Nhà ở nông thôn mới dưới tác động của đô thị hóa

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^ V A N DE QUAN TAM

NHA d NdNG

T H 6 N M 6 |

<b>Du6i tac dong cua </b>

<b>do thi hoa </b>

•

B T S KTS N C U Y E N DINH THI - Truong Dai hgc XSy dung

Bai viet dua ra nhOng thuc trang va dS xuat giSi phap quy hoach, thiet ke nha d

ndng thdn (NONT) vung ddng bang Bac Bd phu hop vdi qua trinh dd thi hda, giO

gin kien true truyen thong, than thien vdi mdi trudng nhang van dap Qng duoc dieu

i<ien tien nghi an d, sinh boat, hoc tap va s^n xuat kinh te ho gia dinh.

THUG TRANG NHA O NONG THON

VUNG D 6 N C BANG BAG BO

Thuc te hien nay, viec quy hoach xay
dung ndng thdn mdi chi tap trung vao
cai tao khu trung tam xa nhu UBND, hpi
trudng, chp, nha van hda va xay dung cac
diem dan c u ndng thdn tai khu trung tam xa.
Cdn nha d d u p e xay dung chen trpng cac
lang, xa cung nhu xay dyng bam theo true
d u d n g lang thi hau nhu chua d u p e quan
tam, Danh gia ve tinh hinh thuc trang xay
dung NONT viing DBBB, chiing ta cd the
nhin nhan d hai hudng nhu sau:

H u d n g thu- nh4t: Ddi vdi nha d tai cac
lang xa truyen thdng, gom nha d bam theo
true d u d n g lang va NONT mdi xay tren dat
ciia ngdi nha d truyen thdng. Nhtrng ngdi
nha nay d u p e xay dung theo hinh m i u nha
dng ciia dd thj nhii-ng nam 90 ciia the ky
XX, do sao chep khdng cd lua chpn nen
hau het deu khdng phu hop vdi mdi trudng
canh quan ndng thdn. Od la cac loai nha cd
chieu rdng tir 4 - 5m, chieu dai tir 10 • 20m,
xay cao 1 - 3 tang kieu mai bang, ngdi nha
chi cd mot h u d n g lay anh sang tir mat trudc
nen thudng bj tdi, kha nang chieu sang t u
nhien va thdng gid rat kem, phai sir dung
den dien, quat de chieu sang va lam mat
khdng gian nen rat tdn nang luong. Do nhu
eau d cao lai thieu s u quan ly. thieu dat dai
xay dung, thieu hieu biet ve sir dung khdng
gian d cQng n h u nhung tac ddng anh
h u d n g khac cua xa hdi ma ngudi dan dang
phai sinh sdng trong cac ngdi nha be tdng
d o n dieu, thieu khdng gian sinh boat, hpc
tap nghi ngoi va nhat la khdng thich hpp vdi

viec ket hpp san xuat ndng nghiep ciia gia
dinh ngudi ndng dan.

Neu nhu trudc day, NONT truyen thdng
cc khdng gian d va san xuat tc chirc thep

phuong ngang, mai hien lien vdi san phai
rdng rai, ket hpp v u d n cay, ap ca tac nen
mdt phpng canh trii- tinh eua lang que vung
DBBB. Ngay nay, NONT lai chuyen sang tc
ehuc thep phupng dpc va theo chieu cac,
ddng thdi bd bdt di nhieu chirc nang nhu
san v u d n , chuong trai chan nudi nen khdng
gian NONT khdng cdn dap irng d u o c cac
tieu chi ve sinh boat, an d ket hpp vdi san
xuat ndng nghiep, ngudi dan phai thu
hoach ndng san ngay tren ddng rudng, tren
cae tryc d u d n g giao thdng, ngay tai cac
khu vue cdng cdng nhu dinh lang, mieu
thd, nha van hda lam anh h u d n g den mdi
trudng canh quan ndng thdn.

Hudng thir hai; Ddi vdi NONT tai cac
diem dan dan va khu v u c trung tam thj tir
dang xay dung rdng rai d viing OBBB hien
nay, d u p e chia lam hai loai:

Loai thif nhat la nha d nam trpng quy
hpach diem dan c u d u o c cae cap cd tham
quyen phe duyet, cho phep va hd trp kinh
phi nham xay dung ndng thdn mdi. Khao
sat cho thay phan Idn nhtrng khu dan c u
nay ehua xay dung nha d ma chu yeu xay
di/ng giao thdng, via he va he thdng opt
dien. Viec quy hoach phan khu kieu ban e d
dang tao eho cac diem dan c u ndng thdn

mdi s u lac dieu so vol cau tnJe lang xa
tmyen thdng, cac Id dat xay nha chia Id theo
kich thuoc chieu rdng t u 4 - 5m, chieu sau

tu- 20m - 25m dang chp thay s u cirng nhac,
khd khan trong quy hoach xay dung nong
thdn mdi. Dac biet, nhu-ng khu vuc quy
hoach dan dan cung khdng ed cac mau nha
d cho ngudi dan tham khao xay dung hoac
neu cd cQng khong dap irng dupe nhu cau
d va san xuat kinh doanh cua ngudi dSn.

Loai t h u hai la loai NONT xay t u pha tai
cae true d u d n g lang, d u d n g lien xa (loai
nay khdng c d quy hoach, ma do xa, thon
ban dat theo kieu "ddi dat lay ha tang"), v61
Id dat ed chieu rdng 5m, chieu dai 20m, xay
kieu hinh hpp bang be tdng cao 2 - 3 ting,
loai nha d phat trien t u phat nay dang mang
lai cho ndng thdn hinh anh kien true tiiy tien,
kieu dang het sire Ion xdn, Nhin chung,
nhii-ng Ipai nha d xay chen trong Bng xa
truyen thdng cung nhu tai cac diem dSn
c u ndng thdn mdi hien nay dang mang lai
nhung yeu to bat Ipi ve mdi trudng d, ti§u
tdn nang luang, anh hudng den ddi s6ng
<i>sinh boat va san xuat cua ndng dUn, Mi </i>
h u d n g den yeu td ve tham my kien tnJc,
den canh quan ndng thdn,

<i>GIAI PHAP KI^N TRUC NHA 6 </i>

NONG THON MOI VUNG DONG

BANG BAG B O

Nham dap irng nhu cau da dang ve
khdng gian d , nhung v i n luu giu- dupe nS
van hda kien trtic truyen thdng, than thi|n
vdi mdi t r u d n g , chung ta ed the dua ra nw
sd giai phap n h u sau:

<b>v e q u y h o a c h p h a t t r i e n ndng </b>
<b>t h o n mdri: </b>

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Can quy hoach ddng bd tir cai tao chinh
trang lang, xa truyen thdng den quy hoach
diem dan c u ndng thdn mdi, can tinh den
mdi quan he ddi vdi lang, xa truyen thdng,
trong d d nen sir dung chung mdt sd cdng
trinh odng cdng. Quy hoach diem dan c u
ndng thdn m d i can lua ehpn vj tri va quy
hoach su- dung dat cho phu h o p vdi nhu
eau san xuat cua n g u d i dan. Vi du, nen
chon mot sd khu dat cd gia tri kinh te cao
ve mat t h u o n g mai, thuan Ipi ve giao thdng,
g i n cho, gan trung tam thi tir eua lang
xa de quy hoach diem dan c u ndng thdn
<i>mdi n h u chung ta dang thuc hien. O day, </i>
quy dat chi ban cho cac hp gia dinh kinh
dpanh djch vu t h u p n g mai, gpi chung la
hd gia dinh phi ndng nghiep. Khi phan chia

Id dat, thdng nhat lay theo Id dat gdc vdi
dien tich tdi thieu lOOm^ (kich t h u o c Id dat
5mx20m). Tuy theo dieu kien kinh te va nhu
cau cua mdi ho ma cd the mua tu-1,5 - 2 Id
dat t u o n g d u o n g dien tich ttr 150 - 200m^,
vdi kich t h u d c mat tien tir rdng 7,5m - 1 0 m .
Neu la nha v u d n cd tieu chuan cao thi cd
the mua nhieu Id dat de xay d u n g . Tai ban
quy hoach, quy djnh rd dien tich xay d u n g la
bao nhieu met vudng, chiem ty le bac nhieu

phan tram dien tich khu dat, edn lai la dien
tich cay xanh va san v u d n . Can thiet ke cac
mau NONT dien hinh kem thep viec d i i n
giai cac vat lieu chu yeu va kinh phi dau t u
de ngudi dan tham khap khi xay d u n g .

Mat khac, nen chpn mpt sd khu dat cd
gia trj kinh te thap, xa trung tam lang xa, xa
tryc d u d n g giao thdng Idn, g i n vdi ddng
rupng canh tac, thuan loi eho san xuat ndng
nghiep de quy hoach khu dat dan dan cho
cae hp gia dinh lam ndng nghiep va kinh
te trang trai, kinh te v u d n . Vdi cac khu dat
nay, khi quy hoach chia id dat gdc nen cd
dien tich tdi thieu ISOm^ (kich t h u d c id dat
7,5mx20m), sau dd cd the ban 1,5 Id den
2 Id tuy theo nhu cau cua ngudi dan. Dac
biet chu y, khi ban dat cho hd san xuat ndng
nghiep, nen cd trp gia, ban vdi gia re de

ngudi dan cd the dau t u xay d u n g . Nham
giup eho ngudi dan lam ndng nghiep cd the
mua d u p e dat xay dung nha d , chung ta
nen giam thieu gia thanh bang each n h u
sau: khdng td chirc quy hpach via he; chi
bd tri dien chieu sang tai cac nga ba, nga
t u trong khu dan c u ; khdng d i u t u lam
d u d n g giao thdng ma danh do ngudi dan
ddng gdp kinh phi t u lam; giam thieu cac

khdng gian cdng cdng va vui chpi giai tri,
cac khdng gian nay ngudi dan se su- dung
Chung vdi lang truyen thdng hay diem dan
c u ndng thdn mdi tai cac trung tam lang, xa.
Nhu vay chung ta se giup chp ngudi dan
cd cho d va giam viec xay chen nha d trong
lang, xa truyen thdng, tranh s u pha v d cau
triic, glif gin nhii-ng ngdi nha gd cd gia trj
can d u o c bao tdn nham phuc vy chp khach
du Ijch tham quan va dam bao mdi trupng
sdng ndng thdn phat trien ben vung.

<b>Ve cap p h e p x a y d i r n g : </b>

Nhat thiet phai cap giay phep va phai
tuan theo mdt trpng nhung m i u thiet ke
dien hinh da trung cau dan y trudc dd. Khi
thi cdng khdng d u p e thay ddi hinh thirc ben
ngoai cQng n h u dien tich xay d u n g , chieu
cap cdng trinh da phe duyet, chp phep thay

dpi khdng gian ben trong de phii hpp vdi
nhu cau mdi hp gia dinh. Chii y quan tam
den khoang liii cdng trinh so vdi d u d n g
giao thdng, tranh hien t u p n g xay dung tuy
tien n h u hien nay.

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<b>E ^ V A N DE QUAN TAM _ </b>
Cu the de xuat 5 loai hinh NONT phii hop

vol qua trinh dd thj hoa nhu sau:
<b>1. Nh^ d thuSn ndng, la nha d danh cho </b>
gia dinh sinh sdng bang nghe san xuat
ndng nghiep, nha d can thiet phai duy tri
cac chirc nang nhu an, d , sinh boat, hpc
tap, san xuat ndng nghiep, lam nghe phu va
chan nudi. Loai nha nay cho phep xay dung
trong lang truyen thdng hoac cac khu dat
dan dan. Nha d thuan ndng khi xay dung
can luu giu- lai hinh thue kien true va giai
phap td chirc khdng gian truyen thdng, dam
bao ha tang ky thuat, xir ly n u d e thai sinh
boat, nude thai chan nudi va bao ve mdi
trupng ndng thdn, giai quyet tdt dieu kien
vi khi hau cho ngdi nha, tang c u d n g thdng
gid, chieu sang t u nhien va tiet kiem nang
lupng.

Nha d thuan ndng cd cac ehuc nang
chinh n h u khdng gian tiep khach, sinh boat
ehung, noi thd cung td tien, phdng ngii ket

hpp vdi khdng gian hpc tap. Chirc nang
phu trp n h u bep nau, phdng an, khp chira
dp, hien don, hanh lang, san phai, chuong
trai chan nudi, v u d n cay, v u d n rau xanh.
<i>Ngoai ra can quan tam den khu vuc dd cac </i>
loai phuong tien xe c o gidi phuc vu cho san
xuat nhu d td tSi, may cay may keo.

<b>2. Nhd * ki4u ndng trang, la loai nha d </b>
thuan ndng d u p e xay dung bdi mot nhdm
nha d cua cAc gia dinh ciing huyet thdng,
tach ra tir gia dinh Idn trudc day d u p e
xay tren khu dat eha dng de lai. Nha d kieu
ndng trang ia loai nha khdi ghep boat dong
dpc lap nhung cd san chung phuc vu chp
san xuat ndng nghiep, cd cac phdng chirc
nang va nha kho, cd v u d n cay rieng eho
mdi hd gia dinh.

<b>3. Nhd 6' k^t hpp Idm kinh t^ trang trai, </b>
kinh te v u d n , la b a i nha d d u o c quy hoach
ven lang, xa nham phat trien kinh te trang
trai n h u v u d n rirng, v u d n ddi, ao hd, chan
nudi gia sue, gia cam. Loai nha nay g i n ket
vdi cay xanh, mat nude, dam bao dieu kien
sinh boat, an d , phat trien kinh te trang trai,
dap irng dieu kien phat trien du Ijch, cd the
danh quy dat de xay dung cae phdng nghi
va djch vu cho khach du ijch, nen nhdm hpp
mdt sd trang trai phuc vu khai thac du ijch

ciia dja phuong, giiip quang ba san vat dja
p h u a n g ddi vdi du khach trong va ngoai
nude. Khi quy hoach he thdng trang trai,
nen dinh h u d n g quy hoach phat trien kinh
td v u d n ciia mdi dja phuong va dieu kien
thd nhudng, khi hau cho mdi loai hinh kinh
te trang trai, can quan tam bao tdn canh
quan kien true va mdi trudng, giu nguyen
dja hinh va Ipi dung dia hinh de phan khu
chifc nang chp hpp ly, khpang each t u nha
d den chucng trai chan nudi phai dam bac

khoang each ly tdi thieu 200m. Nha d cung
cd day du cac phdng chirc nang va nha
kho.

<b>4. Nha d kit hpp v * ! djch vu budn b ^ </b>
<b>thuong mai, la nha d quy hoach tai cac </b>
trung tam lang xa, thj tir, ven d u d n g giao
thdng, danh cho ehuc nang d ket hpp vdi
budn ban thupng mai. Nha d ket hpp vdi
thuong mai gdm ehuc nang chinh n h u
phdng tiep khach, phdng sinh boat ehung
va phong t h d cung td tien, phong ngu Idn,
phdng ngii nhd va hoc tap eua tre em ket
hop vdi nhau. Cac chirc nang phu trp gdm
khdng gian budn ban, phdng giao djch
thuong mai, kho chua hang hda, bep nau
va phong an, khu ve sinh; khdng gian de
xe d td van chuyen hang hda, san trong lay

anh sang cho ngdi nha, v u d n sau nha trdng
cay xanh cai tao dieu kien vi khi hau; cdng
cd Idi vao nha rieng hoac vao khdng gian
ban hang.

<b>5. Nh& vuirn, la loai nha d cd tieu chuan </b>
cao, nha ed san, ed v u d n canh, v u d n cay
an qua, ao hd. Loai nha nay danh cho ngudi
giau hoac ngudi dan t u dd thi ve nghi ngoi
eudi tuan. Chuc nang nha v u d n cd tieu
chuan nhu nha biet t h u v u d n , ngoai ra cdn
bd tri canh quan cay xanh, mat nude, san
v u d n , d u d n g di dao. Oe kien true nha v u d n
gan gui vdi canh quan ndng thdn, nen td
chirc tdng mat bang va hinh thirc kien true
theo phong each NONT truyen thdng.

KfT LUAN, KlfN NCH!

Qua trinh dd thj hda va s u chuyen djch
eo cau san xuat ndng nghiep, ndng thdn tat
yeu se lam bien ddi khdng gian ngdi NONT
vung OBBB. Xay dung ndng thdn mdi nen
quan tam den quy hoach diem dan c u ndng
thdn, viec quy hoach diem dan c u can lua
chon mdt sd khu vue ed gia trj kinh te khac
nhau de phuc vu eho nhieu ddi tuong cd
nhu eau sir dyng khac nhau. Can thiet phai
cd mot s u quan ly chat che tu- cac cap chinh
quyen va cac ban nganh ddi vol viec xay

dung NONT, cap giay phep xay dung xudng
tan cac xa, tranh hien t u p n g xay dung tuy
tien nhu hien nay Ttiy tinh hinh cy the ciia
mdi dia phupng ma quan tam thiet ke dien
hinh 5 Ipai hinh NONT dap ung nhu cau sinh
hpat, an d va san xuat cua ngudi dan, phu
hop vdi qua trinh chuyen ddi md hinh kinh te
- xa hdi ndng nghiep, ndng dan, ndng thdn.

Viec quy hoach phan khu kieu ban c d
dang tap cho cac diem dan c u ndng thdn
mdi s u lac dieu so vdi cau tnJc lang xa
taiyen thdng, cac Id dat xay nha chia Id theo
kich thudc chieu rong tir 4 - 5m, chieu sau
t u 20m - 25m dang cho thay s u cu-ng nhac,
khd khan trong quy hoach xay dung ndng

thdn mpi. Dac biet, nhirng khu virc quy
hoach dan dan cQng khdng ed cac m i u nha
d cho ngudi dan tham khao xay dung hoac
neu cd cQng khdng dap irng dupe nhu cau
d va san xuat kinh doanh eiia ngudi dan. vol
Id dat cd chieu rong 5m, chieu dai 20m, xay
kieu hinh hop bang be tdng cao 2-3 tang,
loai nha d phat trien t u phat nay dang mang
lai cho ndng thdn binh anh kien triic ttiy tien,
kieu dang bet sire Idn xdn.

Nhin chung, nhii-ng Ipai nha d xay chen
trong lang xa truyen thdng cQng nhu tai cac

diem dan c u ndng thdn mdi hien nay dang
mang lai nhtrng yeu td bat Ipl ve mdi trudng
d , tieu tdn nang lupng, anh hudng den doi
sdng sinh hpat va san xuat cua nong dan,
anh h u d n g den yeu td ve tham my kien
true, den canh quan ndng thdn. Khi ngu-oi
dan xay dung nha d , chinh quyen nhat thiet
phai cap giay phep va phai tuan theo mot
<i>trong nhung m i u thiet ke dien hinh mi da </i>
trung cau dan y trudc dd. Khi thi cdng khong
d u p e thay dpi hinh thuc ben ngoai cung
nhu-dien tich xay dung, chieu cao cdng trinh da
phe duyet, cho phep thay ddi khdng gian
ben trong de pbii hpp vdi nhu cau moi hp
gia dinh.

Thiet ke mau NONT dien hinh, can quan
tam xac dinh sd tang hpae chieu cac ciia
ngdi nha, Nha d tai trung tam thuong mai,
chieu cao tir 3-5 tang hoac cao khong qua
18m. Nha d tai cac lang xa truyen thdng, khu
dat dan dan chieu cao t u 2-3 tang hoac cao
khdng qua 12m. Mai nha nen la mai doc lop
ngdi, dd mai ddc dan ngdi hoac Ipp tdn mau,
ket hpp vdi mai bang lam san phpi.

Nha p ket hpp vdi thuong mai nen to
chirc khdng gian theo kieu nha dng, khong
gian d tach ra khdi khdng gian budn ban
thdng qua san trpng va phia sau cd vudn

<i>rau xanh. Nha d thuan ndng va nha d kieu </i>
<i>nong trang nen td chuc khdng gian if, san </i>
phoi, v u d n trdng rau, khu vuc chan nuoi gia
cam. Neu dieu kien khdng cho phep bo tri
san phai d u d i mat dat, nen bd tri san phoi
tren mai cua ngdi nha.

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