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FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS FACULTY
…………..o0o…………..
ECONOMETRICS FINAL EXAM
TOPIC: FACTORS AFFECTING QUANTITY OF NEW CARS SOLD
FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Class : K57 JIB
Lecturer : Ms. Tu Thuy Anh
Ms. Chu Mai Phuong
Group : 16
HaNoi – 10/2019
Introduction
The market of car in US remains fiercely competitive from the beginning in
the late 1890s until now. Beginning in the 1970s, a combination of high oil prices
and increased competition from foreign auto manufacturers severely affected the car
companies in US. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the car industry in the
period of time in 1970s to understand not only the car market but also the market
operation as a whole. In this research we want to investigate the six variables which
seem to have impact on the number of car in US from 1975 to 1990. This result can
contribute to the judgement on the car industry in US. Moreover, it helps to strength
the theory of the relationship between macroeconomic and microeconomic factors
and the quality of product sold.
The research has use the quantitative method and has the following structure:
TABLE OF CONTENT
I. Abstract
This research investigates the relationship between microeconomic,
macroeconomic variables and number of cars sold in US. The main objective is to
determine the factors that affecting the number of car sold in US. This research
covers the time period from 1975 to 1990. The analysis methods that have been
applied in this study include descriptive statistics, linear regression and correlation
analysis. The findings show that price, income have positive relationship with the
number of car sales in US, while the prime interest rate and population have
negative relationship with the number of car sales in US. The income has the most
influence on the quantity of car sold while the population has unreliable effect on it.
However, the gap in impact on number of cars sold among four factors is not huge.
The findings were consistent with the previous findings done by other researcher.
II. Literature Review
There are many researches that investigated the relationship between quantity
of car sold and its determined factors all around the world. Our research focuses on
the relation between number of car sold in US and six variables including Price
index, Prime interest rate, Income, Unemployment rate, Stock, Population. In the
research process, there are some studies which share the same common with objects
to our studies’. We present them here below.
In 2010, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Engineering and
Computer Sciences in School of Engineering and Natural Sciences University of
Iceland performed a study called The Effects of Changes in Prices and Income on
Car and Fuel Demand in Iceland. It examined the elasticities of demand for fuel and
cars in Iceland will be examined, both with a common classical reversible demand
model and also with an irreversible model, in order to examine asymmetric effects
from variables influencing the demands.
It constructed both reversible and reversible models for the demand of new cars
and then used regression analysis on these models. The econometrics results
showed that income has a great impact on the demand for new cars in Iceland.
Increase in income has much more effect on the purchase of new cars than the size
of the car fleet, which means that more new cars come into the fleet and more old
ones go out when income increases. So that the car fleet changes with increasing
income and consists more of newer and better cars that use less energy and are
better for the environment.
In 2012, Education University of Sultan Idris Malaysia did a research on
Automobile Sales and Macroeconomic Variables: A Pooled Mean Group Analysis
for Asean Countries. This paper analysed the impact of economic variables on
the panel errorcorrection model. Two methods are implemented specifically the
Mean Group (MG) and Pooled Mean Group (PMG). These two methods were
introduced by Pesaran dan Smith (1995) and Pesaran et al. (1999). Result from the
test shows that gross domestic product (GDP), inflation (CPI), unemployment rate
(UNEMP) and loan rate (LR) have significant long term correlation with
automobile sales in these ASEAN countries. The GDP variable is found to have
positive relationship with car sales. This proves that national income level is an
important determinant for the automotive industry. In contrast, spikes of inflation,
unemployment rate and interest rate are found to inflict negative impact on car
sales. Besides, each country is influenced by different variables in the short term
period.
In 2013 Joseph Chisasa and Winnie Dlamini from University of South Africa,
South Africa did a research on An Empirical Analysis Of The Interest RateVehicle
Purchase Decision Nexus In South Africa. This paper empirically examines the link
between interest rates and the borrowers’ decision to purchase a passenger vehicle
in South Africa.
They used monthly time series data of passenger vehicles purchased, household
income, fuel prices, prime interest rates and producer price index for manufacturers
from January 1995 to December 2011. With passenger vehicle unit purchases as the
dependent variable, they obtained OLS estimates of the passenger vehicle purchase
function. Results show that there is a negative, but insignificant, relationship
between interest rates and passenger vehicle purchases in South Africa. Holding
other factors constant, a 1% increase in interest rate results in a 0.9% decrease in
passenger vehicle purchases. Household income, fuel price and producer price
In 2014, Vaal University of Technology University of KwaZulu did a research
on The Impact of Inflation on the Automobile Sales in South Africa. This paper
analysed the relationship between inflation (INF) and Automobile sales in South
Africa by using the cointegration and causality tests. The analysis has been
conducted using monthly data over the period 1960:1 through 2013:9. The
empirical results show that there is a longrun relationship between new vehicle
sales and inflation over the sample period of 1969 to 2013.
Other factors that have been analysed were income level, interest rate,
financial aggregate and unemployment rate. These include in the research by
Shahabudin (2009) on domestic and foreign cars sales. In this research, it was
discovered that all variables could significantly influence car sales. However, this
regression model suffered from heteroscedasticity that affected the efficiency to
gauge domestic and foreign car sales. In this research, it is proven that all variables
could significantly influence car sales. However, the problem of heteroscedasticity
had impaired the efficiency of the model as a whole.
Dargay (2001) using Family Expenditure Survey from 1970 t0 1995, it was found
out that the statistics of vehicle ownership recorded a positive upward trend with
income increase. However, there is a negative correlation when there is an
income reduction. This is associated with the personal habit of individual
consumers as vehicle is seen as an important necessity in the present context of
everyday life.
All the researches we mentioned above just focused on the effect of one or
some factors of the 6 factors we chose and none of them described the effect of all
Considering that there is no specific research conducted to analyse the
relationship between these economic variables in the context of US thus far, we
decided to conduct a study on “Factors affecting quantity of new cars sold in the
US”. We will examine the effect of 6 factors (Price index, Prime interest rate,
Income, Unemployment rate, Stock, Population) on quantity of new cars sold with
the help of regression analysis, and then draw some conclusions through the result.
Our research will focus on the US market.
III. Methodology
We carry out this research by using 15 years’ time periods from 1975 till
1990 as the sample of analysis. Consequently, time series analyses were used in the
study of car sales in US and each factor throughout 15 years. To analyze the
relationship between dependent variables and independent variables in this study,
linear regression will be used.
The software that chosen for analyze and work with these data is the
software Gretl. The data we use in the research is taken from Gretl as well: It is the
data 9.7 in Ramathan category in Gretl.
In many countries car is one of the most expensive goods and is considered
as a luxury good. However, in this research we want to examine the number of cars
sold in US generally, which means that car is considered as a normal good. The
theory we based on is the theory of principle of microeconomics and
macroeconomics formulated by N. Gregory Mankiw. The detail application of this
theory will be presented in order of the relationship between the dependent variable
Price index
A price index (also known as "price indices" or "price indexes") is a
normalized average (typically a weighted average) of price relatives for a given
class of goods or services in a given region, during a given interval of time. It is a
statistic designed to help to compare how these price relatives, taken as a whole,
differ between time periods or geographical locations.
In the research, we will analyze the effect of consumer price index (CPI) on
the quantity of goods sold. The CPI is the measure of overall cost of the goods and
services bought by a typical consumer. It is also a helpful means to measure the
inflation rate.
Because the CPI indicates prices changes—both up and down—for the
average consumer, the index is used as a way to adjust income payments for certain
groups of people. For instance, more than 2 million U.S. workers are covered by
collective bargaining agreements, which tie wages to the CPI. If the CPI goes up, so
do their wages. The CPI also affects many of those on Social Security—47.8
million Social Security beneficiaries receive adjusted increases in income tied to the
CPI. And when their incomes increase, the demand for goods and services also
increases, which raises the quantity of goods sold, in our case is quantity of new
cars sold.
Income
According to the theory of market forces of supply and demand in
microeconomics of Mankiw, income is one of the main factors that shifts the
When being considered as a normal good, the income and the price goes in
the same direction, which means an increase in income leads to an increase in
demand. In the model, the demand curve shifts to the right. As a result, when the
demand rises, it raises the quantity of car sold.
Prime interest rate
The prime rate is the interest rate that commercial banks charge their most
creditworthy corporate customers. ese are the businesses and individuals with the
highest credit ratings. They received this rate because they are the least likely to
default. Banks have little risk with these loans The prime interest rate, or prime
lending rate, is largely determined by the federal funds rate, which is the overnight
rate that banks use to lend to one another. Prime forms the basis of or starting point
for most other interest rates—including rates for mortgages, small business loans, or
personal loans—even though prime might not be specifically cited as a component
of the rate ultimately charged.
Banks base most interest rates on prime. That includes adjustablerate loans,
interestonly mortgages, and credit card rates. Their rates are a little higher than
prime to cover banks' bigger risk of default. They've got to cover their losses for the
loans that never get repaid. The riskiest loans are credit cards. That's why those