GIÁO TRÌNH TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH ĐIỆN TỬ VIỄN THÔNG HỌC VIỆN KỸ THUẬT MẬT MÃ

ACADEMY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES

MA. MAI THI HAO

ENGLISH FOR ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATION

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN THÔNG TIN VÀ TRUYỀN THÔNG
i


ACADEMY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES

MA. MAI THI HAO

ENGLISH FOR ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
(FOR CONFIDENTIAL AND INTERNAL CIRCULATION)

ii


TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................... v
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................v
UNIT 1: ELECTRONICS.......................................................................................1
WHAT IS ELECTRONICS?.......................................................................... 1
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING...................................................................6
EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING.....12
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND ANALOGE ELECTRONICS................17
UNIT 2: ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS.........................................................23

WHAT IS AN ELECTRONIC COMPONENT?..........................................23
A TRANSITOR...........................................................................................29
INTERGRATED CIRCUITS......................................................................35
SOME PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS...................................42
A DIODE..................................................................................................... 48
A TRANSFORMER......................................................................................50
UNIT 3: TELECOMMUNICATION...................................................................52
WHAT IS TELECOMMUNICATION?.......................................................52
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATION..................................57
BASIC ELEMENTS OF A TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM.............62
IMPACTS OF TELECOMMUNICATION ON MODREN SOCIETY......67
UNIT 4:TRANSMISSION AND SWITCHING.................................................69
PACKET SWITCHING...............................................................................69
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIUMS................................................74
FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION.........................................................79
RADIO PROPOGATION............................................................................85
UNIT 5: RADIO COMMUNICATION...............................................................87
RADIO COMMUNICATION.....................................................................87
RADIO WAVES..........................................................................................92
iii


APPLICATION OF RADIO IN BROARDCASTING...............................98
TWO-WAY RADIO..................................................................................103
UNIT 6: EMBEDDED SOFTWARE SYSTEMS.............................................106
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS....................................106
CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.............................112
OVERALL ARCHITECTURE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS................117
EMBEDDED SOFTWARE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT.............125
UNIT 7: COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN..........................................................133

WHAT IS COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN?..............................................133
OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN SOFTWARE..............137
3D COMPUTER GRAPHICS................................................................14041
UNIT 8: ROBOTICS.......................................................................................14546
WHAT IS ROBOTICS?.............................................................................146
COMPONENTS OF ROBOTICS.............................................................150
ROBOTS...................................................................................................156
ROBOT OPERATING SYSTEM..............................................................161
MODERN ROBOTS.................................................................................164
Wordlists...............................................................................................................168
References............................................................................................................ 183

iv


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to express the sincere thanks to the Faculty of Electronics
and Telecommunication, the lecturers in the faculty, doctors, and experts majoring
in electronics and telecommunication for their great help in compiling this course
book.
The author also would like to express the deep gratitude to Board of Directors of
the Academy of Cryptography Techniques, the Faculty of Basic Sciences and the
Division of English Language for their thorough support in compilation of this
course book.
The English for Electronics and Telecommunication course book is compiled for
the first time, unexpected mistakes can not help being made. Therefore, comments
from all readers on this book are always welcome and highly appreciated.

The author

v


INTRODUCTION
This is the first compilation of the English for Electronics and Telecommunication
course book with new and outstanding features. Firstly, the knowledge in the book
is not too difficult for students. Secondly, the grammar structures, word formation,

vi


and the knowledge of parts of speech learnt though General English including
English 1, English 2, and English 3 are not provided. Thirdly, this book helps
students improve different language skills in which reading comprehension,
translation, and speaking or presentation are the first priority. Next, the topics
in the book are very close to students, especially they relate to almost fundamental
knowledge in the electronics and telecommunication area, which helps to motivate
them in class. Besides, skillful combination of language skills including Reading,
Speaking, Writing, and Listening is also applied, which enables students to
selfstudy as well as to develop group work or team work skills.
This course book is compiled for the fourth year students of the Academy of
Cryptography Techniques majoring in electronics and telecommunication, who
have completed the syllabus of General English.
In addition, this material provides students with a great number of texts with a
variety

of

basic

vocabularies

commonly

used

in

electronics

and

telecommunication, which helps them to approach the specialized knowledge. A lot
of tasks or activities are given before, while and after each text so that students are
able to read, comprehend, discuss the topics of their major in English and
confidently communicate with each other, which helps them avoid the feelings of
being new and strange when they discuss or attend seminars in English. Besides,
students can practise summarizing the main contents in the texts in their own
words and present about the specialized topics provided in class.
The course book is divided into 8 units with different themes. Each unit is about a
specific one and focuses on the different language skills as follow:
1. READING AND SPEAKING: This section has from 3 to 4 texts relating to
different topics. A pre-reading task with different questions is given before each
text, which enables students to be accustomed to the topic of the unit that they are
going to deal with later. While-reading and post-reading tasks with lots of activities
are also provided after each text on purpose of helping students develop their
reading comprehension and communication skills.
vi

2. WRITING AND SPEAKING: This section includes tasks or activities relating
to the most important topics and contents of each unit enabling students to recall
and summerize what they learnt by writing and speaking, which helps them
develop writing and speaking skills.
3. LISTENING: Some video links are given at the end of each unit so that
students are able not only to consolidate the knowledge in the lesson but also to
improve their listening skill.

vii


UNIT 1: ELECTRONICS
READING AND SPEAKING 1
1. Discuss the questions
1. What do the words electron and electronics mean in your own language?
2. What applications is electron involved?
3. What is electronics?
4. What branches does electronics relate to?
2. Read the text and do the tasks below
What is electronics?
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol e− or β−, whose electric charge is
negative one elementary charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the
lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles
because they have no known components or substructure. The electron has a mass
that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. Quantum mechanical properties of
the electron include an intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of a half-integer value,
expressed in units of the reduced Planck constant, ħ. Being fermions, no two
electrons can occupy the same quantum state, in accordance with the Pauli
exclusion principle. Like all elementary particles, electrons exhibit properties
of both particles and waves: they can collide with other particles and can be

diffracted like light. The wave properties of electrons are easier to observe with
experiments than those of other particles like neutrons and protons because
electrons have a lower mass and hence a longer de Broglie wavelength for a given
energy.
Electrons play an essential role in numerous physical phenomena, such as
electricity, magnetism, chemistry and thermal conductivity, and they also
participate in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions. Since an
electron has charge, it has a surrounding electric field, and if that electron is
moving relative to an observer, said observer will observe it to generate a magnetic
field.
Electrons are involved in many applications such as electronics, welding, cathode
ray tubes, electron microscopes, radiation therapy, lasers, gaseous ionization
detectors and particle accelerators.
1


Electronics
Electronics comprises the physics, engineering, technology and applications that
deal with the emission, flow and control of electrons in vacuum and matter.
Electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunication,
and signal processing. The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes
digital information-processing possible. Interconnection technologies such
as circuit boards, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of
communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the
mixed electronic components into a regular working system, called an electronic
system; examples are computers or control systems. An electronic system may be a
component of another engineered system or a standalone device. As of 2018
most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron
control.
The identification of the electron in 1897, along with the invention of the vacuum

tube, which could amplify and rectify small electrical signals, inaugurated the field
of electronics and the electron age.
Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively
of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is
described as an electronic circuit. Electronics deals with electrical circuits that
involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transitors, diodes
integrated circuits, optoelectronics, and sensors, associated passive electrical
components, and interconnection technologies. The nonlinear behavior of active
components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weak
signals possible.
Electrical and electromechanical science and technology deals with the generation,
distribution, switching, storage, and conversion of electrical energy to and from
other energy forms (using wires, motors, generators, batteries , switches, replays
transformers, resistors, and other passive components). This distinction started
around 1906 with the invention by Lee De Forest of the triode, which made
electrical amplification of weak radio signals and audio signals possible with a
non-mechanical device. Until 1950, this field was called "radio technology"
because its principal application was the design and theory of radio transmitters,
receivers, and vacuum tubes.
The term "solid-state electronics" emerged after the first working transitor was
invented by William Shockley, Walter Houser Brattain and John Bardeen at Bell
Labs in 1947. The MOSFET (MOS transistor) was later invented by Mohamed
2


Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. The MOSFET was the first truly
compact transistor that could be miniaturized and mass-produced for a wide range
of uses, revolutionizing the electronics industry, and playing a central role in the
microelectronics revolution and Digital Revolution. The MOSFET has since
become the basic element in most modern electronic equipment, and is the most

widely used electronic device in the world.
The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch
of solid-state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to
solve practical problems come under electronics engineering. This article focuses
on engineering aspects of electronics.
Branches
Electronics has branches including Digital electronics, Analogue electronics,
Microelectronics, Circuit design, Integrated circuits, Power electronics,
Optoelectronics, Semiconductor devices, Embedded systems, Audio electronics,
Telecommunications.
2.1. Answer the questions
1. What is the electron? Which generation of the lepton particle does it
belong to?
2. In which physical phenomena do electrons play an essential role?
3. Why are electrons generally thought to be elementary particles?
4. In which applications are electrons involved?
5. Where is electronics widely used?
6. What does electronics comprise?
7. What branches does electronics have?
8. What is MOSFET? Who invented it?
2.2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T), false (F) or no
information (NI). Correct the false (F)
1. Electrons display properties of both particles and waves: they can clash in to
other particles and can be diffracted like light.
A. True

B. False

3

C. NI


2. Electrons can be created in high-energy collisions and through beta decay of
radioactive isotopes.
A. True

B. False

C. N

3. An electron has charge so it has a surrounding electric field.
A. True

B. False

C. NI

4. Thank to the complex nature of electronics theory, laboratory experimentation is
an important part of the development of electronic devices.
A. True

B. False

C. NI

5. It is William Shockley, Walter Houser Brattain and John Bardeen who invented
The MOSFET.
A. True

B. False

C. NI

2.3. Choose the best answer for the following questions and statements
1. Electronic..................contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively
of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements.
A. devices

C. component

B. circuits

D. technology

2. Who invented the first working transitor?
A. John Bardeen

C. William Shockley

B. Walter Houser Brattain

D. All are correct

3. What deals with the generation, distribution, switching, storage, and
conversion of electrical energy to and from other energy forms?
A. Electrical science and technology
B. Electromechanical science and technology
C. A&B are correct
D. Only computer science and technology

4. What inaugurated the field of electronics and the electron age?
A. The identification of the electron in 1897 and the invention of the
vacuum tube
B. The invention of the MOFET in 1959
C. The invention of the first working transitor in 1947
4


D. B&C are correct
5. Which of the following does the word they in the 1st paragraph refers to
A. elementary particles

C. particles and waves

B. electrons

D. properties

2.4. Match the word or word phrases in the column A with their definitions or
explanations in column B

A

1. An electronic component

2. Electric charge

3. Subatomic particles

4. The neutron

B

a. is the physical property of matter that causes it
to experience a force when placed in an
electromagnetic field.
b. is any basic discrete device or physical entity in
an electronic system used to affect electrons or
their associated fields.
c. is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei
and their constituents and interactions.
d. are particles much smaller than atoms.
e. is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n0, with
no net electric charge and a mass slightly greater
than that of a proton.

5. Nuclear physics

3. Speaking
1. What main contents do you get from the text?
2. Present electronics .

5


READING AND SPEAKING 2
1. Discuss the questions
1. When was electronic engineering born?
2. What fields does electronic engineering relate to?
3. Which field is the closest to electronic engineering? And why?

4. What do IEEE and IEC stand for? What do they mean in your language?
2. Read the text and do the tasks below
Electronic engineering
Electronic engineering (also called electronics and communications engineering)
is an electrical engineering discipline which utilizes nonlinear and active electrical
components (such as semiconductor devices, especially transistors, diodes and
integrated circuits) to design electronic circuits, devices, VLSI devices and their
systems. The discipline typically also designs passive electrical components,
usually based on printed circuit boards.
Electronics is a subfield within the wider electrical engineering academic subject
but denotes a broad engineering field that covers subfields such as analog
electronics, digital electronics, consumer electronics, embedded systems and power
electronics. Electronics engineering deals with implementation of applications,
principles and algorithms developed within many related fields, for example solidstate physics, radio engineering, telecommunications, control systems, signal
processing, systems engineering, computer engineering, instrumentation
engineering, electric power control, robotics, and many others.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is one of the most
important and influential organizations for electronics engineers based in the US.
On an international level, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
prepares standards for electronic engineering, developed through consensus and
thanks to the work of 20,000 experts from 172 countries worldwide.
History Electronic engineering as a profession sprang from technological
improvements in the telegraph industry in the late 19th century and the radio and
the telephone industries in the early 20th century. People were attracted to radio by
the technical fascination it inspired, first in receiving and then in transmitting.

6


Many who went into broadcasting in the 1920s were only 'amateurs' in the period

before World War I.
To a large extent, the modern discipline of electronic engineering was born out of
telephone, radio, and television equipment development and the large amount of
electronic systems development during World War II of radar, sonar,
communication systems, and advanced munitions and weapon systems. In the
interwar years, the subject was known as radio engineering and it was only in the
late 1950s that the term electronic engineering started to emerge.
Electronics
In the field of electronic engineering, engineers design and test circuits that use
the electromagnetic properties of electrical components such as resistors,
capacitors, inductors, diodes and transistors to achieve a particular functionality.
The tuner circuit, which allows the user of a radio to filter out all but a single
station, is just one example of such a circuit.
In designing an integrated circuit, electronics engineers first construct
circuit schematics that specify the electrical components and describe the
interconnections between them. When completed, VLSI, engineers convert the
schematics into actual layouts, which map the layers of various conductors
and semiconductor materials needed to construct the circuit. The conversion from
schematics to layouts can be done by software (see electronic design automation)
but very often requires human fine-tuning to decrease space and power
consumption. Once the layout is complete, it can be sent to a fabrication plant for
manufacturing.
For systems of intermediate complexity, engineers may use VHDL modeling for
programmable logic devices and FPGAs.
Integrated circuits, FPGAs and other electrical components can then be assembled
on printed circuit boards to form more complicated circuits. Today, printed circuit
boards are found in most electronic devices including television, computers and
audio players.
Relationship to electrical engineering
Electronics is a subfield within the wider electrical engineering academic subject.

An academic degree with a major in electronics engineering can be acquired from
some universities, while other universities use electrical engineering as the subject.
The term electrical engineer is still used in the academic world to include
electronic engineers. However, some people consider the term 'electrical engineer'
7


should be reserved for those having specialized in power and heavy current or high
voltage engineering, while others consider that power is just one subset of
electrical engineering, as well as 'electrical distribution engineering'. The term
'power engineering' is used as a descriptor in that industry. Again, in recent years
there has been a growth of new separate-entry degree courses such as 'systems
engineering' and 'communication systems engineering', often followed by
academic departments of similar name, which are typically not considered as
subfields of electronics engineering but of electrical engineering.
Subfields
Signal processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals. Signals can
be either analog, in which case the signal varies continuously according to the
information, or digital, in which case the signal varies according to a series of
discrete values representing the information.
Telecommunications engineering deals with the transmission of information across
a channel such as a co-axial cable, optical fiber or free space.
Electromagnetics is an in-depth study about the signals that are transmitted in a
channel. This includes Basics of Electromagnetic waves, Transmission Lines and
Waveguides, Antennas, its types and applications with Radio-Frequency (RF) and
Microwaves.
Control engineering has a wide range of applications from the flight and
propulsion systems of commercial airplanes to the cruise control present in many
modern cars. It also plays an important role in industrial automation.
Instrumentation engineering deals with the design of devices to measure physical

quantities such as pressure, flow and temperature. These devices are known as
instrumentation.
Computer engineering deals with the design of computers and computer systems.
This may involve the design of new computer hardware, the design of PDAs or the
use of computers to control an industrial plant. Development of embedded systems
—systems made for specific tasks (e.g., mobile phones)—is also included in this
field. This field includes the micro controller and its applications. Computer
engineers may also work on a system's software. However, the design of complex
software systems is often the domain of software engineering, which is usually
considered a separate discipline

8


2.1. Answer the questions
1. What do engineers do in the field of electronic engineering? And why
do they have to do so?
2. What is electronic engineering?
3. What does electronics engineering deal with?
4. What is the diffrence between telecommunications engineering and
instrumentation engineering ?
5. What can be assembled on printed circuit boards to form
more complicated circuits?
6. What do electronics engineers do first in designing an integrated circuit?
7. What is a key consideration in the design of transmitters?
8. Which organization is considered one of the most important and
influential organization for electronics engineers based in the US?
2.2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T), false (F) or no
information (NI). Correct the false (F)
1. There aren’t any controversies in using the term electrical engineer.

A. True
2.

B. False

C. NI

If the signal strength of a transmitter is insufficient the signal's
information will be corrupted by noise.
A. True

B. False

C. NI

3. The design of complex software systems is often the domain of software
engineering, which is usually considered a separate discipline.
A. True

B. False

C. NI

4. The term electronic engineering was appeared just only in the late 1950s.
A. True

B. False

C. NI

5. In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first
step towards certification and the degree program itself is certified by a
professional body.
A. True

B. False

9

C. NI


2.3.

Choose the best answer for the following questions and statements
1. An academic degree with a major in electronics engineering can be
.............from some universities
A. ignored

C. taken

B. acquired

D. made

2. ................... deals with the design of devices to measure physical
quantities such as pressure, flow and temperature
A. Instrumentation engineering
B. C. Signal processing
C. Control engineering

D.Telecommunications engineering
3. Where is electromagnetics widely applied?
A. Instrumentation Engineering

C. Control engineering

B. Telecommunication engineering

D. All are correct

4. Signals can be either analog,..................case the signal varies continuously
according to the information.
A. in which

C. that

B. which

D. from which

5.plays an important role in industrial automation.
A. Computer Engineering

C. Control engineering

B. Telecommunication engineering

D. Signal processing

2.4. Match the word or word phrases in the column A with their definitions or

explanations in column B
A

1. Computer engineering
2.Broadcast engineering
3. Very large-scale
integration (VLSI)
4. Power electronics

B
a. is the application of solid-state electronics to the
control and conversion of electric power.
b. is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through
methods such as quantum
mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism,
and metallurgy
c. is a branch of engineering that integrates several
fields of computer science and electronic
10


5. Solid-state physics
6. Consumer electronics
7. Systems engineering
8. Signal processing

engineering required to develop computer
hardware and software
d. is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC)
by combining millions of MOS transistors onto a

single chip.
e. is the field of electrical engineering, and now to
some extent computer engineering and information
technology, which deals
with radio and television broadcasting.
f. is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses
on analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals
g. is an interdisciplinary field
of engineering and engineering management that
focuses on how to design and manage complex
systems over their life cycles.
h. are electronic (analog or digital) equipments
intended for everyday use, typically in private
homes

3. Speaking
1. What main contents do you get from the text? What do you know about
them?
2. Choose one of the main contents in the text and present it.
3. Present electronic engineering.

11


READING AND SPEAKING 3
1. Discuss the questions
1. What does the word vocational orientation mean in your language?
2. Is vocational orientation important for you?
3. Were you given any vocational orientation before choosing a career?
4. Why did you decide to choose your present career?

2. Read the text and do the tasks below
Education and training of electronic engineering
Electronics engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in
electronic engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually three or
four years and the completed degree may be designated as a Bachelor of
Engineering, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Applied Science, or Bachelor of
Technology depending upon the university. Many UK universities also
offer Master of Engineering (MEng) degrees at the graduate level.
Some electronics engineers also choose to pursue a postgraduate degree such as
a Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering, or an Engineering
Doctorate. The master's degree is being introduced in some European and
American Universities as a first degree and the differentiation of an engineer with
graduate and postgraduate studies is often difficult. In these cases, experience is
taken into account. The master's degree may consist of either research, coursework
or a mixture of the two. The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant research
component and is often viewed as the entry point to academia.
In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step
towards certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional
body. Certification allows engineers to legally sign off on plans for projects
affecting public safety. After completing a certified degree program, the engineer
must satisfy a range of requirements, including work experience requirements,
before being certified. Once certified the engineer is designated the title of
Professional Engineer (in the United States, Canada, and South Africa), Chartered
Engineer or Incorporated Engineer (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, and
Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand)
or European Engineer (in much of the European Union).
12


A degree in electronics generally includes units converging physics , chemistry,

mathematics, project management and specific topics in electrical engineering.
Initially, such topics cover most, if not all, of the subfields of electronic
engineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or more subfields towards
the end of the degree.
Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of physics and mathematics as these
help to obtain both a qualitative and quantitative description of how such systems
will work. Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is
commonplace to use computer-aided design and simulation software programs
when designing electronic systems. Although most electronic engineers will
understand basic circuit theory, the theories employed by engineers generally
depend upon the work they do. For example, quantum mechanics and solid state
physics might be relevant to an engineer working on VLSI but are largely
irrelevant to engineers working with embedded systems.
Apart from electromagnetics and network theory, other items in the syllabus are
particular to electronics engineering course. Electrical engineering courses have
other specialisms such as machines, power generation and distribution including
Electromagnetics; Network analysis; Electronic devices and circuits; Electronic
devices: Analog circuits, Digital circuits; Signals and systems; Control systems;
Communications: Analog communication systems, Digital communication
systems
Certifications
The advantages of certification vary depending upon location. For example, in the
United States and Canada "only a licensed engineer may...seal engineering work
for public and private clients". This requirement is enforced by state and provincial
legislation such as Quebec's Engineers Act. In other countries, such as Australia,
no such legislation exists. Practically all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics
that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion. In this way these
organizations play an important role in maintaining ethical standards for the
profession. Even in jurisdictions where certification has little or no legal bearing on
work, engineers are subject to contract law. In cases where an engineer's work fails

he or she may be subject to the tort of negligence and, in extreme cases, the charge
of criminal negligence. An engineer's work must also comply with numerous other
rules and regulations such as building codes and legislation pertaining to
environmental law.
13


Significant professional bodies for electrical engineers include the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and
Technology(IET). The IEEE claims to produce 30 percent of the world's literature
on electrical engineering, has over 360,000 members worldwide and holds over
300 conferences annually. The IET publishes 14 journals, has a worldwide
membership of 120,000, certifies Chartered Engineers in the United Kingdom and
claims to be the largest professional engineering society in Europe.

2.1. Answer the questions
1. What does a degree in electronics generally include?
2. What other specialisms do electrical engineering courses have?
3. What post graduate degrees are montioned in the passage?
4. What does a bachelor's degree in engineering represent? By whom is
it certified in many nations?
5. What important professional bodies for electrical engineering
are mentioned in the passage?
6. How long does it take electronics engineers to get an academic
degree with a major in electronic engineering?
7. What do the master's degree and Doctor of Philosophy’s degree consist
of?
8. What must the engineer do after completing a certified degree program?
2.2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T), false (F) or no
information (NI). Correct the false (F).

1. MEng degrees are usually offered at the graduate level by many
universities of the United Kingdom.
A. True

B. False

C. NI

2. When designing electronic systems, most engineering work doesn’t need
computer-aided design and simulation software programs.
A. True

B. False

C. NI

3. Once certified the engineer is designated the title of Professional Engineer
in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, and Zimbabwe.
A. True

B. False
14

C. NI


4. The differentiation of an engineer with graduate and postgraduate studies
is not often easy.
A. True
5.

B. False

C. NI

An engineering technologist is a professional trained in certain aspects
of development and implementation of a respective area of technology.
A. True

B. False

C. NI

2.3. Choose the best answer to complete the following statements
1. ………………. most electronic engineers will understand basic circuit
theory, the theories employed by engineers generally depend upon the
work they do.
A. Although

C. Therefore

B. As a result

D. Moreover

2. What bodies are considered significant professional bodies for electrical
engineers include?
A. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
B. The Institution of Engineering and TechnologyData integrity
C. The American Institute of Electrical Engineers

D. A&B
3. An engineer's work must also ..............with numerous other rules and
regulations such as building codes and legislation pertaining to
environmental law.
A.conform

C. follow

B.abide

D. comply

4. Which countries may only a licensed engineer seal engineering work for
public and private clients?
A. In the USA

C. In Canada

B. A&B are correct

D. In Australia
15


5.might be relevant to engineer working with embbeded systems
A. Quantum mechanics

C. splif –state physics

B. A&B are correct

D. None is correct

3. Speaking
1.What main contents do you get from the text above? What do you know
about them?
2. Choose one of the main contents in the text and present it.
3. Why did you decide to choose your present major? What is your future
plan?

16


READING AND SPEAKING 4
1. Discuss the questions
1. What do the word digital electronics, analog electronics, and circuit mean in
your language?
2. What analog circuits do you know?
3. How is a digital circuit basically constructed from?
4. What do you know about digital electronics and analog electronics?
2. Read the text and do the tasks below
Digital Electronics and Analogue Electronics
Digital electronics, digital technology or digital (electronic) circuits are electronics
that operate on digital signals. In contrast, analog circuits manipulate analog
signals whose performance is more subject to manufacturing tolerance, signal
attenuation and noise. Digital techniques are helpful because it is much easier to
get an electronic device to switch into one of a number of known states than to
accurately reproduce a continuous range of values.
Digital electronic circuits are usually made from large assemblies of logic
gates (often printed on integrated circuits), simple electronic representations

of Boolean logic functions.
Analogue electronics (American English: analog electronics) are electronic
systems with a continuously variable signal, in contrast to digital electronics where
signals usually take only two levels. The term "analogue" describes the
proportional relationship between a signal and a voltage or current that represents
the signal. The word analogue is derived from the Greekword ανάλογος (analogos)
meaning "proportional"
Analog and digital electronics
Since the information is encoded differently in analogue and digital electronics, the
way they process a signal is consequently different. All operations that can be
performed on an analogue signal such as amplification, filtering, limiting, and
others, can also be duplicated in the digital domain. Every digital circuit is also an
analogue circuit, in that the behavior of any digital circuit can be explained using
the rules of analogue circuits. The use of microelectronics has made digital devices
cheap and widely available.
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