adjectives or adverbs

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ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS

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We use an adverb, not an adjective

• to say how something happened or was done:

• I've always greatly enjoyed his novels, (not
...great enjoyed...)

• The people who work in that shop always 
talk politely to customers, (not ...polite...)

• to modify adjectives, including participle adjectives:

• It was strangely quiet in the room. 
• They had a beautifully furnished house.

Some adverbs are formed from an adjective + -ly: happy
—* happily, etc. When an adjective already ends in -ly (e.g.
cowardly, friendly, kindly, lively, lonely) we don't add -ly 
to it to make an adverb. Instead we can use a prepositional
phrase with fashion, manner, or way:

• He smiled at me in a friendly way. • She waved 
her hands around in a lively fashion.

Most participle adjectives ending in -ed don't have an
adverb form and we can use a similar prepositional phrase:

• They rose to greet me in a subdued manner.

• She walked around the room in an agitated 
way. (or ...in agitation.)

However, some do have an adverb form with -ly, including
the following common ones:

allegedly, belatedly, contentedly, dejectedly, deservedly,
excitedly, hurriedly, markedly, pointedly, repeatedly,

reportedly, reputedly, supposedly, unexpectedly,
wholeheartedly, wickedly:

• The weather had turned unexpectedly stormy.

In other cases there is a difference in the meaning of the
adverb with and without -ly:

• She gave her time free. (= for no money) and 
She gave her time freely. (= willingly)

• I arrived late for the concert. and I haven't seen 
John lately. (= recently)

Here are some other pairs of adverbs that can
have different meanings. Compare:

• Do I have to change trains in Leeds?' 'No, you 
can go direct (= without stopping).'• I'll be with you

directly (= very soon).

• He saw Susan directly (= straight) ahead.
• She worked really hard and passed her exams. • 
The telephone line was so bad, I could hardly (= 
only just) hear what he was saying.

• He kicked the ball high over the goal. • Everyone
thinks highly of her teaching. (= they praise her for it)

• They cut short their holiday when John became 
ill. (= went home early) • The speaker will be arriving

shortly (= soon). Please take your seats.

• The door was wide (= completely) open so I just 
went straight in. • It won't be difficult to get the book. It's

widely available. (= in many places) Some adverbs have two forms, one ending -ly and
the other not. We can sometimes use either of
the two forms of the adverb without changing the
meaning, although the form ending in -ly is more
usual in a formal style:

• I'll be there as quick(ly) as I can. • Try 
to sing loud(ly) in the last verse.

Other words like this include cheap(ly), clean(ly),
clear(ly), fine(ly), slow(ly), thin(ly).

Remember that good is an adjective and well is an adverb:

• I asked Francis to clean the car, and he did a

good job. / ...and he did the job well.

However, well is also an adjective meaning 'healthy':

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Time for

practicing

Time for

practicing

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1 Peter Thomas was recently sentenced to

imprisonment for a bank robbery. Here are extracts 
from newspaper reports during and after the trial.

Rewrite them using one of these adverbs to replace 
the underlined parts. Make any other necessary 
changes.

allegedly – belatedly – deservedly - unexpectedly –
wholeheartedly – repeatedly – reputedly

-undoubtedly

1 Thomas was said to have committed the
robbery on the afternoon of the 21st June.

2 At first, Thomas s wife gave complete support
to his claim that he was innocent.

3 A police spokesman said, 'We are sure that
Peter Thomas knows something about this robbery.'

4 It is generally believed that Thomas hid the
money somewhere close to his home.

5 His wife realized only much later that Thomas
had been lying to her.

6 He denied being involved in the robbery over
and over again.

7 It came as a surprise when Thomas confessed
to the crime over a year later.

8 After the trial, Thomas´s wife said, “It was
right that Peter was given a severe sentence”.

Example: 1 Thomas allegedly committed the
robbery on the afternoon of the 21st June.

2 Rewrite the following sentences using 
adverbs.

1 I haven't cleaned the house
recently. I haven't cleaned, the house lately.

2 It wasn't easy to accept her
decision.

3 They won, but the result wasn't at
all surprising.

4 The leaflet is available at no
charge from the town hall.

5 He walked into the office without
knocking.

6 I am happy to admit that I was
wrong.

7 I became a nurse soon after I left
school.

8 Even though it was 2 am, I was
completely awake.

9 Her name is known to many
people.

10 The report strongly criticised the
Minister's conduct.

3 Find the mistakes and correct them. If there are no mistakes, put 
a Ѵ.

1 She speaks French fluent.

2 I think you behaved very cowardlily.

3 Everyone says that he's now enormous rich.

4 We'll never catch them up if you walk as slow as that.
5 She turned to him astonishedly. 'I don't believe you,' she
said.

6 Wearing a white shirt and new suit, he thought he looked
really well.

7 He plays the guitar remarkable good for his age.
8 Chop the herbs finely and sprinkle them on top of the
pasta.

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Position of adverbs

Most types of adverb can go in front position. In particular:

type of
adverb

function example

connecting 
adverbs e.g.
as a result,
similarly

...to make
immediately
clear
the logical
relation to the
previous
sentence

• The value of
the yen has
fallen. As a
result, Japan
faces a crisis.

time and

place 
adverbs e.g.
tomorrow,
in the
kitchen

...to show a
contrast with,
or expansion
on, a previous
reference to
time or place

• The last few
days have
been hot.
Tomorrow the
weather will
be much
cooler.
comment 
and
viewpoint
adverbs e.g.
resumably,
financially

...to highlight
the speaker's

attitude to
what they are
about to say

• She has just
heard that her
sister is ill.
Presumably, 
she will want
to go home.
There are three main positions for adverbs which

modify a verb:

***front position = before the subject

• Finally he could stand the noise no longer.
***mid position - between the subject and verb, or
immediately after be as a main verb

• He usually plays better than this. • She's

usually here by 10.00.

***end position = after the verb

• I've been waiting for hours.

The following types of adverb usually go in mid position: adverbs of indefinite frequency e.g. always, never, usually;

degree adverbs e.g. completely, quite, and focus adverbs e.g. just, even:

• He always sings when he's having a shower.

• I completely forgot her birthday, and I just don't know how to make it up to her.

Most adverbs of time or place don't go in this position:

• Jane had a baby in October, {not Jane in October had a baby.)

However, a few often do, including already, finally, now, recently, soon, still:
• I finally met Roy at the conference in Madrid.

and in journalism, other adverbs of time are often used in mid position:

• The government yesterday announced an increase in education spending.

In mid position, we put adverbs where we would put not, or after it if not is already there:

• Sue's never at home these days, {compare 'Sue isn't at home...') • I don't fully understand.
• It has seldom been seen here before, {compare 'It hasn't been seen...')

In end position, we usually put an adverb after an object or
complement if there is one:

• He studied the problem briefly, {not He studied 
briefly the problem.)

However, if an object or complement is very long, then we
often put an adverb between the verb and its object or

complement. This is particularly common in journalism:

• We considered briefly the long-term solution to the 
problem.

When there is more than one adverb in end
position, the usual order in written English is
adverb of manner (= saying how something is
done), place, and then time:

• In the accident she was thrown

violently against the door. (= manner + place)

However, if one adverb is much longer
than another then it is usually placed last:

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Time for

practicing

Time for

practicing

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1 If necessary, improve these sentences by putting an 
adverb in a more likely position. If no improvement is

needed, put a Ѵ.

1 We together walked to the end of the garden.
We walked together to the end of the garden.

2 So far in my new job I have mainly had to
deal with complaints.

3 I just have bought a new car.
4 He speaks fluently five languages.

5 Jenny has been appointed recently Professor
of Nursing.

6 I was totally unprepared for the news.
7 It was now time for me to make my speech.
8 He had been to London never before.

9 Susan became soon bored with the new toys.
10 John frequently was away from home in his
new job.

11 They are at home these days hardly ever.
12 I could never understand why he got so
annoyed.

13 We had been already given three leaving
presents.

14 Being alone brought her usually a sense of

peace.

15 Although he's 60, he still enjoys playing
football.

2 Underline the most likely adverb in 
this position in the sentences.

1 We often I in the park saw
them playing tennis.

2 We before long I soon began
to meet every week.

3 Ron had never I last year

visited the Taj Mahal.

4 I totally I at the meeting

disagreed with his suggestions.
5 The players yesterday I 
recently met for the first time.

6 We on Sundays I always play
tennis with Liz and Adam.

3 Complete the sentences. Put the words and phrases in brackets in the most likely order for 
written English.

1 I last saw my keys on Monday. (On Monday / my keys)

2 She sailed ………. (around the world / in ten months)

3 He was arrested ………(at the customs desk of Bangkok international
airport / last week)

4 He stayed ……….. (all day / at home)

5 You shouldn't take ………..(what she says / seriously)

6 He walked ………. (dangerously / along the top of the wall)
7 The recipe uses ……… (only / the finest Indian ingredients)
8 She sat ………(for a few minutes / silently)

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