pronoun

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<b>RELATIVE CLAUSES: PARTICIPLE AND TO-INFINITIVE </b>
<b>A. Relative clauses with a participle. </b>

Read this news report about an accident.

<b>Several people were injured this morning when a lorry carrying concrete pipes </b>
<b>overturned in the centre of town and hit two cars. Ambulances called to the scene </b>
took a long time to get through the rush hour traffic. The accident happened in Alfred
Road, where road repairs are under way. People who saw the accident say that the
<b>lorry hit the cars after it swerved to avoid a pile of stones left in the road. The traffic </b>
<b>chaos caused by the accident has meant long delays for people travelling to work. </b>
 Carrying concrete pipes, called to the scene, etc are relative clauses: they relate to a noun.
 Carrying concr ete pipes tells us something about a lorry.

We can form these clauses with an active participle, e.g. carrying, ora passive participle, e.g.
called.

The participles can refer to the present or the past.
<b>B. Active - Passive </b>

<b>There are delays this morning for people travelling to work. (= people who are </b>
travelling to work)

<b>A lorry carrying concrete pipes has overturned. (= a lorry which was carrying pipes) </b>
<b>the path leading to the church (= the path which leads / led to the church) </b>

The active participle means the same as a pronoun + a continuous verb, e.g. which is / was
carrying, or a

pronoun + a simple verb, e.g. which leads / led.

<b>But we do NOT use the active participle for a single action in the past. </b>
<b>The police want to interview people who saw the accident. </b>
<i>NOT people seeing the accident. </i>

<b>Relative clauses with a to-infinitive </b>
Look at this structure with the to-infinitive.

<b>New Zealand was the first country to give women the vote. (= the first country which </b>
gave women the vote)

<b>Melanie was the only person to write a letter of thanks. (= the only person who wrote </b>
a letter of thanks)

Here are some more examples.

<b>The guest on our show is the youngest golfer to win the Open. </b>

<b>Emma Thompson is the most famous actress to appear on stage here. </b>

<b>We can use a to-infinitive with these words: first, second, etc…; next and last; only; and </b>
superlatives, e.g.

<b>youngest, most famous. </b>

We can leave out the noun (except after only) if the meaning is clear.
The captain was the last to leave the sinking ship.

<b> PRACTICE </b>

<i><b>I. Relative clauses with a participle. Complete the definitions. Put in an active or </b></i>

<i><b>passive participle of these verbs: add, arrive, block, own, play, take, tell, watch, wear. </b></i>
e.g.

- A competitor is someone taking part in a competition.
- Your property is everything owned by you.

<i>1. Baseball is a game ...mainly in the US. played</i>
<i>2. A wrist-watch is a watch ... on your wrist. worn</i>
<i>3. A latecomer is a person... late. arriving </i>

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<i>5. A spectator is someone ...a game or an event. watching</i>
<i>6. An extension is a new part ...on to a building. added</i>
7. An obstacle is something ...your way. blocking

<i><b>II. Relative clauses with a participle. Write each news item as one sentence. Change </b></i>
<i><b>the part in brackets </b></i>

<i><b>into a clause with an active participle (e.g. costing)or apassive participle (e.g. found). </b></i>
-.A new motorway is planned. (It will cost £500 million.)

 A new motorwaycosting £500 million is planned.

- Some weapons belong to the IRA. (They were found at a flat in Bristol.)
 Some weapons found at a flat in Bristol belong to the IRA.

1. Families have been evicted. (They were living in an empty office building.)
<i> Families ………. living in an empty office building have been evicted.</i>
2. A chemical company has gone bankrupt. (It employed 4,000 people.)

<i> A chemical company………. employing four thousand people has gone bankrupt.</i>

3. A bridge has been declared unsafe. (It was built only two years ago.)

<i> A bridge………. built only two years ago has been declared unsafe.</i>
4. People have marched to London. (They are protesting against pollution.)
<i> ………. People protesting against pollution have marched to London.</i>

5. Tennis fans have been queuing all night at Wimbledon. (They hope to buy tickets.)
<i> ………. Tennis fans hoping to buy tickets have been queuing all night at Wimbledon.</i>
6. A new drug may give us eternalyouth. (It was developed at a British university.)
<i> ………. A new drug developed at a British university may give us eternal youth.</i>
<i><b>III. Relative clauses with a infinitive. Comment on each situation. Use the </b></i>
<i><b>to-infinitive structure. </b></i>

e.g. David offered his help. No one else did.
 David was the only person to offer his help.

1. Olivia's daughter swam a length of the pool. No other girl as young as her did that.
<i> Olivia's daughter was ………. the youngest girl to swim a length of the pool.</i>

2.The secretaries got a pay rise. No one else did.

<i> The secretaries were ………. the only people to get a pay rise.</i>
3. The pilot left the aircraft. Everyone else had left before him.
<i> ………. The pilot was the last person to leave the aircraft.</i>

4. Mrs Harper became Managing Director. No other woman had done that before.
<i> ………. Mrs Harper was the first woman to become Managing Director.</i>

5. Daniel applied for the job. No other candidate as suitable as him applied.
<i> ………. Daniel was the most suitable candidate to apply for the job.</i>

<i><b>IV. Decide which word or phrase is correct. </b></i>

0. What I really need is a long holiday.

A.that B. what C. which D. who
1. At last I've found the information that I was looking ...
<i>A. for </i> B. for it C. for that D. it
2. Everyone, the building was searched by the police.
A. enter <i>B. entered C. entering </i> D. enters
3. The plane...has just taken off is an hour late.

A. it B. what <i>C. which </i> D. who

4. I had just one reply. Abco was the...company to reply to my letter.

A. last B. most <i>C.only </i> D. second

5. My friend Nigel...works in the City, earns much more than I do.

A.that B. which <i>C. who </i> D. whose

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A. him B.that C. who <i>D. whom </i>
7. I'd like to see the photo...

A.took B. you took it <i>C.that you took </i> D.that you took it
8. Atlanta is the city...the Olympic Games were held in 1996.

A.that B. when <i>C. where </i> D. which
9. It rained all the time ... was a great pity.

A.that B. what <i>C. which </i> D. who

10. We passed shops ... windows were decorated for Christmas.

A.the B.their C. which <i>D. whose </i>

<i><b>V. Each of these sentences has a mistake in it. Correct the mistakes and rewrite the </b></i>
<i><b>sentence. </b></i>

e.g. I've found the magazine who was missing.
 I've found the magazine that was missing.

<i>1. This isn't the train on that I normally travel. This isn't the train on which I normally travel.</i>
<i>2. The letter that I opened it wasn't for me. The letter that I opened wasn't for me.</i>

<i>3. The reason because I didn't know was that no one had told me. The reason (why/that) I </i>
<i>didn't know was that no one had told me.</i>

<i>4. That we should do is ring the police. What we should do is ring the police.</i>

<i>5. I didn't know the name of the man helped me. I didn't know the name of the man who/that </i>
<i>helped me.</i>

<i>6. Rupert knows the family who's house is for sale. Rupert knows the family whose house is </i>
<i>for sale.</i>

<i>7. Einstein who failed his university entrance exam discovered relativity. Einstein, who failed </i>
<i>his university entrance exam, discovered relativity.</i>

<i>8. The person we talked to were very friendly. The person we talked to was very friendly. or </i>

<i>The people we talked to were very friendly. </i>

<i>9. It's the President makes the important decisions. It's the President who makes the </i>
<i>important decisions.</i>

<i>10. I can't find my diary, what is real nuisnace. I can't find my diary, which is a real nuisance.</i>
<i>11. Outside the door was a pair of boots covering in mud. Outside the door was a pair of </i>
<i>boots covered in mud.</i>

12 .Lake-Suiperior-, that lies-on-the US Canadian border is the largest-lake in-North-America.
<i>Lake Superior, which lies on the US-Canadian border, is the largest lake in North America.</i>
<i><b>VI. Complete the story about a thief's punishment. Write the missing words. Use one </b></i>
<i><b>word only in each </b></i>

<i><b>space. </b></i>

This is a true story (0) which is supposed to have happened somewhere in the US. A man
(1) ... was

accused of housebreaking appeared in court. He had put his arm through the window of a
house and stolen

some money (2) ... was lying on a table inside. The argument (3) ... the man's
lawyer put

forward wasn't very impressive. He said that (4) ... was the man's arm (5) ... had
committed the

crime and not the man himself. 'You cannot punish a man for (6) ... his arm has done,'
said the lawyer.

Now the judge in (7) ... court the man was appearing wanted to show how stupid the
lawyer's

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go with his arm or not, as he chooses,' the judge added, (8) ... made everyone laugh.
But (9) ...

the judge didn't know was that the man had an artificial arm. He took the arm off, gave it to
the judge - (10)

...could hardly believe his eyes - and walked out of the court.

<i>1. who (Also possible: that) 2. that/which 3. that/which 4. it 5. that/which 6. What 7. whose </i>
<i>8.which 9. what 10. who </i>

<i><b>VII. Combine the two sentences into one. </b></i>

e.g.That man was Anna's brother. He just walked past.
 The manwho just walked past was Anna's brother.
1. The plane was twenty-five years old. It crashed.

<i>The plane ...twenty-five years old. that/which crashed was /, which crashed, was</i>
2. One day Tessa was ill in bed. Martin rang.

<i>The day ...ill in bed. (when/that) Martin rang (,) Tessa was</i>
3. Our offices are in Queen Street. They are new.

<i>Our ...in Queen Street. new offices are /offices, which are new, are</i>
4. Some documents have been found. They were stolen from a car.

<i>The documents...found. stolen from a car have been or that/which were stolen from a </i>
<i>car have been</i>

5. That map is out of date. You were looking at it.

<i>The map ...out of date. (that/which) you were looking at is</i>
6. The King's Theatre is in the centre of town. It dates from 1896.

<i>The King's...in the centre of town. Theatre, which dates from 1896, is</i>
7. A woman was terribly upset. Her dog wasrun over.

<i>The woman ...terribly upset. whose dog was run over was</i>
8. Janet solved the puzzle. She did it before everyone else.

<i>Janet was...the puzzle. the first (person) to solve /the first (person) who solved</i>
9. A man was standing outside the building. He was selling newspapers.

<i>A man...outside the building. selling newspapers was standing or who was selling </i>
<i>newspapers was standing </i>

10. The talk was very interesting. Judy gave it.

<i>The talk ...very interesting. (that/which) Judy gave was /, which Judygave, was</i>
11. The house is empty now. I used to live there.

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