Phát huy nội lực người dân và vai trò cấp xã

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^ V A N D E Q U A N T A M

XAY DUNG NONG THON MOI

PHAT HO/NOI LUC

<b>ngudi dan va vai tro cap xa </b>

L^TANG MINH LOG

Ccic liijong Cut Kinli tc hcip t^c va |jhat trien nong thon, BO NN va PENT

<i>Trudc day, Chinh phu da trien khai 11 chaong trinh muc tieu quoc gia, 14 chuong </i>

trinh mgc tieu h6 tro hu6ng vao phat trien nong thon. Tuy nhien, can phan biet

ro chuong trinh xay dung nong thon m6i la chuong trinh l<hung dua ra nhOng nOi

dung de xSy dung nong thon mdi, la co s6 chung nhat trien khai cac chuong trinh

phat trien nong thon khac trong giai doan hien nay.

MUC Tieu LON CUA CHUONG

TRlNH XAY DUNC NONG THON

MOI

Muc tieu cija Viet Nam toi nam 2020
c a ban thanh n u o c cong nghiep hien dai.
Nhung neu do thi hien dai trong khi nong
thon xap xe lac hau thi chua phai la nu-oc
cong nghiep hoan chinh. Do vay, khong the
chi phat trien do thj ma bo qua nong thon.

Dau tien phai khang dinh rang nong thon
nu-oc ta dang thieu quy hoach phat trien.
Den nam 2008, kiem lai c h u o n g trinh co

2 3 % so xa CO quy hoach nhung moi o quy
hoach theo dang diem dan c u , mot so quy
hoach khu trung tam, cac quy hoach khac
khong co.Them vao do, chung ta khong co
CO Che quan ly nen quy hoach "treo" vSn
con ton tai, bp mat nong thon phat trien Ion
xipn, canh quan moi truong xuong cap, ve
dep thanh binh cua nong thon Viet Nam
khong con nua.

T h u hai, mi>c song cua nguoi dan hien
<i>rat thap, chenh iech thu nhap vai do thj </i>
ngay cang tang. Dieu tra truoc nam 2008
<i>cho thay thu nhap cua dan cu nong thon </i>
chi bang d u o i 6 0 % so voi thu nhap ciia ca
<i>nifoc va so v6i do thj con thap han nua. </i>

T h u ba, tinh trang thieu "chuan" ve ha
tang nong thon con pho bien. Cac c h u o n g
trinh phat dong dien, d u a n g , truong, tram
nhung khong co chuan nen tijy tung dieu
kien kinh te xa hoi rieng ma mdi noi theo
y dinh chu quan cua lanh dao dia p h u o n g .
<i>Ouiyng co noi 5m - 6m, co noi chi 3m cot </i>
trai be long cung. Cac phong trao cung

hutjng ttii be tong rap khuon ma khong
nghT den viec giu gin canh quan. Ha tang
lac hau, thieu dong bo khong dap irng
d u o c yeu cau phat trien lau dai. D u o n g nho

6 to khong vao duoc, d u o n g khong co ranh
<i>thoat nucjc. Cac cong trinh ha tang a trong </i>
hoan canh t u o n g t u , mot vai noi trong tinh
trang chap va. Toi 2008, Co 30% d u o n g co
chat luong phu hop, con lai deu 6 trong tinh
trang can tiep tuc nang cap.

T h u t u , dich vu van hoa, y te phuc vu
nguoi dan nong thon hien vi/a thieu vua
kem, hon 80% so thon co nha van hoa
nhung d o n thuan chi la cai nha bon bi>c
t u o n g CO mai de ngoi hop.

T h u nam, toi nam 2010, trong 181.000
can bo cap xa co 0 , 1 % khong biet chO,
chua d u o c dao tao khoang 48%, khong
biet vi tinh la 80%. Tat ca nhi>ng yeu to
tren ly giai vi sao nong thon kem phat trien,
nguoi tre, ngudi giau khong may ai muon
song o nong thon.

Theo Nghi quyet 26 cua BCH Trung
u o n g Dang, nong thon moi phai dat d u o c
nhi>ng tieu chuan: Thir nhat la phat trien
kinh te, nang cao dai song cua n g u o i dan.
Thir hai la co ha lang t u o n g doi hien dai
de dap ung d u o c nhu cau phat trien lau
dai va nong thon mai phai phat trien co
djnh hucjng. T h u ba phai xanh, sach, dep.
Thir t u la dan tri phai d u o c nang cao, gia

trj van hoa truyen thong tot dep phai d u o c
bao ton, chat l u o n g cua can bo c a s o , chu
yeu la thon ban, xa phai d u a c nang cao. T u
Nghj quyet nay, Chinh phu da l u a n g hoa

c h u o n g trinh nong thon miji bang 19 tieu
chi. Du vay, khi bat tay vao thuc hien van
gap rat nhieu kho khan.

<i>C h u o n g trinh nong thon ma\ Ian nay </i>
khac biet so vai cac c h u o n g trinh phat
trien nong thon da thuc hien truoc. Trong
khi cac c h u o n g trinh truoc co s u tham gia
cua cap huyen hoac cap thon thi Ian nay xa
<i>d u a c chon la d o n vj hat nhan. Su khac biet </i>
nij-a la c h u o n g trinh Ian nay d u o c danh gia
theo bo tieu chi do Nha nuoc djnh hutjng
bang quy hoach, bang cac chinh sach de
thuc day, con nguoi dan se phai dong gop,
phat huy kha nang t u chu trong xay di/ng
nong thon moi. Kinh nghiem phat trien ciia
cac n u o c cho thay khi s u phat trien ciia
do thj va nong thon mat can doi nghiem
trong, nong thon tieu dieu se gay sire ep
len do thj, giai phap giai quyet bat on la xay
d u n g , phat trien lai nong thon. Nhat Ban,
Han Quoc, Trung Quoc da rat thanh cong
trong phat trien nong thon theo each dua
chu yeu vao t u than cac loi the canh tranh
ciia nong thon co h u o n g d i n thuc hien cua

Nha nuiD'c.

Bp Xay dung cung quy dinh ro viec quy
hoach dja ban mot xa nong thon moi phai
lam the nao, tif noi dung den hinh thirc, quy
trinh, d a n gia, dinh gia. Cac chinh sach ho
tra nhu: Nha nuac h5 tra 100% cho cong
tac quy hoach, dao tao can bo, xay dung tnj
s a xa va h6 tra mot phan doi vol hang muc
khac. Doi vai xa viing dac biet kho khan
ciD the h6 tro tai 95%, nhung nhirng dia
phuong kinh te kha c h i t i r 10 - 1 5 % . Chinh

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phu quyet dinh ty le ho tra tirng phan, thay
doi tiiy dieu kien ngan sach va dac thii tung
dia p h u a n g .

Truoc d a y Chinh phii da trien khai 11
c h u o n g trinh muc tieu quoc gia, 14 c h u o n g
trinh muc tieu h6 tra h u o n g vao phat trien
nong thon. C h u o n g trinh xay dung nong
thon mtiri thuc hien hien nay dat ra cac van
de trien khai n h u the nao de tranh d u o c
s u chong cheo len cac c h u o n g trinh khac.
Vai tro ciia cac bo nganh co lien quan phoi
hap cung Bo Nong nghiep va Phat trien
nong thon n h u the nao? Can phan biet r5
c h u o n g trinh xay d u n g nong thon moi la
c h u o n g trinh khung d u a ra nhtrng npi dung
thuc hien 19 tieu chi de co nong thon moi,

la CO s o chung nhat trien khai cac c h u o n g
trinh phat trien nong thon khac trong giai
doan hien nay.

NHUNG THANH CONG BUOC DAU

Khi trien khai c h u o n g trinh xay dung
nong thon moi, n g u i j i dan d o n gian hieu
rang do la c h u a n g trinh xay dung ha tang.
Nhung neu chi co xay d u n g nang cap ha
tang, se khong phai la nong thon moi. Co
rat nhieu cac d o n vj c o stj c h u a hieu chinh
xac van de nay, khi bat tay vao thuc hien
cung khong tren c o s o danh gia thuc trang
<i>nong thon mo\ ciia dja p h u o n g . Do do, tir </i>
can bo den n g u a i dan deu liing tiing. Trong

Khac v6i cac chaong trinh muc tieu quoc gia ve nong thon

trade day, chaong trinh xay dung nong thon m6i tap trung

phat huy nOi lac cija ngadi dan va vai tro chinh quyen cap

xa. 06 cung la cac yeu to chi'nh quyet dmh sa thanh bai

ciJa chuong trinh.

khoang 1 nam dau tien thuc hien chuong
trinh, nhieu kho khan nay sinh toi mire
t u o n g n h u khong the thuc hien.

Tiep tuc khang djnh day ia chuang trinh
thuong xuyen, Chinh phu da co nhirng
c h u a n g trinh dau t u ro ret. Cong tac tuyen

<i>truyen d u a c day manh ya\ khau hieu "Toan </i>
dan chung sire xay dung nong thon mai".
Nhan thirc ve nong thon mdi cung thay doi
r5. 6 3 % so xa da hoan thanh quy hoach
chung, mot so cung da hoan thanh cong tac
quy hoach chi tiet, gan 6 0 % so xa dang lam
de an xay dung nong thon mai. He thong
ha tang nong thon da c o ban hoan thanh.
Trong hon 9.000 xa co 40% xa da trien
khai xong cac cong trinh ha tang. Nhieu
dja phuang khi lam quy hoach da dan djnh
h u o n g d u o c san xuat di theo h u o n g nao,
each thirc d u a doanh nghiep ve vcri nong
thon ra sao.

Ben canh do, nhO-ng tac dong khac nhu
cac chinh sach da d u o c cai tien va bo sung,
nhl>ng v u a n g mac nhu c o che quan ly tai

chinh dan d u o c thao go. Tat ca nguon ho
tro cho xa d u o c Sua vao mot tai khoan
Chung giao cho ban quan ly xa, chi tieu do
ban nay t u van, co ban giam sat, nang cao
chat luong xay dung cong trinh, tiet kiem
chi phi va nguon luc dau t u . C o che dau t u
xay dung c o ban cung d u o c cai tien mot
budc. Trudc day, cac d u an von ngan sach
doi hoi ban ve thiet ke ciia c o quan t u van
chuyen mon. Nay, nhCrng noi dung yeu cau
ky thuat cao nhu xay nha tang, lam cong

Idn mdi bat bupc phai co. NhC/ng cong trinh
don gian nhu d u o n g nong thon co the chi
can thiet ke dien hjnh roi ngudi dan t u lam.
Dan t u dong gop, t u lam vera cd them cong
an viec lam, vtra giam bdt chi phi thue nhan
cong, tiet kiem va tao dong luc xay dung
nong thon mdi de ngudi dan cting tham gia
thuc hien.

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^

V A N D E Q U A N T A M

tao nghe khi can thiet ho chuyen sang lam
cong nghiep djch vu va dao tao lao dong
nong nghiep trd thanh nong dan gioi.

Xac dinh phai cd doanh nghiep dau t u
vao nong thon giiip thuc day tieu thu san
pham, tao cong an viec lam, tao cho d u a
vu-ng chac de ngudi dan co the trudng
thanh ca ve quan ly, ve thi trudng, ve ky
thuat, Nghi djnh 61 (ve chinh sach khuyen
khich doanh nghiep dau t u vao nong
nghiep nong thon) da ra ddi. Nhung chinh
sach nay chua sat voi thuc tien va dang
d u o c cac cap co tham quyen chinh sira.
Ben canh do, chinh sach tin dung cung da
cdi m d han, ngan hang can cai tien cac thii
tuc hanh chinh, dong thai, cung can thiet
lap nhirng d o n vj t u van cho nong dan thuc
hien cac thii tuc vay von.

Ve xay dung nong thon mdi, Nha n u d e
cd chinh sach trong Quyet dinh 28 ciia
Chinh phii d u a tri thirc tre ve nong thon.
Tinh den nay, da cd 600 tri thirc d u o c ve
vdi nong thon.

Xay dirng nong thon mdi de cao vai tro
ciia ngudi dan, phat huy noi luc ciia dan
nhung phat huy noi luc khong cd nghTa la
dan phai lam het. Ngudi dan nong thon cd
<i>the sir dung noi luc trong viec bo tien ra t u </i>
cai tao nha cira, cong trinh ve sinh dung
vdi yeu cau sach dep, van minh; t u cai tao
v u d n ao cho dep va cd thu nhap; sira sang
lai hang rao ngan nap sach se, cong ranh
khai thong.. Dan bo cong sire ra dau t u lam
giau tren manh ruong, b d ao ciia minh la
noi luc, tham gia dong gdp xay dung cong
trinh cong cong cung la noi luc. Nha n u d e
phai d u a ra d u a c cac chinh sach de thuc
day nhl>ng ngudi cd dieu kien d nong thon
dau t u mot so cong trinh co the thu phi: cap
n u d e sach, san the thao, ben cang, cho...
<i>de CO nhCmg cong trinh tot hon, ngudi dan </i>
d u o c thu hudng tot hon, trong do huy dong
ca con em ciia que h u o n g tham gia dong
gdp. Cach lam the nao phu thuoc rat nhieu
vao trinh dp cua doi ngu can bo cap c o s d
va de lam tot hon, Nha n u d e dang dac biet

tap trung den cong tac tap huan, nang cao
trinh do cho dpi ngij nay.

NHUNG KHO KHAN Vf QUY HOACH,

KI^N TRUC NONG THON MOI

Kho khan dau tien cd the ke tdi la ngudi
dan chua hieu ro ve ban chat xay dung
nong thon mdi. Trong khi do, trinh do ciia
doi ngu can bo con thap, nen chua biet
each to chirc, h u d n g d i n ngudi dan. Can
bo can la ngudi dirng dau cd tam, cd tai, cd
dinh h u d n g lam gi, bat dau tir dau de ngudi

dan va cac hoi doan the lam theo.
T h u hai la cong tac quy hoach. Xac dinh
quy hoach phai di trudc mot budc. V i n con
nhirng rao can khi quy hoach nong thon
mdi dang nang ve t u van quy hoach xay
dung, quy hoach khu trung tam, trong khi
nhljng phan khac n h u quy hoach kinh te,
xa hoi, quy hoach gan vdi phat trien kinh te
bao ve moi trudng thi chua d u o c chii trong.
Cong tac quy hoach san xuat mdi chi hoach
djnh chung vi tri chirc nang nhu: cho nay
dong ruong, cho kia chan nuoi, Nhung trien
khai tiep trong quy hoach chi tiet lai kho tiep
noi. V I the, van con rat nhieu dja p h u o n g
chua thuc hien xong quy hoach chi tiet,
chua cam mdc chi gidi do, chua ngan chan

d u o c viec dan xam Ian. Ve quy hoach chi
tiet dong ruong, yeu cau quy hoach kinh te
dja phuang la phai xac dinh rd xu the. Quy
hoach ciia xa phai ket noi vdi quy hoach
vung (tinh va huyen), Nhung rat nhieu tinh
va huyen chua dieu chinh xong quy hoach
san xuat, kinh te xa hoi nen d o n vi xa cung
lung tiing trong viec xac dinh lai the chinh
cua minh.

Phai xac djnh quy hoach san xuat
chuyen canh viing trong do xac dinh san
pham lai the canh tranh chu luc va h u d n g
nong thon dira tren cac loi the ve pham vi
canh tranh. Trudc mat de tranh bj dao Ion,
ngudi dan cd the san xuat 1 1 / 1 0 - 1 2 san
pham tir ca chan nuoi, trong trot, thiiy san
sau do chon ra mot loai san pham quan
trong nhat, chinh nhat ma sau nay se la san
pham chii luc de dau t u ha tang c o s d , dau
t u dao tao nang luc ky thuat chp ngudi dan.
Hien hang nghin d o n vi tham gia lap quy
hoach nhung nhin chung am hieu ve dja
p h u o n g con kem. Nhieu dja p h u a n g phai
tap huan lai chp d o n vj t u van.

Khi da xac dinh d u a c cac yeu to tren,
pham vi quy hoach vung xu the la don dan.
Vdi chan nuoi, quan diem mdi la khong
the de trang trai trong khu dan c u , tranh

gay 6 n h i l m . Phai chuyen nhOng ho chan
nuoi Idn ra khu v u c rieng. Do do, phai giai
quyet van de quy hoach dat dai. Phai chuan
bj dieu kien rupng dat de hS tra di chuyen
ngudi dan ra khu san xuat tap trung.

Quy hpach san xuat, san pham chinh
la yeu to lien quan den bd tri ha tang, dao
tap ky nang san xuat, Nhung mot sd d o n
vj t u van chat l u o n g thap, du quy hoach
da thuc hien xong nhung chat l u a n g con
nhieu van de phai ban. Khong it chuyen gia
cho rang muon quy hpach nong thon mdi
cd sire song thi phai cd s u tham gia ciia
n g u d i dan. Nhung can xac djnh mire do va
giai doan de dong gdp tpt nhat che cpng tac
quy hpach. Nen chang, n g u d i dan tham gia

d viec chon san pham san xuat, chon mot
so cong trinh cong cpng va vj tri xay dung.

Nha n u d e phai cd chinh sach mdi ho
tro de thiic day ngudi dan phat huy npi luc
Trong giai doan dau, khi can bo va nguoi
dan CO ban c h u a hieu ban chat ciia chuong
trinh, Nha n u d e phai cd hd tra de dan theo
va chung tay xay dung.

XAY DUNG NONG THON MOI GIAI

DOAN 2012

Trong nam 2012 nay, chuang trinh xay
dung nong thon mdi cd nh&ng cong viec
uu tien. Tap trung hoan thanh co ban de
an ke hoach phat trien nong thon xa gom
19 tieu chi, phai cd chuyen bien dang kd
ve ha tang, d u d n g giao thong, dien nude
sinh boat gan quy hoach vdi phat trien san
xuat. Moi noi t u chuyen doi c o cau san xuat
de tao ra d u o c s u phat trien tang thu nhap
cho ngudi dan, giiip nang cao ddi song va
dong gop cho xa hoi. Day manh cong tac
tuyen truyen, cd chinh sach cu the khuyen
khich cac dja p h u a n g thuc hien chuong
trinh mdt each tich cue, tranh benh thanh
tich. Viec sira ddi, dieu chinh mot so tieu
chi Quoc gia ve nong thon mdi duoc tien
hanh tren c o s d tdng hop y kien tif cac dja
p h u a n g , cac bd nganh, cting la de thiic day
tot hon nCfa c h u o n g trinh xay dung nong
thon mdi.

Ve kien true, can cd nhCf ng m i u nha dep
cho ngudi dan tham khao lua chon. Xay
d u n g va thiet ke cho d u o c nhirng mau nha
phu hap vdi thon que chir khong phai mSu
nha cua thanh thj. Can cd phuong an chinh
trang nha d nong thon tren co sd khao sat
va nghien ciru ky hien trang nha d sin c6
cho phti hap. Chuan bi cac phuang an thiet

ke dien hinh cho giai doan sap tdi. Muc tieu
Idn la trong vdng 5 - 7 nam tdi phai thay doi
<i>t u duy ciia ngudi dan ve kien true nha a </i>
nong thon mdi. Thong qua cac mau thiet
ke dien hinh phu hap, co tinh khoa hoc va
thuc tien cao de dan thay doi t u tudng xay
nha dng, nha mai bang mpt each tuy tien
va t u phat n h u hien nay De ngudi dan hieu
ngdi nha d nong thon phai hai hoa vdi thien
nhien, thong qua hinh anh thiet ke va can
bp dja phuong la nhan to tien phong thuc
hien.

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