Báo cáo khoa học: Về phạm trù chủ ngữ

NG6N NGC
2009

so 8

VE PHAM TRU CHU NGU'
HOANG VAN VAN
1. D a n l u a n
Chti ngti, mgt khai niem quan
trgng dugc sii dung thudng xuyen
ca trong ngii phap truyen tho'ng va
ngii phap hien dai, ca trong mo ta
cua tiing ngdn ngii ddn le va trong
viec xac dinh nhiing diem pho' niem
giiia cac ng6n ngii (xem Comrie [1]),
Tuy nhien, day ciing la mgt trong
nhiing pham tru gay nhieu hoang
mang nha't cho gidi nghien citu, dac
biet la hgc sinh va sinh vien ngdn
ngd hgc, Mgt trong nhiing If do gay
ra sti hoang mang nay cd le la, trong
qua trinh phat trien cua lich sii
nghien cdu ngdn ngii, khai niem
Chii ngfl dudng nhii dUdc hieu theo
nhiing net nghia khac nhau va da
bi trgn lin vdi nhieu khai niem khac
nhu "Chti tit" [2], [3]; "Chti de" [4],
[5]; "Chu the" [6]; "Tac the" [7]; v,v„
Bai viet nay dti dinh lam ro hdn
pham tril Chit ngti tren ba phUdng
dien: (1) lich sii ciia pham tru Chit

ngii; (2) cac tieu chi ngti nghia (dinh
nghia) va cac tieu chi ngQ phap (hinh
thiic) de nhan dien Chti ngii; va (3)
tinh pho niem ciia pham trii Chit
ngti trong cac ngon ngii, De cd the
xii K dugc nhiing van de dat ra, chiing
tdi dat ba ciiu hdi sau day: (1) "Khai
niem Chit ngii ditgc hinh thanh va
phat trien nhU the nao?", (2) "Chti

ngii diJdc dinh nghia va nhan dien
nhit the nao trong cau/ cii?", va (3)
"Chii ngii cd phai la mgt pham tru
pho niem cho mgi ngon ngii hay
khdng?"
2. Lich sii ciia p h a m t r u Chii
ngu
Theo HaUiday [8], [9], [10];
Chafe [4]; Hasan & Fries [11], khai
niem Chu ngU hinh nhU la do sti
dich nham tit khai niem ban dau
ctia cac hgc gia thdi cd Hy - La sang
cac ngon ngti An - Au trong dd cd
tie'ng Anh va cd le tii tie'ng Phap
nd lai bi dich nhlm sang tie'ng Viet
(xem them Cao Xuan Hao [12]), Theo
HaUiday [13], Robins [14], khai niem
Chu ngti cd nguon go'c tit hai each
tie'p can ngdn ngii khac nhau tii'
thdi cd dai: each tie'p can tii binh

dien tu tii va each tie'p can tit binh
dien 16 gich ma dai dien tUdng img
cua hai each tie'p can nay chinh la
cac nha quy bien (the sophists) va
Aristdt,
Cac nha quy bien quan tam
den tu tit, de'n ban chat cua lap luan,
va do dd hg quan tam de'n ca'u triic
ctia ngon ban. Nhiing gi chiing ta
cd duoc ve hg ngay nay cho chimg
ta biet rang hg da hoan toan quen
vdi cac pham trit ngii phap sd dting


Ngon ngii sd 8 nam 2QQ9
nhu gid'ng, so', each trong cac ngon
ngii An - Au, Chting ta khdng bie't
hg phan tich ciiu sau va chi tie't de'n
dau, nhUng theo nhiing tii lieu con
lai ngay nay thi dudng nhu mgt
trong nhitng thanh tiiu phan tich
ngdn ngii hgc cd gia tri nha't cita
cac nha quy bien la mgt ngon ban
dugc chia thanh hai phan 6i'0|.ia
va piifia. Day la each phan tich mot
dtin vi ngon ban ditdc xem xet nhif
la mgt cai gi dd cd the bi tranh cai,
dUdc khang djnh lai, bi phii dinh,
hoac bi ngd vtic, v,v,. Xd khong phai
lit each phan tich theo ca'u triic Id

gich bdi vi nd khdng ndi bat ki dieu
gi liCn quan de'n gia tri chan thilc,
Vay y nghia ciia hai thanh phan
ouoLitt va piTf,ia theo quan diem
ciia cac nha quy bien lit gi? Dudi
day lit each ma Plato, mgt triet gia
Hy Lap cd dai gidi thieu hai thuiit
ngti nay trong quan diem ctia cac
nha quy bien thong qua Idi ndi ctia
mgt ngitdi cd ten lit NgUUi la (Stranger)
(din theo HaUiday [13, 35]): "Cd
hai each dien dat ve sit vat ton tai
trong am thanh,., Dd la each dion
dat hanh dgng dUdc ggi la pr||.ta.
Tin hieu am thanh chi nhiing ngUdi
thUc hien hanh dgng dUdc ggi la
6i)0|aa. Va sau dd, "neu chiing ta
ket hdp p\\iiaxa vdi duojaaxa, thi
chiing ta khdng nhiing ggi ten ma
chiing ta cdn hanh dgng mgt cai gi
dd". Va cuoi cimg "Ngon ban (Aoyoc;)
phai noi ve mgt cai gi d6; no khong
the khdng ndi ve mgt cai gi d6", NgUdi
la dUa ra mgt thi du: "Tdi se trinh
bay mgt ngdn ban de cac ban ro,

trong dd mgt siJ vat va mdt hanh
dgng dUdc ke't hdp vdi nhau bang
hai thanh phan duoua va pi^i-ia;
cac ban hay cho toi biet ngdn ban

Theaetatus is sitting (Theaetatus
dang ngoi) n6i ve ai? Theaetatus
tra ldi, "Da thua, ngon ban nay ndi
ve tdi, Nd noi ve toi".
Cting tii nhiing tit lieu cdn lai
ciia hg, cd the tha'y cac nhit quy bien
da tien hanh ba bitdc cd ban de hinh
thanh nen quan diem cita hg ve
ngdn ngu, va tit ba bifdc nay, ngUdi
ta cd the hieu dvfdc hg tra ldi cau
hdi "Chti ngii lii gi?" nhif the' nao.
Trudc hot, hg xdc dinh cdc ldp ngii
phdp diia udo y nghla phgm trir.
dgng tit dien dat hanh dgng, danh
tit dien dat hanh the hay k-j gay
ra hanh dgng; hai thanh phan nay
kdt hdp lai vdi nhau hinh thanh
non mgt ddn vi ma hg ggi la ngdn
biin (Aoyos), O day dgng tit va danh
tit la ten ggi cua cac Id]) tit nhUng
chiing lai dUd: dinh nghia thong
qua cae chdc nang ciia chung trong
sit the hien ngon ngxt ciia cac hanh
dgng va su! kien mit ngon ngii hoc
chitc nang hien dai ggi la chdc nang
chuyen tdc. Trong md'i quan he giQa
dgng tQ vdi danh tQ thi dgng tQ difdc
xtic djnh trudc, danh lu dugc cho
la phcii sinh tQ dgng tQ, ThQ hai,
ngon bdn plidi ndi ve mgt cdi gi dd.

Thoc quan diem ciia cac nha quy
bien, danh tQ cung dong chQc nang
nhu la "cai ma ngon ban ndi ve",
Plato khong dat ten cho chQc nang
nay, nhUng theo nhu nhQng gi difdc
trinh bay d tren thi khai niem Chit


Ve pham tni...
nga ciia dng khong phai la khai
niem Chii ngQ theo net nghia ciia
Aristdt ma tQ d6 chung ta c6 each
phan tich cau theo chti - vi nhQ
thQdng tha'y. Day chfnh la khai
niem dUdc ggi la De" ngQ (Theme)
trong ng6n ngQ hgc hien dai theo
net nghia ciia cac nha ngdn ngQ
hgc thugc trQdng phai Praha va
trQdng phai Luan Ddn: Mgt ngon
bdn phdi cd mgt cdi de vd cdi de dy
Id xuat phdt diem cda mgt thong diep.
ThQ ba, mgt khi chting ta tao diing
mgt ngon ban, bang each ke't hop
cac tQ lai vdi nhau thanh cau true,
thi chung ta khdng ggi ten ma chung
ta hodn thdnh mgt nhiem vu nao
do: ngon bdn Id mot phUOng thiic
ciia hdnh ddng: bdt ki ai ndi mot
dieu gi do thi dong thdi ciing lam
mdt viec gi dd. Day c6 16 la xua't

phat diem quan trgng de hieu Chu
ngQ la gi - mgt khai niem ngQ phap
chii chdt ma dUdng nhu da bj thdi
gian che khuit't,

mgt ten ggi nao xuat hien mgt each
tii nhien" (xem them Robins [14, 42]),
Ve ban chat, ten ggi khdng n6i nen
dieu gi, TQ khai niem Adyog trUdc
do vdi y nghia la "ldi ndi co lien he
vdi nhau" hay "ngon ban", thi de'n
day ngUdi ta tha'y xuat hien khai
niem cau; va tUdng tu, khai niem
nay cung co y nghia theo quy Udc,
Theo Aristdt, cau dUdc hinh thanh
tQ cac thanh phin, moi thanh phan
c6 y nghia rieng cua nd, nhUng chi
khi chung ke't hop lai vdi nhau thi
chiing mdi hinh thanh nen mgt phan
doan hay mgt menh de de ngitdi ta
CO the khang dinh xem nd dung hay
sai, Trong quan diem ciia Aristo't,
cau dUdc xem la chQa dQng gia tri
chan thtic vit do dd menh de la moi
quan tam chi'nh ye'u ciia ong, Cac
kieu cau khac nhu ldi cau nguyen,
ong cong nhan la cd nghia nhUng
lai cho rang bdi vi chting thieu giit
trj chan thiic, cho nen chiing thugc
vito binh dien tu tQ hay thi ca,

Vdi Aristo't, quan niem ve Chti
ngQ CO nhQng khac biet dang ke.
Aristo't trQdc he't la mgt nha 16 gich
hgc, Trong cugc tranh luan ve tinh
vd doan ciia ngon ngQ thong qua
cau hdi: "Mdi quan he giQa ngdn
ngQ vdi the gidi kinh nghiem hign
thtic la tit nhien hay theo quy Udc?",
Protagoras (nha triet hgc thugc phai
quy bien) xem ngon ngQ nhu la ki
hieu (symbol) tQ nhien, Plat6 (hgc
trd ctia Socrates) cho phep ca hai
kha nang, cdn Aristdt (hgc trd cua
Plato) lai dQt khoat cho ring "ngon
ngQ la theo quy Qdc", bdi vi "khong

Nhu vay, trong quan diem cua
Aristo't, dvo\ia va pqua trd thanh
hai thanh p h i n ctia menh de; va
menh de' sau nay dUdc xac dinh lai
bao gom Chu ngii {Subject) va Vi
ngU {Predicate) nhu la hai cliQc nang
cliinh yeu cua mgt tieu tien de. NhUng,
nhu tren da ndi, Chu ngQ va Vi ngQ
la hai khai niem 16 gich; chting phai
dugc phan biet vdi cac thanh phan
ngon ngQ hgc tham gia vao cac md'i
quan he 16 gich nay, Ke't qua la,
cac thanh phan ngon ngQ hgc chi

dugc giai thich thuan tuy theo cac
ldp tQ - nhu la mgt danh mue cac


Ngon ngiit so' 8 nam 2009
ddn vi ngon ngQ, Ndi each khac, bdi
vi cac chQc nang ngon nga hgc dQdc
dd'i xii tQ gdc do 16 gich, cho nen
viec phan tich ngdn ngQ (nghia la,
ngQ phap) trd thanh phan tich hinh
thUc, mgt cai gi d6 dugc xac dinh
theo ldp (hinh thQc) chQ kh6ng theo
chQc nang (y nghia). Dieu nay giai
thich tai sao hinh anh ngon ngQ
trdng nhan quan ciia Aristdt la mgt
tap hdp cac quy tac ca'u true cua cac
thanh td chQ khong phai la mgt
nguon tao nghia nhu quan diem
cua cac nha quy bien ma sau nay
dUdc cac nha ngdn ngQ hgc chQc
nang tiep thu va phat trien.
Ngay nay, khi hgc ngQ phap
trong nha trUdng nguon go'c ciia
nhieu khai niem cd ban trong do
CO khai niem Chu ngQ dQdng nhu
bj mat hut, ngUdi hgc chi hieu khai
niem nay mgt each Id md th6ng qua
nhQng bai tap phan tich cau va cha'p
nhan chung nhU nhQng khai niem
ban d i u hay nhu nhQng tien de

khong can phai kiem tra lai. No
giai thich tai sao nhieu ngQdi lai
bi hoang mang trQdc nhQng khai
niem ma hg thUdng xuyen sQ dung
treng do c6 khai niem Chu ngQ,
3. Chii ngOf t r o n g n g o n ngiJ
hoc chiifc n a n g
De CO the thao luan ve khai
niem Chti ngQ trong ng6n ngQ hgc
chQc nang, chung tdi tha'y can thie't
phai thao luan chi tiet hdn ve hai
each nhin ngon ngQ da trinh bay
trong Mue 2. NhQ tren da ndi, viec
xem ngon ngQ la mgt ngudn iQc,

mgt phUdng thQc ciia hanh ddng
hay mgt tap hop cac quy tic, mgt
phUdng thQc cua sti xet doan phu
thudc each nhin ngdn ngQ cua ca
nhan cac nha ngon ngQ hgc, Ne'u
hg cho r i n g ngon ngQ chi thuan tuy
la mgt tam gQdng phan anh thQc
te cd sin, thi hg cd xu hudng gan
mgt vi the khac dac an cho nhQng
pham trQ tUdng Qng vdi cai ma hg
xem la thtic te, Trong quan diem
nay, khai niem "y nghia" dUdc gidi
han vad sti tUdng Qng ctia y nghia
vdi thiic te' c6 san: cac pham tru
ngen ngQ, dUdng nhu dQdc dQa vao

mgt thQc te' nao do doc lap vdi ngon
ngQ, dugc xem la phan anh cac pham
trQ ciia til nhien, Cach tie'p can nay
phu nhan kha nang tao nghia cita
ngdn ngQ vii dUdc ggi la dQdng hitdng
"tUdng Qng" trong ngon ngQ hgc.
TQ mgt binh dien khac, ne'u ngUdi
ta cho rang ngon ngQ khong phat
la mgt phUdng tien phan chie'u ma
la met tiem nang de tae ingt hien
thttc tin hieu hgc nam trong mo'i
quan he co he th6'ng vdi hign thtic
vat chat ma khong phai thtic sti
phan anh n6, thi ng5n ngQ trd thanh
ngudn Ittc de giiii thich y nghia, va
khai niem y nghla theo each hieu
nay vUdt ra khdi nhQng gidi han
ciia sti tai hien lai; n6 dUdc md rgng
ra de chQa tat ca cac y nghia tu tudng,
lien nhan va ngon ban (xem HaUiday
[15]), Cach tie'p can nity dUdc ggi
la dudng hudng "kie'n tao" trong
ngdn ngQ hgc, Dudng hudng nay
cdng nhan vi the binh d i n g ctia ta't
ca cac phQOng tien hinh thQc, ke


Ve pham trii.
ca nhQng phUdng tien qua d6 cai
ggi la cac y nghia "phi sd bieu" dUdc

giai thich. Can phai nhan manh d
day r i n g cac y nghia "phi sd bieu" y nghia lien nhan va y nghia ng6n
ban - thiic sii c6 lien quan deh cac
khia canh quan trgng ctia hien thiic,
Trong thtic te, cac nha ngon ngQ
hgc chQc nang da k h l n g dinh rang
trat tti hien thiic nay hen quan de'n
nhQng hien tUdng dac thu cua con
ngUdi; do la, tinh lien chu the khong
dQa vao bT.n nang ma vao sii tUdng
tac xa hgi, va nhQng phUdng thuc
tUdng tiic xa hgi khung diia vao
nhQng phQOng tien giao tie'p dugc
lap trinh san ma vao mgt he tho'ng
trao d6i y nghia hQu ngon nhay cam
ve mat xa hgi. Do dd, hien thiic ma
cac y nghia lien nhan va ngon ban
cd lien he vdi nhQng con ngitdi thQc
sii, mac du nd khong phai la thiic
tai vat chat.
Ngon ngQ hgc chQc nang chap
nhan quan diem kie'n tao. Khac vdi
hau he't cac m6 hinh ngQ phap khac,
trong m6 hinh ngQ phap chQc nang,
pham tru Chii ngQ dUdc dat vao
binh dien lien nhan. HaUiday [15]
lap luan de ting hg cho quan diem
nay th6ng qua viec tim hieu vai trd
trgng tam ciia Chu ngQ trong hgi
thoai. Lap luan cua ong dQdc xay

diing theo mgt quy trinh gdm ba
bude. Bude thQ nha't lien quan de'n
viec xac lap cac chQc nang ldi ndi
cd ban. Theo Halhday {ibid.), trong
hanh dgng ndi nang ngUdi ndi thUdng
nhan cho minh mgt vai diin cu the
va ddng thdi giao cho ngudi nghe

mgt vai dien tUdng Qng ma hg muo'n
ngudi nghe phai nhan. Thi du, khi
hdi, ngUdi noi d6ng vai cua ngUdi
tim kiem thong tin va yeu cau ngUdi
nghe phai la ngUdi cung cap thong
tin. Halliday cho rang suy cho cung
trong giao tie'p tUdng tac bat Id ngUdi
giao tie'p nao cung deu phai thtic
hien hai chQc nang ldi ndi cd ban
nhat: (i) cho va (ii) yeu cau. Vdi
hai chQc nang cd b„n nay ngUdi
giao tie'p cd the (i) cho thong tin
hay "khang dinh" nhu Toi la giao
vien, (ii) cho hang hoa va dich vu
hay "mdi" nhu Anh cd diing them
mgt chiit cd phe nUa khon^?, (iii)
yeu cau thdng tin hay "hdi" nhu
Anh cd phdi Id giao vien khi ng?
va (iv) yeu cau hang hoa va .iich
vu hay "ra lenh" nhu Cho toi xin
mgt li cd phii Bon chQc nan{. ldi
ndi nay khi dat trong giao tiej cd

the dUdc ke tie'p vdi nhQng pli in
Qng (khang dinh heac phti din :
thi du, khdng dinh: cong nhdn hoac
phdn dot; mdi: chdp nhgn hoac phii
nhgn; ra linh: thiic hien menh lenh
hoac ta chdi menh lenh; va hoi: trd
ldi hoac phdn bdc. Halliday chi ro
rang trong bon kieu chQc nang ldi
ndi d tren, chi cd yeu cau thong tin
mdi can phan Qng hQu ngon, cdn
nhQng phan Qng lai cac chQc nang
ldi noi khac khong nha't thie't phai
la hQu ngon. Budc thQ hai trong
lap luan dat Chti ngQ vao binh dien
lien nhan lien quan de'n viec thie't
lap thanh phan ma Halliday {ibid.)
ggi la "ThQc" (Mood) trong cu tieng
Anh, Theo Halliday, ndi r i n g Chu


Ngon ngtif so 8 nam 2009
ngQ thugc binh dien lien nhan tQc
la khang dinh rang no phai c6 vai
trd trong giao tiep tUdng tac, Thi
du (1) dudi day la mgt phan cua
doan thoai thQ hai, trich tQ trang
(1)

155 ban dich cud'n Ddn ludn ngU
phdp chUc ndng (An introduction

to functional grammar) ctia Halliday
[16] do Nha xua't ban Dai hgc Qud'c
gia Ha Ngi in lin thQ hai, nam 2004:

The duke's given away that Ngai c6ng tQdc dd vOt chiec
dm trd di, cd p/idi khdng
teapot, hasn't he?
n/il?
- Oh, has he?
- 6, the'd?
- yes, he has.
• If, dung rdi.
- No, he hasn't!
- Khong, khdng phai the!

Hgi thoai tren cho tha'y r i n g
trong khi dUdc dQng de giao tie'p
c6 mgt phan cua cu luon xua't hien
nhu he hasCnt)/ has he va phan
nay dUdc dUa di va day lai trong
nhQng trao doi hdi dap; tac dung
cua phan nay la dUa hgi thoai ve
phia trudc va de duy tri hgi thoai,
NhQng thanh phan cdn lai nhu
given away that teapot thudng bi
bd rdi hay khong can thie't phai cd
mat trong hgi thoai. P h i n ludn c6
mat trong hgi thoai dUdc ggi la Thdc
{Mood), nhQng thanh phan khdng
cin thie't phai c6 mat trong hgi thoai

dUdc ggi la phan Du {Residue). Budc
thQ ba lien quan de'n viec xac dinh
cac thanh phan ctia ThQc va cac
thanh phan trcng phan Du. Theo
Halliday, trong tie'ng Anh, ThQc bao
gdm Chii nga va thanh p h i n HUu
dinh; phan Du bao gdm Vi ngu. Bo
nga va Phu ngU.
Thi du (1) cting chi ra ring trong
chQc nang lien nhan Chii ngQ c6
vai trd dac biet quan trgng; n6 la

mgt thanh p h i n ma "qua quy chie'u
ciia n6 menh de co the dQdc khang
dinh hay phu dinh" [14, 76], la "diem
ttia ctia lap luan" [17], va cung vdi
thanh phin HQu djnh n6 hinh thanh
nen ThQc cua phan doan co chQc
nang gi6'ng nhu cai ban le de canh
cUa giao tie'p dUdc dUa di hay day
lai trong qua trinh tUdng tac, Trong
ThQc, moi thanh phan c6 nhQng
chQc nang khu biet, Thi du, trong
cu The duke's given away that teapot,
hasn't he?, thanh phan HQu dinh
has CO chQc nang cu the hoa cQc cua
phan doan: cQc k h l n g dinh va chi
thdi gian trong hien tai, thanh phan
Chu ngQ The duke (Ngai cong tudc)
cu the hoa thtic the lien quan de'n

no nhan dinh dUdc k h l n g dinh la
CO gia tri. N6i each khac, chinh The
duke la thanh phan dQdc cho la
chiu trach nhiem cho chQc nang
cua cu nhQ la mgt sii kien tUdng
tac. NgUdi n6i diia vao cai "ldi tUdng
tac" [18] The duke + has di yeu cau
ngQdi nghe phai c6ng nhan hay phu


Ve pham tru.,
nhan, hdi lai hay im lang. TQ goc
do Itinh thQc hay ngQ phap - tQ vting,
trong nhQng trUdng hdp dien hinh,
cu khang dinh trong tie'ng Anh cd
trat tti Chu ngU + HUu dinh, cu
nghi van cd trat tti HUu dinh + Chu
nga, va cu ciu khie'n thQdng vang
mat Chii ngQ.
'
TQ nhQng gi dUdc trinh bay d
tren, cd the khang dinh rang ngQ
phap chQc nang da cd nhQng ddng
gdp ldn trong viec tim hieu va xac
djnh ban chat ciia khai niem Chti
ngQ. Ddng gdp ldn nay the hien d
chd nd da bdc tach dUdc chQc nang
Chii ngQ ra khdi nhQng chQc nang
thugc cac binh dien khac ctia cu
nhu Hanh the, De ngQ, xe'p Chu

ngQ vilo binh dien lien nhan, minh
hoa mgt each thuye't phuc vai trd
trgng tam ma Chu ngQ cd trong trao
doi hgi thoai, va do d6 khong bi trgn
lan hay nham lan vdi hai chQc nang
ma Chu ngQ dUdc giao cho theo net
nghia cua Platd va Aristo't nhu da
trinh bay trong Mue 2 d tren. Quan
trgng hdn nQa, ngQ phap chQc nang
da thie't lap dUdc ca tieu chi dinh
nghia (ngQ nghia) va tieu chi hinh
thQc (ngQ phap - tQ vting) cd ban
de nhan dien mgt each kha rd rang
thanh phan Chu ngQ trong cu.
4. Tinh pho niem ciia pham
t r u C h u ngii
Bay gid chung t6i chuyen sang
tra ldi cau hdi: "Chu ngQ c6 phai
la mgt pham trQ phd niem cho mgi
ngon ngQ hay kh6ng?", Trong ngon
ngQ hgc hien dai, ngQdi ta thUdng

phan biet hai kieu pham trQ: pham
trQ sieu li thuye't va pham tru m6
ta [19], [11], Pham tru sieu K thuye't
la nhQng pham tru dUdc trQu tUdng
hoa cao, c6 the dugc ap dung cho
mgi ngon ngQ, Theo net nghia nay,
cac pham tru nhu "true ngQ doan"
(syntagmatic axis), "true dot •vi" (paradigmatic axis), "sd chi" (referent),

"bieu vat" (denotation), "bieu niem"
(connotation), "sieu chQc nang" (metafunction), "ngon canh tinh huong"
(context of situation), "ngon canh
van hoa" (context of culture), v.v,,
CO the dugc xem la nhQng pham tru
sieu li thuyet va cd the pho quat
cho mgi ngdn ngQ. NgUdc lai, pham
tru mo ta la nhQng pham trQ dUdc
trQu tudng hoa tha'p hdn, dUdc thiet
lap de me ta cac ng6n ngQ cu the.
Thee net nghia nay, Hanh the, Chu
ngQ, Dd ngQ, HQu dinh, thi, the,
thQc, thai, v.v., la nhQng pham tru
mo ta, Tuy nhien, "lieu mgt pham
tru mo ta co tinh ph6 niem hay khong
van la van de tien nghiem" [19, 60],
va "chQng minh cho nhiin dinh lieu
mgt pham tru mo ta cd tfnh phd
niem hay khong la mgt viec lam
mat nhieu cong sQc, ddi hdi tfnh ki
thuat va ctic ki phQc tap" [20, 134],
Chfnh vi vay, trong khoang thdi
gian va khdng gian cho phep cua
bai vie't nay, cdng viec chung tdi
du dinh lam la so sanh Chu ngQ
trong tie'ng Anh va tieng Viet tren
hai binh dien dinh nghla (ngQ nghia)
va nhgn dien (ngQ phap - tQ vting)
de xem hai mau thQc cd cung mgt
ten ggi nay dUdc the hien trong hai

Ngon ngiir so 8 nSm 2009

8

Tinh thai/ Bie'n thai, HQu dinh, Vi
ngQ, Bd ngQ, v.v,, (dong 2), Sau do
chiing toi dich ngQ nghia cac thi
du tie'ng Anh sang tie'ng Viet va in
dQng thanh phan tildng Qng vdi
Chti ngQ trong tie'ng Anh (ddng 3).
TrQdc khi b i t dau viec so sanh chi
tie't, chung tdi tha'y can thie't phai
nhan manh mdt diem; dd lit, trong
nhQng thi dti dUa ra de so sanh
chung toi chi liet ke cac tieu chi
nhan dien pham tru Chu ngQ trong
tie'ng Anh, cac tieu chi dinh nghia
cho pham tru nay da dUdc trinh
bay trong Mue 3 va se dQcc quy
chie'u de so sanh vdi tie'ng Viet khi
cin thie't, h ' vgng each lam na • se
lam sang td them mdt s6' van de
lien quan den tinh ph6 niem ciia
pham tru C'nu ngQ n6i rieng va
cua nhQng pham tru mo ta khac
noi chung.

ngdn ngQ nhQ the nao, Trong bat

ki sti so sanh nao, ngQdi ta cung
cin phai cd mgt khung li thuye't va
mgt xua't phat die'm, 6 day chung
tdi lay ngdn ngQ hgc chQc nang he
tho'ng lam khung K thuye't, va trao
dac an cho tie'ng Anh, lay n6 lam
ng6n ngQ nen va lay tie'ng Viet
lam ngon ngQ so sanh. Li do la vi,
trong tie'ng Anh cac pham tru ngQ
phap, dac biet la pham tru Chti ngQ
da dUdc nghien cQu sau rgng hdn
trong mu hinh ng6n ngQ hgc chQc
nang he thdng. Quy trinh so sanh
se la, chdng toi dQa ra 11 thi dti
tie'ng Ann thd hien nhu g dac
diem cd ban nnat cita ph ; m tru
Chu ngu Lrong ng6n ngQ na • trong
dd thanh phan cd chQc nan,'' Chii
ngQ dugi in dam (ddng 1); phan
tfch cac nanh p h i n cua ci - ng d
binh die! lien nhan theo Ch' ngQ,
The boy
Chu ngQ

(2)

has
HQu dinh

come.

Vi ngQ

Thang be (da) de'n.
(3)

The boy

hit

Chii ngQ

HQu dinh

the dog.
Vi ngQ

B6 ngQ

Thang be ddnh con chd.
(4)

Did

the boy

HQu dinh

hit

the dog?

Chti ngQ

Vi ngQ
Cd phdi thang be ddnh con chd khdng?

(5)

The boy's arrival
Chu ngU

made
Vi ngQ

everyone

Bo ngQ

happy.

B6 ngil
Viec thang be de'n ldm cho mgi ngudi phdn khdi.


Vg pham tru...

(6)

The

dog

Chu ngQ

was

hit.

HQu dinh

Vi ngQ

Con cho bi ddnh.
(7)

The boy

hit

the dog.

didn't

Chti ngQ

Vl ngQ

Bo ngQ

HQu dinh

he?
Chii ngQ

Thang be ddnh con chd, co phdi khong?
The dog

was

hit.

wasn't

11?

Chu ngQ

HQu dinh

Vi ngQ

HQu din'i

Chu ngQ

8)
Con ch6 bi ddnh, cd phdi khong ihi?
(9)

The boy

couldn't

hit

the dog.

Chu ngQ

HQu dinh

Vi ngQ

Bo ngQ

Thang be khong the ddnh dUdc con chd.
(10)

The boy
Chu ngQ

usually

hits

the dog.

Bie'n thai

Vi ngQ

B6 ngQ

Thing be hay ddnh con chd.
(11)

He

sometimes

asked

Chu ngQ

Bie^n thai

Vi ngQ

himself.

Anh ta thUdng tU hoi minh.
(12)

The boys

are

asking

the way.

Chu ngU

HQu dinh

Vi ngQ

Bo ngQ

Bgn tre dang hoi dUdng.

TQ nhQng thf du tren, c6 the
liet ke dQdc 7 dac diem de nhan
dien thanh phan Chii ngQ trong
tie'ng Anh:

(i) Chii ngQ trong tieng Anh
dUdc hien thQc hoa bang mgt cum
danh tQ hay mgt ngQ doan dUdc
danh hoa;


10
(ii) Chu ngQ dQgc tien gia dinh
hdi chi bdi dai tQ trong thanh phan
ThQc dinh kem d cuoi cu; ne'u no
xua't hien; trong trUdng hdp nay
dai tQ se c6 mdi quan he ddng sd
chi vdi Chu ngQ nhQ he vdi TTie boy
trong (7), va it vdi The dog trong (8);

(iii) Chu ngQ trong tie'ng Anh
xua't hien ben canh thanh phan Huu
dinh nhu has vdi The boy trong (2),
va was vdi The boy trong (6);
(iv) Chu ngu trong tie'ng Anh
thudng xuat hien ngay canh dgng
tQ tinh thai nhu could(n't) vdi T/ie
boy trong (9); ne'u co thanh phan
nao xua't hien giQa Chti ngQ va HQu
djnh, thi no thUdng dien hinh la mgt
phu ngQ bie'n thai (modulation) nhu
usually trong (10), va sometimes
trong (11);
(v) Khi Chii ngQ dUdc hien thiic
hda bang mgt dai tQ, trong mgt s6'
trUdng hdp dai tQ ay dUdc danh da'u
bing danh each nhu He d6i lap vdi
himself trong (11);
(vi) Trong nhQng dieu kien nha't
djnh, Chu ngQ la danh tQ the hien
sQ tUdng hdp ve ngoi va each vdi
thi chfnh yeu (primary tense); nghia
la, vdi thanh phan HQu dinh nhU
trong has (ngdi thQ ba s6' it, thi hien
tai hoan thanh) vdi The boy trong
(2), hits (ngoi thQ ba soft, thi hien
tai ddn) vdi The boy trong (10), va
are (ngoi thQ ba sd nhieu, thi hien
tai ddn) vdi The boys trong (12);
(vii) Trong cu khlng djnh, Chu

ngQ dQng trUdc thanh phan HQu
djnh nhu The dog va was trong (6)
va (8); ngUdc lai, trong cu nghi van
phan cQc (polar interrogative), Chii

Ngdn ngiif sd" 8 nam 2009
ngQ dQng sau thanh phan HQu dinh
nhQ Did vdi the boy trong (4),
NhQng thf du tren va cac phien
ban dich cua chung trong tie'ng Viet
cho tha'y The boy "tUdng Qng"'v6i
Thdng be trong (2), (3), (4), (7), (9),
(10); Vice thdng be de'n vdi Tlie boy's
arrival trong (5); Con chd vdi The
dog trong (6) va (8); Anh ta vdi He
trong (11); va Bgn tre vdi The boys
trong (12), Cau hdi tiep theo dUdc
dat ra la: "Lieu cd pham trQ nao
trong tieng Viet cd ta't ca 7 dac diem
nhan dien cua pham tru Chii ngQ
trong tie'ng Anh khdng? C6 the nhan
tha'y r i n g trQ sti gi6'ng nhau ve loi
tQ vting dUdc tri nhan ve mat triic
cam (thi du, boy: thdng be; tlie arrival
of the boy: viec thdng be de'n; dog:
con chd), hai dac diem gi5'ng nhau
duy nha't cua Chu ngQ trong tie'ng
Anh vdi thanh phan tUdng Qng trong
tieng Vigt la diic diem (i) va (iv):
Chit ngQ dugc hien thiic hoa bing

met cum danh tQ hay mgt ngQ doan
dUdc danh hoa va Chii ngQ xua't
hien ngay canh thanh phan thudng
dUdc ggi la dgng tQ tinh thai nhU
The boy couldn't va Thdng be khdng
the trong (9), Tuy nhien, can phai
nhan manh rang dac diem (i) kh6ng
phai la tieu chi de khu biet thanh
phan Chu ngQ trong ca tie'ng Anh
Chiing toi diing "titang dng" thay
cho "tuang duang" bai vi chitng minh
cho hai ye'u to trong hai ngon ngii titong
duang udi nhau ve nghla Id mgt vdn
de phitc tap. (Chi tie't xin xem Hoang
Vdn Van [22]).


Ve pham trii.

11

va tie'ng Viet, Mgt cum danh tQ hay
mgt ngQ doan dQdc danh hoa kh6ng
nha't thie't chi c6 chQc nang Chu
ngQ, Cac dac diem (ii), (v), (vi), va
(vii) la nhQng dac diem ma Chii
ngQ trong tie'ng Anh dudng nhu
khac hoan toan vdi thanh phan
tUdng Qng dUdc ggi la Chii ngQ trong
tieng Viet, Trong tieng Viet khong

CO thanh phan nao Qng vdi thanh
phan HQu dinh trong tieng Anh
va Chu ngQ khong dUdc tien gia
dinh hdi chi bdi dai tQ trong thanh
phan ThQc dinh kem d cuoi cu nhu
didn't he trong (7) va wasn't it trong
(8); trong khi hdi de ngUdi nghe
khang dinh lai mgt nhan dinh nao
d6, tieng Viet khdng c6 cu dinh kem
ma lai the hien b i n g td hdp nghi
van cd phdi khdng dat 6 cu6'i nhu
la mgt phan cua cau hdi, Tudng til,
tie'ng Viet kh6ng cc pham trQ each
va sd cho nen khong the nhan dien
Chii ngQ th6ng qua danh each do!
lap vdi doi each va cung khong the
nhan dien Chu ngQ thong qua sU
tUdng hdp ve ngoi va sd nhu hai
tieu chf (v) va (vi) ciia tie'ng Anh,
TQ binh dien ngQ nghia, neu
dinh nghia Chti ngQ nhu la "diem
tiia cua lap luan" va xem n6 la mgt
thanh phan cQng vdi thanh p h i n
HQu dinh lam nen "ldi tUdng tac"
(13)

- Thdng be
Chii ngQ

• Ddnh chUa?

• Ddnh rdi.
Ddu dd ddnh.
Ddnh rdi md.

hay "ban le cua canh cQa giao tiep"
va bat bugc phai xua't hien trong
cu tie'ng Anh, thi phai cong nhan
rang thanh p h i n tUdng Qng dUdc
ggi la Chii ngQ trong tieng Viet khdng
tham gia vao chQc nang nay va cai
ban le cua canh cQa giao tie'p trong
tieng Viet tuyet nhien khong can
sti cd mat ciia Chu ngQ trQ cu khlng
dinh khdi xudng hgi thoai nhu Ngdi
cdng tudc trong (1) d trim, Va nhu
Thai Minh DQc [21] da chQng minh
mgt each kha thuyet phuc, trong
giao tiep tUdng tac, tie'ng Viet sQ
dting thanh phan ma ong ggi la Dam
phdn {Negotiator) (tUdng dUdng ve
chQc nang vdi thanh phan ThQc
trong tie'ng Anh), Thanh phan nay
bao gdm dgng tQ va cac tieu tQ nghi
van phan cQc nhU phdi khong, co
phdi.. /ihong, sao/hay sao, chit;
cac trang tQ hay dai tQ nghi van
nhu khi ndo, tgi sao, ai, a ddu: cac
tieu tQ cau khien nhu hay, di, nghe,
nhe; va cac tieu tQ chi the nhU dd,
dang, rdi, chUa, de dUa hgi thoai

ve phfa trUdc; cac thanh phin khac
nhu Chu ngQ, Bo ngQ vit Phu ngQ
thudng kh6ng bat bugc phai xua't
hien vit, do dd, trd thhnh phdn Dii
gidng nhu cac thanh phan Vi ngQ,
Bd ngQ vit Phu ngQ trong cu tieng
Anh, Doan thoai dudi day minh hoa
cho nhan dinh d tren:

danh

con chd

d ngodi sdn.

Vi ngQ

Bo ngQ

Phu ngQ

5. Ke't l u a n
Nhu da chi ra trong Mue 1, mue
dich chfnh cua bai viet nay la tim
hieu them ve khai niem Chu ngQ,
mgt khai niem rat quen thugc nhUng
kh6ng de nam bat, Lan theo ljch


12

sil phat trien ciia khai niem, chung
tdi da co' gang phan biet sQ khac
nhau giQa hai kieu Chu ngU, mgt
dugc nhin dQdi g6c do 16 gich - Chii
ngQ 16 gich va mgt dugc nhin dUdi
gdc do ke't ca'u ngon ban - De ngQ,
Ban chat ciia ng6n ngQ la giao tie'p
tUdng tac, Di theo lap luan nay, chiing
toi da khao sat khai niem Chu ngQ
trong ngdn ngQ hgc chQc nang hien
dai, nhin nd dudi gdc do tUdng tac
lien nhan, Sau dd, lay Chii ngQ trong
tieng Anh lam xua't phat diem chung
tdi so sanh vdi thanh phan tUdng
Qng trong tie'ng Viet tren hai binh
dien ngQ nghia va ngQ phap - tQ
vUng. Phan so sanh cua chung toi
da cho tha'y r i n g Chu ngQ trong
tie'ng Anh c6 nhQng dac diem ngQ
nghia va ngQ phap rat khac vdi
thanh phan tUdng Qng trong tieng
Viet, Dieu nay the hien d chd mac
dQ thanh phan Dam phan ctia tieng
Viet c6 cung chQc nang vdi thanh
phin ThQc trong tie'ng Anh, nhUng
trong khi thanh phan ThQc trong
tieng Anh chQa Chu ngQ thi thanh
phan Dam phan trong tie'ng Viet
lai khdng, Tuy nhien, cQng co nhQng
d^c diem ngQ nghia va ngQ phap

de k h l n g dinh ve tfnh phd niem
cua pham tru Chu ngQ trong hai
ngon ngQ; thf du, trong hgi thoai
Chu ngQ trong tieng Viet thudng
xua't hien bit bugc (trQ cu cau khie'n)
trcng cu khdi xUdng, ldi tQ viing
cua thanh phan Chu ngQ c6 the
tri nhan dugc trong hai ngon ngQ,
va hai dac diem (i) va (iv) nhu da
trinh bay d Myc 4, TQ day cho phep
khang djnh r i n g cac pham tru md
ta c6 the' c6 tfnh phd niem cho cac
ngon ngQ, Tuy nhien, can phai nhan
m^nh r i n g se khong bao gid cd sii
gidng nhau tuyet ddi giQa mgt pham

Ngon ngiif so 8 nam 2009
tru c6 cung mgt ten ggi trong hai
ngon ngQ, Khi quye't dinh ggi cung
mgt ten cho mgt cap mau thQc hinh
thQc dQdc xac dinh la "gid'ng nhau"
trong hai ngdn ngQ, ngUdi ta phai
c6 mgt sQ thoa hiep nao do, bdi -vi
mdi ngdn ngQ cd each the hien mgt
y nghia hay mdt chQc nang theo
each khac nhau va, do dd, chQng
minh cho viec mgt phttm trQ nao
dd cd tfnh phd niem hay khdng la
mgt \iec lam vo cung phQc tap. Bin
viet (iia cluing t6i da phan nao chi

ra d'ldc sit ijhQc tap cua khai mem
Chii ngQ do lich sQ de lai va phan
nao da l.'im sang td Ll.em ban cha't
cua pham trQ ngQ |)hap quan trgng
nha't troi.g mgi ngT.n ngQ va tinh
ph6 niem ctia n6 ch6ng qua mgt
trudng hdp so sai.h cti the - Chu
ngQ trong cie'ng Ai;h va tie'ng Viet,
T A ' L I E U T K \ M KHAO

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Sd'ng mdi, Sdi Gon, 1940.
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tie'ng Viet, Nxb GD, H., 1987.


Ve p h a m tni..,

13

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Idotis about
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15, Halliday M. A K, An intixxiuction
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2004.
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kinh nghiem ciia cu tie'ng Viet: Mo
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