Tai lieu NP boi duongon tap thi Dai hoc

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VINHPHUC EDUCATION & TRAINING SERVICE
PHAM CONG BINH SECONDARY SCHOOL

ENGLISH GROUP

TEACHING PROJECT
FOR

GIFTED STUDENTS

CREATED BY TRUONG QUANG KHANH
SEPTEMBER 2007

PART ONE
PHONETICS

A. The aims:

- To introduce to the sts the phonetic symbols, the transcription of a word, the sound of the word…
- To improve the sts’ phonetic, stress, and intonation.

- To help the sts do the phonetic exercises.

-B. Teaching procedure :
1. The vowel sounds:

There are 20 vowels in the English language, 12 of them are pure vowels (single vowels), and the left
eights dipthongs (combination of two vowels).

- The 12 pure vowels: / I - i: /, / e - ổ/, / o - o:/, /  - a: /, / u- u:/, / ә - ỗ/.
- The 8 dipthongs: / ei - ai - oi /, / au - әu /, / iә - eә - uә /

Practical Exercises
Ex1: Classify /i:/ and /I/:

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Ex 2: Classify /a:/ and /  /:

Cut, cup, cart, card, done, come, mar, march, must, darn, last, lust, heart, harm, hut, much, calm, 
farm…

Ex 3: Classify /u:/ and / u/:

Look, cook, book, soot, shoot, pull, pool, could, shoe, suit, stood, stewed, to, too, wooed, wood, 
food, cool…

Ex 4: Classify / ổ / and / e /:

Dad, dead, man, many, mad, any, at, sat, head, hand, fan, can, land, dense, send, set, met, letter, 
stretch, fed, catch…

Ex 5: Classify / o: / and / o / :

Corn, cord, copy, swan, sworn, sod, soared, shot, stock, talk, spot, sport, chalk, shock, loss, got, 
caught, bought…

Ex 6: Classify / ỗ / and / ә /:

Her, teacher, heard, shirt, first, fur, stir, prefer, refer, occur, skirt, hurt, learn, today, sir, sister,

brother…

Ex 7: Classify / au / and / әu /:

Now, no, show, how, hoe, loud, load, tone, town, couch, know, noun, known, foal, fowl, rouse, rose,
stout, stoat, found, phone…

Ex 8: Classify / iә /, / eә /, / uә /:

Hear, hair, sure, tour, wear, near, fear, year, stair, cure, beard, cheer, scared, careful, fierce, 
moor, shared, careless, theatre…

Notes: Tripthongs and other vowel sequences:
 / aiә /: fire, hire, tyre, buyer, wire, flyer, iron,…
 / әuә /: slower, lower, grower, sower, mower,…
 / auә /: flower, power, tower, shower, sour, flour,…
 / eiә /: greyer, player, layer, payer, prayer,…

/ oiә /: employer, destroyer, royal, loyal, annoyance,…

2. The consonants sounds:

There are 24 consonants in English, which are devided into voiceless and voiced consonants as they are
shown below:

2.1. Voiceless consonants: / p /, / f /, /  /, / t /, / s /, / ∫ /, / t∫ /, / k /, / h /.

2.2. Voiced consonants: / b /, / v /, /  /, / d /, / z /, / Ʒ /, / dƷ/, / g /, / l /, /m /, / n /, / ŋ /, / r /, / w /, / j /.
Practical Exercises

Ex 9: Classify /  / and /  /:

Think, thigh, though, thought, breath, breathe, bath, bathe, cloth, clothe, clothing, clothes,
threaten, although…

Ex 10: Classify / s / and / ∫ /:

She, see, sugar, seat, sound, show, sure, suit, sugary, sunny, soon, saturn, shrink, scream, settle,
surely…

Ex 11: Classify / k/ and / t∫ /:

Chess, chimney, choice, chaos, chemist, chest, chemical, chicken, cheap, catch, chemistry, school,
scholar…

Ex 12: Classify / s / and / z / :

See, seat, please, measure, mouse, pass, mass, bags, close, has, sum, sick, tease, sues, rise, lays,
eyes…

3. The consonant clusters:
3.1. / s / + / p, t, k, f, m, n, w, j /

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Plough, play, proud, pray, pure, puritant,…
3.3. / t / + / r, w, j /:

Tree, try, twin, twice, tune, tunic,…
3.4. / k / + / l, r, w, j /:

Clerk, clay, crown, cry, quite, quick, cure, curious,…

3.5. / b / + / l, r ,j /:

Blind, blow, blown, brown, bring, brick, beauty, bureau,….
3.6. / g / + / l, r /:

Glass, glance, grass, grow,…
3.7. / d / + / r, w, j /:

Draw, dress, dwell, dwinkle, duty, duke,…

3.8. / f / + / l, r, j /:

Fly, flat, free, frozen, few, fuse,…
 3.9. /  / + / r, w /:

Throw, throat, thwart, thwack,…
 3.10. / v / + / j /:

View, viewer,…
 3.11. / ∫ / + / r /:
Shrink, shriek,…
 3.12. / m / + / j /:
Music, mule,…
 3.13. / n / + / j /:
New, nude,…

3.14. / spr /: spread, spray, … 
3.15. / str /: strand, stray, string,…
3.16. / skr /: scratch…

3.17. / spj /: spure, spurious, …
3.18. / spl /: splendid, split,…
3.19. / stj /: stupid, student,…
3.20. / skj /: skew, skewer,…
3.21. / skw /: square, squash,…

4. The homonyms:

air
be
ceiling
choose
course
doe
ere
bee
sealing
chews
coarse
dough
heir
choove
aisle
beach
cell
site
days
fair
isle

beech
sell
cite
daze
fare
I’ll
sight
eight
bean
cheep
cord
dear
feat
ate
been
cheap
chord
deer
feet
aye
beat
check
cote
die
flower
I
beet
cheque
coat
dye

flour
eye

for four fort fought gneiss niece great grate

hair hare hear here hire high hole whole

horse hoarse lock loch law lore made maid

male mail meat meet mete mite might nap knap

naught nought night knight no know not knot

or oar ore one won pale pail pear pair pare

peal peel peer pier plane plain key quay

reigh rein rain raze rays raise rows rose rowed road rode

write right wright sauce source see sea sent scent cent

show shew Sole soul sew sow so

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sweet suit tail tale threw through tied tide

too two warn worn way weigh week weak

would wood yoke yolk your yore wore war

PART TWO

STRESS
A. The aims:

- To help the sts know the way to mark stresses, and pronounce words correctly.
- To emphasize the important of stresses.

- To show the rules to mark stresses.

- To provide the sts with exercises on stresses and intonation.
B.Teaching procedure:
I. Definition :

Stress is the degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is pronounced.
II. Degree:

1. In phrases or sentences:

Primary stress: (/) The strongest and loudest stress of all.
Secondary stress: () The second loudest stress.

Tertiary stress: (\) weaker than secondary stress.

Weakstress: (٧) Zero stress, the weakest degree of loudness.
2. In words:

2.1 Primary stress: (/) The loudest one.
2.2 Secondary stress: (\) The weaker one.
III. The marking rules for word- stress:
1. For disyllables words:

Usually on the first syllables: mother, ready, colour, palace, student, teacher,…

Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes: become, react, foretell, unpleasant,
disorder, peaceful, kindness, scientist,…

(But: foresight, forecast, unkeep)

1.3. Usually on the sound of “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”: dictate, surprise, defy,…
2. For words with more than 2 syllables:

Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end: family, cinema, regular, singular, international, satisfactory,…
Usually on the 3rd last syllables with words ending in “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”, “logy’, “logist”, “cracy”, 
“ility”: recognize, demonstrade, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility…
Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”, “ual”, 
“eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “tion”, “sion’: physician, experience, expedient, parental, essential, habitual,
courageous, dilicious, familiar,… (Except for: Television)

Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “ade”, “esque”: Portugese, refugee, employee,
engineer, volunteer, adequade, picturesque, cigarette,…

3. Others rules:

3.1. Words having more than one function:

Noun Verb Noun Verb

rebel rebel conflict conflict

progress progress permit permit

suspect suspect conduct conduct

record record export export

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IV. Rules for phrase-stress:

1. Compound nouns: (/ \) farm-house, fire-engine, cowboy, black-bird,..

But: (\ /): pass-by, sun-set, ice-cream, steak-dinner, glass-window, silk-dress, nylon-stock,
cotton-flower,…

2. Compound adjectives: ( \ /) light-blue, absent-minded, blue-eyed, hard-working,…
But: (/ \) sun-burnt, sun-lit, sea-sick, sea-faring,…

3. Adjective-nouns: ( \ /) a sad song, a beautiful picture, a fresh egg, an interesting lesson,...

4. Present participle-noun: ( \ /) a travelling circus, a singing student, an amusing story, a sleeping 
child,…

5. Gerund – noun: (/ \) a dancing teacher, an eating apple, a looking glass, a stepping-stone, a 
magnifying glass, a washing machine,…

6. Qualifier-adjective: ( /)very tired, rather old, pretty bad, quite important, too weak,…
7. Verb- adverb: ( /) come here, speak clearly, try carefully, read aloud, sit down, ….

8. Verb-adverbial particle: ( \ /) put on, look up, put off, come through, take off, call on, hand over, go 
over,….

9. Verb-adverbial particle-noun: (\  /) put on the coat, turn on the light,…
10. Verb-noun-adverbial particle: (\  /) put the coat on, turn the light on,…

11. Verb-preposition: ( / )look at, speak to, wait, for, look up,…

PART THREE
VOCABULARY

A. The aims:
- To help the sts know the function of words.

- To show the sts the way to build up vocabulary, especially related words.
- To provide the sts with vocabulary exercises.

- To enrich the sts’ vocabulary.

B. Teaching procedure:
I. Nouns (n):

1. Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements…
2. Functions:

Subject (S): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school)

Object (O): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday party)
Complement (C): Make the coplementation (She was a famous singer)

Compounds (Co): Summer holiday, birthday cakes,…

Possessive cases (Pc): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,…
Noun phrases (Np): Free words combination or compounds

3. Plural forms:

Adding “s” to almost count-nouns:

singular plural singular plural

a table tables an apple apples

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a house houses an egg eggs

a cat cats an eel eels

a dog dogs an orange oranges

3.2. Adding “es” to the count-nouns that end in “ s, ss, sh, ch, o, x ” with /iz/ sound:

singular plural singular plural

a bus buses a class classes

a dish dishes a wish wishes

a watch watches a torch torches

a potato potatoes a tomato tomatoes

a box boxes

3.3. Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants:

singular plural singular plural

a lorry lorries a lady ladies

a story stories

3.4. Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”:

singular plural singular plural

a wife wives a leaf leaves

a knife knives a loaf loaves

3.5. Irregular changes:

singular plural singular plural

a man men a woman women

a child children an ox oxen

a tooth teeth a goose geese

a louse lice a mouse mice

a medium media a phenomenium phenomenia

3.6. Collective noun: crew, family, group, team,…(either singular or plural form, either singular or 
plural verb)

3.7. Always plural form-nouns:

clothes police breeches pants pyjamas

trousers scissors pliers (kìm) binoculars glasses

scales shears (kéo cắt cỏ) arms damages earnings

goods greens (vegetable) outskirts savings pains (trouble, effort)

spirits surroundings stairs valuables athletics

ethics mathematics physics politics

3.8. Unchange the names of creatures: deer, sheep,carf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid, trout, 
turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs)

3.9. Plural form but singular verb-noun: news, mumps (bệnh sưng quai hàm), billiards, bowls
4. Uncount-nouns:

4.1. Substances:

bread beer Cloth coffee cream

dust gin Glass gold ice

jam oil paper tea sand

soap stone water wine wood

4.2. Abstract nouns:

advice beauty courage death experience

fear help Hope horror information

knowledge mercy Pity relief suspicion

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baggage camping damage furniture luggage

parking shopping Work weather

4.4. Notes: Particular sense of uncount nouns:

4.4.1. a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family)
4.4.2. a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study)

4.4.3. a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of history)
4.4.4. a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …(He had a great love for funny stories)
4.4.5. a mercy / pity / shame / wonder + that…(It’s a pity that I couldn’t come)

4.4.6. a fear/ fears; a hope/ hopes; a suspicion/ suspicions: We have a suspicion / suspicions that 
no one will agree to help.

5. Compound nouns:

5.1. Noun-noun: Hanoi-capital; halldoor; hitch-hiker; kitchen-table; traffic light; winter clothes; 
petrol tank;…

5.2. Noun-gerund: fruit-picking; weight-lifting; lorry-driving; bird-watching; coal-mining; surf-riding;

…

5.3. Gerund-noun: waiting-list; landing card; driving board; dining room; driving licence; swimming 
pool;…

5.4. Free combination:

- shop window; church bell; picture frame; garden gate; college library; gear level;…
- city street; corner shop; coutry lane; …

- summer holiday; spring flowers; Sunday paper; dawn chorus; November fog; …
- steel door; stone wall; silk shirt;…

- coffee cup; golf club; chess board; football ground;…
- fish-farm; gold-mine; oil-rig; …

- football match; beauty contest; pop music;…
6. Suffixes:

6.1. er/ or/ ist/ ant/ ee/…: teacher, visitor, terrorist, vegetarian, applicant, employee,…

6.2. ent/ ce/ ion/ ism/ ance/ age/…: government, difference, action, capitalism, assistance, marriage,…
6.3. hood/ dom/ ship/ ness/ iety/…: neighbourhood, freedom, friendship, sadness, variety,..

6.4. ility/ ing/ al/ our/ y/…: possibility, fishing, refusal, arrival, behaviour, difficulty,…
II. Adjectives (adj):

1. Kinds (Classification):
Main kinds:

a. Demonstrative: this, that, those, these.
b. Distributive: each, every, either, neither.

c. Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers. 
d. Interrogative: which, what, whose.

e. Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their
f. Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,…
Participles:

a. present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,…(for objects)
b. past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,…(for human-beings)
c. Notes: Present participles are different from gerund

e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing.

2. Functions (Position):

2.1. Noun-subordinator: a new book, a kind lady, a large room,…

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But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb:
Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm)

- He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd)
 - He turned pale (= He became pale)

- He turned angrily to the man behind (=He was angry with the man behind)
 - The soup tasted horrible (= The soup was not delicious itself)

- They tasted the soup suspiciously (= They thought there was something wrong with the soup)
3. Comparison forms:

3.1. Positive degree: as + adjs + as
 Eg: - She is as tall as my wife.

- Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).
 3.2. Comparative degree:

3.2.1. Monosyllable-adjectives: adjs-ER + than
 Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na

- She was better at English than we were (us)
 3.2.2. Multisyllable-adjectives: more + adjs + than
 Eg: - She was more hard-working than us.

- We are more intelligent than him. 
3.3. Superlative degree:

3.3.1. Monosyllable-adjectives: the adjs-EST
 Eg: - Nam is the best in our class.

- She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met.
 3.3.2. Multisyllable-adjectives: the most + adjs
 Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group.
 - She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known.
Notes: For adjs ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:

Adjective Comparative Superlative

clever Cleverer the cleverest

pretty Prettier the prettiest

happy Happier the happiest

silly Sillier the silliest

good Better the best

bad Worse the worst

far farther/ further the farthest/ furthest

little Less the least

many / much More the most

old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest

3.4. Parallel: - “The…..the”:The older she gets, the wiser she become.
 - And: It’s getting darker and darker.

She has now more and more free time.

- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike.

It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go alone
3.5. Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill.

Tom and Bill are alike.
3.6. Like/ as: He swims like a fish.
 You look like a ghost.
 Do as I told you.

3.7. Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave).
 He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).

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4. Clauses:

That – clause: It is disappointed that he failed the exam.

It’s better that someone should tell him.
find/ think/ believe + that it + adjs + to + V:

I found that it is impossible to start now.
She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay.
It be + adjs + (of O) + infinitives:

a. Character: brave, careless, corwardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice 
(=kind), mean, rude, selfish, wicked, wrong,…

b. Sense: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid,…
Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives:

Using the above adjectives and: astonishing, curious, ridiculou s(lố bịch), unreasonable,
funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless,…

- That’s the amazing idea to show.
 - It was an unreasonable result to accept.

It’s + adjs + infinitives: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, 
necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),…

It be + adjs + (for O) + infinitves: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe, 
unsafe,…

S + be + adjs + infinitives :

- Angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad,…( S + be + glad/ 
happy/ sorry/ sad + to say/ tell/ inform; Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…)

- Able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready, willing,
unwilling.

Special cases:

- Due: (time) >The race is due to start in 5 minutes.

- Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.

- Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an accident.
- Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action.

- Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price will be higher.
- Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the haunted house.
- Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave.

- Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone.

- Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes.
- Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I’m sorry to tell you that bad news.
- Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark alone.
- Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone.
- Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn’t come.

- Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky that we weren’t late.
- S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an interesting book.

- Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It’s possible that man will live longer.
- Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our nature.

- Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was concious that she would be late.
5. Suffixes:

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Nationality:

a. an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mxican, African,…
b. ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portugese, Sudanese, Lebanese,…
c. i: Pakistani, Iraqui, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,…

d. ian: Argentinian, Australian,Brazillian, Italian,…
e. ish: English, Polish, Turkish, danish, Finnish,…
f. others: Czech, French, dutch, Swiss, Greek, Thai,…
C. Verbs (v):

1. Definition: To denote action, state, and be the most important part of sentences.
2. Classification:

Auxiliary verbs:

Primary auxiliary verbs: be/ have/ do (These verbs can either be auxiliaries or lexical verbs)

Modal verbs: can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ have to + base form/ will/ would/ shall/ should/ be going to +
base form/ used to + base form/ ought to + base form/…(These are sometimes functional verbs)

Lexical verbs:

Intensive verbs: verbs that show the state (She feels tired/ He is selfish)

Extensive verbs: verbs that show the affection (He gets angry/ They arehelpful)

Intransitive verbs: verbs that can function as verb phrases and make sentences meaningful without any
complementation.

e.g. She cried (noisily).

It rains/ is raining (hard/ heavily/ cat and dog)
Transitive verbs: verbs that need complementation.

a. Monotransitive verbs: verbs that followed by one object (S+V+O).
e.g. She bought flowers.

Ann met her fiancé yesterday.

b. Ditransitive verbs: verbs that followed by both direct and indirect objects. (S+V+O+O)
e.g. She bought me some sweets. (= She bought some sweets for me)

They gave me a big cake. (=They gave a big cake to me)
c. Complex transitive verbs: follow the form “S + V + O + Co”

e.g. He made me angry.

The female film star drove him mad.
3. Affixations:

en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to )

e.g. danger…….to endanger wide……....to widen
 courage……to encourage lenghth……to lenghthen
rich………..to enrich broad ……..to broaden
ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify)

e.g. modern……to modernize industrial….to industrialize
 maximum….to maximize capital……..to capitalise
natural……..to naturalize minimum….to minimize
4. Sentence models:

4.1. S + Vintrans: e.g. They laugh/ The wind is blowing.

4.2. S + Vmonotrans + O: e.g. He did his homework/ Harlay carried an umbrella.
4.3. S + Vin/ extensive + Cs: e.g. He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted.
4.4. S + Vintrans + A: e.g. He went abroad/ She arrives late.

4.5. S + Vditrans + O + O: e.g. She buys me presents/ That brings my father success. 
4.6. S + Vcomplex trans + O + C: e.g. The story made me bored/ You drive me mad.

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D. Adverbs (adv):

1. Kinds (Classification):

Adv of manner: bravely/ fastly/ happily/ quickly/ well/ hard/…

( She sings marvellously/ He worked very hard)
Adv of place: by/ down/ near/ here/ there/ up/…

(She comes there twice a week/ Here comes the police)
Adv of time: now/ soon/ still/ then/ today/ yet/…

(We are going to Hanoi today/ He will return soon)
Adv of frequency: always/ often/ sometimes/ never/ once/ twice/…

(We never eat dog-meat/ She once became the leader)
Adv of sentence: certainly/ definitely/ luckily/ surely/…

( He was certainly the liar/ luckily, she passed the exam)
Adv of degree: fairly/ hardly/ rather/ quite/ too/ very/…

(He was quite handsome/ Hardly did we see anything)
Adv of interrogative: when/ where/ why/…

(When did you go?/ Where is she now?)
Adv of relative: when/ where/ why

(He came when we were watching T.V)

2. Same form with adjectives:

back deep* direct* early enough

far fast Hard* high* ill

just* kindly late* left little

long low Much* more* near*

pretty right* Short* till straight

well wrong* Most*

Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings.
3. Positions (Functions):

Adv of manner:

Follow verbs: e.g: He danced gracefully.
Before prepositions or follow objects in “V + pre + O”:e.g: He looked at me carefully.

He looked carefully at me.
Follow S: e.g:He suspiciously tasted the soup.

At the beginning or at the end of sentences: e.g: Carefully he checks the suitcase.

He checks the suitcase carefully.
Adv of time:

At the beginning or end of sentences: afterwards/ eventually/ lately/ now/ recently/ soon/ then/ today/
tomorrow/ at once/ since then/ till/…

e.g: He will returns soon. Today we will learn lesson two.

Always at the end: before*/ early/ immediately*/ late (Adv* as conjunctions at the beginning)
e.g: He went to the church immediately. Immediately, he went to the church.
Follow verbs or “V + O”: yet/ still e.g: He still lives in the suburbof the city.
Split: just e.g: He has just left the house.

Adv of place:

3.3.1. At the beginning or end: away/ everywhere/ nowhere/ somewhere/ here/ there/…
e.g: Nowhere could we find him. English is spoken everywhere.

3.3.2. Administration: here/ there

e.g: He lives here/ She hasn’t gone there.
Adv of frequency:

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e.g: She usually walks to school.

4.2. Restricted (inversion): hardly ever/ never/ rarely/ scarely ever/ seldom
e.g: Never will she eat this kind of food.

Inversion cases:

Hardly…ever Hardly…when In no circumstances Neither…nor

Never No sooner…than Not only Not till

Nowhere On no account Only by Only in this way

Only then/ when Scarely ever Scarely…when Seldom/ so

E. Affixations:

UN- IN- IL- IM-

IR-Negative
almost

Negative
a, c, d, e

Badly, wrongly,
unwell, evil

l

Negative
b, m, p

Negative
r

Unambitious Informal Iladvised Immodest Irrigable

Unbutton Influential Illegal Immigrant Irretrievable

Unemployed Indecisive Illegality Imbalanced Irreligeous

Unemployer Indefinite Illegally Imbalance Irremovable

Unemployment Indefinitely Illegible Immeculate Irreparable

Unfortunate Indirect Illegibly Immeculateness Irreplaceable

Unfortunately Indirectly Illegitimacy Immeculately Irrepressible

Unhappily Infamous Illegitimate Immorality Irrespective

Unhappiness Inexcusably Illegitimately Immorally Irresistable

Unhappy Inexcusable Illiberal Immoral Irreproachable

Unkeep Inextinguishable Illiberality Immortal Irresolute

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Unpack Inevitable Illicite Immortally Irrigate

Untidy Inexact Illiteral Immovable Irredentist

Unwilling Inexhaustible Illiterally Immovablity Irradiate

Unwise Inessential Illiterate Immovably Irradiation

Unfasten Inattentively Illogical Impersonally Irrecoverable

Uncover Inaccurate Illogically Impractical Irregular

Untie Incapable Impolite Irredeem

Undress Inactive Impractically Irresponsible

Unpack Inaccuracy Improbable Irresponsibly

Undo Inactivity SYM- Improbably Irresponsibility

Unclean Inconvenient As syn Impoliteness Irreducible

Unborn Incapably b, m, p Impolitely Irredeemable

Uncomfortable Inconvenience Symbol Impossible Irreputable

Unconcious Incorrect Symbolism Impossibly Irrelivant

Uncountable Incredible Symbolise Impossibility Irrelivance

Uneconomic Incredibly Symbolist Impure Irrelivancy

Unaware Inflammable Symmetry Immemorial Irrecoverably

Unlock Inadequate Sympathetic Improbablity Irrational

Unzip Inaminate Sympathy Impatiently Irrationality

Unwrap Inadequacy Sympathise Impatient Irrationally

Unfreeze Inamination Symphony Impatience Irreconcilable

Unhook Inattentive Symtom Impersonal Irrecover

DIS- MIS- UP- SYN-

PRE-Negative

Wrongly,

unfavourably Added, high Same Before

Disbelief Misadventure Upkeep Synonym Pre-arrange

Disconnect Misalliance Uplift Synchronise Pre-jude

Discover Misalliance Upstart Synchronic Pre-pay

Discordant Misanthrope Upsweep Synchronism Predict

Disconsolate Misapplication Upwardly Syncretise Precede

Disconnection Misapply Uppity Syndrom Pre-caution

Discord Misapprehend Upthrust synchronous Pre-mature

Discourage Misappropreate Upswept Pre-marital

Discourse Misbegotten Upstanding Premise

Disgracefully Miscarriage Uptake Precipitate

Discriminate Miscarry Upstate Pre-christian

Disgraceful Mischief Upsurge Precept

Discrimination Miscount Upshot Preposses

Disinterested Mishandle Upside down

DOWN-ower, reduce

Pre-record

Disinvest Misrepresent Uppish Pre-school

Disjoints Misspend Uprush Pre-heat

Dishonest Mistake Upset Down hearted Preface

Disloyalty Misunderstand Upmarket Downbeat Prescribe

Disobedient Misunderstood Up-to-date Downcast Pre-set

Disobedience Mishappen Update Downfall Precast

Disorder Misquote Updated Downgrade Preplan

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Dislike Misbehaviour Upcurved Downland Preside

Distaste Misjude Upcountry Down-market Pre-echo

Distasteful Misjudement Uphill Down-payment Preshunk

Disapprove Mischance Upland Downpipe Prefix

Disbelieve Mistrust Upholster Downpour

Disloyal Mistimed Upbeat Downright

SINGLE-One

Disapproval Misfortune Upstroke Downstage

Disagree Miscalculate Upbringing Downstairs

Discomfort Misspelt Upgrade Downstream Single-handed

Displeasure Mislead Upheaval Down-to-earth Single-minded

Dishonestly Mistook Uptown Downtown Single-parent

Dishonesty Mistaken Upsetting Downtrodden Single-breasted

Disagreement Miscalculation Up-end Downturn Single-combat

Disrespect Misled Upheld Downunder Single-cream

Disappear Misconduct Upfield Downward(s) Single-decker

Disappearance Misspell Upfront Downwind Single-file

EM-origin, weaken

EN-b, p, c

POST-after, behind

RE-again, the 2nd

time

DE-down, deduct

Emaciate Enable Postdate Reacquaint De-activate

Emanate Enact Posterior React De-base

Emanation Enactment Postrity Readjust De-centralise

Emanticipate Enamour Postgraduate Readmit De-celerate

Emanticipation Encamp Postgraduation Readopt De-classify

Emancipatory Encampment Posthasted Reaffirm De-compose

Emasculate Encapsulate Posthumous Reafforest De-compress

Embalm Encapsulation Postdated Re-align De-cry

Embankment Encase Postmodern Re-appear De-form

Embargo Encasement Postmodernist Re-apply De-generate

Embark Encircle Postmotem Re-appoint Degrade

Embellish Enclave Postpay Re-appraise De-mean

Embattled Enclose Postpaid Re-arrange De-nature

Embed Enrich Postwar Re-arrest Depress

Embitter Endanger Re-assemble De-preciate

Embitterment Enlarge Re-assert De-rail

Emblazon Encourage Re-assign Deserve

Embody Endear Re-assure De-capitate

Embodiment Ensure Re-awaken De-hydrate

Embolden Entrust Re-bound De-value

Emboss ONE- Re-bid De-ice

Emend Re-birth De-populate

Emplace Single, alone Re-boot De-moralise

Empower Onelegged

One-off
One-man

Re-broadcast De-post
Re-build

CO- HOMO- Re-but

UNI-One, unique

together with Oneself

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Co-education Homogenerous Onesidedness Uniform

Co-equal Homogenereity One-up Unisex

Co-eval Homogenerise Onetrack mind Unicmeral

Co-exist Homograph Oneway Unicycle

Co-operate Homologous Oneside Uniliteral

Co-operation Homosex One-liner Uniliterally

Co-ordinate Homophone One-time Uniteralism

Co-ordination Homonym One-eyed Uniteralist

Co-star Homophobe Unison

Co-author Homophobic Univalent

Co-writer Homophobia Univalve

MONO-Single, one, alone

OVER-excessive

OUT-Away, external

UNDER-Below, beneath

FORE-Former,

before

Monochromatic Overabundant Outage Underachieve Forearm

Monochrome Overact Outbank Underact Forebear

Monochromatical Overactive Outbalance Underage Forebode

Monochromatically Overall Outbid Underarm Forecast

Monocle Overambition Outbreak Underbid Foreclose

Monocled Overanxious Outclass Undercharge Forefather

Monocotyledon Overarm Outcome Undercook Forefoot

Monocular Overeat Outcry Undercover Forefront

Monogram Overbalance Outdated Undercut Forego

Mongraph Overbear Outdistance Underdesigned Foretell

Monolingual Overbid Outgoing Underdeveloped Forehead

Monolith Overbook Outgrow Underdone Foreknow

Monologue Overcome Outlast Underemployed Foreland

Monomania Overcharge Outlive Underestimate Foreleg

Monophonic Overcompensate Outlook Underfeel Forename

Monoplane Overconfident Outmatch Underfunded Forenoon

Monopolist Overcook Outpace Undergo Foreordain

Monopolistic Overcrowded Output Undergraduate Forerunner

Monopolize Overdevelop Outrank Underground Foreground

Monopoly Overdo Outright Undermanned Foresee

Monorail Overemphasize Outrun Underserved Forestall

Monosyllable Overestimate Outsell Undertake Foreseen

Monosyllablic Overexcite Outshine Undertaken Foreknew

Monotone Overfeed Outspoken Undertook Foreward

Monotonous Overhear Outstanding Underused Forethought

Monovalent Overlarge Outstay Undervalue Forewarn

Overlook Outweigh Underweight Foretold

Underwent Foreknown

Underworld Forethink

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PART FOUR

THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES
I. THE TENSES:
A. The simple present tense:
1. The form: {+} S + V

{-} S + don’t/ doesn’t + V
 {?} Do/ Does + S + V?

2. The usage: - To denote actions that happened repeatedly. (She never comes late)
- To denote long lasting events.(We live in Concord st)

- To denote a true fact. (The earth moves around the Sun)
3. The recognition: - now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/…

- always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/ occasionally/…
- the proof of constant truth.

4. Notes: - To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… (The train leaves at 9.00)
- The devision of “be”, “have”, “can, may, must”,…

B. The present progressive tense:
1. The form: {+} S + am/ are/ is + V-ING
 {-} S + am/ are/ is + not + V-ING
 {?} Am/ Are/ Is + S + V-ING?

2. The usage: - To denote happening actions at the time of speaking.(She is teaching Maths) 
 - To denote the intention/ prediction/ plan/…(She is coming soon)

3. The recognition: - now/ right now/ at present/ at this time/ at this moment/…
 - follow a command, request,…

4. Notes: - The ING-forms ( getting, running, having, writing, dying, lying,…)

- The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as: be/ see/ hear/ understand/ know/ like/
want/ glance/ feel/ think/ smell/ love/ hate/ realize/ seem/ remember/ forget/…( use the
simple present instead )

C. The present perfect tense:

1. The form: {+} S + have/ has + past participles
 {-} S + haven’t/ hasn’t + past participles
 {?} Have/ Has + S + past participles

2. The usage: - To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still 
happening at present. (We have lived here since 1990)

- To denote actions that happened right before the time of speaking, using “just”. (She
has just come from New York)

- To denote unfulfilled actions with “yet”. (He hasn’t come yet)

- To denote past actions having no certain time expression, using “already”. (We have
already seen that film)

3. The recognition: - just = recently = lately.
- ever/ never (comments)

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+ irregular verbs “learn by heart”

- The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense.

- The present perfect progressive is used to denote past actions “happening”, or “will happen”.
The tense is often related to the verbs: live/ learn/ wait/ work/ study/… . The form is “S +
have/ has + been + V-ING”

D. The simple past tense:

1. The form: {+} S + pV (pV = the past form of verbs)

{-} S + didn’t + V

{?} Did + S + V?

2. The usage: - To denote a finished past action. (We went to the park together)

- To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past. (She did all the work
yesterday./ We used to sit next to each other.)

3. The recognition: - last week/ month/ year/…

- yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/…
4. Notes: - The past form of the verbs: + regular “V-ED”

+ irregular (2nd column in the irregular verbs list)
- “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/.

E. The past progressive tense:
1. The form: {+} S + was/ were + V-ING.
 {-} S + was/ were + not + V-ING.
 {?} Was/ Were + S + V-ING?

2. The usage: - To denote past happening actions. (She was watching T.V at 8.00 last night)
 - To denote past interrupting actions. (She was watching T.V when I came)
3. The recognition: - at 8.00 last night/ at that time/ at that moment/…

- time clause with “when”, “while = as”.

4. Notes: - actions that alternatively happened, use the simple past only. (When I heard a knock at the 
door, I came to open it. When I opened the door, I saw my mum.)

- this is a timed action.

F. The past perfect tense:

1. The form: {+} S + had + past participles
 {-} S + had not (hadn’t) + PP
 {?} Had + S + PP?

2. The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain point of time
or another past event (the past of the past tense).

e.g: She had sold all the baskets before 9.00 yesterday.

She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday.
3. The recognition: - when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/…
 - The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING”

G. The simple future tense:
1. The form: {+} S + will/ shall + V

{-} S + woll/ shall + V
 {?} Will/ Shall + S + V?

- “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses.
- The negative forms “will not = won’t”, “shall not = shan’t”.
2. The usage: - To denote future actions. (They will build more hospitals)

- To denote future plan/ idea/ timetable/…(The car will start intime)
3. The recognition: - someday, tomorrow,…

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- “ shall” is used as a suggestion/ invitation/….
H. Various forms of the future tenses:
1. The future progressive tense:

1.1. The form: {+} S + will be + V-ING
 {-} S + won’t be + V-ING
 {?} Will + S + be + V-ING?

1.2. The usage: - To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at”.
 e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight.

We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning.
- To show the future happening actions with “when”.

e.g: She will be sitting at the gate when we come tomorrow.
2. The future perfect tense :

2.1. The form: {+} S + will have + psat participles
 {-} S + won’t have + past participles
 {?} Will + S + have + P.P?

2.2. The usage: - To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then”.
 e.g: She will have finished the course by the next Friday/ by then.
 - To show a future schedule-finished action.

e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn.
3. Other forms :

The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan…

e.g: A: When does he leave?
 B: He leaves tonight. 
The present progressive: To denote an intention.

e.g: A: When are you leaving?
 B: I am leaving this afternoon.

The “be + going to inf” form: To denote an intention or a near future action, an arrangement.
e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday.

They are going to get married.

II. THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES:

Main clause Subordinate clause

Simple present tense.

- simple present tense.
- present perfect tense.
- present progressive tense.
- simple future tense.
- “be going to V” form.

- simple past tense (certain point of past time).

Simple past tense

- simple past tense.
- past progressive tense.

- past perfect tense.
- “would + V” form.

- “be going to + V” past form.

- simple present tense (showing the truth).

Present perfect tense Simple present tense.

Past perfect tense Simple past tense.

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Main clause Adverbial clauses (of time)

Present tenses Present tenses When/ whenever/ as/ while/ before/ after/
as soon as/…

Past tenses Past tenses When/ while/ as/ till/ until/ just as/ since/

….

Future tenses Present tenses No sooner than/ hardly…when/ as long as/

….

PART FIVE

SPEECH AND SENTENCES

I- EMPHASIS:

1. Kinds (Classification):

Pronunciation: using stresses and intonation. 
e.g. Are you free?

Really?

Written forms (transformation): e.g. She could hardly understand.

~Hardly could she understand.
2. Styles:

Verbs: do/ does/ did + bare infinitives

e.g. He visited us yesterday. ~ He did visit us yesterday.
 Hoa loves romantic films. ~ Hoa does love romantic films.
Adjectives: It is/was + adjs + to infinitives.

e.g. + Knowing your limitation is important. ~ It’s important to know…
 + He found that learning English was difficult. ~ He found that it was …
Reflexive pronouns: myself/ yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself/ ourselves/ …

e.g. She did it. ~ She herself did it.
 He thought that. ~ He himself thought that.
Emphasis case: It is/ was …that …(cleft sentences)

e.g. I hated him. ~ It was him who I hated.

I need a replacement not others. ~ It is a replacement, not others that I need.
Inversion case: here/ restricted adverbs

e.g. He could never find out the truth. ~ Never could he find out the truth.
 We seldom eat snails. ~ Seldom do we eat snails.

II- QUANTITIERS:

1. Single verbs agreements:

each/ every/ either/ neither + N(s)/ of N(s) + singular V.
e.g. Each person has his own thought.

Neither of my children gets up late.
each/ every + N(s)

each/ every + N + singular V

e.g. Each day and each night passes without me missing her.
 Each of the boys has his own books of photos.

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e.g. Someone was sitting outside.
 Noone knows him.

plural forms but singular verbs: news/ physics/ economics/ politics/ linguistics/ genetics/ athletes/ mumps/ 
the United States/ the Phillipines/ wales/…

e.g. The United States was shock by the bombing on September 11th.

The Phillipines is a developing.

uncountable nouns: furniture/ water/ traffic/ progress/ homework/ knowledge/…

e.g. Water is composed by Oxygen and Hydrogen.

At this time of day, traffic is very heavy.
distance/ time/ money:

e.g. Five miles is a relatively far distance.
 Fifty billion dongs is a big sum of money.
titles of books/ articles/ stories:

e.g. “Tom and Jerry” is welknown all over the world.
 “The seven dragon pearls” is a picture book.
subjective clauses:

e.g. All that he needed was a full apology.
 What I really like is an ice cream.
2. Plural verbs agreements:

combination “and”:

e.g. Tom and his friends were walking to school.
“the + adj(s)” form:

e.g. The English are cool. The rich are not always happy.
collective nouns:

e.g. Cattle are driven to the field.
some/ a few/ a lot of/ both/…

e.g. Some boys are resigned.
3. Various agreements:

3.1. Either or

Neither + N1 nor + N2 + V
 Not only but also

e.g. Either Tom or his friends are coming.

Neither the Prime Minister nor his ministers have been injured. 
3.2. The number of + N(s) + singular V

A number of + N(s) + plural V
 e.g. The number of attendants is poor.
 A number of visitors are killed.

3.3. Pronoun1/ N1 + pre + pronoun2/ N2 + singular V.
 e.g. A pair of shoes is cheaper than a table.

Two pairs of shoes is much more expensive than a table.
3.4. All/ some/ plenty / a lot singular N(s) + singular V
 Half/ most/ the rest/ lots + of + plural N(s) + plural V
 e.g. A lot of money is lost.

All of them have been arrested.

III- GERUNDS:

1. Formation: V-ING
2. Functions:

Subject (S): Fishing is hishobby.

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What we really want is escaping from this terrible place.
Compound nouns:

2.3.1. Gerund-noun: fishing-rod cooking-apple driving licence
 wrapping paper writing paper cooking oil
2.3.2. Non-gerund: fruit-picking sky-diving bush walking
 time counting

Object (O):

Direct objects: Follow these certain verbs

admit avoid appreciate begin consider

continue delay Deny enjoy escape

finish keep mention mind postpone

prefer miss practice quit recall

report resent Resist recollect resume

rish suggest…

Verb preposition:

Approve of Appologize for Believe in Count on Care for

Complain of Cofess to Consist of Depend on Dream of

End in Give up Get to Forget about Go back to

Hesitate about Insist on Keep on Lead to Long for

Mean by Persist in Plan on Put off Rely on

Return to Result in Safe from Succeed in Think about

Think of Take to Threaten with Worry about Object to

Look forward to….

Adjective preposition:

Absorbed in Accustomed to Afraid of Amused at Angry with

Annoy at Ashamed of Aware of (in)capable of Careful about

Careful in Careless of Certain about Clever at (un)concious of
Content with Delighted at Different from Ambarrassed at Excited about

Far from Fond of Fortunate in Frightened of Furious at

Given to Good at Grateful for Happy in (at) Intent on

Interested in Keen on Nice about Proud of Pleased at

Responsible for Right in Scared at (of) Set on Sick of

Skilled in (at) Slow in Sorry for Successful in (at) Sure of

Surprised at Thankful for Tired of (from) Upset at Worried about
Wrong in…

Idiom phrases: (phrases of words that have literal meanings)
- can’t bear; can’t face; can’t stand; can’t help; feel like….
- It’s no use.../ It’s (not) worth…/…

Adjectives:

amusing comfortable difficult easy Great

hopeless lovely Nice off Pleasant

strange useless wonderful…

Noun preposition:

Choice of Excuse for Possibility of Intention of Reason for
Method for…

Complement of objects: Follow these below verbs

call catch Feel discover Find

hear get imagine keep Leave

notice send Set stop watch…

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- Find/ found + it + V-ING: He found the film annoying.

- When/ on /while / as + V-ING: When opening the case, he found his lost notebook.
 While checking the case, we found banned drugs.

IV- INFINITIVES:
1. Classification:

Full infinitive: With “to’

e.g. He go to Paris to learn French.
Bare infinitive: Without “to’

e.g. My parent didn’t let me do what I really liked. 
Perfect infinitive: Form “have past participles”

e.g. He was believed to have escaped from the prison.
2. Position:

Follow the verbs below:

Agree Arrange Ask Attempt Begin

Care Cease Choose Claim Come

Continue Decide Deserve Demand Determine

Desire Expect Fail Fear Forget

Hate Help Hesitate Hope Intend

Learn Like Long Love Manage

Mean Need Neglect Offer Omit

Plan Prefer Pretend Prepare Promise

Propose Refuse Start Swear Seem

Strive Tend Threaten Try Want Wish…

Follow the idiomatic phrases: make up one’s mind/ take care/ take the trouble/ make sure/… e.g. They 
couldn’t make up their mind to go or not.

Follow the adjectives below:

(un)able afraid amused annoyed anxious

ashamed astonished boring careful certain

content crazy curious dangerous delighted

determined difficult distressed due eager

easy hard fortunate free frightened

furious good glad grateful happy

hopeless horrified impatient interested keen

lucky moved pleased (im)possible proud

safe scared slow sorry sufficient

sure surprised useless usual thankful

(un)willing (un)wise wonderful worthy wrong…

Follow WH-words: what/ who/ whom/ which/ when/ where/ how.
e.g. She didn’t know what to do next.

We didn’t decided where to go.

Follow nouns pronouns of the verbs below:

Advise Allow Ask Assume Beg

Believe Cause Challenge Command Compel

Consider Enable Encourage Expect Find

Forbid Force Get Guess Hate

Imagine Instruct Intend Invite Know

Lead Like Love Mean Observe

Order Permit Persuade Prefer Suspect

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Understand Urge Warn Want Wish….
To be demonstration, purposes, results: enough / save money/…

e.g. The house, to be demolished, is very old.
 She has nothing to eat.

We haven’t got enough to have one each.
 They saved money to go abroad.

To form absolute phrases: To tell the truth; To cut a long short story;…
e.g. To tell the truth, she was a real liar.

To form exclamation: e.g. To think she met with such a death!
 Oh! To be young again!

V- SPECIAL CASES:

1. Either infinitives or gerunds :
stop:

a. stop + to infinitives (= stop this work to start the other work)
e.g. He stops to smoke. (He stops his work and starts smoking)
b. stop + gerunds (= to give up a habit )

e.g. He stops smoking (He no longer smokes)
try:

a. try + to infinitives (= manage successfully to do)

e.g. He tried to lift the case. (He managed to lift the case and succeeded)

b. try + gerunds (= to experience)

e.g. He tried lifting the case. (He wanted to know whether he could lift it)
remember:

a. remember + to infinitives (= to make oneself aware of a task)
e.g. He remembered to lock the door. (He had to lock the door)
b. remember + gerunds (= to assure oneself a fulfilled task)

e.g. He remembered locking the door. (He was sure that he had locked the door)
forget:

a. forget + to infinitives (= to miss a task)

e.g. Sam forgot to buy food. (Sam didn’t buy food)
b. forget + gerunds (= the fulfilled task is forgotten)

e.g. Sam forgot buying food. (He bought food but he didn’t remember)
regret:

a. regret + to infinitives (not want to do this task)

e.g. Kim regretted to say the truth. (He didn’t want to say the truth but he had to)
b. regret + gerunds ( the task is done unexpectedly)

e.g. Kim regretted saying the truth.(He said and he regretted what he’d done)
2. Would :

a. conditional sentences:

e.g. If I were you, I would agree to come.

He would have passed if he had known the rules well.
b. past habits:

e.g. I would sing romantic songs when I was young.
 She would cry when she was too sad.

3. Used to : past habit not happen at present
 e.g. She used to walk to school.
4. Be (get) used to :

a. get used to (= be acquainted with)

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b. be used to (be familiar with)

e.g. He was used to walking to office.
5. Would rather V1 than V2 :

would rather (not) + V:

e.g. She’d rather go to the meeting.

We would rather not mention that case.
would rather + O (not) + pV:

e.g. I’d rather him brought there some cakes.

She would rather her husband not joined the army.
6. Prefer gerunds/Ns to gerunds/Ns :

prefer + gerunds = like + gerunds/ infinitives:
e.g. She prefered walking to driving.
 She liked walking/ to walk.

would prefer + infinitives = would like + infinitives:
e.g. She’d prefer to walk.

She would like to walk.

7. Could/ may/ might : possibility/ maybe = perhaps
in conditional sentences:

e.g. If it rains, we may cancel the trip.

We might go to the park if it were Sunday today.
uncertain speculation:

e.g. It could/ may/ might rain tomorrow.
 It will possibly rain tomorrow.
perhaps/ maybe:

e.g. Perhaps he won’t come.
 Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
8. Should :

command; request; obligation:

e.g. You should study harder.

She should bring along an umbrella.
an expectation/ a wish:

e.g. My letter should arrive next week.
9. Speculations/ deduction :

could/ may/ might + have + P.P: Past possibility
e.g. It may have rained last night.
 He might have gone.

should have + P.P: Past unfulfilled actions

e.g. He should have done his homework.
 (It’s a pity that he didn’t do his homework)
must have + P.P: Logical thought about past events

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Tai lieu NP boi duongon tap thi Dai hoc

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