TIẾNG ANH DÙNG TRONG Y HỌC (GIÁO TRÌNH GIẢNG DẠY ĐẠI HỌC)

HỌC VIỆN QUÂN Y
NGUYỄN SINH KỲ

TIẾNG ANH
DÙNG TRONG Y HỌC
TẬP 1
(GIÁO TRÌNH GIẢNG DẠY ĐẠI HỌC)

(Lưu hành nội bộ)

NHÀ XUẤT BẢN QUÂN ĐỘI NHÂN DÂN
HÀ NỘI - 2007
MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
NGUYEN SINH KY

1


NEW
ENGLISH IN MEDICINE
VOLUME ONE
(HIGHER EDUCATION MATERIAL)

Use only in Army

PEOPLE’S ARMY PUBLISHING HOUSE
HANOI - 2007
NHÀ XUẤT BẢN MONG BẠN ĐỌC ĐÓNG GĨP Ý KIẾN PHÊ BÌNH

HỘI ĐỒNG DUYỆT TÀI LIỆU, GIÁO TRÌNH, GIÁO KHOA
CỦA HỌC VIỆN QUÂN Y

Trung tướng, GS.TS. PHẠM GIA KHÁNH
Giám đốc Học viện Quân y

- Chủ tịch

Thiếu tướng, BS. NGUYỄN QUANG PHÚC
Chính uỷ Học viện Qn y

- Phó chủ tịch

Thiếu tướng, GS.TS. VŨ ĐỨC MỐI
Phó giám đốc Học viện Quân y
Thiếu tướng, GS.TS. LÊ BÁCH QUANG

2

- Ủy viên


Phó giám đốc Học viện Quân y

- Ủy viên

Thiếu tướng, PGS.TS. ĐẶNG NGỌC HÙNG
Phó giám đốc Học viện Quân y
Giám đốc Bệnh viện 103
Đại tá, PGS.TS. NGUYỄN TIẾN BÌNH

- Ủy viên

Phó giám đốc Học viện Quân y

- Ủy viên

Đại tá, GS.TS. NGUYỄN VĂN MÙI
Phó giám đốc Bệnh viện 103

- Ủy viên

Đại tá, PGS.TS. LÊ NĂM
Giám đốc Viện Bỏng Quốc gia

- Ủy viên

Đại tá, BS. Phạm Quốc Đặng
Hệ trưởng Hệ Đào tạo Trung học

- Ủy viên

Đại tá, BS. ĐỖ TIẾN LƯỢNG
Trưởng phịng Thơng tin Khoa học
Cơng nghệ Mơi trường
Thượng tá, BS. NGUYỄN VĂN CHÍNH

- Ủy viên

Phó trưởng phịng Thơng tin Khoa học
Cơng nghệ Mơi trường

- Thư kí

4 (N523 )
21-2006/CXB/278-335/QĐND
THE PUBLISHING HOUSE AND AUTHOR WOULD LIKE TO HAVE READERS’ COMMENT

THE MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY’S COUNCIL OF
REVIEWING TEACHING MATERIALS AND TEXTBOOKS
Lieutenant-General PHAM GIA KHANH, Ph.D., Prof.
Rector of Military Medical University

Chairman

Major-General NGUYEN QUANG PHUC, M.D.
Political Commissar of Military Medical University

Vice-chairman

Major-General VU DUC MOI, Ph.D.,Prof.
Vice-Rector of Military Medical University

Commissioner

Major-General LE BACH QUANG, Ph.D., Prof.
Vice-Rector of Military Medical University

Commissioner

Major-General DANG NGOC HUNG, Ph.D., A.Prof.
Vice-Rector of Military Medical University

3


Director of Hospital No. 103

Commissioner

Senior-Colonel NGUYEN TIEN BINH, Ph.D., A.Prof.
Vice-Rector of Military Medical University

Commissioner

Senior-Colonel NGUYEN VAN MUI, Ph.D., Prof.
Vice-Director of Hospital No. 103

Commissioner

Senior-Colonel LE NAM, Ph.D., A.Prof.
Director of National Burn Institute

Commissioner

Senior-Colonel PHAM QUOC DANG, M.D.
Head of Secondary Vocational School

Commissioner

Senior-Colonel DO TIEN LUONG, M.D.
Departmental Head of Scientific, Technological
and Environmental Information

Commissioner

Colonel NGUYEN VAN CHINH, M.D.
Departmental Deputy of Scientific, Technological
and Environmental Information

Secretary

4(N523)
21-2006/CXB/278-335/QĐND
LỜI GIỚI THIỆU
HƯ chúng ta đều biết, trong thời đại ngày nay, tiếng Anh rất
cần thiết và có một vị trí đặc biệt vì tiếng Anh được sử dụng
rộng rãi trên khắp thế giới và tất nhiên nó đã trở thành ngơn ngữ giao
tiếp quốc tế, một ngôn ngữ được sử dụng trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác
nhau, nhất là trong lĩnh vực nghiên cứu khoa học và công nghệ.

N

Trong nhiều năm gần đây, Tiếng Anh Chuyên Ngành (ESP) đã
được phát triển chuyên sâu và tập trung vào việc thiết kế chương trình
và biên soạn giáo trình giao tiếp. Và hiện nay việc thiết kế chương
trình và biên soạn giáo trình Tiếng Anh Chuyên Ngành phải tuỳ thuộc
vào từng lĩnh vực và mục tiêu cụ thể.
Tập giáo trình TIẾNG ANH DÙNG TRONG Y HỌC , ấn phẩm mới
này dành cho các sinh viên y khoa và những người có quan tâm
trong ngành y, có nhu cầu học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành và nâng cao
trình độ tiếng Anh chuyên ngành trong tương lai. Tập giáo trình
TIẾNG ANH DÙNG TRONG Y HỌC, ấn phẩm mới này rất linh hoạt, có

4


thể sử dụng trên lớp học hoặc tự học và cũng có thể vận dụng cả hai.
Tập giáo trình này có thể giúp bạn luyện đọc hiểu, thành lập các từ,
cụm từ, dựng câu, viết các đoạn văn, và tóm tắt các văn bản…
Chúng tôi hy vọng rằng các bạn có thể thu được nhiều thuận lợi từ
tập giáo trình này.
Trung tướng, Giáo sư, Tiến sĩ PHẠM GIA KHÁNH

INTRODUCTION
As we know, nowadays, English is very necessary and it has a
special position since it has been widely used throughout the world,
and of course, it has become the international language of
communication and the language of various fields, chiefly of
researching technology and science.
In the recent years, ESP (English for Specific Purposes) has
become a major developmental focus in the area of what maybe called
communicative syllabus design and materials production. And now
ESP syllabus and materials design must belong to a concrete case of a
taget group.
This NEW ENGLISH IN MEDICINE is intended for medical
students and other with a professional interest in medicine who need
to study ESP in medicine and to improve their knowledge of ESP in
the future. NEW ENGLISH IN MEDICINE is flexible and can be used
in class, on your own, or both. It can help you to practise reading
comprehension, building words and word combination and writing

5

sentences, paragraghs, or summarizing, and so on. We hope that you
can get a lot of advantages from it.
Lieutenant-general PHAM GIA KHANH, Ph.D., Prof.

LỜI NÓI ĐẦU

BỘ sách này dành cho các sinh viên y khoa đã học xong chương

trình tiếng Anh cơ bản. Những người đã nắm vững các thời, các

cấu trúc câu và các loại câu của ngôn ngữ tiếng Anh. Bộ sách này
được chia thành hai tập. Tất cả các bài đều thuộc chuy ên ngành y. Có
nhiều thuận lợi cho việc học tiếng Anh chuyên ngành. Bộ sách giúp
cho việc luyện tập từ vựng, đọc hiểu, tóm tắt văn bản, từ tố, quán từ,
giới từ, ngữ động từ, từ kép, từ nối và các dạng thay thế danh từ.
Chúng tôi hy vọng, từ các bài tập các sinh viên sẽ có được những
thuận lợi trong việc mở rộng vốn kiến thức tiếng Anh của mình và
thấy những thơng tin thật hấp dẫn.
Từ đáy lịng mình, chúng tơi mong muốn được cảm ơn những
người đã giúp đỡ chúng tôi hoàn thành và xuất bản bộ sách này.

6


Chúng tơi rất mong nhận được những lời phê bình, nhận xét để hoàn
thiện cho lần xuất bản sau.
Đại tá NGUYỄN SINH KỲ

PREFACE
This book is for medical students who have already learned the basic
general English. They know the basic tenses, structures and sentences of
English. This book is in two volumes. All lessons are on medicine. There
are many advantages to learning English on medical speciality. They
provide practice with vocabulary, comprehension, summarizing, word
forms, articles, prepositions, phrasal verbs, compound words, connecting
words, and noun substitutes.
We hope that the students will find the exercises useful in expanding
their knowledge of the English language and that they will find the
information interesting.
From the bottom of our heart, we would like to thank several people for
their help in publishing this book. We look forward to any comments and
remarks on the book for the perfection of the next edition.
Senior colonel NGUYEN SINH KY

7


CONTENTS
Page
Introduction

06

Preface

08

Lesson one

Medical Specialists

11

Lesson two

Industrial Medicine

16

Lesson three

Introduction to General Surgery

21

Lesson four

Surgical Service to the Population

27

Lesson five

The Common Cold

33

Lesson six

Influenza

40

Lesson seven

Headaches

45

Lesson eight

Cholesterol and Heart Disease

50

Lesson nine

On migraine Headache and Hypertensive Headache

58

8


Lesson ten

Diseases and Injuries of the Skull

64

Lesson eleven

Cigarette Smoking and Chronic Bronchitis

70

Lesson twelve

Transplants - New body Parts

75

Lesson thirteen

Shock

80

Lesson fourteen

CPR

86

References

91

Lesson one
MEDICAL SPECIALISTS
Doctors, nurses, and other medical people are all parts of health care. They
all work together to give good medical care.
Doctors have two important jobs. First, they make sick people healthy. They
often use machines and new drugs to heal patients. Second, doctors try to
prevent diseases. They often give vaccinations to stop diseases. Vaccinations
prevent diseases, like smallpox, cholera, polio, and measles. Not many people die
from these diseases now. Vaccinations save many lives. Doctors also try to
prevent diseases with good advice. They tell their patients to eat the right kind of
food and to exercise daily.
Many doctors specialize in only one kind of medicine. For example,
ophthalmologists are eye specialists. They treat eye diseases and try to prevent
blindness. Dentists take care of people's teeth and treat diseases of the mouth.
Some patients need operations. Surgeons use operations to take care of
problems inside the body. For example, there are many operations on the heart.

9


Anesthesiologists are specialists who help surgeons with operations. They put
patients to sleep during surgery. Then the patients do not feel pain.
Obstetricians are specialists who care for pregnant women. They check
women before the birth of their babies and deliver the babies. Pediatricians are
physicians who care for children.
Family medical practice is new specialization. A family doctor cares for the
whole family. This doctor cares for the patients who have all kinds of illness. A
family practice doctor takes care of babies and old people, but the family
physician usually sends very sick patients to other specialists.
Emergency medicine is another speciality. Most hospitals have an emergency

room. People sometimes have accidents at home or at work, or they sometimes
become ill suddenly. Ambulances, and sometimes helicopters, take people to
hospital emergency rooms. Emergency specialists give immediate treatment.
There are many other medical specialists. These specialists, doctors, nurses,
and other medical people, all work together to help their patients. They not only
heal people who are sick, but also they try to prevent diseases.

I. WORD STUDY
drug

/ drʌg / (n)

thuốc

to heal

/ hi:l / (vt)

chữa (bệnh)

to prevent

/ pri'vent / (v)

phịng (bệnh)

vaccination

/ vỉsi'nei∫n / (n)

việc dùng vaccine

smallpox

/'smɔ:lpɔks / (n)

bệnh đậu mùa

cholera

/ 'kɔlƏrƏ / (n)

bệnh tả

polio

/'pouliou / (n)

viêm tủy xám, bại liệt

(vt của poliomyelitis

/ poulioumaiƏ'laitis / )

measles

/ 'mi:zlz / (n)

bệnh sởi

to specialize

/ 'spe∫ Əlaiz / (vi/vt)

chuyên môn hoá

10


ophthalmologist

/ ɔf æl'mɔlƏdƷist/ (n)

bác sỹ nhãn khoa

to treat

/ tri:t / (v)

điều trị

disease

/ di'zi:z / (n)

bệnh

patient

/ 'pei∫Ənt / (n)

bệnh nhân

operation

/ ɔpƏ'rei∫n / (n)

ca phẫu thuật

surgeon

/ 'sƏ:dƷn / (n)

nhà phẫu thuật

anesthesiologist

/ ænis i:zjƏ'lƏdƷist / (n)

bác sỹ gây mê

obstetrician

/ ɔbste'tri∫n / (n)

bác sỹ sản khoa

pregnant

/ 'pregnƏnt / (adj)

có thai

pediatrician

/ pi:diƏ'tri∫n / (n)

bác sỹ nhi khoa

physician

/ fi'zi∫n / (n)

thầy thuốc

ambulance

/ 'æmbjulƏns / (n)

xe cứu thương

II. TRANSLATE THESE WORD COMBINATIONS INTO VIETNAMESE.

1. To make sick people healthy.
............................................................................................................................
2. To use machines and new drugs to heal patients.
............................................................................................................................
3. To die from diseases.
............................................................................................................................
4. To prevent diseases.

............................................................................................................................
5. Eye specialists.
............................................................................................................................
6. To take care of patients.
............................................................................................................................

11


7. Operations on the heart.
...................................................................................................... ......................
8. A family doctor.
............................................................................................................................
9. Accidents at home or at work.
............................................................................................................................
10. Hospital emergency rooms.
............................................................................................................................
11. Immediate treatment.
............................................................................................................................
12. Different medical specializations.
............................................................................................................................

III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. What are doctors, nurses, and other medical people?
.............................................................................................................................
2. Please, name some diseases vaccinations prevent.
.............................................................................................................................
3. How many important jobs have doctors? and what are they?
.............................................................................................................................
4. What do ophthalmologists do?

.............................................................................................................................
5. What do dentists do?
.............................................................................................................................
6. What do surgeons use operations for?
.............................................................................................................................
7. Who do obstetricians care for ? and when?
.............................................................................................................................
8. What kinds of illness can a family doctor treat?

12


.............................................................................................................................
9. Where do ambulances, and sometimes helicopters take patients to ?
.............................................................................................................................
10. What do specialists, doctors, nurses and other medical people work
together for ?
...........................................................................................................................

IV. TRANSLATE THIS PARAGRAPH INTO VIETNAMESE.
I am a medical student. I am in my last year at the Military Medical
University.
Almost every day we are present at some serious operation. Usually an expert
surgeon performs such operations.
Sometimes there are some small operations, some small skin incisions for an
abscess which any medical student can perform.
We are also shown some methods of examining, e.g , one of the methods of
examining in early cases of inflammation is to pass the hand rapidly from the
non-affected to the affected area and back again. The teachers always advise us
to use different methods of examining.

V. GAP - FILLING
Fill each blank in the following passage with only ONE suitable word.
Nurses are a necessary part of health (1)….…..... Like doctors, they have two
jobs. They (2)……........sick people and take care of patients.
Most nurses (3)…….......work in hospitals are general-duty nurses. However,
many nurses in other places (4)…….......as clinics, schools, factories and private
homes. There are also jobs in the offices of doctors and dentists. Therefore, there
are many (5)……..........kinds of nursing jobs.
There are two kinds of nurses: professional and practical. Professional nurses
have two to five years of (6).......……education. Both kinds of nurses learn in
classes and in clinics. In their classrooms, they learn about the anatomy of the
(7)…….........., chemistry, the nutrition of foods, drugs and medicines and the
psychology. In their clinical studies, they work with (8)…….......... they learn to

13


take a (9)……............temperature, blood pressure and pulse rate. They also
practice different (10)……........in hospitals.
Practical nurses are (11)................kind of nurses. These nurses also
(12)..............about nursing care, but they study for only one year or two. Practical
nurses usually help (13)..................nurses with the patients. Professional nurses,
on the other hand usually assist (14).................

Lesson two
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE
People who work together often get the same diseases. For example, lung cancer
is common among many asbestos workers and miners. Many people who work with
X- rays get skin cancer. Most coal miners develop black lung disease after years of

work in coalmines. These people probably get these diseases because of their work.
In addition, accidents on the job may also injure and kill workers. For example, farm
machines sometimes injure farm workers. Construction workers sometimes fall from
buildings. People who work with electricity may get electrical shocks. Fires
sometimes kill fire fighters.
Many large companies employ both occupational doctors and safety engineers to
protect workers from accidents and illness on the job. They do this in three ways.
First, doctors study the workers and their diseases. They know that certain groups of

14


workers often have the same diseases. At the same time, safety engineers study
accidents and their causes. Second, doctors and safety engineers work together to
change the machines or the jobs because they want to prevent more accidents or
illnesses. Third, they educate workers about the dangers in their jobs. They teach the
workers about safety on the job. Education is necessary for prevention.
There are many causes of accidents and illness at work. Among them,
chemicals, noise, and radiation are a few. For example, gasses in mines cause
accidents and poison miners. Toxic chemicals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and
silica (SiO2) made people sick in the past, and they make people sick today. In
addition, there are new chemicals, and some of them are toxic. They harm the skin,
the lungs, and other internal organs such as the heart, liver, or kidney. Industrial
noise sometimes causes deafness. People who work around loud noise for a long
time sometimes become hard of hearing. Many things cause illnesses and injuries on
the job.
Occupational physicians and safety engineers often prevent these problems.
After they find the causes, they plan and design new machines to prevent accidents
in the future. They design different ways to store and transport toxic chemicals.
They measure and control gases in the air. They set standards for work in the

dangerous situations. For example, airport workers must cover their ears near the
airplanes outside. Some workers must wear personal protective means, like eye
goggles, hard hats and safety shoes.
After careful study, both doctors and safety engineers do many things to
decrease the danger of injuries and illnesses on the job. They make the work area a
safe place.

I. WORD STUDY.
occupational medicine

/ ɔkju:'pei∫Ənl /

Y học lao động

lung cancer

/ lʌŋ'kænsƏ /

ung thư phổi

common (adj)

/ 'kɔmƏn /

phổ biến

/ Ə 'mʌŋ /

trong số

among (prep)
asbestos (n)

/ æz'bestɔs,

Ə z'bestɔs

/

black lung diseases

/ di'zi:ziz /

bệnh đậm phổi

construction (n)

/ kƏn'strʌk∫n /

xây dựng

ami-ăng

15


electrical shock

/ i 'lektrikƏl ∫ɔk /

điện giật

occupational doctors

and safety engineers
/ endzi'niƏz /

bác sĩ và kỹ sư an toàn
lao động

protect (v)

/ pro'tekt /

bảo vệ, bảo hộ

prevent (v)

/ pri'vent /

đề phòng, ngăn ngừa

chemicals (n)

/ 'kemikƏlz /

hoá chất

radiation (n)

/ reidi'ei∫n /

sự bức xạ

poison (v)

/ 'pɔizn /

gây độc

toxic (adj)

/ 'tɔksik /

độc

lead (n)

/ led /

chì

mercury (n)

/ 'mƏ:kjuri /

thuỷ ngân

silica (n)

/ 'silikƏ /

silic dioxyt

liver (n)

/ 'livƏ /

gan

kidney (n)

/ 'kidni /

thận

deafness (n)

/ 'defnis /

tật điếc

x-ray (n)

/ 'eks 'rei /

tia X, tia Rơngen

II. WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA?
The main idea is the important idea of the reading. It is usually at the

beginning or the end of a paragraph. In a long reading it is usually in the first or
last paragraph. Put a tick ( √ ) by the statement of the main idea.
a. Occupational physicians study accidents at home.
b. Safety engineers study the causes of accidents at work.
c. Occupational doctors and safety engineers help make the work place safe.

III. HAVE YOU UNDERSTOOD THE READING?

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A. Write T by the statements if they are true. If false, write F. Do not
look at the reading.
……. 1. People who work together often get the same diseases.
…….. 2. Accidents at work never hurt workers
…….. 3. Occupational doctors study the groups of workers and their diseases.
…….. 4. Safety engineers study the cause of accidents at home.
……. 5. Safety engineers treat workers after illnesses and accidents
……. 6. Education about causes of accidents helps prevent future accidents.
…….. 7. Doctors sometimes change workers' jobs to prevent illness.
…….. 8. People who work with chemicals sometimes get sick.
…….. 9. Safety engineers try to prevent accidents on the job.
B. Fill in the blank in the following sentences. First, decide if you need a
verb, noun, or adjective, and write V, N, or Adj on the left. Then choose the
correct form of the words in parentheses.
……..1. Drugs and surgery are two different kinds of medical………..(treats,
treatments).
…….. 2. Those children are……………(health, healthy).
…….. 3. The old man is both…………..and deaf. (blind, blindness)
…….. 4. Doctors who…………. in one field of medicine must study two or

three years more. (specialize, specialist, special)
…….. 5. You must shout to make him hear you because of his………….
(deaf, deafness).
…….. 6. The patient is very…………….. (ill, illness).
…….. 7. There are many……………chemicals. (poison, poisonous)
…….. 8. Their lives were in…………., but the doctor saved them.
(danger, dangerous)
…….. 9. Safety shoes are. ……………clothing. (protect, protection, protective)
…….10. The patient needed an…………. to save her life.(operate, operation)
…….11. Safety engineers…………… workers about dangers in their jobs.
(educate, education)
……..12. ........... medicine is another special field of medicine.

17


(Prevent, Prevention, Preventive)

IV. WHAT IS THE CAUSE AND EFFECT?
Things happen because something causes them.
Example: "There was an explosion in the mine. " Why? It happened because
there was too much methane gas.
"Too much methane" is the cause.
"An explosion" is the effect, or result.
Read together the following pairs of sentences. One is the cause and one
is the effect. Write C for cause and E for effect by the statements.
……..1. Small pieces of asbestos get into the lungs.
……..2. Breathing becomes difficult.
……..1. People sometimes get sick.
……..2. People work with dangerous chemicals.

……..1. Miners have black lung disease.
……..2. Miners breathe coal dust for many years.
……..1. Doctors learn about the causes of diseases.
……..2. Doctors protect workers from the diseases.
……..1. Workers work with toxic chemicals.
……..2. Workers get sick from the chemicals.
……..1. Workers have fewer accidents on the job.
……..2. Workers study about job safety.

V. READING FOR COMPREHENSION AND TRANSLATION.

18


Read the following passage then mark T by the statements if they are
true or F if they are false and translate the passage into Vietnamese.
MINE SAFETY
Coal mining is a very dangerous job for miners. Since 1900, more than one
hundred thousand workers have been killed in coal mining accidents in the
United States.
There are four kinds of mining accidents. Accidents with machines kill or
injure more miners than any other kinds. The second most important danger is
cave-ins. The roof or wall of the mine sometimes falls or caves in. The n miners
are trapped inside the mine and cannot get out. Gases in mines are also very
dangerous. Methane and carbon monoxide are the most dangerous. Too much
methane may cause a violent explosion. Carbon monoxide is also a poisonous
gas. Methane and carbon monoxide have no smoke, so miners do not know when
the gases are in the mine. If there is too much of a poisonous gas in the mine, the
miners die. They sometimes take a small bird into the mine with them. The bird
will die from the gas first. Then the miners know that they must leave the mine

quickly. Because of the poisonous gases, it is important to bring fresh air into the
mine.
The fourth danger is from coal dust, which makes the air inside the mine
dirty. Miners who breathe large amounts of dust for many years are likely to
develop black lung disease. This disease causes problems with the lungs and
even death.
Mines are safer places to work today than they were in the late eighteenth
century. In 1900, 3.5 miners per 1000 were killed in mine accidents each year.
Today, the death rate is 0.5 per 1000. Safety standards have improved conditions
in the mines.
...........1. Explosions kill 100.000 workers every year.
...........2. When miners are trapped, they cannot get out of the mine.
...........3. Methane can cause an explosion.
.......... 4. If there is a lot of fresh air in the mine, there will be accidents with
gases.
...........5. Black lung disease is a serious disease.

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...........6. People do not die of black lung disease.
.......... 7. Fewer miners died in 1900 than they do today.
...........8. Mining is still a dangerous job.
...........9. Carbon monoxide may kills miners.
...........10. The air inside mines is always safe to breathe.

Lesson three
INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL SURGERY
The term "Surgery" comes from Greek. Surgery is the branch of medicine in
which various mechanical therapeutic manipulations (incisions, punctures,

suturing, reductions of dislocations and so on) performed by physicians are used.
These procedures are designated by the words "surgical operation" or merely by
one word "operation".
For a very long time, surgical operations were performed only on the
superficial parts of the body but even after such operations, severe inflammations
due to the infection of the wound were frequently met with, causing death.
Only during the second half of the 19th century, the general development of
natural science made it possible to solve this difficult problem. The brilliant
Russian surgeon N.I.Pirogov was the first to voice the assumption that wounds
were infected by invasion of special causative agents named by him "miasmas".
In 1836, the famous French scientist Pasteur published the results of his
remarkable studies of the processes of putrefaction. Pasteur proved that these
processes were evoked by minute living organisms, bacteria. On the basis of
Pasteur's work, the British surgeon Lister concluded that the purulence of
wounds was also caused by bacteria which found their way into the wounds from
the air. To protect the wounds from the penetration of bacteria or to destroy these
bacteria after their penetration into the wounds. Lister began to irrigate the
wounds with a solution of carbolic acid and to treat the instruments and dressing
material to be used in the operations with the same solution.
The method elaborated by Lister was given the name of antiseptic. This
method gave fine results.

20


During the years that followed scientists found that to protect the wounds
from infection it was enough to treat all objects to be handled and used during an
operation with a physical agent, namely, heat. This new method of disinfections
was given the name of asepsis.
The antiseptic and aseptic methods of treating wounds revolutionized surgery

and almost completely eliminated the danger of infecting wounds to be operated on.

I. WORD STUDY.
introduction (n)

/ intrƏ'dʌk∫n /

sự giới thiệu, lời giới thiệu

manipulation (n)

/ mƏnipju'lei∫n /

thao tác

puncture (n)

/ 'pʌŋkt∫Ə /

sự chích, chỗ chích

suturing (n)

/ 'sju:t∫Əriŋ /

sự khâu

to designate (v)

/ 'dezigneit /

đặt tên, gọi tên

superficial (adj)

/ sju:pƏ'fi∫Əl /

ở bề mặt

to meet with (v)

/ mi:t /

gặp phải

century (n)

/ 'sent∫uri /

thế kỷ, trăm năm

to make it possible to

solve….

làm cho...có thể giải quyết ...

brilliant (adj)

/ briljƏnt /

lỗi lạc, tài giỏi

to voice (v)

/ vɔis/

nói lên, phát biểu

invasion (n)

/ in'veiƷn /

sự xâm nhập

causative agent

/'kɔ:ze tiv 'eidƷƏnt /

tác nhân gây bệnh, gây viêm

miasmas (n)

khí độc, chướng khí

to publish (v)

/ mi'ỉzmƏz /
/ 'pʌbli∫ /

remarkable (adj )

/ ri'ma:kƏbl /

xuất sắc, đáng chú ý

putrefaction (n)

/ pju:tri'fæk∫n /

sự thối rữa

minute (adj)

/ mai'nju:t /

rất nhỏ

living organism

/ 'ɔ :gƏnizm /

sinh vật

on the basic of

/ 'beisis /

trên cơ sở của

to conclude (v)

/ kƏn'klu:d /

kết luận

to find one's way

/ wei /

vào được

into

công bố, xuất bản

21


penetration (n)

/ peni'trei∫n /

sự xâm nhập

irrigate (v)

/ 'irigeit /

rửa

carbolic acid

/ ka:'bɔlik 'æsid /

axit cacbonlic

to treat (v)

/ tri :t /

xử lý

instrument (n)

/ 'instrumƏnt /

dụng cụ

antiseptic (n),(adj)

/ ænti'septik/

khử trùng

object (n)

/ ɔ'bdzikt /

dụng cụ, đồ vật

to handle (v)

/ 'hændl /

cầm, nắm
tác nhân lý học

physical agent
disinfection (n)

/ disin'fek∫n /

sự khử trùng, tẩy uế

asepsis (n)

/ æ'sepsis /

sự vô trùng

aseptic (adj)

/ æ'septic /

vô trùng, vô khuẩn

to revolutionize (v)

/ revƏ'lu:∫naiz /

cách mạng hoá

to eliminate (v)

/ i'limineit /

loại trừ

II. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1. Where does the term "surgery" come from?
..................................................................................................................................
2. What do the words "surgical operation" mean?
..................................................................................................................................
3. To what were inflammatory processes after operations due?
..................................................................................................................................
4. When was this difficult problem solved?
..................................................................................................................................
5. What made it possible to solve the problem?
..................................................................................................................................
6. Who was the first to discover the real cause of wound infection?
..................................................................................................................................
7. What did the famous French scientist Pasteur publish?
..................................................................................................................................

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8. What did Pasteur prove?
..................................................................................................................................

9. What did the British surgeon Lister begin to do to protect the wounds from
the penetration of bacteria?
..................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. .
10. With what did he treat the instruments to be used in the operations?
..................................................................................................................................
11. What name was given to Lister 's method?
..................................................................................................................................
12. What new method did the scientists find during the years that followed?
..................................................................................................................................
13. What is the significance of the antiseptic and aseptic methods for surgery?
..................................................................................................................................

III. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWINGS INTO VIETNAMESE.
1. The brilliant Russian surgeon N.I.Pirogov was th e first to voice the
assumption that wounds were infected by invasion of special causative agents.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2. Lister began to irrigate the wounds with a solution of carbolic acid and to treat
the instruments and dressing material to be used in the operations with the same
solution.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
3. During the years that followed scientists found that to protect the wounds from
infection it was enough to treat all objects to be handled and used during an
operation with heat.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................

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4. These methods of treating wounds completely eliminated the danger of
infecting wounds to be operated on.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
5. The patient to be examined was brought to the casualty ward where he was
first asked to give his name, age and address.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
6. The patient to be admitted to the clinic had a very high temperature and
showed evidence of an acute illness.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
7. Measures to be taken to protect the health of people are various.
............................................................................................................... ...................

IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS.
1. Surgery is the branch of.............in which various ..................manipulations
performed by.................. are used.
2. These procedures are designated by the words.................
3. For a long time..............operations were performed only on............... parts of
the ................
4. The general development of.................made it possible to solve this problem
5. Pasteur proved that the processes of.................were evoked by..................
6. The British surgeon Lister.................that the purulence of................was caused
by..................
7. To protect the wounds from..................Lister began ..................the wounds

with................
8. This method was given the name of ....................
9. Methods of...............and.....................revolutionized
completely eliminated................. of infecting wounds

surgery

V. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWINGS INTO ENGLISH.

24

and

almost


1. Trong một thời gian dài những nhà phẫu thuật chỉ tiến hành những cuộc phẫu
thuật trên bề mặt cơ thể.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2. Sau những cuộc phẫu thuật như vậy thường bị viêm nặng, gây ra tử vong.
..................................................................................................................................
3. Pirogov là người đầu tiên nêu một giả thuyết cho rằng những vết thương bị
viêm nhiễm do sự xâm nhập của những tác nhân gây viêm được gọi là "chướng
khí".
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
4. Nhà bác học Pháp Pasteur đã chứng minh rằng những tiến trình viêm nhiễm là
do những sinh vật rất nhỏ, vi khuẩn gây nên.

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
5. Nhà bác học Anh Lister đã rửa vết thương bằng dung dịch axit carbolic để
ngăn ngừa sự xâm nhập của vi khuẩn.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................

Lesson four
SURGICAL SERVICE TO THE POPULATION
Surgical work is done mainly in specially equipped medical institutions surgical hospitals, surgical departments of general hospitals, surgical departments
of dispensaries and polyclinics. But sometimes in cases of injuries, fractures,

25