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Bài soạn PP Giai Nhanh Hoa OTDH co DA

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PHẦN 1
GIỚI THIỆU CÁC CHUYÊN ĐỀ GIẢI NHANH BÀI TẬP HÓA HỌC
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1 : PHƯƠNG PHÁP ĐƯỜNG CHÉO
I. Nguyên tắc:
- Các giá trị trung bình như : Khối lượng mol trung bình; số cacbon trung bình; nồng độ mol trung bình;
nồng độ % trung bình; số khối trung bình của các đồng vị… luôn có mối quan hệ với khối lượng mol; số cacbon;
nồng độ mol; nồng độ %; số khối… của các chất hoặc nguyên tố bằng các “đường chéo”.
- Trong phản ứng axit – bazơ : Thể tích của dung dịch axit, bazơ, nồng độ mol của H
+
, OH
-
ban đầu và nồng
độ mol của H
+
, OH
-
dư luôn có mối quan hệ với nhau bằng các “đường chéo”.
II. Các trường hợp sử dụng sơ đồ đường chéo
1. Trộn lẫn hai chất khí, hai chất tan hoặc hai chất rắn không tác dụng với nhau

⇒

 
 

  
 
 
  

= =








 !"#$%!&'(!)*




!+!, !-,*




-./ !"-.#$%!&'(!)*

M
-./!&01 !"-.!&01#$%!
&'(!)*
2. Trộn lẫn hai dung dịch có cùng chất tan:
2&3$4-./
4
!+!,
4
%
4
5%67!8"%9-./
.(3

4
*
2&3$:-./
:
!+!,
:
%
:
5
:
;
4
9-./.(3
:
*
2&3$!&/-./<
4
=
:
!+!,<
4
=
:
%5
4
>>
:
9#-.
/.(3*
?#@!A!A#B.C.!/6

a. Đối với nồng độ % về khối lượng:
 ⇒ 
:
4
: 4
 

  

=

549
b. Đối với nồng độ mol/lít:
 ⇒ 
:
4
: 4
 

  

=

5:9
c. Đối với khối lượng riêng:
 ⇒ 
:
4
: 4
 


  

=

5D9
3. Phản ứng axit - bazơ
a. Nếu axit dư:

Page 1

4

:

E
:
E
E
4
E

E
:
E
E
4
E
F


4

:
3
4
3
:
E3
:
3E
E3
4
3E
3
  
  
   

   


⇒
0 3&


0 3&
GH = H 


H   H 

− +
+ +
   
   
=
   

   




!+!,3&3$I.!#0J*

0
GH

 
 
%GH


07&*

0
H
+
 
 


3&
H
+
 
 
%H
=

07&#%H
=

3*
b. Nếu bazơ dư



0 3&


0 3&
GH   GH 


H = GH 
− −
+ −
   

   
=

   
   




!+!,3&3$I.!#0J*

0
GH

 
 

3&
GH

 
 
%GH


07&#GH


3*

0
H
+

 
 
%H
=

07&*
III. Các ví dụ minh họa
Ví dụ 1:K&'(!L-.!&01DMM*.#$0N
DM

#
DO

*
67P&'(!L
DM


A. OM* B.:M* C.QR* D.:R*
Hướng dẫn giải
S63T!
DO
DM



DMM DM 4
 DO DMM D

= =


⇒P
DM

<
D
*4RRP
U
<OMP*
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 2: HC/6.-,KG#K
:
G!V-...#B..0W4XOM*VY"!+!,KG
#K
:
G!C/67/!
A.4D* B.D4* C.44* D.:D*
Hướng dẫn giải

2
(NO,N O)
M
<4XOM*:<DDM
S63T!
:
K G
KG

DDM DR 4
 UU DDM D


= =

Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 3:%!C/6G
:
G
D
Z.N&-.Y!.(&&[!V-..#B..4Q*67
P#N!+!,G
D
!C/6
A.4MP* B.:MP* C.DMP* D.UMP*
Hướng dẫn giải
S63T
Page 2
 0 0 3&
3&
 0 0 3&
 H  GH H
H 
 GH  H H
+ − +
+
− + +
     
+
     
 
 

     

     
 0 0 3&
3&
 0 0 3&
 H  GH GH
GH 
 GH  H GH
+ − −

− + −
     

     
 
 
     
+
     

D
:
G
G

U 4
 4: D
= =


D
G
4
P
D 4
=
+
×4RRP<:MP*
Đáp án B.
Ví dụ 4:7!%.!+!,\!#B.%!!+!,]^\!+!&/C/6
-,!V-..#B..0W4M*^
A.
D
H
Q
* B.
U
H
4R
* C.
M
H
4:
* D.
X
H
4U
*
Hướng dẫn giải
S63T


U
:
H
:


 DR
:
 4U 4

= =
⇒
:
−DR<:Q
⇒
:
<MQ⇒4U=:<MQ⇒<U⇒^
U
H
4R
*
Đáp án B.
Ví dụ 5:HC/6.0^#I.!VY!A44R*_!'!C/6!(
!&/C/6-,`*`a&3&3$H
:
?G
U
"!&/C/6-,b!V-..#B..0W
4c*@!A6d!L^

A. 
D
H
Q
* B.
D
H
X
* C.
U
H
Q
* D.
D
H
U
*
Hướng dẫn giải
=
Z
M 38
⇒bG
:
#

G
:
S63T!
:
:

G
G

UU DQ 4
 DQ D: 4

= =

efA

I
H
'
=5I=
U
y
9G
:
→IG
:
=
:
y
H
:
G
044R
645I=
U
y

9I
6R4R5I=
U
y
9I
⇒4R5I=
U
y
9<I⇒UR<QI='⇒I<U#'<Q
Đáp án C.
Ví dụ 6:C/6K
:
H
:
#KH
D
!V-.#B..Q*2gC/6.a&3&3$H
:
?G
U
"
3!1!+!,-,hi.%!L*6767!85P9!\!+!,C.-,!C/67/!
A.:MPK
:
:MPH
:
#MRPKH
D
* B.:MPKH
D

:MPH
:
#MRPK
:
*
C.:MPK
:
:MPKH
D
#MRPH
:
* D.4MPK
:
DMPH
:
#MRPKH
D
*
Hướng dẫn giải
j..a&3&3$H
:
?G
U
"3!0%KH
D
0$ 6!T3!67KH
D
MRP*
: : D
5K H KH 9


<Q*:<4X
S63T666!
Page 3
D
:
G
G
  UQ D: DX
 4Q : DX
  D: UQ DX
= −
= × =
= −
U
:
H :
 :
  4X  DR
 4M : DR
   4X DR
= −
= × =
= −
: :
D
: :
5K H 9
KH
5H K 9


4X 
4
 4O 4X 4

= =

⇒
: :
5K H 9

<4M
: :
5K H 9

<4M-./!&01C/6K
:
#H
:
*.k6!T63T666
!

:
:
H
K

:Q 4M 4
 4M : 4


= =

⇒PK
:
<PH
:
<:MP*
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 7:HC/6K#K*C/6!3T#B.3&3$KG
D
3!1!i-k!!-.
/0W-./KG
D
l!.6fA*67P!\-./K!C
/67&
A.:MQUP* B.:OQUP* C.URUMP* D.:OUQP*
Hướng dẫn giải
K=KG
D
→↓=KKG
D
549
K=KG
D
→↓=KKG
D
5:9
j./-k!!5#90W-./KG
D
3-./!&01.

&.-k!!
3
AgCl AgBr AgNO
M M 170
+
= =
#
Cl ,Br
M
− −
<4ORm4RQ<X:*H'-./!&01.
&.07&
NaCl,NaBr
M
<:D=X:<QM
S63T666!

K
K

4RD QM 4Q
 QM MQM :XM

= =

⇒
NaCl
NaBr NaCl
m 18.58,5
100% 27,84%

m m (26,5.103) (18.58,5)
= × =
+ +
Đáp án B.
Ví dụ 8:(:MR3&3$KGH:#:RR3&3$H
D
eG
U
4M*&.!i!#-./
!A
A.4U:K
:
HeG
U
nD:QK
D
eG
U
*
B.:QUK
:
HeG
U
n4XUK
D
eG
U
*
C.4:KH
:

eG
U
n:QUK
:
HeG
U
*
D.:UKH
:
eG
U
n4U:K
:
HeG
U
*
Hướng dẫn giải

D U
KGH
H eG
 R:M : M
4 :
 R: 4M D
×
< = = <
×
⇒!iC/6:&.KH
:
eG

U
K
:
HeG
U
*
?

: U
: U
K HeG
KH eG

:
 4
=
→
: U : U
K HeG KH eG
 :
=

: U : U D U
K HeG KH eG H eG
   RD
+ = =


: U
: U

K HeG
KH eG
 R: 
 R4 
=



=



: U
: U
K HeG
KH eG
 R: 4U: :QU 
 R4 4:R 4: 
= × =



= × =



Đáp án C.
Page 4
: U 4
: U :

M :
K HeG  : 4
D D
M

D
M 4
KH eG  4 :
D D
= − =
=
= − =
Ví dụ 9:Hh!D4XUC/6:&.G
D
#G
D
0W3&3$H3!&/
UUQ-,G
:
5-!9*67PG
D
!C/6
A.MRP* B.MMP* C.XRP* D.XMP*
Hướng dẫn giải
:
G
RUQQ

::U
=

<RR:→
D4XU

RR:
=
<4MQ:*
S63T

D
G
MQ:
P
MQ: DQQ
=
+
×4RRP<XRP*
Đáp án C.
Ví dụ 10:a&"\!.!AXRPo\
:
G
D
*a&"\!.!AXcXPo\
D
G
U
*%

! a&"#B.



! a&"!&/a&"!p4! a&"!+.N&k/RM! AUP0*VY


q


A.M:* B.DU* C.UD* D.:M*
Hướng dẫn giải:
?-o\!4! C.a&"
r&"A
5-9U:R
4XR
44:
4RRR
4RR
XR
=⋅⋅
r&"A
5-9MRU
:D:
4XQ
4RRR
4RR
XXc
=⋅⋅
r&"A
5-9UQR
4RR
U
4MRR

=






−×
?



U:REMRUUQRE<:U
UQR


MRUEU:RUQRE<XR

M
:
XR
:U




==

Đáp án D.
Ví dụ 11:_+!&/3&3$H:MP7 '

4
3&3$HUMP6#B.
:
3&3$H
4MP*VY
4
q
:

A.4:* B.4D* C.:4* D.D4*
Hướng dẫn giải
S63T@!A549
4
:
UM :M
 :R :
 4M :M 4R 4

= = =

*
Đáp án C.
Ví dụ 12:_+6/MRR3&3$B&..s5<RcP97 '3&3$
KDP6#B.B !*t.!$
A.4MR* B.:4UD* C.:QMO* D.DMR*
Page 5
D 4
D :
G 5 4cO9 4RR 4MQ: MQ:
 4MQ:

G 5 4RR9 4cO 4MQ: DQQ
= − =
=
= − =
Hướng dẫn giải

⇒ 
4
<
Rc
MRR
:4 Rc
×
+
<4MR*
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 13:Hh!:RR?G
D
#
:
3&3$H
:
?G
U
UcP!/3&3$H
:
?G
U

OQUP*t.!$

:

A.4DDD* B.4UXc* C.:O::* D.DRR*
Hướng dẫn giải
e!16fA
?G
D
=H
:
G→H
:
?G
U
 4RR?G
D
→
cQ 4RR
QR
×
<4::MH
:
?G
U
*
K%3&3$H
:
?G
U
!A4::MP*
t).

4

:
7/!-./?G
D
#3&3$H
:
?G
U
UcP7 '*\549!
4
:
Uc OQU
 :cU
 4::M OQU UU4

= =


:
UU4
 :RR
:cU
= ×
<DRR*
Đáp án D.
Ví dụ 14: 7 '0.(&!.!+&?G
U
*MH
:

G#0.(&3&3$&?G
U
QP+
6!:QR3&3$&?G
U
4XPu
A.4QR#4RR* B.DDR#:MR*
C. XR#::R* D.UR#:UR*
Hướng dẫn giải
U :
4XR
:MR
&?G *MH G
1 2 3
1 44 2 4 43
→.&?G
U
*MH
:
G3&3$&?G
U

P<
4XR 4RR
:MR
×
=
XUP*
t).
4

-./&?G
U
*MH
:
G#
:
-./3&3$&?G
U
QP*
\

4
:
 Q 4
 UQ X
= =
*
"!-
4
=
:
<:QR*
v'-./&?G
U
*MH
:
G 
4
<
:QR

4
4 X
×
+
<UR
#-./3&3$&?G
U
QP
:
<:QR−UR<:UR*
Đáp án D.
Ví dụ 15:70.(&,!I.!H
:
?G
U
52<4QU9#0.(&,!B !+6!c,!3&
3$H
:
?G
U
2<4:Qqu
A.:,!#O,!*B.D,!#X,!*C.U,!#M,!*D.X,!#D,!*
Hướng dẫn giải
Page 6

4
5K9

:
5H

:
G9
Rc
D
R
ERcRE
EDRcE
4
:
5 9 XU Q 4X Q
4X
5 9 Q XU 4X UQ
− =
− =
?


:
: U
H G
H ?G

RMX :
 R:Q 4
= =
*
"!-
:
H G


=
: U
H ?G

<c⇒
:
H G

<X,!#
: U
H ?G

<D,!*
Đáp án B.
Ví dụ 16: %:MR3&3$AC/6HRRQ#H
:
?G
U
RR4#B.:MR3&3$
KGHa!&/MRR3&3$6H<4:*t.!$a 
A.R4D* B.R4:* C.R4U* D.R*4R*
Hướng dẫn giải

K%H
=

07&0WRRQ=RR4*:<R4*
K%GH



07&0Wa*
2&3$&6fA6H<4:&'GH

36GH<:*
K%GH


30W4R
:

<RR4*
S63T!/6GH

3!
0 3&


0 3&
GH   GH 


H = GH 
− −
+ −
   

   
=
   
   

<
RR4 4
R4:
R4 RR4 4
a
a

= ⇒ =
+
*
Đáp án B.
Ví dụ 17: %gD3&3$H
:
?G
U
R4HKG
D
R:#HRD#B.w!+!,0W&!&
/3&3$*x 'DRR3&3$6fA#B.V,!3&3$KGHR:#
jGHR:c!&/3&3$6H<:*t.!$V
A.R4DU,!* B.R:4U,!* C.RU4U,!* D.RU:U,!*
Hướng dẫn giải
K%H
=

07&0W5R4*:*R4=R:*R4=RD*R49RD<
RO
D
*
K%GH



07&0Wn5R:=R:c9<RUc*
2&3$&6fA6H<:&'H
=
3*
K%H
=
30W4R
:

<RR4*

S63T!/6H
=
3!

0 3&


0 3&
GH = H 


H   H 
− +
+ +
   
   
=

   

   
<
RUc RR4 RD
R4DU
RO
RR4
D
V
V
+
= ⇒ =

*
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 18: 2&3$HR:nHKG
D
RDnH
:
?G
U
R4nHG
U
RD3&3$
jGH RDnKGHRUn5GH9
:
R4M*7!%#!\!VY!+!,0.(&+/
3&3$6H<4D
A.44c* B.c44* C.4R4cc* D.cc4R4*

Hướng dẫn giải

K%H
=

07&0W5R:=RD=R4*:=RD9<4*
K%GH


07&0W5RD=RU=R4M*:9<4*
2&3$&6fA6H<4D&'GH

36GH<4*
K%GH


30W4R
4

<R4*
Page 7
:
: U
H G  4 E4QU 4:Q E RMX
4:Q
H ?G  4QU E4:Q 4E R:Q
− =
− =
S63T!/6GH


3!

0 3&


0 3&
GH   GH 


H = GH 
− −
+ −
   

   
=
   
   
<
4 R4 c
4 R4 44

=
+
*
Đáp án B.
IV. Các bài tập áp dụng
Câu 1: K&'(!L-.!&01XDMU*_.#$0N
XD
:c

&
#
XM
:c
&
*
67P&'(!L
XD
:c
&

A.ODRP* B.DU:P* C.D:DP* D.:ORP*
Câu 2: K&'(!L-.!&01DMM*!!y.(:#$
Cl
DM
#
Cl
DO
*e7!8#N
-./
DO
4O
Cl
A!HG
U
5#B..#$
H
4
4
I.#$

O
4X
Q
9.!$&d'u
 A.c:RP* B.QcMP* C.cXOP* D.cURP*
Câu 3: B.!!i..#$
4
H#
:
H*.k!&'(!L-.!&01.4RRQnI.
4X*?&'(!L#$
:
H!4B&'( !53<4q9
A.MMD*4R
:R
* B.MMD*4R
:R
* C.DDM*4R
:R
* D.UQM*4R
:R
*
Câu 4: Hh!0W3&3$HKG
D
l!&/C/6-,KG#K
:
G!V-.
#B.H
:
0W4XOM*VY!+!,-,!C/6

A.:D* B.4:* C.4D* D.D4*
Câu 5:Hh!!4:C/6o\&5!VY4490WI.!HKG
D
!&/,!5Z-!9C/6
-,^5KG#KG
:
9#3&3$`5VA.&.#I.!39*V-.^.#B.H
:
0W4c*t.!$

A.::U* B.UUQ* C.MXR* D.DDX*
Câu 6:HC/6j,^K
:
#H
:
!z-..#B.H\4Q*_&^%!!..!01-,
I{!!&/C/6-,`!z-..#B.H\:*H.Y&& !6fA!|/6KH
D

A. :MP* B.MRP* C.XRP* D.OMP*
Câu 7: (4MR3&3$jGH:#4:R3&3$H
D
eG
U
4*j./&.
!&/!3&3$
A.4RUUjH
:
eG
U

nQMj
D
eG
U
* B.4RUUj
:
HeG
U
n4:O:j
D
eG
U
*
C.4RUUj
:
HeG
U
n4DMjH
:
eG
U
* D.4DMjH
:
eG
U
n4U:j
D
eG
U
*

Câu 8:C/60%!b#o\#/33&3$&?G
U
*?&-.-k!!{6fA)0}
673&3$!&/0%!~*6767!8!\-./b!C/60%!0
7&
A.QMDRP* B.cR:OP* C.Q::RP* D.4:XOP*
Câu 9: Hh!:QUC/6:&.G
D
#G
D
0W3&3$H539!&/
RXO:,!-,Z.N&-.Y!.(&&[*67PG
D
!C/6
A.DDDDP* B.UMMMP* C.MUUMP* D.XXXOP*
Câu 10:-#v!&6.!AUMP&
:
G*-#v!!\.!AORP&G*7!%
#!\!VY-./<



+/a&"!p4! a&"!+.N&k
/!.RM! &'( !u
A.MD B.MU C.UM D. DM
Câu 11: p4! a&"\!.!.N&k/U:R-o\*p4! a&"\!.!.N&k
/MRU-o\*H}.6f.!%.a&"!(#B.!VY-./5




90.(&+/4
! a&"C/6!p4! a&"C/6'.N&k/UQR-o\*
 A.4D* B.:M* C.:D* D.44*
Câu 12: +!,B#3&3$?G
U
:7+6/4RR3&3$?G
U
RU7/!
A.MR#MR* B.UR#XR*
C. QR#:R* D.:R#QR*
Câu 13:%!3&3$KGH%:#%!3&3$KGH-%RM*_+3&3$B.
%4!176f.6k#N!+!,.w:3&3$!\!VY
A. 4: B.:4 C.4D D.D4
Câu 14: %!3&3$H%DMP#%!3&3$H-%4MP*_+!&/3&3$
B.%:RP!176f.6k:3&3$'!\!VY-./
A. 4D* B.D4* C.4M*D.M4*
Page 8
Câu 15: j./3&3$K4MP7!%#B.:RR3&3$KDRP+!&/3&3$
K:RP
A.:MR* B.DRR* C.DMR* D. URR*
Câu 16: Hh!!K
:
G&'( !#UR3&3$KGH4:P!&/3&3$
KGHM4P*t.!$
A. 44D* B.:RR* C.D4Q* D.URR*
Câu 17: x/?G
D
7!(#3&3$H
:
?G

U
4RP+/4RR3&3$H
:
?G
U
:RP

A.:M* B.QQQ* C.XXX* D.:UM*
Câu 18: +!,B&'( !7!(#4,!3&3$H
:
?G
U
cQP53<4QUq9+/3&3$
B.%4RP
A.4U4c:* B.4M4c:* C.4X4c:* D.4O4c:*
Câu 19: 2&3$/&\!'.4DQ

35q90.(&u.k!
2 5
C H OH(ng.chÊt)
d = 0,8 g/ml
n
:
H G
3 4  
=
*
A.RQRM* B.RQMM* C.RcO:*  D.Rc4M*
Câu 20: %:MR3&3$AC/6HRRQ#H
:

?G
U
RR4#B.:MR3&3$
jGH!&/MRR3&3$6H<4:*t.!$
A.R4D* B.R4:* C.R4U* D.R*4R*
Câu 21:%gD3&3$H
:
?G
U
R4HKG
D
R:#HRD#B.w!+!,0W&!&
/3&3$*x 'UMR3&3$6fA#B.,!3&3$KGHR:#
jGHR:c!&/3&3$6H<:*t.!$
A.R:R4,!* B.RD:4,!* C.RX:4,!* D.RXDX,!*
Câu 22: +!,3&3$5GH9
:
RR:M7#4RR3&3$C/6HKG
D
#H6H<
4+!&/3&3$6H<:
A. R::U,!* B. R4M,!* C. RDDX,!* D. RUUQ,!*
Câu 23:MR3&3$AC/6jGHRRM#5GH9
:
RR:M.!!(3&3$H
R4X#MR3&3$!(!&/3&3$B.6H<:*v'.!$
A. DXXO* B. DRDD* C.URUM*  D.UMXO*
Câu 24: %4RR3&3$6H<4H#HKG
D
#B.4RR3&3$KGH%!&/

:RR3&3$6H<4:*t.!$5•H
=
ۥGH

€<4R
4U
9
A. R4M* B. RDR*  C. RRD* D. R4:*
Câu 25: %:RR3&3$AC/6HR4#H
:
?G
U
RRM#B.DRR3&3$
5GH9
:
%q,!!&/-k!!#MRR3&3$6H<4D*t.!$#
7/!
 A.R4M#:DD*  B.R4M#UUX*
C.R:#DUcM* D.R:#:DD*
Câu 26:%:MR3&3$C/6HRRQ#H
:
?G
U
RR4#B.:MR3&3$5GH9
:
%
I!&/-k!!#MRR3&3$6H<4:*t.!$#I
A.RMQ:M#RRX* B.RMMXM#RRX* C. RMQ:M#RRD* D.RMMXM#RRD*
Câu 27:x '3&3$I.!6H<M#3&3$0J6H<c!\!VY+!&/3&3$6H<
Qu

A.
c
44
=
axit
bazo
V
V
* B.
44
c
=
axit
bazo
V
V
* C.
0J
<
I
* D.j@I$/*
Câu 28:2&3$HR:nHKG
D
RDnH
:
?G
U
R4nHG
U
RD3&3$

jGH RDnKGHRUn5GH9
:
R4M*7!%#!\!VY!+!,0.(&+/
3&3$6H<4D
A.44c* B.c44* C.4R4cc* D.cc4R4*
Câu 29:_&C/6-,RRX
:
H
:
#RRUH
:
#B.I{!K.&%!!..!&/
C/6-,`*2g!0%C/6`%.!p!pa&01y3&3$0539!1hi.RUUQ,!C/6
-,b5-!9!V-.#B.G
:
RM*j./013&3$0!8
A.4:R* B. 4RU* C.4XU*D.4D:*
Câu 30:%!5/&9A^a&01y&G539&*?&-.6fA
!-./ !~!01.fRD:*HC/6.!&/!V-..#B..4MM*
t.!$
Page 9
A.Rc:* B.RD:* C.RXU* D.RUX*
Câu 31:C/6^.A-k!.k6&!3l']!3T#B.&G
539&!&/%!C/6~b#%!C/6.`5!V-..#B.H
:
4DOM9*!
0%`6fA#B.%!/3
:
G5"KG
D

9!3&3$KH
D
&.XUQ*t.
!$
A.OQ* B.OU* C.c:* D.QQ*
Câu 32:C/6^. !w&•@!A6d!L
:
H
O
KG
:
!3T#p#B.3&3$
KGH#&!&/3&3$`#UUQ,!C/6b5Z-!9.-,5N&I. 'a&‚
[9*V-..b.#B.H
:
0W4DOM*@i3&3$`!&/-./&.-
A.4XM* B.4UD* C.Qc* D.4MO*
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 2 : PHƯƠNG PHÁP BẢO TOÀN NGUYÊN TỐ
VÀ BẢO TOÀN KHỐI LƯỢNG
I. Phương pháp bảo toàn nguyên tố
1. Nội dung định luật bảo toàn nguyên tố:
- Trong phản ứng hóa học, các nguyên tố luôn được bảo toàn.
2. Nguyên tắc áp dụng:
Trong phản ứng hóa học, tổng số mol của nguyên tố trước và sau phản ứng luôn bằng nhau.
3. Các ví dụ minh họa:
Ví dụ 1:_!'!URU%!C/60%!-.i.o\&!-@-,
!&/McXC/6DI.!*Hh!k!C/6DI.!0W3&3$H:*,!+
!,3&3$H73•*
A.RM,!* B.RO,!* C.R4:,!* D.4,!*
Hướng dẫn giải


G
<
I.!
−
-
<McX−URU<4c:
G
4c:
 R4: 
4X
= =
Hh!k!C/60I.!0W3&3$H!i!H
:
G&
:H
=
=G
:

→H
:
G
R:U←R4:

H
R:U
 R4:
:
= =

,!
Đáp án C.
Ví dụ 2:C/6b*_\I.!:QX0WI.3!&/
UUXC/6I.!*H!k!!3&3$H!&/3&3$2*@i3&
3$2/C/6&.-
A.ccX* B.UcQ* C. OUO* D.4RRQ*
Hướng dẫn giải
t).-.i.i.3.Y0-.i.!(#B.!$
=

:
G
:
→
:
G

549

:
G

=:H→:

=H
:
G 5:9
\6!15495:9→
:
H G

 U*
=
S63T$&v!0f!-./→
:
G
 UUX :QX 4X
= − =

Page 10

:
G
 RM
=
→
H
<U×RM<:
⇒

 : 

=
⇒ 
&.
<
-
=




<:QX=:×DMM<ccX*
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 3:_+-L!DRUC/6^o\Go\
D
G
U
o\
:
G
D
7RRMH
:
*"!-
h!!DRUC/6^!3&3$H
:
?G
U
"!&/!+!,-,?G
:
5f
6[-L3&' !9Z.N&-.Y!.(&&[
A.UUQ* B.::U* C.DDX* D.44:*
Hướng dẫn giải
y !6fA-LI.!!(
H
:
=G→H
:
G
RRM→RRM

_"!C/6^o\Go\
D
G
U
o\
:
G
D
7/!I'J*

G
<I=U'=DJ<RRM 549

o\
DRU RRM 4X
 RRU 
MX
− ×
= =
⇒I=D'=:J<RRU 5:9
Kd.#k5:9#B.D.!p549!
I='<RR:*
"!-
:o\G=UH
:
?G
U
→o\
:
5?G

U
9
D
=?G
:
=UH
:
G
I→Iq:
:o\
D
G
U
=4RH
:
?G
U
→Do\
:
5?G
U
9
D
=?G
:
=4RH
:
G
'→'q:
⇒!|

?G:
I ' R:
 RR4 
: :
+
= = =
v'
:
?G
 ::U *
=

Đáp án B.
Ví dụ 4:|.!p!p,!C/6-,5-!9G#H
:
.a&%!y4XQC/6
DI.!&Go\
D
G
U

:
G
D
&6fA!*?&6fA!&/ !~
#%!C/6-,#."-./C/6RD:*,#*
A.R::U,!#4UUQ* B.RUUQ,!#4QUX*
C.R44:,!#4::Q* D.RUUQ,!#4XUQ*
Hướng dẫn giải
y !6fA-LI.!!(

G=G→G
:
H
:
=G→H
:
G*
j./C/6-,!i!"C/6-,07&,-./&'(!LGI.
!I.!!.6fA*2#v'

G
<RD:*

G
RD:
 RR: 
4X
= =

( )
:
G H
  RR: 
+ =
*
S63T$&v!0f!-./!

I.!
<
 !~

=RD:
⇒4XQ<=RD:⇒ <4XUQ*

:
 5G H 9
 RR: ::U RUUQ
+
= × =
,!
Đáp án D.
Page 11
Ví dụ 5: |. !v::U,!5-!9%!C/6-,G#H
:
a&%!AyC
/6
:
G
D
&Go\
D
G
U
o\
:
G
D
-./:U3/&*?&-.-k!!{
6fA-./ !~hi.!A
A.::U* B.44:* C.:RQ* D.4XQ*
Hướng dẫn giải

:
 5G H 9
::U
 R4 
::U
+
= =
y !6fA-LI.!
G=G→G
:
H
:
=G→H
:
G*
v'
:
G G H
   R4 
= + =
*
⇒
G
<4X*
j./ !~hi.!A:U−4X<::U
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 6:UUQ,!G5-!9!p!p.a&A&yQ%!I.!~!k-.
6fAIf'!*j,!&/&6fA!V-.#B..0W:R*@!A
I.!~!#67!8!+!,-,G
:

!C/6-,&6fA
A.o\GnOMP* B.o\
:
G
D
nOMP*C.o\
:
G
D
nXMP* D.o\
D
G
U
nXMP*
Hướng dẫn giải
o\
I
G
'
='G→Io\='G
:
j,!&/
 UR
=
→:-,G
:
#G3

:
G

G

D
 4
=
→
:
G
P OMP
=
*
"!-
:
G 5 9 G
OM
  R: R4M
4RR
p.­
= = × =
→
G3
<RRM*
y !6fA-LI.!~!3
G=G
5!I.!~!9
→G
:
⇒ 
G
<

G
<R4M→
G
<R4M×4X<:U
⇒
o\
<Q−:U<MX→
o\
<R4*
\6!16fA!
:
o\
G
 I R4 :
 ' R4M D
= = =
→o\
:
G
D

Đáp án B.
Ví dụ 7:%!&-,G.a&yRR4o\G#RRDo\
:
G
D
5C/69!
*?&-.-k!!{!,.Y!&/UOQU !~U !*H! !~
0W3&3$H3! '!!RX:O:,!H
:

5-!9*,I.!~!!p!C/6*
.k!W!I.!~!!p0W4qD!|~!5ƒƒ9I.!#~!5ƒƒƒ9I.!*
A.RRRX* B.RRRQ* C.RR4* D.RR4:*
Hướng dẫn giải
HC/6
: D
o\G RR4 
o\ G  RRD 



=G→UOQU5o\o\
:
G
D
o\Go\
D
G
U
9!A#B.
0359*
H!0W3&3$H3!&/
:
H
 RR:Q
=
*
o\=:H→o\
:
=H

:
⇒ <RR:Q* 549
Page 12
:
G
G
 UU 4:
UR
 :Q U
\7&0.
( )
D U : D
o\ G o\G o\ G
4
  
D
= +
→
( )
4
3 0 
D
= +
5:9
|

 5MX*=4XR*0=O:*=:D:*39<UOQ* 5D9
?&'(!Lo\!C/60W&'(!Lo\!C/6*

o\59

<RR4=RRD×:<RRO

o\59
<=:0==D3
⇒=:0==D3<RRO 5U9
p54:DU9→ 0<RRRX
<RR4:
3<RRRX
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 8:jL!:UC/6&G#o\
I
G
'
0WH
:
3Z.Y!%!&/4OX
C/6:-.i.*j./H
:
G!i!
A. 4Q* B.MU* C.O:* D.DX*
Hướng dẫn giải

G5!I.!9
<
I.!
−
-i.
<:U−4OX<XU*

( )

2
OH O
m 6, 4
=
n
:
H G
XU
 RU
4X
= =
*

:
H G
 RU 4Q O:
= × =

Đáp án C.
Ví dụ 9:jLk!o\
D
G
U
0WG!&/C/6o\G#o\*!#p!
RD,!3&3$H
:
?G
U
4UUQ,!-,5-!9*,u
A.:D:* B.UXU* C.44:* D.4XRU*

Hướng dẫn giải
o\
D
G
U
→5o\Go\9→Do\
:=

( )
:
U
U
o\ ! o\?G
?G
  RD

= =

S63T$&v!0f!&'(!o\
( )
( )
UD U
o\ o\?G
o\ o\ G
 
=
⇒D<RD→<R4⇒
D U
o\ G
 :D:

=

Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 10:_!'!C/6^H
U

D
H
X
#
U
H
4R
!&/UUG
:
#:M:
H
:
G*.!$
A. 4UQ* B.:UQ* C.4UQ* D.:U*
Hướng dẫn giải
X C H
4,4 2,52
m m m x12 x2 1,2 0,28 1,48(g)
44 18
= + = + = + =
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 11:%!5/&9A^a&01y&G539&*?&-.6fA
!-./ !~!01.fRD:*HC/6.!&/!V
-..#B..4MM*t.!$

A.Rc:* B.RD:* C.RXU* D.RUX*
Hướng dẫn giải


H
:=4
H
:
GH=&G

!
→


H
:=4
HG=&

=H
:
G
Page 13
j./ !~!01.f,&'(!LG!&G6fA*2v/

G
<RD:→
G
RD:
 RR: 
4X

= =
⇒HC/6.
 : 4
:
 H HG  RR: 
H G  RR: *
+



v'C/6.!|RRU*

M
<D4
⇒
.
<D4×RRU<4:U*


=RD:<
.


<4:U−RD:<Rc:
Đáp án A.
Chú ý:B./&0v5ƒ9"/&0v5ƒƒ9N&!}l7&0.*
Ví dụ 12:.C/6:\.!A!:670W&
_!'!674!&/RMUH
:
G*

e7:%H
:
5K.!

9!&/C/6*
 Kk&!'!!1!+!,-,G
:
!&/5-!9
A.R44:,!* B.RXO:,!* C.4XQ,!* D.::U,!*
Hướng dẫn giải
e4C/6\.!A
= =
2 2
CO H O
n n 0,03(mol)
\$&v!0f!&'(!L#0f!-./
1
C(P ) C(A)
n n 0,03(mol)= =
<;
= =
2 2
CO (P ) C( A )
n n 0,03(mol)
⇒ =
2
CO
V 0,672
,!
Đáp án B.

Ví dụ 13:B!!pC/6^:/&#!/C/6`\„.*Kk&!
'!^!1!&/4OXG
:
*v'-.!'!`!1!|-./B#G
:
!i

A.:cU* B.:UQ* C. 4OX* D.:OX*
Hướng dẫn giải
2
H O
X Y

  →
2 2
C(X) C(Y) CO (do X) CO (do Y)
n n n n 0,04
= ⇒ = =
59
-.
2
O
Y
+
→
G
:
<
2
H O

n
<RRU
+
⇒ = + =

2 2
CO H O
m 1,76 ( 0,04 x18) 2,47(g)
Đáp án B.
Ví dụ 14:HC/6^/&A#4I.!A*.!:670W&*
e74$!'!! '!i::U,!G
:
5-!9
e7:_/\!\!##p!&/4\!\*
j.!'\!\'!1/B.
A.4Q* B.DX* C.4cQ* D.::*
Hướng dẫn giải
e4
=
2
CO
n 0,1(mol)
\$&v!0f!&'(!L#0f!-./
= = =
2 1
C(este) C(P ) C(P )
n n n 0,1(mol)
Page 14
…!\A
+

→ = = =
2
2 2
O
H O CO C(este)
n n n 0,1 mol
⇒ = =
2
H O
m 0,1x 18 1,8(g)
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 15:_!'!R4%!I.!0I'.A7#p,!G
:
5-!9
!&/RDG
:
#R:H
:
G*t.!$
A.QcX,!* B.44:,!* C.XO:,!* D.UUQ,!*
Hướng dẫn giải
I.!0I'.A:&'(!LGI.(!+"!†G
:
*v'
: : : :
G 5†G 9 G 5G 9 G 5G 9 G 5 H G9
   
+ = +
R4×:=
G56*9

<RD×:=R:×4
⇒
G56*9
<RX

2
O
n 0,3 mol
=

:
G
 XO:
=
,!
Đáp án C.
Ví dụ 16: _&./&A#B.H
:
?G
U
"4UR

/C/60\!\*x 'RO:%!
!0\!\\!'!!&/4OXG
:
#RO:H
:
G*H./&
 A.H
D

GH#
:
H
M
GH* B.
:
H
M
GH#
D
H
O
GH*
C.
:
H
M
GH#
U
H
c
GH* D.H
D
GH#
D
H
M
GH*
Hướng dẫn giải
_"!@!A!|a&!%!!0\!\

I
H
'
G!

RO:
 4: RUQ
UU
= × =
n
H
RO:
 : RRQ
4Q
= × =

⇒ 
G
<RO:−RUQ−RRQ<R4X*
RUQ RRQ R4X
I  ' 4  
4: 4 4X
=
<UQ4*
⇒@!A6d!L%!!0\!\
U
H
Q
G*
@!A &!iH

D
−G−H
:
−H<H
:
*
v'.H
D
GH#H
:
<H−H
:
−GH*
Đáp án D.
4. Bài tập áp dụng :
Câu 1:C/6RDo\R4Mo\
:
G
D
#R4o\
D
G
U
!3Tk!#B.3&3$H
:
?G
U
l
!&/3&3$*3&3$!3T#B.3&3$KGH3)-k!!\&!-@-,
k-./-@|.!&/ !~*,

 A.OR*  B.O:*C.XM*  D.OM*
Câu 2:jL4Xo\
:
G
D
!&/C/6o\o\
:
G
D
o\Go\
D
G
U
*!3Tk!#B.3&3$
H
:
?G
U
"*

j./&.&„!!i!3&3$
 A. UQ* B. MR* C.D:* D.UR*
Câu 3:Hh!!C/6R4o\
:
G
D
#R:o\G#3&3$H3!&/3&3$
*KGH3#3&3$!&/-k!!*x) '-k!!.\&!-@-,k-.
/-@|./ !~.!$
A.4X* B.D:* C.UQ* D.M:*

Câu 4:4MX@‡
ˆ
6@

#


:
G
D
6
Š


(

!#

.3&3.
ˆ
H539!&
ˆ
Œ

!-Œ

H
:
5-!9#


3&3.
ˆ
^*K
Š
!

!

3&3.
ˆ
KH
D
(

3#

3&3.
ˆ
^!&
ˆ
-(

!!&
Š

ˆ
(

!
ˆ

-(

!!&
Š

&(

-@

.
ˆ
-@@
Š
.!&
ˆ
:RUd

!8

*t.

!.
ˆ
&
Š


A. RXO:*  B.R::U*C.RUUQ* D.4DUU*
Page 15
Câu 5: UUQ,!-,G5Z-!9!p!p.a&A&yQ%!I.!~!k-.6fAIf'

!*j,!&/&6fA!V-.#B..0W:R*@!AI.!~!#67!8!+
!,-,G
:
!C/6-,&6fA
A. o\GnOMP* B. o\
:
G
D
nOMP*C. o\
:
G
D
nXMP*D. o\
D
G
U
nOMP*
Câu 6: 2g!p!p,!-,G5-!9.a&%!Ay/3C/6~&Go\
:
G
D
5Z.Y!%
9*?&-.6fAIf'!!&/-,^*2g!0%-,^Z!(#/33&3$
5GH9
:
!1!i!U-k!!*t.!$
A. 44:R* B. RQcX* C. RUUQ* D. R::U*
Câu 7: jL!%!I.!~!^Z.Y!%7#p,!-,G5-!9&6fA!&/RQU
o\#RR:-,G
:

*@!A^#.!$7/!
A. o\
D
G
U
#R::U* B. o\
:
G
D
#RUUQ* C. o\
D
G
U
#RUUQ* D. o\G#R::U*
Câu 8: ,!C/6-,5Z-!9G#H
:
6fA#B.%!/3C/6~&G#
o\
D
G
U
&*?&-.6fAIf'!-./C/6~.fRD:*t.!$
A. RUUQ* B. R44:* C. R::U* D. RMXR*
Câu 9:H!!C/6R4:o\?
:
#&
:
?#I.!HKG
D
5#p9!&/

3&3$^5VA.&.&„!9#-,3&' !KG*t.!$
A.RRU* B.RROM* C.R4:* D.RRX*
Câu 10:j.!4,!-,^7X,!G
:
!&/U,!G
:
#M,!.H
:
G5!+!,-,Z•.N&-.Y
.Y!%6& !9*e^
A. 
U
H
4R
G*  B. 
U
H
Q
G
:
*  C. 
U
H
4R
G
:
*D. 
D
H
Q

G*
Câu 11:_!'4,!..0#B.%!!+!,-@-,5/39*HC/6-,!&/&-..
H
:
G!T!+!,4QM,!a&3&3$jGH3h4XM,!C/6-,.a&y
6!63!1hi.4X,!*^$e/6 !!(0.k!!+!,-,Z•.N&-.Y.Y!%
6& !#G
:
.k4qM-@-,hi.K
:
*
A. 
:
H
X
*  B. 
:
H
U
*  C. 
D
H
Q
*D. 
:
H
:
*
Câu 12:_!'!%!.0!RM,!C/6#B.G
:

0W:M,!G
:
!&/DU
,!-,*HC/6'&-.!Tk!.Bh4Q,!!.k6!TC/6-,hi.a&3&3$
-.N3!1hi.RM,!-,*!+!,/Z•.N&-.Y.Y!%6& !*e.0
A. 
U
H
4R
*  B. 
D
H
Q
*  C. 
U
H
Q
*D. 
D
H
X
*
Câu 13: ::URR,!\!5-!9a&a&/,!C/65-!9A4:P
:
H
:
n4RPH
U
nOQP
H

:
5#N!+!,9*t.fLVIf':6fA
 :H
U
→
:
H
:
=DH
:
549
 H
U
→=:H
:
5:9
t.!$
A.URO:O* B.UUQRR* C.M:R4QD.UO:XU*
Câu 14: _!'!%!!+!,-,!.(.(\!\!660WI.-@-,5!
-@-,I..k:RP!+!,9!&/OQU,!-,G
:
5-!9#ccB*+!,-@-,5Z
-!9} !73•+!'!/-,!.(.(!(
A. ORR,!* B. OQU,!* C. QUR,!* D. MXR,!*
Câu 15: _!'!R4%!I.!0I'.A7#p,!G
:
5-!9!&/RD
G
:
#R:H

:
G*t.!$
A. QcX* B. 44:* C. XO:* D. UUQ*
II. Phương pháp bảo toàn khối lượng
1. Nội dung định luật bảo toàn khối lượng:
- Trong phản ứng hóa học, khối lượng nguyên tố luôn được bảo toàn.
2. Nguyên tắc áp dụng :
- Trong phản ứng hóa học, tổng khối lượng các chất tham gia phản ứng luôn bằng tổng khối lượng các sản
phẩm tạo thành.
- Tổng khối lượng các chất đem phản luôn bằng tổng khối lượng các chất thu được.
- Tổng khối lượng các chất tan trong dung dung dịch bằng tổng khối lượng của các ion.
Page 16
- Tổng khối lượng dung dịch sau phản ứng bằng tổng khối lượng của dung dịch trước phản ứng cộng khối lượng
chất tan vào dung dịch trừ đi khối lượng chất kết tủa, chất bay hơi.
3. Các ví dụ minh họa :
Ví dụ 1:%MU#B.XRo\
:
G
D
.&+!y.Y6fA.Y!@*?&6fA!
!&/C/6 !~*t.!$
A.::U* B.cUR* C.4R:R* D.44UR*
Hướng dẫn giải
\$&v!0f!-./

&
<
!B
<MU=XR<44U
Đáp án C.

Ví dụ 2::UUC/6K
:
G
D
j
:
G
D
!3T#p#B.3&3$
:
*?&6fA!&/
DcU-k!!*x)!-k!!@i3&3$!&/&.&*v'.!$
A.:XX* B.::X* C.:XX* D.X:X*
Hướng dẫn giải
2 3
BaCl BaCO
n n 0,2 (mol)
= =
S63T$&v!0f!-./
C/6
=
2
BaCl
m
<
-k!!
=
⇒<:UU=R:*:RQmDcU<:XX
Đáp án C.
Ví dụ 3:H!!:DQC/6%!&.0!-.i.!$5ƒ9#

&.0!-.i.!$5ƒƒ9!3&3$H*?&6fA!&/UUQ,!-,
5-!9*_\@i3&3$!&/0.(&&.-u
A.4D* B.4M* C.:X* D.DR*
Hướng dẫn giải

:
G
D
=:H→:=G
:
=H
:
G

:
G
D
=:H→:
:
=G
:
=H
:
G
:
G
UQQ
 R:
::U
= =

⇒|
H
<RU#
:
H G
 R: *
=
S63T$&v!0f!-./!
:DQ=RU×DXM<
&.
=R:×UU=R:×4Q
⇒
&.
<:X
Đáp án C.
Ví dụ 4::Q4C/6DI.!o\
:
G
D
GbG!#p!DRR3&3$H
:
?G
U
R4*
@i3&3$&6fA-./C/6&.&„!-!i
A.DQ4* B.UQ4* C.M:4* D.UQ*
Hướng dẫn giải
S63T$&v!0f!-./

I.!

=
2 4
H SO
m
<
&.
=
2
H O
m
⇒
&.
<
I.!
=
2 4
H SO
m
m
2
H O
m

2 2 4
H O H SO
n n 0,3.0,1 0,03 (mol)
= = =

&.
<:Q4=R*RD*cQmRRD*4Q<M:4

Đáp án C.
Ví dụ 5:Hh!!4RC/6#o\!3&3$H3! '!i::U,!-,H
:
5-!9*
@i3&3$&6fA!&/&.-*j./&.-!&/
A.4O4* B.4O4* C.DU:* D.DU:*
Page 17
Hướng dẫn giải
\6!1.Y.
2
H
Cl H
2,24
n n 2n 2 0,2 (mol)
22,4
− +
= = = × =
⇒
&.
<
-.i.
=
Cl
m

<4R=R:*DMM<4O4*
Đáp án B.
Ví dụ 6: Hh!!:RC/6#o\#3&3$I.!H3! '44:,!-,!!
5-!9#3&3$^*@i3&3$^!1-./&.-!&/
A.DMM* B.UMM* C.MMM* D.XMM*

Hướng dẫn giải
2
H
11,2
n
22,4
=
<RM59⇒
H
<
2
H
2n
<RM*:<4
S63T$&v!0f!-./
-.i.
=
H
<
&.
=
H.
⇒
&.
<
-.i.
=
H
m
H.

<:R=4*DXMm:*RM<MMM
:
&.
<
-.i.
=
Cl
m

<:R=4*DMM<MMM
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 7:H!k!DQXRC/6o\#-.i.!3&3$H3! '!!4UMX,!H
:
5-!9*j./C/6&.&-!&/
A.UQOM* B.QUOM* C.OUQM* D.OQUM*
Hướng dẫn giải

&.
<
-.i.
=
Cl
m


2
HCl H
Cl
14,46
n n 2n 2

22,4

= = = ×
<4D

&.
<DQX=4D*DMM<QUOM59*
Đáp án B.
Ví dụ 8:Hh!4R4U/6-.&0W%!/#p3&3$H!&/OQU,!-,
5-!9#4MU !~#3&3$*@i3&3$!&/&..!$
A.DDUM* B.DD:M* C. D:cc* D.DMMQ*
Hướng dẫn giải
\$&v!0f!-./
<
5=9
=
Cl
m

<54R4Um4MU9=RO*DMM<XX=:UQM<DDUM
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 9:RM:C/6:-.i.#o\!!!3&3$H
:
?G
U
l3! '
RDDX,!-,!!5-!9*j./C/6&.&„!-!&/
A.: B.:U C. Dc: D.4cX
Hướng dẫn giải
&.!&/?G

U
#
:
5?G
U
9
D
*
\$&v!0f!-./

&.
<
-.i.
=
2
4
SO
m

*
2
2
4
H
SO
0,336
n n 0,015 (mol)
22,4

= = =


&.
<RM:=RR4M*cX<4cX
Đáp án D.
Ví dụ 10:4:C/6.-.i.o\&!3T#p#B.3&3$HKG
D
XDP*?&
6fA!&/3&3$#44:,!-,KG
:
3&' !5-!9*,%P !
Page 18
!3&3$*
A.DXXXP#:QUQP* B.:O4cP#:44:P*
 C.:O4cP#O:Q4P* D.OQQQP#:44:P*
Hướng dẫn giải
o\=XHKG
D
→o\5KG
D
9
D
=DKG
:
=DH
:
G
&=UHKG
D
→&5KG
D

9
:
=:KG
:
=:H
:
G
:
KG
 RM
=
→
D :
HKG KG
 : 4
= =
*
S63T$&v!0f!-./!
:
:
D
KG
3 HKG
    
4 XD 4RR
4: UX RM Qc *
XD
= + −
× ×
= + − × =

2 2
d muèi h k.lo¹i
_"!
o\
<I
&
<'!
MXI XU' 4:
DI :' RM
+ =


+ =

→
I R4
' R4
=


=


D D
o\5 KG 9
R4 :U: 4RR
P :O4cP
Qc
× ×
= =


D :
&5 KG 9
R4 4QQ 4RR
P :44:P*
Qc
× ×
= =
Đáp án B.
Ví dụ 11:.4:UC/6.-.i.!$-@|.!.670W&*e740$I.
!!&/ROQC/6I.!*e7:!!!3&3$H
:
?G
U
l!&/,!H
:
5-!9*@i3&3$!&/&.-*
4*t.!$
A.::U,!* B.R44:,!*  C.MX,!* D.R::U,!* 
:*t.!$
A. 4MQ* B.4MQ* C.:MU* D.:MU*
Hướng dẫn giải
4*v! '-.-.i.!3T#B.I.#H
:
?G
U
G
:m
0W?G
U

:m
'
2 2
2
4
H
O SO
n n n
− −
= =

G
<
I.!
m
-.i.
<ROQm
1,24
2
<R4X

2
2
H
O
0,16
n n 0,01
16

= = =

*
2
H
V 0,01.22,4 0,224
= =
,!
Đáp án D.
:*
&.
<
-.i.
=
2
4
SO
m

<
1,24
2
=RR4*cX<4MQ
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 12:!!QRC/6^o\?#o\?
:
!:cR3&3$HKG
D
!&/-,
KG#3&3$`*_+!3Tk!#B. !!3&3$`7:MR3&3$5GH9
:
4*jk!!

!i!\&.-@-,k-./-@|./D:RD !~b*
*j./C. !!^
A.DXo\?#UUo\?
:
B.UUo\?#DXo\?
:
C.::o\?#MQo\?
:
D.UXo\?#DUo\?
:
0*+!,-,KG5-!9!&/
A.44:,!* B.::U,!* C.DDX,!* D.XO:,!*
*K%3&3$HKG
D
l3•
A.4* B.4M* C.:* D.RM*
Hướng dẫn giải
*S63T$&v!0f!-./.#B.&'(!o\#?
Io\?#'o\?→RM5I='9o\
:
G
D
#5I=:'9?G
U

Page 19
88x 120y 8 88x 120y 8
160.0,5(x y) 233(x 2y) 32,03 313x 546y 23,03
+ = + =
 


 
+ + + = + =
 
t.f.Y/I<RRM#'<RRD
j./o\?<QQ*I<QQ*RRM<UU
j./o\?
:
QmUU<DX*
Đáp án B.
0*S63T$&v!0f!\\!
o\?→o\
=D
=?
=X
=c\
  RRM→RUM
o\?
:
=4M\→o\
=D
=:?
=X
=4M\
 RRD → RUM
K
=M
=D\→K
=:


  D
¬

D<RUM=RUM<RD*
KG
<RD*::U<XO:,!
Đáp án D.
*
3
Fe
n
+
<I='<RRQ*
_+-k!!k!/o\
D=
7R:UGH
m
'R4:5GH9
:
jk!!5I=:'9<R44?G
U
:m
7R44
:=
'R445GH9
:
?5GH9
:
l3•<R4:=R44<R:D>R:M
hR:MmR:D<RR:5GH9

:
!&#B.RRUHKG
D
3
3 3
3
HNO (p­) NO HNO (d­)
NO
n n n n

= + +
<RRQ*D=RD=RRU<RMQ59
3
M(HNO )
0,58
C 2M
0,29
= =
Đáp án C.
Ví dụ 13:jL!D:C/6&G#o\
:
G
D
0W-,H
:
! '!icH
:
G*j./C/6
-.i.!&/
A.4:* B.4X* C.:U* D.:X*

Hướng dẫn giải
1H
:
 'I.I.!-.i.→H
:
G

G5!I.!9
<
2
H O
n
<
9
18
<RM59

G
<RM*4X<Q⇒
-.i.
<D:mQ<:U*
Đáp án C.
Ví dụ 14:|.QcX,!G5-!9a&4Xo\
I
G
'
&*2g!0%/-,&6fAa&3&
3$5GH9
:
3! '!iDR-k!!*j./~!!&/

A.c:* B.XU* C.cX* D.44:*
Hướng dẫn giải
o\
I
G
'
='G→Io\='G
:
4'I'

G
<
8,96
22,4
<RU59
G
:
=5GH9
:
→G
D
=H
:
G
2 3
CO CaCO
30
n n 0,3 (mol)
100
= = =

2
CO CO
n n>
⇒G3#o\
I
G
'
k!
\$&v!0f!-./!
Page 20
x y 2
Fe O CO Fe CO
m m m m
+ = +
4X=:Q*RD<
o\
=RD*UU⇒
o\
<44:59
H"
x y
Fe Fe O O
m m m
= −
<4XmRD*4X<44:59
Đáp án D.
Ví dụ 15:|.%!&-,G3a&AyC/6&Go\
:
G
D

o\G
:
G
D
&
!&/:M !~*0%-,!!T#B#@.!3! '4M-k!!!~*j.
/C/6I.!-.i.07&
A.OU* B.Uc* C.cQ* D.:D*
Hướng dẫn giải
6!1)

I
G
'
='G
0
t
→
I='G
:
5GH9
:
=G
:
→G
D
=H
:
G


I.!
<
-.i.
=
I.

G
<
G
<
2 3
CO CaCO
n n 0,15 (mol)
= =

I.!
<:M=R4M*4X<Uc
Đáp án B.
Ví dụ 16:|.%!&-,G3.a&yC/6:I.!o\
D
G
U
#&G&k-.6fA
If'!!&/:D:C/6-.i.*j,!!/#01y3&3$5GH9
:
3! 'M-k!!!~*j./C/6:I.!-.i.07&
A. D4:* B.D:4* C.U* D.U:*
Hướng dẫn giải
o\
D

G
U
=UG
0
t
→
Do\=UG
:
&G=G
0
t
→
&=G
:
G
:
=5GH9
:
→G
D
=H
:
G
G 'I.!I.!→G
:

G5!I.!9
<
G
<

2 3
CO CaCO
n n
=
<RRM
⇒
I.!
<
-.i.
=
I.!I.!
<:D:=RRM*4X<D4:
Đáp án A.
Ví dụ 17:HC/6^o\o\G#o\
:
G
D
*%!&G.a&Ay C
/6^&*?&-.-k!!{!,.Y!&/XU !~!A#44:,!
-,5-!9!V-.#B.H
:
:RU*,.!$*
A.4RMX* B.DM:* C.ORU* D.4URQ*
Hướng dẫn giải
6fA-L~!I.!!+
Do\
:
G
D
=G


!
→
:o\
D
G
U
=G
:
549
o\
D
G
U
=G

!
→
Do\G=G
:
5:9
o\G=G

!
→
o\=G
:
5D9
K#v' !~!+D !o\o\Go\
D

G
U
",!.N&-@a&!)##.Yd
0W6!1!(•-@7!.k!a&!)G6fA0.•0W
G
:
!i!*

44:
 RM
::M
= =
*
t).IG
:
!6!1#N-./
UUI=:Q5RM−I9<RM×:RU×:<:RU
v/I<RU#•,G!.6fA*
Page 21
\_xjx!

^
=
G
<

=
2
CO
m

⇒ <XU=RU×UU−RU×:Q<ORU
Đáp án C
Ví dụ 18:%!&G.a&AyRRUC/6o\G#o\
:
G
D
!*
?&-.-k!!{!,.Y!&/U !"UOQU*j,.-}.A 6
!T#3&3$5GH9
:
3!1!&/cRX:-k!!*e7!8-./o\
:
G
D
!
C/6
A.QXcXP* B.4XRUP* C.4DRUP* D.XR4P*
Hướng dẫn giải
RRUC/65o\G#o\
:
G
D
9=G→UOQUC/6=G
:
*
G
:
=5GH9
:3
→G

D

=H
:
G
: D
G G
  RRUX 
= =
#
:
G5 9 G
  RRUX 
p.­
= =
S63T$&v!0f!-./!


=
G
<

=
2
CO
m
⇒

<UOQU=RRUX×UU−RRUX×:Q<MM:*
_"!

o\G
<I
:
o\ G
D
 ' 
=
!C/6!
I ' RRU
O:I 4XR' MM:
+ =


+ =

→
I RR4 
' RRD 
=


=

⇒P
o\G
<
RR4 O: 4R4
4DRUP
MM:
× ×

=
⇒ Po\
:
G
D
<QXcXP
Đáp án A
Ví dụ 19:y.Y6fA.Y!@#B.cXXC/6^o\
I
G
'
#@!&/C/6~`*
`!3T#B.3&3$KGH3!&/3&3$2RXO:,!-,5-!9# !-@!b*?TG
:
k3#3&3$2)-k!!#&k-./-@|./M4 !~*
*j./o\
I
G
'
#!^7/!
A.XcX#:O* B.MRU#UX:*
C.:M:#O4U* D.U:X#MU*
0*@!AI.!~!
A.o\G* B.o\
:
G
D
* C.o\
D
G

U
* D.j@I$*
Hướng dẫn giải
* :'=Do\
I
G
'
→'
:
G
D
=DIo\549
 =KGH=H
:
G→KG
:
=Dq:H
:
5:9
 RR: 
¬
RR:
¬
RRD
 KG
:
=G
:
=:H
:

G→5GH9
D
=KHG
D
5D9
 :5GH9
D

0
t
→

:
G
D
=DH
:
G5U9
KvI! !f/07&N&&'+k!#N
:
G
D
5U9*2

507&9
<:
2 3
Al O
5,1
n 2

102
= ×
<R4⇒

<R4*:O<:O
x y
Fe O
m
<cXXm:O<XcX
Đáp án A.
0*
507&9
<:
2 3
Al O
5,1
n 2
102
= ×
<R459⇒

<R4*:O<:O
\$&v!0f!-./&'(!I.!
Page 22
x y 2 3
O(trong Fe O ) O(trong Al O )
n n
=
<4M*RRQ<R4:
Fe

6,96 0,12.16
n 0,09 (mol)
56

= =

o\

G
<RRcR4:<DU*eo\
D
G
U
Đáp án C.
Ví dụ 20:HC/6jG
D
5G
:
9
:
5G
D
9
:

:
#j"QDXQ*K.Y!
6d!!!&/ !~
:
j#4OUO:,!-,5Z-!9* !~

!3T#B.DXR3&3$j
:
G
D
RM5#p9!&/-k!!#3&3$2*x/
j!3&3$2.N& 6::qD7/j!*P-./jG
D
!
A.UOQDP* B.MXO:P* C.MUXOP* D.MQMMP*
Hướng dẫn giải



:
!
D :
!
D : : :
!
: : : :
: :
59 59
 
D
jG j G 549
:
5G 9  DG 5:9
QDXQ   5G 9  :G 5D9
 
j j


→ +


→ +



→ +







1 2 3
:
G
 ROQ *
=
S63T$&v!0f!-./!


<

=
:
G


→

<QDXQ−D:×ROQ<MQO:*
 !~!3T#B.R4Qj
:
G
D
HC/6
: : D
D
59 59
 j G G :j 5U9
R4Q R4Q RDX 
j j

 
+ → +
 
¬ →
 
 
 
C/62

5 9 :
j   5 9
  
MQO: R4Q 444 DQOU 
= −
= − × =


5 2 9
j j 59 j 56! U9
  
DQOU RDX OUM XMMX 
= +
= + × =


5  9 5 29
j j
D D
  XMMX QcU 
:: ::
= = × =

59 59
j6!549 j j
 <  DQOU QcU :cQ *
− = − =
\6fA549
D
jG
:cQ
 4::M Uc *
OUM
= × =
D
jG 59
Uc 4RR

P MQMMP*
QDXQ
×
= =

Đáp án D
Ví dụ 21:_!'!4QQ !w&5AHG974cRU,!G
:
5-!9!&
/G
:
#.B!\!VY!+!,UD*Hl'I$@!A6d!L*.k!!V-.
#B.-@-,}O*
A.
Q
H
4:
G
M
* B.
U
H
Q
G
:
* C.
Q
H
4:
G

D
* D.
X
H
4:
G
X
*
Hướng dẫn giải
4QQ=RRQMG
:
→UG
:
=DH
:
G*
S63T$&v!0f!-./!
Page 23
: :
G H G
  4QQ RRQM D: UX 
+ = + × =
 UU×U=4Q×D<UX→<RR:*
 !


<U<RRQ

H
<D×:<R4:


G
<U×:=D−RRQM×:<RRM
⇒


H


<RRQR4:RRM<Q4:M
v'@!A !w&
Q
H
4:
G
M


>:RD
Đáp án A
Ví dụ 22:_&4D:QC/6D/&A#B.H
:
?G
U
"Z4UR

!&/C/6
\!\0W&#-./444:*?C.\!\!C/6
0.(&u
A.R4* B.R4M* C.RU* D.R:*

Hướng dẫn giải
0.k!WADi./&!BZ.N&-.YH
:
?G
U
"4UR

!1!i!Xi.\!\#!X6d
!LH
:
G*
\_xjx!
:
H G \!\
   4D:Q 44: :4X
= − = − =
r­îu


:
H G
:4X
 4:
4Q
= =
*
"!-A.6d!L/&!1!i%!6d!L\!\#%!6d!LH
:
G3H
:

G&@0W
\!\&'C.\!\
4:
R:
X
=

Đáp án D.
Nhận xét: {!-@7#.k!X6!16fA!p/&!B!i!X\!\•-@
7!1e/&#\!\!(*Kk&0iI##.Y#.k!6!16fA#"![
\!\+!,!!1-@w-@.f./h!a&.N&!..*
Ví dụ 23:.C/6.\.!A.670W&
e74_\!'!!&/4RQH
:
G*
e7:3T#B.H
:
35K.!

9!1!&/C/6*_\!'!!1!+!,-,G
:
5-!9!&/
A. 4UDU,!* B.4UUD,!* C.4DUU,!* D.RXO:,!*
Hướng dẫn giải
e741\.!A(
: :
G H G
 
=
<RRX*


:
G 
  RRX
(phÇn 2) (phÇn2)
= =
*
\0f!&'(!L#0f!-./!
  5 9
  RRX
(phÇn 2)
= =
*⇒
:
G 59

<RRX⇒
:
G

<::U×RRX<4DUU,!
Đáp án C
Ví dụ 24:R4\!\!i0Z.:7I.!#/&%!7/&!3T!#B.KGH
!&/XU/&#%!/.-./.N&/\!\4DMXP5#B.
/\!\9*^$@!A &!i\!\*
A.H
D
−GG−H
D
* B.H

D
GG−GG−H
D
*
C.H
D
GG−GGH
D
* D.H
D
GG−H
:
−GGH
D
*
Hướng dẫn giải
†5GG†′9
:
=:KGH→†5GGK9
:
=:†′GH
R4→R:→R4→R:
† GH
XU
 D:
R:

= =
→†/&H
D

GH*
Page 24
S63T$&v!0f!-./!

\!\
=
KGH
<
&.
=
/&
⇒
&.
−
\!\
<R:×UR−XU<4X*
 
&.
−
\!\
<
4DMX
4RR

\!\
⇒
\!\
<
4X 4RR
44Q 

4DMX
×
=
→
\!\
<44Q#
†=5UU=4M9×:<44Q→†<R*
v'@!A &!i\!\H
D
GG−GG−H
D
Đáp án B
Ví dụ 25:&z6d!44UUC/6:\!\A6d&0W
3&3$KGH!&/44RQC/6&.#MMXC/6/&*^$@!A
 &!i:\!\*
A.HGGH
D
#
:
H
M
GGH
D
* B.
:
H
M
GGH
D
#


H
D
GG
:
H
M
*
C.HGG
D
H
O
#
:
H
M
GGH
D
* D.fN&{*
Hướng dẫn giải
_"!@!A!&01!|a&!.\!\A6d
RCOOR

*
†GG†

=KGH→
†GGK
=†′GH
44UU44RQMMX

S63T$&v!0f!-./!

KGH
<44RQ=MMXm44UU<M:

KGH
M:
 R4D 
UR
= =

†GGK
44RQ
 QM:D
R4D
= =
→
† 4Q:D=

† GH
MMX
 U:OO
R4D

= =
→
† :MOO

=


†GG†
44UU
 QQ
R4D

= =
⇒e\!\
U
H
Q
G
:
v'@!A &!i:\!\6d
HGG
D
H
O
#
:
H
M
GGH
D

"
:
H
M
GGH
D

#

H
D
GG
:
H
M
Đáp án D
4. Bài tập áp dụng :
Câu 16:jL!XXUC/6o\o\Go\
D
G
U
o\
:
G
D
73•::U,!G5-!9*j./
o\!&/
 A.MRU* B.MUR* C.MRM* D.MRX*
Câu 17:DUMC/6&.!.0!#-.0!!3Tk!#B.3&3$H!&/
,!G
:
5-!9#DOQ&.&*t.!$
 A.XO:,!*B.DDX,!*C.R::U,!* D.RXO:,!*
Câu 18: Hh!!D::C/6^o\#b0W%!3$H
:
?G
U

l!&/4DUU
,!.5Z-!9#3&3$A&.*t.!$
A. cM:* B. 4R:O* C. QcQ* D. O:M*
Câu 19:H!!:Q4C/6o\
:
G
D
GbG!MRRI.!H
:
?G
U
R45#p9*
?&6fAC/6&.&„!-!&/-.@i3&3$-./
A.XQ4* B.UQ4* C.DQ4* D.MQ4*
Câu 20: DXQC/6#b!3T#B.%!/#p3&3$H
:
?G
U

4RP!&/::U,!-,H
:
5-!9*j./3&3$!&/&6fA
A. cOQR* B. 4R4UQ* C. QQ:R* D. 4R4XQ*
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