Nhìn lại quan niệm của C.Mác về tôn giáo trong góp phần phê phán triết học pháp quyền của Hêghen - Lời nói đầu

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14

<i>Nghien cuu Ton giao. So7 & 8 - 2009 </i>

<b>NHIN LAI OUAN NIEM CUA C.MAC VE TON GIAO TRONG </b>

<i>GOP PHAN PHE PHAN TRIET HOC PHAP QUYEN CUA </i>

<i>HEGHEN - Ldi NOI DAU </i>

M

<i>ac dii Gop phdn phe phdn triet hoc </i>

<i>phdp quyen cua Heghen - Ldi noi </i>
<i>ddu dUdc viet dUdi dang ldi md ddu chd </i>

<i>tac pham Idn Gop phdn phe phdn triet </i>

<i>hoc phdp quyen Heghen, nhUng nhUng </i>

van de ma C.Mae de cap va giai quyet
treng dd da lam che nd xiing dang la mdt
tac pham dec lap. Quan niem cua C.Mac
ve tdn giae ndi chung da dUdc rat nhieu
tac gia nghien ciiu va luan giai d nbUng
gdc dp khac nhau. Treng bai viet nay,
chiing tdi cbi cd' gang xem xet nhiing tU
tudng ciia dng ve tdn giae dUdc trinh bay
treng tac pham nham gdp p h i n lam rd
them y nghia cua nd ddi vdi viec nhan
tbdc va giai quyet van de tdn giae d nUdc
ta hien nay.

<i>TrUdc bet, tac pham Gop phdn phe </i>

<i>phdn triet hoc phdp quyen cda Heghen </i>
<i>-Ldi noi ddu dUdc viet vad thdi ki ma </i>

C.Mac den Pari de ciing vdi Rugid xuat
<i>ban tap cbi Bien nien Phdp-Diic. Day la </i>
bai viet danh dau sii chuyen bien hdan
tdan cila C.Mac tii chu nghia dan chii
each mang sang chu nghia cdng san. Vdi
budc chuyen bien nay dng da doan tuyet
vdi chii nghia duy tam, khac phuc diidc
nhiing quan niem duy tam ciia phai
Heghen tre chd rang ban than sU phe
phan la ddng lUc phat trien ciia lich sii.

Xuat phat tii sii phe phan quan niem
ve tdn giad cila phai Heghen tre ciing nhU
cua L.Phdidbac, ciing vdi viec di sau vac

DO THI KIM HOA'*'
boat ddng thiic tien va nghien ciiu hien
<i>thiic, C.Mae da viet Gop phdn phe phdn </i>

<i>triet hoc phdp quyen cua Heghen - Ldi noi </i>
<i>ddu, treng dd dng neu ro ba van de chinh, </i>

dd la; van de tdn giao, van de hien thiic
ciia nUdc Diic va con dudng lam each
mang hien thiic Diic.

De lam rd quan niem cua C.Mac ve tdn

giae trong tac pham nay, c i n phai hieu
viec phe phan tdn giac cua phai Heghen
tre va cua L.Phcidbae.

Khi de cap den sU phe phan tdn giac
cua phai Heghen tre C.Mac da khang
dinh; "Tdan bd sU phe phan triet hpc d
Diic, tii Stdrauxd den Stieend, deu be trdn
<i>trong viec phe phan ton gido"^^\ Vdi he, </i>
ta't ca dupe quy ve tien de la tdn giao, tii
nhUng quan niem thd'ng tri nhU quan
niem dao diic, chfnh tri, phap luat den ca
y thiic, con ngUdi ciing deu dUdc quy ve y
thiic tdn giac va ecn ngUdi tdn giad - ndi
chung, nghia la lay sii thd'ng tri ve ten
giao lam tien de che sU van ddng lich sii
hien thiic. Theo dd, dang le c i n phai phe
phan cai hien thiic Diic liic dd thi bp lai di
phe phan tdn giao. Trong quan diem ciia
Bruno Baud - mdt ngUdi ban cu cua
C.Mac, lanh tu cua phai Heghen tre - viec
giai phdng n h a n dan Chau Au va b a t cii
*. NCV.,'Vien Tnei hpc, Vien khoa hpc Xa h6i Viet Nam.

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<i>D6 Thi Kim Hoa. Nhin lai quan niem ciia C. Mdc... </i>

15

nhan dan nao khac ve mat xa hdi, trUdc
bet la cd y nghia thil tieu tdn giao cua
nhan dan dd'^'. Dd la met quan diem sai
lim. Chinh C.Mac da k b i n g dinh giai

phdng con ngUdi khdng phai la viec thu
tieu tdn giae. Ong da chiing minh chd
chiing ta thay rang, ngudn gdc cua ach ap
biic xa hdi khdng phai la tdn giae hay lUc
lUdng tinh t h i n nao khac, ma la nbUng
dieu kien vat chat nha't dinh. Tren thiic
te, nbUng phe phan ciia phai Heghen tre
khdng giai quyet dUdc cai hoan canh vat
chat cua chinh ban than hp va cua ca dan
tdc Ddc khi dp.

Ben canh sU phe phan viec dem ddi lap
triet hpc vdi thiic tien, phe phan tdn giae
ma khdng di sau vae phe phan hien thiic
DUc ciia phai Heghen tre, C.Mac ciing
<i>khdng thoa mdn vdi viec phe phan tdn giao </i>
ciia L.Phoidbac. Sii phe phan tdn giae cua
L.Phoidbac dUdc trinh bay chu yeu treng
<i>tac pham Bdn chd't Dao Cd Doc. Thee </i>
L.Phoidbac, "y thiic cua Chiia la sU tU y
tbUc ciia con ngUdi, nhan thUc cila Chua la
sU tu nhan thiic ciia ccn ngUdi" va "cai gpi
la ban chat than thanh khdng phai la cai gi
khac ngdai ban chat cdn ngUdi da dUdc
nhad nan, dUdc khach quan hda va dUdc
chiet tach tii cen ngUdi cu the, cen ngUdi
bien thiic"'". NhU vay, Chiia la san pham
ciia Cdn ngudi, cen ngUdi tad ra Chiia thee
binh anh ciia minh chii khdng phai Chiia
tad ra cdn ngUdi... NhUng phe phan tdn

giad ciia L.Phdidbac dUdc cac nha triet bee
thude phai Heghen tre rat iing hd. Ddi vdi
C.Mac, tac p h i m dd cung dUdc dng chad
ddn mdt each nhiet thanh. Treng tac pham

<i>Lutvich Phoidhdc vd sii cdo chung cua triet </i>
<i>hoc cd dien Diic, Ph.Angghen \ae't: "Cd the </i>

thay C.Mac da ddn chae quan diem mdi
mot each nhiet liet nhU the nae, va quan
diem mdi dd da anh hudng manh me den
C.Mac nhu the nae, mac dau C.Mac van cd
nhUng y kien bae lUu cd tinh chat phe

phan"'". NbUng phe phan cua L.Phoidbac
rd rang cd anh hudng khdng nhd ddi vdi
C.Mac. Tuy nhien, C.Mac chUa he tiep thu
sU phe phan dd met each vd dieu kien. Ong
ddng y ve mat nguyen li vdi L.Phdidbic la
phe phan tdn giae, nhUng khdng phai chi
diing lai d dd, ma phai tien xa bdn - gan
lien phe phan tdn giae vdi phe phan cbinb
tri. Hdn nUa, phe phan dd khdng phai la
xda bd hdan tdan tdn giad cu va thay the nd
bang mdt leai tdn giao mdi - tdn giao khdng
cd ThUdng De, thU tdn giae ma "ngUdi la
t h i n ddi vdi ngUdi" - Tdn giad tinb yeu nbu
quan niem cua L.Phdidbac.

C i n phai ndi them la, ta't ca nbUng

luan giai cua C.Mac ve tdn giae trong tac
<i>pham Gop phdn phe phdn triet hoc phdp </i>

<i>quyen cua Heghen - Ldi noi ddu deu xuat </i>

<i>phat t\i sii phe phan tdn giae ciia </i>
L.Phoidbac va phai Heghen tre. C.Mac
viet: "Can cii vao sU phe phan chdng tdn
giae la;" ngay cau nay cho thay nhUng
cau sau dau ";" la nhUng tU tUdng cila
nhUng ngUdi phe phan chdng tdn giao;
"cen ngUdi sang tad ra tdn giao, cbU tdn
giae khdng sang tae ra con ngUdi. Cu the
la; tdn giae la sU tU y thUc va sU tU cam
giac cua cen ngUdi chUa tim dUdc ban
than minh hoac lai de mat ban than
minh met l i n nUa". Dean nay chinh la tU
tudng ciia L.Phdidbac. Cd the ndi day la
met sU "ke thiia", tuy nhien, nhUng cau
tiep thee lai chd thay mdt sU thanh toan
cua C.Mac del vdi qua khU, vdi phai
Heghen tre va vdi L.Phoidbac, mdt sii
phat trien bean thien nhd nhUng nghien
ciiu hien thiic; "NhUng cen ngUdi khdng
phai la mdt sinh vat triiu tUdng, an nau
dau dd ngdai the' gidi. Con ngUdi cbinb la

<i>2. Xem: Phong HiSn. C.Mdc thdi tre vd chii nglila </i>
<i>C.Mdc. Nxb Khoa hoe. Ha Npi. tr. 182. </i>

<i>3. Feuerbach. Essence of Christianity </i>

works/essence tr. 2.

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16

<i>Nghien ciru Ton giao. So7(&8- 2009 </i>

<i>the gidi con ngiidi, la nha nUdc, la xa hdi. </i>

Nha nUdc ay, xa hdi ay san sinh ra tdn
<i>giad, tiic the gidi quan Ion ngiirJc, vi ban </i>
than chiing la the gidi Idn ngUdc. Tdn
giad la If luan chung cua the gidi ay, la
cUdng yeu bach khca ciia nd, la Idgic dUdi
hinh thiic phe cap cua nd...Dd dd dau
tranh chdng tdn giad la gian tiep dau
tranh chd'ng cai the gidi ma lac thii tinh
t h i n cua no la ten giae""^'. NhUng cau
tiep sau dd chfnh la sii phat trien, md
rdrg va lam rd hdn nUa quan niem ciia
C.Mac trdng viec phe phan tdn giae.

Quay trd lai tac pham, ngay tii dau,
C.Mac da khang dinh lai mdt lin niia'
nhUng quan diem da dUdc xac dinh cua
dng. C.Mac chi rd chd chung ta thay rang
thai dp phe phan cd tinh chat each mang
ddi vdi che dp xa hdi dUdng thdi liic dd hdan
tdan khdng phai chi la sii bieu bien trong
sii phe phan tdn giad. Sii phe phan tdn giad

chi nham chdng lai mdt each khdng tnic
tiep cai hien thiic ma tdn giae la sU phan
anh ve mat tinh t h i n . Treng sU nhin nh^n
cua C.Mac, viec phe phan tdn giae ddi vdi
hien thiic DUc liic dd khdng mang lai mdt y
nghia gi nUa, sii phe phan dd da cd tii lau
rdi, mpi sii vach t r i n ban chat tieu cUc cua
tdn giae da rd rang va den nay cd the ket
thiic dUdc rdi. Ong viet: "Ddi vdi nUdc Ddc
thi viec phe phan tdn giae, ve thiic chat, da
ket thiic va viec phe phan tdn giao la tien
de cua mpi sii phe phan khac", "De dd,
nhiem vu cua lich sU - sau khi cai chan li
cua the gidi ben kia mat di - la xac lap cai
chan li ciia the gidi ben nay. Sau khi cai
hinh tUdng t h i n thanh cua sii tii tha hda
ciia Cdn ngUdi da hi bdc t r i n thi nhiem vu
cap thiet cua cai triet hpc dang phuc vu
lich sii la bdc t r i n sii tii tha hda treng
nhUng hinh tUdng khdng than thanh ciia
nd. Nhu vay, phe phan thUdng gidi bien
thanh phe phan coi tran, phe phan tdn giae
bien thanh phe phan phap quyen, phe
phan t h i n hpc bien thanh phe phan chinh

tri"'^'. Dieu nay che thay rd sii diit bd ciia
C.Mac ddi vdi phai Heghen tre. Dd chfnh la
met sU phe phan del vdi sii phe phan cua
phai Heghen tre ciing nhU ciia L.Phoidbic.

Thed C.Mac, khdng can phai phe phan
ten giao nUa, viec lam dd se khdng giai
quyet dUdc tinh canh cua bien tbiic liic
dd; van de la d chd. can quay trd lai vdi
hien thiic, xem xet hien thiic va phe phan
chfnh cai hien thUc dang nhan chim con
ngUdi xudng cudc sd'ng khd ai lam than,
la di tim ldi giai dap che cai hien thiic ay.
NhUng tu tudng sau sac dd ciia C.Mac
-chuyen sii phe phan tdn giae tren thUdng
gidi thanh sU phe phan chinh tri va phap
quyen dUdi coi t r i n , gan lien sU phe phan
nay vdi cudc dau t r a n h thiic tien ciia giai
cap cdng nhan, giai phdng cen ngUdi - da
the hien re quan niem duy vat ve lich sii
cua dng.

C.Mac da vach rd ngudn gdc xa hdi ciia
tdn giae. Ong viet: "Sii ngheo nan ciia tdn
<i>giae viia la hieu hien cila sU ngheo nan </i>

<i>hien thiic, vda la sii phdn khdng chd'ng sU </i>

nghee nan hien thiic ay. Tdn giao la tieng
thd dai ciia chung sinh bi ap bUc". Tdn
giae ra ddi de con ngUdi bi sdng trdng
canh ap biic, khdn khd, bat liic trong cudc
dau t r a n h chd'ng bpn bdc lot, ban than
con ngUdi khdng tim ra dUdc ldi tbcat ciia
sii khdn cung ay, hp hi vpng vad mdt the

gidi td't dep, dat niem tin vao met lUc
lUdng sieu nhien d i y "quyen nang va siic
manh" cd the giiip he thoat khdi mpi ndi
thd'ng khd t r i n the. Treng dieu kien nhU
vay, tdn giao ra ddi vdi tu each "la trai
tim cua the gidi khdng cd trai tim, cung
gidng nhu nd la t m h t h i n cua trat tU
<i>khdng cd tinh than. Tdn giao la thude </i>

<i>phien ciia nhan dan"'^'. Tdn giae la cai </i>

"ciiu c a n h " ve m a t t i n h t h a n c h e con

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<i>D6 Thi Kim Hoa. Nhin lai quan niem cua C. Mdc... </i>

17

ngudi luc dd, nd xoa diu ndi d a u bi ap biic
ciia hp, a n lii bp trUdc nhUng m a t m a t
d a u thUdng, n h U n g t h i e u b u t cua ddi
Sd'ng h i e n thiic. Tdn giae trd t h a n h "thud'c
phien ciia n h a n dan".

'Thud'c phien" t h e e y hoc, dd la mdt loai
thud'c d u n g de giam dau, khi sd d u n g nd
con ngUdi se cd mdt cam giac khdai lac,
lang lang, m e t cam giac "len tien", quen di
bien thiic; dac biet n e u da diing rdi thi ludn
Cd cd che t a n g lieu va ludn phai p h u thude
vad thud'c. O day, C.Mac d u n g tU "tdn giae
la thud'c phien cua n h a n dan" thee nghia
tdn giao la lieu thud'c giam dau, nd ru ngii

che nbUng cen ngUdi khdng cd ldi theat,
lam chd cdn ngUdi ludn sd'ng trdng t r a n g
thai "nila tinb n d a md" quen di nhUng ndi
dau, chd'ng dd lai nhUng khdn cung ciia
thiic tai. Tdm lai, vdi t i n h each thud'c phien,
tdn giao lam che cen ngUdi quen di cai thiic
tai ciia minh, k h d n g m e t chiit p h a n k h a n g
chd'ng lai cai d a n g de n e n ban t h a n minh.

Chiing ta k h d n g n e n d a n h gia viec che
tdn giao la thud'c phien la cd y tieu ciic,
hoac cd n g h i a phi b a n g tdn giao. P h a i
chang, cd t h e hieu l u a n diem "Tdn giae la
thud'c p h i e n " vdi n g h i a gid'ng nhU thud'c
phien, tdn giao b a m chUa t r o n g nd ca m a t
tich ciic l i n m a t tieu cUc? Va xda bd tdn
giao la xda bd m a t tieu cUc cila nd.

T h e m nUa, ciing k h d n g n e n ddn gian
hda heac xda n h d a nhU each d a t van de
cila Sergio Vuscevic Rujo - giae sU t r i e t
hoc ngUdi Chile: "Chd m a i den t h e ki XIX,
tii thud'c p h i e n v i n chUa cd y n g h i a nhU
ngay n a y (ma tuy); nd la mdt thU thuoc
thdng thUdng diing de giam d a u ma cac
t b i y thud'c v i n ke ddn", dd vay ma cau
ndi "cua C.Mac thdi ay k h d n g m a n g b a t
ki bdng d a n g len a n nad"'"". T h e e each
hieu ciia Sergio Vuscovic Rujo, C.Mac chi
vi tdn guio nhU m e t lieu thud'c giam d a u

t h d n g thUdng! C a n p h a i tha'y r i n g , vad
nbOng n a m d i u t b e ' k i XIX vice b u t thud'c

phien da dien r a r a m re t r e n g n b u n g leu
h u t , va n a m 1875, d My ngUdi ta da phai
b a n bd sac l e n h S a n Francisco. California
cam hiit thud'c phien t r e n g nhiing leu
thud'c phien"". Vay, thud'c phien d a u chi
la lieu thuoc giam d a u t h d n g t h u d n g . va
neu cbi la "lieu thude giam d a u thdng
t h u d n g " thi vi sad nd lai bi cam? NbUng
hieu biet k h d a hpc ngay nay cho thay.
thude p h i e n - n e u sii d u n g trong chUng
miic va trUdng hdp cu the - se cd tac d u n g
tich ciic n h a t dinh; nbUng vUdt qua
ngUdng, nd se cd tac d u n g ngUdc lai.
C.Mac la mdt n h a duy vat, vd t h i n , ddng
thdi la mdt n h a h e a t ddng chfnh tri, dng
da r a t k h a c h q u a n t r e n g d a n h gia ve vai
trd ciia tdn giae: khi tdn giae dUdc d u n g
de Xda diu, de cho con ngUdi cd mdt siic
sdng, mdt t i n b t h a n trong cai cudc sdng
khd ai thi nd cd vai trd tich ciic; NbUng
khi nd bi nhUng the lUc p h a n ddng ldi
d u n g de ru ngu, lam m a t y cbi dau t r a n h
cila n h a n d a n chdng lai xa bdi day bat
cdng, k h d ai thi nd cd vai trd tieu cUc.

Trd lai vdi van de ngudn gdc cua tdn
giae, neu ndi tdn giao ra ddi chi la do

c h u n g sinh bi ap bUc bdc lot thi Idgic tiep
thed la, khi h e t ap bUc bdc let, tdn giao se
k h d n g cdn tdn tai nUa. NhUng k h d n g b a n
la n h u vay. Ngoai ngudn gdc xa bdi, tdn
giae r a ddi cdn dd nhUng ngudn gd'c k h a c
nUa, dd la n g u d n gdc n h a n thUc va ngudn
gdc t a m li. Ve m a t n h a n thiic, cai de cen
ngUdi n h a n thUc la vd b a n , chinh k h o a n g
"tiem can" gan den cai vd b a n do la
k h d a n g trd'ng chd tdn giao tdn tai. Ve m a t
t a m li, t r e n g cudc sd'ng h a n g ngay, con
ngUdi k h d n g t r a n h khdi ddi luc bi rdi vao

<i>8. Sergio Vuseovie Rujo. Tdn gido. thuoc phien cim </i>
<i>nhdn ddn vd sir phdn khdng chong lai khon cuiifi </i>
<i>thirc ten - cdc quan diem ciia C.Mdc vd I.eiiin Tap </i>
<i>ehi Nghien ciru Idn gido. sd 2. 2000. Ir. 14. </i>

9. Nguon
hltp://vi.wikipedia.org/wikiAniu%El%BB%91c phi

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18

<i>Nghien curu Ton giao. So 7 & 8 - 2009 </i>

trang thai tam If tieu ciic (tinh cam dau
buon khi mat ngUdi than, ndi cd ddn.
v.v...) hay cd nhUng trang thai tam li
ti'ch cUc (sU kfnh trpng, sii hai Idng, niein
sung sUdng,v.v...). Treng nhUng trang
thai tam If vui budn dd, hp mud'n tim den
chd cd dUdc mdt sii giai phdng ve mat

tinh t h i n , va dd la manh da't chd tdn giad
hien hUu va nay nd.

Trdng tac pham cua minh, C.Mac cung
khdng ndi la tdn giad khdng cd ngudn gdc
nhan thUc va ngudn gdc tam H. Ve phUdng
dien lich sil, van de la hien thiic Diic luc dd
lam chd C.Mac chi de cap den ngudn gdc xa
hdi ciia tdn giad. Vi rang, "chinh trong Nha
nUdc Diic Cd Dd'c giad, tdn giad lai lam "viec
ndi trd", cung nhU "viec ndi trd" la tdn giad.
Trdng Nha nUdc Diic Cd Dd'c giad, sii tbdng
tri ciia tdn giae la tdn giao ciia sU thdng
tri"""'. Cen ngUdi treng hien thiic Diic liic dd
dang sd'ng treng ae tUdng dd Chinh phii Diic
da ldi dung tdn giad de ru ngii hp. NgUdi
dan Diic liic dd dang say mem treng tdn
giao, hp thu ddng va phd mac cho bean
canh. Ngay ca khi ban than bi thd'ng tri, bi
de nen, bi chiem bUu, hp van budc phai tin
rang dd la an hue ciia trdi ban chd. Tdn
giad da trd thanh cdng cu cila Chinh phii
DUc diing de ngan chan nhUng phan khang
cua nhan dan, ddng thdi can trd nhUng
bien ddi xa bdi cd the lam lat dd dia vi
thd'ng tri ciia bp. De b'ae ve quyen ldi ich ki
cila minh, giai cap thdng tri da cd' tinh kim
ham sii phat trien cua nUde Diic, he diing
tdn giae de trdi chat cen ngUdi vao cai trat
tu ay, cai trat tii ma C.Mac khang dinh

"nhat dinh phai danh!""".

Chinh tii sii phan tich ngudn gdc xa
hdi dd cila tdn giad, C.Mac dat van de xda
bd tdn giae, nhUng khdng phai la xda bd
bean toan tdn giae ma chi la xda bd cai
ngudn gdc xa hdi ciia nd. Ong viet; "Xda
bd tdn giae, vdi tinh each la xda bd hanh
phiic ae tudng cila nhan dan, la yeu c i u

thuc hien hanh phiic thiic sU cila nhan
dan. Yeu c i u tii bd nhUng ac tudng ve
tinh canh cila minh cung la yeu c i u tii be
cai tinb canh dang c i n cd ae tudng""'^'.
Thee dd, rd rang, C.Mac mud'n xda bd cai
p h i n tieu ciic cua tdn giad, cai "hanh
phiic id tudng". cai lam chd nhan dan bi
me heac va danh mat ban chat hien thiic
ciia minh, cai vdng hao quang t h i n thanh
bae phu len cudc sd'ng khd ai tran gian
ciia cen ngUdi, lam chd con ngUdi "cam
chiu" chap nhan cai bien thiic dau budn
ciia minh va dd dd. quen di nhiem vu dau
t r a n h de cai tae hien thiic.

Xda bd tdn giad la xda bd cai id tudng
ve cudc sdng de rdi tU dd xda bd ludn ca cai
cudc sd'ng dang c i n cd met ae tudng, thiic
chat la xda bd ngudn gdc xa hdi ciia tdn
giao. Dieu nay dUdc V.I.Lenin nhan manh

khi dng che rang, "Chii nghia Mac ndi:
<i>phai hiet cdch dau tranh chd'ng tdn giao,... </i>
phai gan lien cudc dau tranh ay vdi thiic
tien cu the cua phong trao giai cap nham

<i>tieu diet nguon gdc xd hoi (TG. nhan </i>

manh) ciia tdn giao""". Them nUa, C.Mac
cung che rang viec phe phan tdn giao cbi
la sU vUt bd nhflng bdng hea gia trang
diem tren nhflng xieng xich cua nhan dan;
rang, van de la d chd phai phe phan the
nae de nhan dan vflt bd chi'nh cai xieng
xich dd va hai lay nhflng bdng hea that.
Su phe phan nhU vay, thee C.Mac, khdng
phai cai gi khac hdn la sU phe phan cila vu
khi, cua lUc lUdng vat chat. -^

' ' ' • • . . 1 ' :•_)'
Vdi tu each met nha duy vat, ludn
dflng tren lap trfldng phe phan met each
khach quan, cd ke thfla nhflng yeu to' tich
ciic, xem xet sfl vat hien tfldng trong tinh
tean ven cua nd. chac chan C.Mac hieu rd

<i>10. C.Mae va Ph.Angghen. Sdd.. 1.1. tr.543. </i>

<i>11. C.Mae va Ph.Angghen. Sdd.. i.l. tr. 572. " </i>
<i>12. C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Sdd.. t.l, tr. 570. </i>

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<i>D6 Thi Kim Hoa. Nhin Igi quan niem ciia C. Mdc... </i>

19

tdn giao la mdt h i n h t h a i y thflc xa hdi
phflc t a p , dng k h d n g thd k h d n g n h i n t h a y
nhflng m a t ticb ciic cila tdn giae. Ben
canh k h a n a n g xoa diu ndi d a u t m h t h i n
nhd vae " d a n g tdi cae", cai m a C.Mac p h e
p h a n V] dng la n h a vd t h i n , thi nhflng
triet li tdn giae nhfl tfl bi, hi xa, cflu khd,
cflu n a n , t a m Idng b a e d u n g , bac ai vdi
ngu gidi t r e n g dao P h a t , mUdi dieu r a n
ciia C h u a t r o n g Kitd giao, v.v... lai la
nhflng cdng cu gdp p h i n thflc bien dfldc
chflc n a n g giad due dad dfle, dieu chinh
b a n h vi ciia cen ngfldi, tad Idng tin va
tinb hfldng t h i e n t r o n g cen ngfldi. Hdn
nfla, tinh t h a n tdn giao cdn cd k h a n a n g
doan ket d a n tdc, lien k e t xa hdi b a e d a m
sfl thd'ng n h a t va t r a t tfl xa bdi. C h i n h bdi
vay ma tdn giad cen tdn tai r a t lau dai.

O Viet Nam, cac tdn giao dfldc du n h a p
vad kha sdm, ket hdp vdi tin ngfldng ban
dia, tad nen bflc t r a n h tdn giao k h a da dang
va cho den nay van cd mdt vai trd quan
trong treng ddi sd'ng tinh t h a n cua mot bd
phan dang ke n h a n dan. P h a t giae va Kitd
giao la bai tdn giae Idn du n h a p tfl ngoai vao
da cd nhflng a n h hfldng rdng Idn trong
pham VI ca nfldc. Ve cd ban eac tdn giac d

Viet Nam cd sfl "chung sd'ng hda binh", cd
nhflng ddng gdp khdng nhd vao viec bae ve
va xay dflng dat nfldc. T r e n g k h a n g chie'n cd
rat nhieu t a n g ni, p h a t tii, cac tin dd t h a m
gia vae cac td chflc q u i n chung each mang.
Trong thdi ki xay dflng dat nfldc tien len
chu nghia xa hdi, vdi phUdng cham "td't ddi
dep dad", cac cdng ddng tdn giad da cd
nhflng hdat ddng ticb ciic, ddng gdp vad sfl
phat trien d a t nfldc.

Hien p h a p nfldc Cdng hda xa bdi chii
nghia Viet N a m n a m 1992, tai dieu 70
quy dinh;

"Cdng d a n Viet N a m cd quyen tfl do
tin ngfldng, tdn giao, t h e o hoac k h d n g

t h e e met tdn giae n a e . Cac tdn giao deu
b i n h d a n g trflde p h a p luat.

Nhflng ndi thd tfl cila cac tin ngfldng.
tdn giad dfldc p h a p l u a t bad bd.

K h d n g ai dfldc x a m p h a m tfl dd tin
ngfldng, tdn giao heac ldi d u n g tin
ngfldng, tdn giad de l a m t r a i p h a p l u a t va
chfnh s a c h cila N h a nfldc"""".

Tuy n h i e n , c h u n g ta ludn phai cd t i n b

t h i n c a n h giac vdi nhflng thii d e a n ldi
d u n g tdn giao de chd'ng pha, gay rdi. gay
bad Idan, l a m m a t dn d i n h cbinb tri cila
cac p h a n tii va t h e Iflc p h a n ddng di
ngfldc lai ldi ich cua d a n tdc ndi chung.
cua ddng bad cd dad ndi rieng.

Tai Dai hdi l i n thfl X, D a n g Cdng s a n
Viet N a m k h a n g d i n h q u a n diem: "Chung
t a thflc h i e n n h a t q u a n chinh sach tdn
<i>t r p n g va b i d d a m quyen tii do tin ngiidng. </i>
thed hoac k h d n g t h e e tdn giae ciia cdng
dan, quyen sinh b o a t tdn giao binh
thfldng t h e e p h a p luat. Doan ket ddng
bao theo cac tdn giae k h a c n b a u , ddng
bao theo tdn giae va ddng b a e khdng theo
tdn giao. D a u t r a n h n g a n chan cac h a n h
vi ldi d u n g cac van de d a n tdc, tin
ngUdng, tdn giad de b o a t ddng trai p h a p
luat, kich ddng, cbia re n h a n dan, chia re
cac d a n tec, tdn giae, lam phUdng bai den
ldi ich c h u n g ciia d a t nUdc""'''. N h a n thflc
m e t each d u n g d a n , s a u sac nhflng q u a n
diem cua C.Mac ve van de ten giao va
v a n d u n g mdt each s a n g t a e trong hoan
c a n h cu t h e h i e n nay la dieu kien can
t h i e t de thflc h i e n h i e u q u a cbinh sach
tdn giae ciia D a n g va N h a nfldc ta./.

<i>14. Din theo: Tdng euc chi'nh tri. Mdt sci hieu biet vc </i>

<i>Idn gido tdn gido d \'iet Nam. Nxb Quan doi Niiiiii </i>
dan. Ha Npi, 1993. tr.256.

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Đề tài: Mối quan hệ giữa gia đình xã hội công dân nhà nước trong triết học pháp quyền của Hegel

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