xdy dung

nam 1133, dii 28,50m, rdng
17,50m trdn ddi cao 150m. C)
cae hanh lang cd dd'n 128 cot
bing di tring, xung quanh cd
vudn cdy nudc tudi quanh nam
va ting li thi dd eua Tay Ban
Nha.

Mpt trong nhflng eong
trinh kidn trie tidu biiu eho
phong cich Romian ed giao
dudng Saint Foy d Aveyron,
Phip. Chi yd'u la ding mai
vdm nhung khdng hoan hao
bang kidn trie La Ma, hoi thd
va nang nl. Kidn tnic theo
kilu Romam thudng phdi hgp
vdi kilu kidn trie quan sy.

Nghd thuat kie'n tnic theo
phong cich Gothique
(1150-1500) xuit hidn vio thdi diim
eye thjnh eua thdi Trung cd.
Mgt giai doan ljch s i vinh
quang dugc md ra eho Co ddc
giao vi thdi dai Hidp si, ddng
thdi eung trd thanh mpt giai
doan xay dyng huy hoang cho
nhung nhi thd Gothique rye
rd. Tuy kilu ding khdng chic

chin bang kilu Romain,
nhung sinh ddng va nhe nhang
ban. Nha thd Sainte Chapelle
d Paris la mdt thanh tuu xuit
sic cua nin kien true theo
phong each Gothique TK XIII.

Cic giii phip xay dung
nhu eung nhpn va vom eia sd
hinh diu dan mi nghd thuat
Gothique s i dung thuc ra da
dugc xay dyng trong cic eong
trinh kien true Romain. Kilu
thic Gothique ndi bat d tfnh
hidn thyc, tuong phan vdi kilu
thic La Ma va Byzantine.

Thdi ky niy cd nhiiu kilu
chflra ddi.

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<b>VAN HOA NGHg THUAT MITO-C MCOAI </b>

<b>abndgffthy Wm, i </b>

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 D

<b>» : </b>

<b>Kien true nha thd Sainte Chapelle vd kieu ehu Gothique </b>

Kilu chtf Quadrata dai de
rit gidng chtf Romain, cM ed
net chtf map ban, ding vudng
vtfe vi net chtf mdm mai hon.

Kieu chtf Rustica vdi hinh
ding thon dai, minh hep, net
chtf tbaiM maiM, xuit xtf ttf
kilu chtf Romam viet thiu,
tidn lgi dl vidt nharM ban.

Kilu chtf Onciale hinh
thinh trdn co sd kilu chtf
Quadrata vi Romam, Id kilu
chtf dugc thdng dung nhd't
trong sdch chip tay gin 600
nam ttf TK HI dd'n TK IX d
chdu Au, ding chtf ttdn ttia,
net mdp ddu.

Kilu chtf Caroline ra ddi
dudi ttilu dai Charlemagne d
Phap, sau dd dugc phd bidn
khdp chdu Au, thay din cic
kilu chtf ed ttude dd vd chidm
dja vj Mdng ttj.

Kieu chtf Gothique, ttf kilu
chtf Romam, thdn din din co
hep lai, dai ra, dp sit vio tMau,

ed gdc, ed eaiM sdc nhgn, ed
net thaiM, net ddm, chidm uu

thd hoan toan ttong sdch chep
tay cung iMu trong sieh m sau
dd sud't bathe ky.

<b>Thoi ky Phuc hirng </b>
<b>(1460-1650) </b>

Nghd thudt cflng iMu hinh
thtfc kidn true thdi ky Phye
hung (TK XV-XVII) khdng
tMflng khdi phuc lai ndn van
hda Hy Lap, La Ma ma cdn
phdt huy gii ttj van hda eua
iMdn loai da bj ddm trudng
Trung cd ehe phi gin mudi
thd ky.

Diim ndi bdt eia nghd
thudt Phuc bung la thidn vl
cae dang hmh hge co bin nhu
hinh trdn vi vudng. Con
ngudi thdi ky niy da lap ndn
nhung ban ve vd ti Id eia co
thi con ngudi tudn theo
nhimg dudng gidi ban cd
dang hmh trdn va hinh vudng,
qua dd chtfng mmh ring ti Id

ca thi con ngudi chmh la
chuan mye.

Thdi ky niy di sin sitM ra
nhung nghd si vT dai cd ddng

gdp to ldn cho sy phit ttiln
nghd thudt eia nhdn loai. Dd
li iMdm ttf kidt: Leonardo da
Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael
vd Titian. Ca hdi hga, kidn true
vi didu khic ddu dat dugc
nhflng thinh tyu to ldn. Nghe
thudt kidn trie mang phong
each mdi. Hg chi y dd'n ti le
hai hda vdi tim vdc con ngudi,
ding so hge vd birM hge dl
xie djnh ti Id cia cdng trinh.
Nhimg cdng trinh cd bl mat
rdng rai, khoing dat, sing sua,
chac chin, bl thd, vdi nhflng
vdm Idn, cdt try eao, cd trang
trf phi didu, cia lip kfnh.
Xung quanh ed vudn cdy,
tham ed, vdi phun nude, ho
nhdn tao, lam cho nghd thudt
kien ttuc, phong catM, ttang
trf quydn vao iMau mdt each
hai hda. Chang ban, nha thd
Saint Pierre ngay canh tda

thanh Vatican d La Ma do
kidn trie su Bramante va
Michel Augelo Baramolh xay
dyng; ldu ddi Chambord i
Phip, vuon ldn mdt ring dng
khdi, thap chudng nde nhon,
vdi tMidu eia sd, lam eho du
khich cd cam giie tMu mdt dd
thj treo.

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NGHE THUAT RON PHl/ONP;

kilu chu ed net tran tru, khdng
gdc canh sdc nhgn, dd due
khudn, dl dge, mang phong
cdch trang ttgng, tbaiM thoat,
cd cdng thtfc ed'u trie chu in
Roman.

6 Y xud't hidn kilu chtf
Italique net thanh nba, hoi
nghidng vl phia phii va trd
thinh danh t i ehung cho tit ea
cic kilu chtf nghidng.

Cic kilu chu in Romain
dugc s i dyng rdng rai vi thay
thd kilu chtf Gotbique. Vi thdi
ky Phuc hung da khdi diu cho
vide in chtf vi dua chtf ldn mdt

budc phit triin mdi.

<b>Thdi ky Can dai </b>
<b>(1650-1790) </b>

Thdi ky nay, nghd thudt
Baroque vi Rococo thjnh
hanh. Nghd thudt Baroque
dugc bit ngudn ttf phong trao
chd'ng cai cdch cia giao hdi
Roma d TK XVII. Mdt phong
cdch nghd thudt uu tidn biiu Id
cim xue chdn thyc, mdt sy van
ddng khdng ngtfng vi sy
tudng tugng trong cich trang
trf da dugc hinh thdnh.

Trong kidn trie Baroque,
cdc nghd si thyc hidn cdc kidn
true hing vl, tran ngdp anh
sing va hing tring, thfch
nhflng trang trf rudm ri, sy
vang son Idng liy, nhtfng
dudng cong bidn ddi manh
lidt, theo dudi cam giie vdn
ddng, khdng thfch nhflng
dudng ngang vi dudng thdng
dung cia mat phdng, ldi kidn
true, didu khdc ti mi, cdng
phu, nhiiu khdi uyIn chuyin,

nhiiu dudng net udn lugn, tao
sic manh, gdy cam giae bit

ngd, kidu ky bdng eich cudng
didu sy tuang phan sing tdi,
tao ra nhflng khdng gian phic
tap, gdy io giie khdi, lim loan
bidu qua thj cam.

Cdng trinh kidn trie tidu
biiu nhit la Cung didn Mia
He eia eie Nga hoang d
Tsarkore Selo gin Leningrad.

Kilu chu thdi niy xdy
dyng ciu ky, net chu cd trang
trf binh hoa la, canh cdy, bode
dudng net gay eong, chd to
chd nhd, anh hudng eua chtf
Baroque khdng rdng bing chtf
Romain, cho ndn ngay tai thdi
ky nay cac kilu chtf ttf thdi
Phuc hung vdn tdn tai vd phat
triin.

<b>Thdi ky Co dien </b>
<b>(1770-1830) </b>

Nghd thuat Baroque
nhudng budc cho nghd thudt

ed diin. Khuynh budng nghd
thuat trd vl vdi nhflng cdt
each, ding dip cia nin nghd
thuat ed truyin, vdi dae trung
trong sing, thanh cao, giin dj,
hii hoa, cd phong cich Idng
liy, trang nghidm, vdi kilu
mat nhi hinh tam giie, ed
trang trf ti mi, cdng phu, cdt
try thanh cao, eie khai hoin
mdn dd so nhung khdng nang
nl thd kech.

Tieu biiu eho nin kidn trie
thdi biy gid: Khai hoan mdn
tai quang trudng Etoile d
Paris, cao 50m, quy md gip
hai lin khai hoan mdn
Constantin Dai de d La Ma
thdi cd dai, ldu dai Marana d
Vieen (Y) soi bdng lung linh
trdn hd nude, gifla mgt vudn
hoa dep dugc xay dyng bdi

kidn trie su ndi tieng ngudi Y
Andrea Palladio. Cae cdng
trmh xay dyng phdng theo ldi
kidn true dd nhu: quing
trudng Concorde d Paris, ldu
dai Capitole eaiM tda Bach de

d Whasington.

Cic kilu chu thdi ky nay
thudng ggi la elassique, chu
cd chdn, vdi bdn kilu dang
mdi. Chu cd nit chdn ed rd't
thanh eia Francois Ambroise
Didot, ngudi Phdp 1775, cd
net chdn va net diu chtf chi la
nhCmg net ngang don gian rit
thanh, d i dl rd net chu, chi
khdng thdnh mgt ty Id nao ea.
Chu cd net chdn thanh dam
phdi hgp, cia Giambatista
Bodoni, ndm 1818, vdi net
thanh, net dam phdi hgp nhau
rit kheo, theo mpt ti Id via
phai (net thanh bdng 1/5-1/6
net dam). Mdt sd net gitfa eae
net chfl khic nhau nhu: dudi
chtf C, rdu chtf Q... gay anh
hudng thj giie manh vdi ve
ddm da, duydn ding. Kilu
chtf Baskerville, Wiliam
Caston, ngudi Anh 1782,

1816 diu dya trdn khudn miu
eua kilu chtf Romain, cd net
chan canh long chao, phong
eich trang nghidm, thanh

thoit. Kilu chtf Egypte eo net
diu vi net chan map bing net
dung, ggi ldn nhflng kien tnic
cd xua eua Ai Cap, vdi nhflng
cdt try dd so cia ddn Karnak,
hinh khdi nang ne eua Kim Ty
thip vd chfl cd net ehdn to ban
net ding, kilu chfl niy liic
diu ed ciu trie so luge bit
chip cae quy udc vl cd va net,
din vl sau chiing dugc hoan

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<b>VAN HOA NGHg THUAT MIWC MCOAI </b>

chinh ban, ding chtf deu dan
hon, cic net ngang gitfa chu
dl to ban.

Thdi ky nay, kieu chtf
khdng net ehdn dugc s i dung
rgng rai trd lai ttong ngdnh in.

Thdi ky Hien dai

T i cudi TK XIX trd di,
trong kidn trie, nhiiu cdng
trmh ed tfnh chit the ky ra ddi,
iMu tMa ehge ttdi, dudng xe
chay ngim dudi dd't, sdn bdng
da chtfa trdn 100.000 khin gia,

ciu vugt sdng, biin ddi hang
chuc ngdn met... Kien trie
bidn dai Id mdt sy doan tuydt
matM me vdi Idi tu duy eia
cic xa hdi chdu Au cudi TK
XVIIII va diu TK XX.

Nghd thudt kidn true theo
Idi nhd hop, mai bing, tudng
kitM, vdi iMflng bitM khdi eao
to, chic khde, dan gian, phdng
khoing. NhiMg gi rudm ri,
ciu ky ttong kidn trie, trang
trf xua kia diu dugc sia ddi
hay tude bd. MatMatan, khu
trung tdm kinh doatM sim uit
nhat eua New York, vdi tMflng
tMa ehge ttdi Empire State eao
320m, CMyster Building cao
317m. Nam 1967, d Matxcova
da xay mgt thip truyin MtM
eao 533m, d do cao 340m li
mpt toa nha 10 ting lam eae
ting ky thuat vi tMi hang 280
ehd.

Nghd thuat kidn ttuc con
kd't hgp Ddng va Tay, kd't hgp
ed xua vdi tim toi sing tao
nhung nghd thuat mdi phong

phi va da dang. Leningrad li
thanh phd tap hgp cic nin
nghd thuat kien true cd, kim,
ddng, tdy vdi iMflng lau dai

tting Id, vi tMung tugng ddi
nguy nga.

Thdi ky nay nMeu ttao luu
nghd thudt ndi tidp tMau xuit
hidn: lang man, in tugng,
tugng ttimg, bieu Mdn, sidu
thyc, hidn thyc... Nghd Mudt
in khic eung phit triin marM,
thuc day nghd thudt sang tao
chtf m, xud't Men vd sd kieu
chtf mdi la mang tftM ttang ttf
rd net giua net chtf, miiM chtf,
xung quanh chtf. Song ed
tMimg chtf lam dung trang ttf
qui mtfc, mat ea tfnh thim
my, lim giam sit di tftM thdng
tin eia chtf.

Cic kilu chu ttude kia ed
eau ttie, ed cdng thic dugc
sing Ige, cMtM ly dl hoin
thidn. Vide cich tdn eac kilu
ding chtf mdi Mdn dya ttdn
mgt CO sd khoa bgc, trd vd vdi

nhflng mdu mye. ed'u true cia
thdi xua. Kilu chtf ed dien
dugc ua chudng ttd lai.

Cic kilu chtf dugc sing tao
khdng ngiMg, mang tfnh trong
sing, hai hda, edn ddi, gian
don dip tfng iMiMg nguydn Iy
thj giie cao.

Sy giao luu gitfa cic nude
trdn thd gidi khdng may khd
khan, cdc kilu chtf dugc sing
tao d khu vyc niy mau chdng
phd bidn d khu vyc khic vi d
dd ching dugc cai tid'n, bidn
hda thanh nMlu kilu chtf mdi
khic lam eho bg suu tap chtf
eia the gidi cing thdm dd sd.

Trong qui tritM hinh thanh
va phit triin cua chtf vidt, md
ddc bidt la chtf La titM, ngoai
cic yd'u td tic ddng ddn sy
hoan thidn vd chtfe ndng eia

chtf, thi nghd thudt kidn tnic
vdi iMung ttao luu qua eac
thdi ky ed anh hudng rd net
iMit, quydt djiM den sy hinh

thdiM kilu dang eia chtf va
nghd Mudt chtf.

Ngay nay, nghd thudt tao
ddng chtf eung lidn tuc dugc
cdc nha thidt kd kd Mtfa va
sang tao de phu hgp vdi tfnh
tfng dung vdi thdi dai ky thudt
sd. Nd khdng nhiMg cd anh
hudng eua nghd thudt kien
trtfe ma cdn cd sy tie ddng sau
rdng bdi nMeu trio luu nghe
thudt, sy phdt triin cua ky
thudt cdng nghd mdi... tao ra
mdt khdng gian da cMlu trong
thidt kdva van dyng chtf.

Trong thidt kd dd hga, vaii
dl ding chu va sing tao chii
nghd thudt dugc ggi Ii nghe
thudt chtf (typogaphy), cung la
mgt ydu ciu quan ttgng ddi
vdi cic nha thidt ke ehii
chuydn nghidp. Ltfc niy su
tuong tic ed tftM quydt djnh
cua bai yeu td ghi dm dugc
phdt sirM ttf ban chit ngi ham
va gM y cd ttf su tae ddng
ngoai vi cua nhi thid't kd, tao
ndn mdt dang thdng diep khae

bidt vi ndng eao gid trj tham
my eia tae pham thidt ke.

Nghd thuat kien true va
nghd thudt tao dang chfl cung
vdi nhflng loai hinh nghe
thuat khic ludn van ddng theo
ddng chay cia qui trinh phat
triin van miiM iMin loai, d^
lai va se tao thdm iMQng thanh
tyu nghd thudt quan trpng
ttong ttfng giai doan ljch sU
ridng bidt •

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